Ngav cà tập san khoa học tại các nước không nói tiếng Anh như các nước Bắc Ấu và Nhật cũng sứ dụng tiếng Anh làm phương tiện thông tin.. Diễn tả một hành động hoặc môt thỏi quen ở hiện t
BÀI T Ậ P C H IA Đ Ộ N G T Ừ
The present simple, the present progressive, the present
I THE PRESENT SIM PLE TENSE ^
Negative: s + do/does + not + V s + am/is/are + not Interrogative: Do/Does + s + V 7 Am/Is/Are + s ?
2 Use a Diễn tả một hành động hoặc môt thỏi quen ở hiện tại (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, every )
Ex: I usually go to school in the afternoon. b Diễn tả một chân lỵ, một sự thật nào cũng đúng.
Ex: The earth moves around the sun
3 Đối với ngôi thứ ba số ít: He, She, It. a Thêm “S” vào sau động từ thường.
Ex: Lan often gets up early in the morning.
J O I b T hêm " E S " vào sau các động từ tận cù n g là: ch, sh, s, X, o, 7,
A ffir m a tiv e : s + am /is/are + V -in2
N eg a tiv e: s + am /is/are + n o t + V -in g
In te r r o g a tiv e A m /Is/A re + s + V -in g • ■ •?
D iễn tà m ộ t h àn h đ ộ n g đ an g x ảy ra tro n g lúc nói (n o w , at the m o m e n t, at th is tim e , a t p r e s e n t )
E x: - 1 am lo o k in g fo r th e la te st n e w sp a p e r now
- T h e y are w a tc h in g a sp o rt g am e sh o w at th e m o m e n t.
Certain verbs are not used in the Present Progressive tense but are instead utilized in the Present Simple tense These verbs include "to be," "to want," "to need," "to have," "to know," and "to understand."
Ex: - We are tenth-grade students now.
- I understand the lesson at the moment.
Negative: s + has/have + not + V3/ed nterrogative Has/Have + s + V3/ed 9
2 Use a Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại (never, ever, not yet since, for, so far until now, up to now, ) Ex: We have leamt English for 5 years. b Diễn tà một hành động vừa mới xảy ra (just, recently, lately).
Ex: She has ju s t gone out. c D iễn tả m ộ t h àn h đ ộ n g x ảy ra tro n g q u á k h ứ k h ô n g x ác đ ịn h rõ thời gian (a lre a d y , b efo re)
Ex: H ave you seen th is m o v ie before?
3 N o tes a C ách d ù n g củ a since và f o r
- SIN C E: chỉ m ốc thời gian (2000, S eptem ber, I last saw y o u , )
- FO R : chỉ k h o ả n g th ờ i g ian (3 m o n th s, a lo n g tim e , a g e s, ) b s + ha s/h a ve + V 3/ed sin c e + s + V 2/ed—
Ex: W e have know n each o th e r since w e w orked in th is factory. c C ác trạn g từ: never, ever, ju s t, already th ư ờ n g đ ứ n g g iữ a t r ạ động từ (has/ have) và đ ộ n g từ c h ín h (V 3 /ed ).
Ex: 1 have already fin ish ed m y h o m e w o rk
T h e p ast sim p le, th e p ast p ro g re ssiv e an d th e p a st p e r fe c t
1 F orm to be Affirm ative: s + V 2 /e d s + w a s /w e re
2 Use a Diễn tà một hành động xày ra trong quá khứ xác định rõ thời gian (yesterday, ago, last , in the past, in 1990)
Ex: - My father bought this house 10 years ago.
In 1999, Mr Nam began his work here, marking the start of a significant journey This reflects a series of actions that occurred consecutively in the past, similar to how one might say, "Last night, I had dinner, did my homework, watched TV, and went to bed."
- When she came here in 1990, she worked as a teacher.
II T H E PA ST P R O G R E S S IV E TEN SE S i k f y
Affirmative: s + was/were + V -ing s + was/were + not + V-ing Was/Were + s + V -ing ? m
2 U se a D iên tả m ộ t hành đ ộ n g đang x ảy ra ờ m ộ t th ờ i đ iềm tro n g q u á khứ Ex: T h ey w ere p la y in g ch ess at 4 o 'c lo c k y e sterd ay b D iễn tả m ộ t h ành đ ộ n g đ ang x ảy ra có m ộ t hành đ ộ n o k h ác x en vào tro n g q u á k h ứ (w h en , w hile, as) H ành đ ộ n a đ a n a x ảy ra d ù n g thì
Past Progressive, h ành độ n g xen vào d ù n g th ì Past Sim ple.
Ex: - 1 w as stu d y in g m y lesso n s w h en he c a m e
- W e saw him w h ile vve w ere w a lk in g a lo n g th e street. v i ' Jti ■ o ’
2 U se a D iễn tả m ột h ành đ ộ n2 xảy ra trư ớ c m ộ t thờ i điểm tro n a q u á khứ Ex: By the en d o f last m o n th , she had m ad e 4 skirts. b D iễn tả m ộ t h à n h đ ộ n g x ảy ra và hoàn th à n h trư ớ c m ột h àn h đ ộ n a khác tro n g q u á k h ứ (b efo re, after, by th e tim e ) H ành đ ộ n ơ x ả y ra trư ớ c d ù n a thì Past Perfect, hành đ ộ n g x ảy ra sau d ù n a th ì P ast Sim ple.
Ex: - A fte r N a m had d one his h o m e w o rk , he w en t to bed.
- T hey h ad lived in D o n a T h a p b efo re th e y m o v ed to H C M c i t \
CJ T h e fu tu re sim p le
THE FUTURE SIM PLE TENSE a '
- Negative: s + will/shall + not + Vo
(will not = w on't; shall not = shan't)
Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra ở tương lai (tomorrow, in the future, next ), không có dự định trước.
Ex: It will rain tomorrow.
3 Notes a Trong câu nghi van, chúng ta chỉ dùng Shall Ị/Shall We ?
Ex: Shall we go out for a dinner tonight? b be going + Vo: Diễn tả một dự định ở tươne lai.
Ex: I am going to play volleyball on Sunday. m
E x ercise 1 P u t th e v e rb s in p a r en th e ses in to th e c o r r e ct ten
1 H e ( p r a c tis e ) L |1n c f e _th e p ian o ev e ry day.
3 Bob (see) i • - this m ovie te ịa íẵ -
4 Jo rg e ( r e a d ) _ _ _ _ th e n e w sp a p e r alre a d y
7 M r Jo h n so n ( w o r k ) _ i" th e sa m e p lace for 35 y ears.
8 W e (n o t b eg in ) _ô0 stu d y for th e re st v /9 Jo h n (h a te ) _ sm o k e.
10 Jill alw ay s (g e t u p ) _a t 6 -00 ^ r o l l Jo a n (travel). _ aro u n d th e w o rld
13 Terry (not m ow ) the lawn yet-
14 Jo h n and I (b e ) _ p en p als fo r n e a rly 3 y ears.
15 Maryam (stay) _with us at the moment.
16 H e (w ear) _ th e sam e c o at sin c e he
17.1 (n o t se e ) y o u r b ro th e r recen tly
18 Listen to those people! What language they (speak)QM
19 It (not rain) much in our country in winter.
20 I never (talk) to such an interesting person.
"W fc ® Exercise 2 Put the verbs in parentheses into the correct tense: i They (drive) to school tom orrow
" ’2 Gene (eat) _ dinner when his friend called.
3 At three o'clock this morning, Eleanor (study)
4 John (write) _ his report last night.
5 After John (wash) his clothes, he began to study.
\y6 Tim (go) _ to France last year.
7 When the teacher (enter) the room, the students were talking.
8 We (hold) _ a soccer match next Sunday.
/ 9 Guillermo (call) _ his employer yesterday.
10 Jane sent a letter to his university after she
11 The car (flip) _ten times beihre it landed on its roof. -/ 12 While Joan was writing the report, Henry (look) _for more information.
13 What you (do) — last weekend?
^ 14 Mr and Mrs Ba (take) some beautiful photos a few days ago.
15 Her brother (talk) _ to his pen pal on the phone at the moment. m
16 T hey (not co n tact) to each o th e r for a long tim e.
I 7 N o th in g (b e) dor.e since I m oved here.
-}8 I used to w alk to school when I (be) >n prim ary school-
19 He (go) to th at book shop to m o rro w
20 Lan (drink) tw o bottles o f w a te r ev ery day.
21 She (be) a V ietn am ese student She
(be) bom in Ho Chi M inh city She
(go) ab ro ad last y ea r to stu d y E n g lish She
(learn) F rench b efore she b eg an to stu d y E n g lish She
(m ake) g reat p ro g ress sin c e she (g et) there.
N e x t m onth, she w ill ta k e th e final ex am She (b e ) _ able to get a g o o d jo b w h en she (re tu rn ) _ to V ietn am
E x e r c ise 3: C o m p le te th e se n te n c e s P u t in th e p r e se n t c o n tin u o u s o r s im p le o f th e v er b s.
► I w ant (L/ w ant) a new m otorbike I am saving ợ /,sav e) up to buy one.
1 I ’m a f r a i d J h a v e no tim e to h e lp ju s t (I/ w rite ) a rep o rt B u t p ro m ise ) I’ll give y o u so m e h e lp later.
2 T he s u n 1 (ri se) in the ea st, re m e m b e r It’s b e h in d us
3 .w rite ) to m y p aren ts (I/ w rite ) to th em e v e ry F riday.
4 She h a s n 't got a c a r at the m o m en t, (sh e / g o ) to w o rk on the b u s th is w e e k U s u a lly (sh e / d riv e ) to w o rk
5 N orm ally ^ ! (I/ start) work, at eight o ’clock, b u t / I / start) at seven this w eek W e 're very busy at the m om ent.
6 r ( ứ snow ) o u tsid e (it/ co m e) dow n quite hard, look
’ậ’ Exercise 4: Com plete the sentences Use ‘always’ and the present continuous or simple.
► Jordan: Daniel and Lucy argue much too often 1 think. Karen: 1 know They are always arguing.
1 Simon: Every time I drive along here I go the wrong way. Emma: But it’s very simple, isn't it? Why the wrong?
2 Anna: Paul misses lectures much too often in my opinion. Susan: I agree lectures.
3 Thomas: Tommy takes the train everyday, doesn't he?
4 Nancy: You forget your keys every time.
Albert: I try to rem em ber them, but
5 Cheryl: Edwin talks too much, doesn't he?
Jane: Yes, and about football.
Exercise 5: C o m p lete th e conversations Choose the correct form o f the verbs.
Sarah: Hi Jack What (►) do YOU leek/ are you looking at?
Jack: Oh hi These are photos of me when I was a child.
S a r a h : O h, look at this one (1 ) I think/I^frrthfflkfflg you look lovely, Jack
J a c k : (2) 1 h ave/ I'm h av in g so m e m ore photos here.
S a r a h : L ook at this W hy such a big co at?
J a c k : it w as m y fa th e r’s T h at s w h y (3 ) It chdn t fit/ It w asn t fittin g p ro p erly
S a r a h : O h, (4) I see/ I 'm s e e in g A n d (5 ) y g q -h a v e / y o u 'r e hav in g y o u r tea here A nd in th is o n e (6)-ỴưP~ứĩìnk/ y o u 'r e th in k in g ab o u t so m eth in g v ery serio u s.
J a c k : T h is is a photo o f th e v illa g e (7 ) I c o m e / F fn -e o m in g from
J a c k : A n d I ca u g h t th is fish , look (8) It w e ig h e d / It-w a s w e ig h i ng a b o u t h a lf a kilo.
S a r a h : W h at a nice little boy! A n d w h a t a se n tim e n ta l o ld th in g y o u are now !
E x e r c ise 6: P u t in th e c o r r e c t fo rm o f “ b e ”
► E m m a is b e in g v ery lazy at th e m o m e n t S h e 's d o n e no w o rk at all to d a y
► W e are in te re ste d in d o in g a c o u rse here
1 O f course you can understand it Y o u ^ /.L "stupid, th a t's all
2 I 'm a fraid M aria c a n 't c o m e b e cau se she < ill k ' S '
3 T h e c h ild re n -very p o lite to d ay T h e y d o n 't u su a lly b e h a v e so w ell.
4 I.: u tired I want to go home.
-~5 Jordan is doing some o f the work He -í i&/jlỹvery helpful at the moment.
Exercise 7: W rite a sentence which follows on Choose from these sentences.
It’s too expensive to buy.
I’ve never wanted to change it.
I think it's going to be perfect for me.
It uses so much petrol.
And I’ve still got a chance to win.
► I like my job I’ve never wanted to change it.
1 I’m liking my new ị o b Z S i ĩ ìL Ì f'.(, q.Q l\ L.hỉ íP-ir/ f c /■
2 The motorbike is costing a lot o f money f ' c ~ '
3 The m otorbike costs a lot o f money S.D J2MJ.C ^ 1 t:'"
4 I’m enjoying the gam e ^ |?W |.jA ja,i.O j a&.Í.LƯ ^
Exercise 8: H enry is always having accidents His girlfriend Fiona is talking about some of the accidents Write her sentences from these notes Each sentence has one verb in the past continuous and one in the past simple.
► when / he / carry / a suitcase / he / drop / it / on his foot
When he was carrying a suitcase, he dropped it on his foot.
► he / break / his leg / w hen / he / ski
He broke his leg when he w as skiing.
1 he / sit d o w n / on a c h a ir / w h ile / 1 / p a in t / it ỈLL-.ỉ& t ' 7 ' j
2 as / he / run / for a bus / he / c o llid e/w ith a lam p -p o st
/ 4 ằ ẰSLIMĨS r.ụưỉỡU.iy cih ilẢ J j J L j l M Ê CcJiidLd.: ‘ ^ '
3 his h air / catch / fire / w hen / he / co o k / c h ip s ll/$ h a r \^ L He asked me to give my toys to her.
Ex: He said to me "D o n 't open this book now."
-> He asked me not to open that book then. s + asked + o + (not) to V
Các dạng đặc biệt của câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp a S hall/ w ould dù n g đế diễn tá đề nghị, lời mòi:
Trực tiếp: "Shall I bring YOU some tea?" he asked.
Gián tiếp: He offered to bring me some lea.
Trưc tiếp: "Shall we meet at the theatre?" he asked.
Gián tiếp: He suggested meeting at I he theatre. b W ill/w o u ld d ù n g đ ê d iễn tả s ự yêu cầu:
T rực tiếp: Will yo u help me please?
G ián tiếp : He a ske d me to help him.
T rự c tiếp: Will y o u len d me y o u r dictionary?
G ián tiếp : He a ske d m e to len d him m y dictionary. c C â u m ện h lện h v à câu y ê u cầu tro n g lời nói gián tiếp.
G ián tiế p : H e to ld m e/The boys to go away.
T rự c tiế p : L isten to me, please.
G ián tiêp : He a ske d me to listen to him. d C âu cảm th án tro n g lời nói gián tiếp.
Trực tiếp : What a lovely dress!
T uv th eo x ú c cảm và hình thứ c diễn đạt ch ú n g ta có thể dùn hình thứ c khác nhau n h ư sau: nhiều m
Gián tiếp: She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.
She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one.
She exclaimed with admiration at the sight o f the dress. e Các hình thức hỗn họp trong lời nói gián tiếp.
Lời nói trực tiẻp có thề bao gồm nhiều hình thức hỗn hợp: câu khăng định, câu hoi càu mệnh lệnh, câu cám thán:
Trực tiếp: She said, "can you play the piano? ” and I said"no ”
Gián tiếp: She asked me i f I could play the piano and I said that I could not. m
I C h a n g e th e se se n te n c e s in to R ep o rte d S p eech :
1 N am said "I am to ld to be at sch o o l b efo re 7 o 'c lo c k "
2 T hu said “ A ll th e stu d e n ts w ill hav e a m e e tin g n ex t w e e k -’
3 P h o n g said “ M y p a re n ts are very p ro u d o f m y g o o d m ark s" -ỳ
4 T he teach er said “A ll the hom ew ork m ust be done carefully'’ ->
5 H e r fa th e r said to h e r “ Y ou can go to the m o v ie s w ith your friend"
6 H o a said “ I m ay v isit m y p a re n ts in th e su m m e r"
7 T h e te a c h e r said “ W e can co lle c t old b o o k fo r th e poor students" ’
8 S he said “ She d o e s n 't buy th is b o o k ”
9 T h e b o y s said “ W e h av e to try o u r b e st to w in the m atch”
10 H er c la ss m a te said “ L an is the m ost intelligent girl in o u r class"->
I They told us "Our friends will get the award for their highest scores"
2 He said "I will go to school by bus tomorrow"
3 Phong said “ I need to learn more vocabulary"
4 His brother told him "You can use my computer today”
5 Mai said “I cannot go to the movies with you Nam"
[I C h an g e these questions into R ep o rted Speech:
1 "Do you enjoy reading?" Phong asked Peter.
2 “ Does she like sports?” Hoa asked Lan.
3 "D o your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam.
4 “Are there some oranges in the fridge?" She asked her mom.
5 “ Will it rain tomorrow m orning?" He asked his friend.
6 "D id you go to H ue th ree y ears a g o ? " T am ask ed Peter.
7 "A re T am and H oa late for c la s s ? ” T uan ask ed Lan.
8 She said to m e “ C an you speak C h in e se ? ”
9 “ Will she be here for five d a y s? ” T am a sk ed T hu.
10 "W ere you reading this book at 8 o 'c lo c k last Sunday?” She asked Ba
11 "M ay I look at y o u r p ic tu re s? ” Lan ask ed H oa.
12 "Can these athletes swim across this river?” Phong said to Ba. ->
13 Lam asked Lan "W ill our class take part in this co m petition?” -ằ
14 Tuan asked Ba "A re you fond o f w a tc h in g te le v is io n ? ”
15 “ M ay I use your d ictio n ary for a m o m e n t? ” N g a ask e d H oa. -ằ
III C h an ge th ese q u estion s into R ep orted Sp eech :
1 vv here does Vour father w ork? T he te a c h e r ask ed me.
2 "How many people are there in your family?” She asked Lan.
3 Tam 's friend asked him ’‘How long will you stay in England?" ->
4 The teacher said to Lien “ W hat‘s your hobby?”
5 “ How do you go to the airport?” His friend asked him.
6 “ How much does this dress cost?” Lan asked Lien.
7 Ba asked Tam “ How often do you wash your clothes?”
8 “ When will your father leave Vietnam for the USA?” Phong asked Thu.
9 “ How many books do the students need?” The librarian asked my teacher.
10 Thu asked Hoa "W hat will you make for your mother on m other's Day?”
11 "W hen do your children go swimming?” She asked Mrs Brown. ->
12 They asked their teacher “ Whom can we ask for advice?”
13 Tuan asked Ba "W h y did you go to the b ank y e ste rd a y ? "
14 "H o w lo n e have you used th is c a rd ? " N g a a sk e d H oa. ->
15 "W h e re are YOU s o in s n o w ? " M om a sk e d M inh.
IV C h a n g e th ese se n ten ces into R ep o rted S p eech :
1 M y husband said to me "G o to the m o v ies!"
2 I said to him "S tay at h o m e!"
3 M y son said to us "W atch T V !"
4 M y d a u g h te r said to us " D o n 't lau g h !”
5 My m o th er said to kid s ""Stop fig h tin g !’"
6 T he te a c h e r said to the ch ild ren " D o n 't m ake n o ise in c la ss!:" ->
8 T h ey o rd e red "P ay at o n e !"
> 1 he teacher said to them "Do it again!"
0 "Please lend me your dictionary Quang!" said Hoa.
I I "Please repeat what you have said Mr Binh" Tim said.
12 "D o n 't talk during the test" Mrs Lan said to the students.
13 "'Don't play this Video sames tonight Nam!" His brother said to him
V C hange these sentences into Reported Speech:
1 A ndrew :"Clean the blue bike!"
-> A ndrew told me to clean the blue bike.
9 S ab in e:"M ee t Sandy at the statio n !"
10 V icto ria:"C h eck your e-m a ils!"
VI C h a n g e th ese q u estion s into R ep o rted S peech:
1 "W hat's the tim e?" he asked.
2 "W hen w ill w e m eet again?" she ask ed m e.
3 "A re you crazy?" she asked him
4 "W here did they live?" he asked.
5 "W ill you be at the party?" he asked her.
) "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
1 "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
—> The teacher wanted to know i "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
9 "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
10 "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
—> The mother asked the tw ins
VII C om plete the sentences in reported speech Note the change o f pronouns in some sentences.
1 "Stop talking, J o e ," the teacher said.
2 "Be patient, " she said to him.
3 "Go to your ro o m ," her father said to her.
4 "Hurry u p , " she said to us.
5 "Give me the k e y ," he told her. m
6 "Play it again Sam , " she said.
8 "Fill in the form Sir, " the rec ep tio n ist said.
10 "M ind y o u r ow n bu sin ess, " she to ld him
V III C o m p lete the sen ten ces in rep orted sp e ech N o te th e ch an ge o f p ro n o u n s in som e se n ten ces R e q u e sts (n e g a tiv e )
1 "D on't touch it, " she said to him
2 "D on't do that ag ain , " he said to m e.
3 "D on't talk to m e like that " he said.
4 "D on't rep air the c o m p u te r y o u r s e lf ," sh e w a rn e d him
5 "D on't let him in, " she said.
6 "D on't 20 o u t w ith o u t m e " he b egged her.
7 "D on't forget your bag " she told me.
8 "Don't eat in the la b ," the chemistry teacher said.
9 "Don't give yourself up, " he advised her.
10 "Don't hurt yourselves, boys, " she said.
IX Complete the sentences in reported speech Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.
1 He said, "I like this song."
2 "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
3 "I don't speak Ita lia n ," she said.
4 "Say hello to J im ," they said.
5 "The film began at seven o 'c lo c k ," he said.
6 "Don't play on the grass, boys, " she said.
7 "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
8 "I n ev e r m ake m istak es, " h e said.
9 "D o es she k n o w R obert?" he w an ted to know
10 "D o n 't try th is at h o m e , " th e stu n tm an to ld th e au d ien ce.
Complete the sentences in reported speech, identifying whether each sentence is a request, a statement, or a question Additionally, determine if any changes to the tense are necessary.
2 "B e c a re fu l, B en , " sh e said.
3 "I w ill g et m y s e lf a d r i n k ," she says.
4 "W h y h a v e n 't you ph o n ed m e?" he asked me.
5 "I c a n n o t d riv e them hom e, " he said.
6 "P eter, do you p re fe r tea o r co ffee?" she says.
7 "W h ere d id you sp en d y o u r holidays last year?" she asked m e.
9 H ave you been shopping?" he asked us.
10 "Don't make so much n o ise ," he says.
Multiple choices: Choose the best option that best completes each sentence:
J Ba said he some good marks last semester. i A gets B got c getting D have got
2 They asked me how many children _
3 Thu said she had been the day before.
A here B there c in this place D where
4 The student said that the English test _the most difficult.
A is B was c will be D have been
5 They told their parents that they their best to do the test.
D cam e m e w h e th e r 1 liked c lassical m usic or not.
8 He asked m e w ho the e d ito r o f th a t book
9 He w an ts to know w h eth er I
D has been back to m o rro w
DẠNG BỊ Đ Ộ N G
Passive voice o f v e r b
A ctive: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend. s V o
Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend. s be V3/ed by o
2 R ules: Khi đổi từ chủ ngữ sang bị động, ta chú ý các bước sau: a Xác định s (Chù từ), V (động từ), o (Túc từ) và thì của động từ trong cảu chu động.
A c tiv e : She arranges the books on the sh elv e s every w e e k e n d s VI o b Đ ư a o lên làm s, c h u y ển s x u ố n g làm o đ ặt sau by.
The books are organized on the shelves by her every weekend The verb "to be" is adjusted to match the tense of the main verb in the passive construction, while the main verb is transformed into its past participle form.
P a ssiv e : T he b o o k s a r e arranged on the sh elv es (by her) every w eek en d be V 3/ed
3 N otes: a T ro n g trư ờ n g hợ p có liên từ a n d và giới từ of, ta phải xác đ ịn h đầy đù ch ủ từ hoặc túc từ khi chuyển đổi.
- A ctive: He a n d I see the film
- Passive: T he film is seen by him and m e.
- A ctive: He b o u g h t a box o f chocolates last w eek
- Passive: A box o f chocolates w as b o u g h t last w eek. b Trong câu bị đ ộng: by o luôn đ ú n g sau a d v e rb s o f place (trạ n a từ chỉ nơi c h ố n ) và trư ớ c ad v e rb s o f tim e (trạ n g từ chỉ thời gian)
Every weekend, the books are arranged on the shelves In passive voice constructions, the agent (such as "by her") can often be omitted.
A new bridge has been constructed over the river, utilizing auxiliary verbs such as am, is, are, was, were, has, have, and had in various tenses.
Passive: s + Aux + be + V3/ed + (by O) +
- Active: They have built a new bridge across the river. s Aux V o
- Passive: A new bridge has been built across the river (by them). s Aux be V3 by o
- Active: Mai was watching a cartoon at 8 o’clock last night. s Aux V o
- Passive: A cartoon was being watched by Mai at 8 o'clock last night. s Aux be V-ed by o
The structure of English verbs can be categorized into various forms, including simple, continuous, and perfect tenses The simple tense uses the base form of the verb (S + V), while the continuous tense incorporates "am/is/are" followed by the verb in its -ing form (S + am/is/are + V-ing) The perfect tense involves "have/has" plus the past participle (S + have/has + V3/ed) Additionally, the passive voice is formed with "be" and the past participle (S + am/is/are + being + V3/ed), and the past perfect uses "had" with the past participle (S + had + V3/ed) Future constructions utilize "will" or "shall" followed by the base form of the verb (S + will/shall + Vo) or the passive form (S + will/shall + be + V3/ed) Understanding these structures is essential for mastering English grammar.
Passive o f modal verbs + exercises
C ác đ ộ n g từ khiếm k h u y ế t (M o d al v erb s) như : can, could, will, w o u ld , m ay, m ig h t, m u st, had better, w o u ld rath er, have to be going to, o u g h t to,
- A ctive: N am can do this ex erc ise rig h t now s M V V o o
- Passive: T h is ex erc ise can be done by N am rig h t now s M V b e V3 by o
- A ctiv e : P eople are g o ing to solve the pro b lem n e x t m onth. s modal verb Vo o
- P assive: Xhe pro b lem is g o ing to be so lv ed (by p e o p le ) next m o n th s modal verb be V-ed by o
Special passive voice + exercises
1 T h e bị động của câu phli định và nghi vấn:
- (A) Mai doesn’t write this letter.
-> (P) This letter isn't written by Mai.
- (A) They d id n 't watch the fashion show last night. -> (P) The fashion show w asn't watched last night.
- (A) Did your father make this chair?
-> (P) Was this chair made by your father?
-> (P) Whom was your bicycle repaired by?
(By whom was your bicycle repaired?)
- (A) What plays did Shakespeare w rite?
-> (P) What plays were written by Shakespeare?
2 Đ ộng từ có hai túc từ: a Động từ cần giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show, Ex:
- (A) John will give me this book (=John will give this book to
-> (P I) I will be given this book by John.
-> (P2) This book will be given to me by John. b Động từ cần giới từ FOR: buy make, get,
- (A) He bought her a rose (=He bought a rose fo r her.)
-> (P 2 ) A ro se w as b o u g h t fo r h er.
3 Cấu trúc: T h e y /P e o p le sa y /th in k /b e lie v e t h a t
- (A ) People say that Henry eats ten eg g s a day.
( P I ) It is said that Henry eats ten eggs a day.
-> (P 2 ) Henry is said to eat ten eggs a day.
- (A ) T hey thought that Mary had gone away.
-> ( P 1) It w a s th o u g h t th a t M ary h ad gone aw ay.
-> (P 2 ) Mary w as thought to have gone away.
4 C á c đ ạ i từ b ất đ ịn h : N o o n e, N ob od y, N o th in g ,
- (A) No one can answer this question.
-> (P) This question can’t be answered.
• C ác nội đ ộ n g từ (Đ ộ n g từ k h ô n g yêu cầu 1 tân n g ữ nào) không đ ư ợ c d ù n g ở bị động.
♦ Đ ặc biệt khi chủ n g ữ chịu trách nhiệm chính củ a hành độ n g cũns k h ô n g đ ư ợ c chuyển thành câu bị động.
The U S takes charge: N ước M ỹ nhận lãnh trách nhiệm
Nêu là người hoặc vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng by nhưng nếu là vật gián tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng with.
The bird was shot with the gun.
The bird was shot by the hunter.
Trong một số trường họp “to be/to get + P2” hoàn toàn không mang nghTa bị động mà mang 2 nghĩa:
Chi trạng thái, tình huống mà chủ ngữ đang gặp phải.
Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone.
He got lost in the maze o f the town yesterday.
Chỉ việc chù ngữ tự làm lấy
The little boy gets dressed very quickly.
Could I give you a hand with these tires.
I appreciate the offer, but I will complete my task once I finish tightening these bolts The focus of the transformation in tense and aspect is primarily on the verb "to be," while the past participle remains unchanged.
I- to be m ade of: Được làm bằng (Đề cập đến chất liệu làm nên vật).
■ This table is made o f wood
+- to be m ade from : Được làm ra lừ (đề cập đến việc nguyên vật liệu bị biến đổi khói trạng thái ban đầu để làm nẽn vật).
• Paper is made from wood
+ to be m ade out of: Được làm bằng (đề cập đến quá trình làm ra vật)
This cake is made with flour, butter, sugar, eggs, and milk, highlighting the essential ingredients that contribute to its delicious flavor and texture.
This soup tastes delicious due to the abundance of spices used in its preparation Additionally, it's important to distinguish between the usage of "marry" and "divorce" in both active and passive forms When there is no direct object, English speakers often use "get married" and "get divorced" in informal contexts.
■ Lulu an d Jo e g o t m arried last w eek , (in fo rm a l)
■ L ulu and Jo e m arried last w eek , (fo rm a l)
■ A fte r 3 v ery u n h ap p y y e ars th ey g o t d iv o rc e d , (in fo rm a l)
■ A fte r 3 v ery u n h ap p y y e ars th ey d iv o rc e d , (fo rm a l)
Sau “ m a rry " và “ d iv o rc e ” là m ột tân n g ữ trự c tiếp thì k h ô n g có giới từ: T o m arry / d iv o rc e sm b
■ A n d rew is g o in g to d iv o rce C aro la
■ T o b e/ get m a rrie d / to sm b (giới từ “to ” là bắt b uộc)
■ She g o t m arried to h er ch ild h o o d sw eeth eart.
■ He has been m arried to L ouisa for 16 y e a rs and he still d o e s n ’t u n d erstan d her.
I C h an g e these sentences into the passive voice
1 Somebody has robbed the bank near our house.
2 Somebody told me to wait outside
3 Somebody has driven them to the airport.
4 They will complete the new high way from north to south next year
5 My aunt made this sweater for her son.
6 The television station has broadcasted all the 22nd Sea-Games competitions.
7 My teacher asked me to be here at 10 am.
8 Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb
9 She makes coffee for her parents every day.
II Put the v er b s in p a re n th eses in to th e c o r r e c t a c tiv e o r passive v oice
1 Last n ight m y fav o rite p ro g ra m (in te rru p t) by a special n ew s bulletin.
2 W hen I _ (arriv e) at the airp o rt y esterd ay , I (m eet) by m y co u sin and a co u p le o f frien d s.
3 K im (w rite) th is co m p o sitio n last w eek T hat o n e _ (w rite) by Phi.
4 I d o n 't have m y b icy c le to d ay It’s w ith th e rep airm an
It _ (rep air) right now
5 S o m eo n e has b o u g h t the sm all lot b eh in d m y h o u se an d a new h o u se (b u ild ) on it next year.
6 A: Do you u n d erstan d the e x p la n atio n in the b o o k ?
8 A : you (p ay ) y o u r e le c tric ity yet?
B: N o I h a v e n 't, but I’d b e tte r pay it today I f I d o n 't, m y electricity supply (sh u t off) by the p o w er co m p an y
9 A: D id you h ear ab o u t the ac cid e n t?
A: A b icy clist (h it) by a taxi in front o f the dorm
B : _ the b icy clist _(in ju re)?
A: Y es He (tak e) to C ity H ospital.
10 The Eiffel T o w er (b e) in Paris, F rance.
It (visit) by m illio n s o f p eo p le ev ery year.
11 (d esig n ) by A lex an d re Eiffel (1 8 3 2 -1 9 2 3 ).
It (erect) in 1889 for the Paris exposition Since that time, it _ (be) the most famous landmark in Paris. Today it (recognize) by people throughout the world.
III Change these sentences into the passive voice
1 People should send their complaints to the main office.
2 Somebody might steal your car if you had left the keys in it.
3 A short circuit could cause the fire.
4 Lan is going to invite her friends to her birthday party.
5 Lien couldn’t open the door o f the classroom.
6 They should announce that news as soon as possible.
7 Phong has to return the scientific book to the library.
8 People must repair that old building.
9 The government will rebuild the memorial monument.
10 The students may elect Phong their leader.
1 I T he te a c h e r w o n 't ac cep t pap ers w ritten in pencils.
12 T he ath lete s m ig h t visit so m e in terestin g p lace s a fte r S ea-G am es.
13 L a n 's parents have to clean up their house before T et holidays.
14 T h e prin cip al m ig h t in terv iew her
—4-5 T h ey m u st keep fruit in the frid g e fo r long.
IV C h a n g e th ese se n te n c e s in to th e p a ssiv e voice
2 H as so m eo n e d eco rated m y b ed ro o m ?
3 D id an y th in g d istu rb you in the nig h t?
4 N ob o d y has invited her to the party.
5 She teach es g ra m m a r and w riting.
6 P eople say th at you send y o u r ap p lic a tio n form to the u n iv ersity
7 I don’t see anyone in the house.
8 Lan bought her brother some comic books.
9 The students don’t play video games on the weekend.
10 They believed that he w ent abroad to study English
V C h an g e these sentences into the passive voice
1 My father waters this flower every morning.
2 John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night. ->
3 Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen
4 We should clean our teeth twice a day
5 Our teachers have explained the English grammar.
6 Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.
7 Tom will visit his parents next month
8 T he m a n a g e r d id n 't phone the secretary th is m o rn in g
9 Did M ary buy th is beautiful dress?
10 I w o n ’t h a n g th ese old p ictu res in th e liv in g room
11 T he G erm an d id n ’t build th is factory d u rin g the S eco n d W orld
12 T he G re e n s are g o in g to paint th is h o u se and these cars for
13 A nn had fed th e cats before she w en t to the cinem a
14 T he stu d en ts have d iscu ssed th e p o llu tio n p ro b lem s since last w eek.
15 H ave the th iev es stolen the m ost v alu ab le p ain tin g in the national m useum ?
16 Som e p eople w ill interview the new p resid en t on TV
17 H ow m any languages do they speak in C an ad a?
! 8 A re you goin g to rep air those shoes?
19 He has broken his nose in a football match.
20 Have you finished the above sentences?
THE BỊ ĐỘNG CÁC MẪU CÂU CƠ BAN
VI C h a n g e these sentences into the passive voice
1 The w aiter brings me this dish.
2 Our friends send these postcards to us
3 Their grandm other told them this story when they visited her last y week.
4 Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.
5 You d id n 't show me the special cameras
6 She showed her ticket to the airline agent
7 He lends his friend his new shoes.
8 She left her relatives five million pounds.
9 T he shop assistan t h an d ed these b o x es to the c u sto m er.
10 T he board aw a rd ed the first prize to the reporter
11 H ave you sent the C h ristm a s c a rd s to y o u r fam ily?
12 T he co m m ittee a p p o in ted A lic e secretary for the m eeting.
- ằ ] 3 He hides the b ro k en cu p in the d raw er.
14 T hey keep th is room tidy all the tim e.
I 5 T hey all voted the party a g reat success.
16 W e gave Ann som e b an an as and som e flow ers.
- ỳ ] 7 T hey m oved the fridge into the living room
I 8 She bought som e cups o f tea to the visito rs in the n ext room
19 T hey find the new p ro je ct w o rth less.
20 T h e secretary d id n 't tak e the note to the m anager.
V II C h a n g e these sentences into th e passive voice
1 They told me that you were the best architect in this city.
2 She reported that the flowers were killed by frost.
3 Some people inform me that the director is going to take a business trip to England. h I - r T
4 That officer announced that the meeting was delayed until next week.
5 He discovered that this cotton was grown in Egypt.
6 They promise that the performance will start on time.
7 He recommends that we should stay at the city center.
8 We believed that Alice would pass the driving test.
9 The director notifies all the workers that they will have to work extra hard this month.
10 They have persuaded me that they will go with me to the stadium.
1 1 T h ey have d e c id e d th at the c o m p an y w ill go to the b each together at the w eek en d
12 P eople th in k th at M a ra d o n a is the best football p la y e r in the 20th century.
13 T hey find th a t th e jo b is not suitable for a girl like her.
14 The teacher explained that this powerful engine pulled the train.
15 He told m e that his football team had played well last season.
BỊ ĐỘNG VỚI NHỮNG ĐỘNG TỪ SAI BẢO
V III C h a n g e th ese se n te n c e s into th e p assiv e v oice
1 I had m y n e p h e w p a in t th e gate last w eek.
-> 1 fas cl dfz QaJx ịXli.O J A.Soht ý&íẵ .
2 She w ill have P eter w ash h e r car to m o rro w
3 T hey have h er tell the sto ry again,
4 John gets his sister to clean his shirt.
5 A nne has had a frien d ty p e h er co m p o sitio n
6 Rick will have a barber cut his hair.
7.1 will get the dressm aker to make a new dress.
8 He had a mechanic repair his car
9 She often gets the technician to maintain the heater
10 They had the police arrest the shoplifter.
1 1 Are you going to have the shoemaker repair your shoes?
12 I must have the dentist check my teeth.
13 She will have a veterinary surgeon examine her dog./
14 We had a man take this photograph when we were on holiday last summer.
15 The Greens had a cleaner clean their carpet.
-ằ ỈL Q.m nỏ ớ.ỡ.Qcl kun ĨÍX- p±:l x[i.anLcI
IX C h an g e the sentences from the active to the passive.
I They grow coffee in Kenya.
2 T hey p u b lish T he T im es n ew sp a p e r in L ondon.
i'iiL ĨỈP.X.Í < £ U jífQ p íầ {Ai p ẳ k s h d :n .
3 T hey m ake shoes in C alatayud.
-> ; {> ou Qỉiị x m d tL LoiuX X u cuq L
4 T hey tra n sp o rt o ran g es from V alen cia to G erm an y in sp ecial crates.
- > ti.yiv ■ [ỊỊà X u :, ỉp ị), i d '.'ffxQW: .
5 T hey are sen d in g the parcel by sea.
-> f, T hev are H estrovine the forests in Indonesia.
7 T he shark ate the m an.
8 T he arso n ist started the fire.
9 T he police to o k him aw ay.
10 T h ey 'v e treated him very w ell.
tX ỉh itâ hiAfi Lft ÍÍ JiAu '.MrLỈ
11 T hey h av en 't clean e d the k itch en yet.
12 T hey d id n 't p u n ish him fo r w h at he did.
X R ew rite th e sen ten ce s in p a ssiv e v o ice.
2 She would carry the box.
3 You should open the window I
■> Srh.ữJ.ỉì hi ữ.pUì.ỉ-.J .
5 You ought to wash the car
6 He must fill in the form.
7 They need not buy bread
8 He could not read the sentence
9 Will the teacher test our English?
10 Could Jenny lock the door?
M ultiple choices: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence
1 The word “jean s” come from a kind o f material that _ in Europe.
A made B had made c was made N D are made
2 D ifferen t styles o f je a n s to m atch the I9 6 0 s fashions.
A designed B are d esig n ed c w ere d esigned D had d esig n e d
3 T he ao dai _ for years.
A is m o d ern ized B w a s m o d e rn iz e d c have been m o d ern iz ed has b een m o d e rn iz e d
4 A new h o sp ital n ex t year.
A is built ^ B w ill be bu ilt
■^C has been b u ilt D w ill b uild
5 F ood d irect to the m a rk et by tru ck s.
A delivered v' c can be d eliv ered
A to rebuild c be to rebuilt
D d e liv ers after the fire. iB to be re b u ilt
8 The application form _ to the university before May 31st.
A must send B sent c must be send - D must be sent
A followed B must followed v c must be followed D must follow
10 Students _ to participate in the after school activities.
CÂU ĐIÈU K IỆ N
Conditional sentences (if sentences): type 1
Ex: If I finish m y h o m e w o rk , I w ill go to the co n c ert
(= I w in go to th e c o n c e rt i f I fin ish m y h o m e w o rk )
* If clau se: I f I finish m y h o m e w o rk ,
* M ain clause: I w ill go to th e c o n c e rt
Diễn tà m ột điều kiện có thề xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tư ơ ng lai.
Conditional sentences ( if sentences): type 3
A The present simple, the present progressive, the present perfect
I THE PRESENT SIM PLE TENSE ^
Negative: s + do/does + not + V s + am/is/are + not Interrogative: Do/Does + s + V 7 Am/Is/Are + s ?
2 Use a Diễn tả một hành động hoặc môt thỏi quen ở hiện tại (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, every )
Ex: I usually go to school in the afternoon. b Diễn tả một chân lỵ, một sự thật nào cũng đúng.
Ex: The earth moves around the sun
3 Đối với ngôi thứ ba số ít: He, She, It. a Thêm “S” vào sau động từ thường.
Ex: Lan often gets up early in the morning.
MỆNH ĐÈ QUAN H Ệ
Giới thiệu về mệnh đề quan hệ
I M ệnh đề tính từ hay m ện h đề q uan hệ đ ư ợ c đ ặt sau d anh từ nó phụ nghĩa, đư ợ c nối b ằn g các đại từ q u an hệ : W H O , W H O M , WHICH,
T H A T , W H O S E , và trạ n g từ q uan hệ: W H E R E , W H Y , W H E N
1 W H O : th ay the ch o ng ư ờ i, làm ch ủ n g ữ tro n g M Đ Q H
- I need to m eet the boy T he boy is m y frie n d 's son.
I need to m eet the boy w h o is m y frie n d ’s son.
- T he w o m an is sta n d in g o v e r th ere She is m y sister.
-> T h e w o m an w h o is stan d in g o v e r th ere is m y sister.
2 W H O M : thay thế ch o cho ngư ời làm tú c từ tro n g M Đ Q H
- I know the girl I sp o k e to th is girl.
-> I know the girl w h o m 1 sp o k e to
- T he m an is m y te a ch e r Y our fa th e r is ta lk in g to him
-> T he m an w ho m v o u r fa th e r is talk in g to is m y te ach er.
3 W H IC H : thay thế cho vật, đồ vật làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH. Ex:
- She works for a company It makes cars.
She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big People keep the elephants in iron cages.
-ỳ The elephants w hich people keep in iron cages are big.
4 T H A T : thay thế cho người, vật làm chù từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Người who/that who(m)/that whose
Vật/đồ vật w hich/that which/that whose/of which
- [ need to m eet the boy th a t is mv friend's son.
- The woman th a t is standing over there is my sister.
- [ know the girl th a t I spoke to
- The man th a t your father is talking to is my teacher*
- She works for a com pany th a t makes cars.
- The elephants th a t people keep in iron cages are big.
5 W H O S E (O F W H IC H ): Thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - Jo h n found the cat Its leg w as b roken.
-> John found the cat w h o se leg/ (the leg o f w h ic h ) v\as broken.
- T h is is the student I b o rro w e d his book.
-> T h is is the stu d en t w h o s e b o o k 1 b o rro w e d
6 W H E R E : thay thế cho cụm từ chi nơi chốn: there, at that place Ex: - The m ovie theater is the place W e can see films at that place. -> T h e m ovie th e a te r is th e p lace w h e r e w e can see film s
7 W H Y : thay thế ch o cụ m trạ n g từ chi lí do: fo r th a t reaso n Ex: - T ell m e the reaso n Y ou a re so sad fo r th a t reason.
-> T ell m e the reaso n w h y y o u are so sad.
8 W H E N : thay thế ch o cụ m từ chì thời gian: th en , at th a t tim e, th a t day.
Ex: - D o you re m e m b e r th e d ay W e first m e t on th a t day.
II G iớ i tù đ ặ t trư ớ c m ện h đ ề tín h từ: (W H O M /W H IC H )
- T he m a n speaks E nglish very fast I ta lk e d to h im last night.
T he m an to w hom 1 talked last night speaks English very fast.
- T he h o u se is for sale I w a s b o m in it.
-> T h e house in w hich I w as b o m is fo r sale.
T he house in th at I w as born is for sale
III OF W HICH / OF WHOM:
- Daisy has three brothers All o f them are teachers.
-> Daisy has three brothers, all o f whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot o f questions I couldn’t answer most o f them.
-> He asked me a lot o f questions, most o f which I couldn't answer.
B Mênh đề han đỉnh và không han đinh • • • o • •
(restrictive & non - restrictive relative clauses)
I Restrictive Relative Clauses (M ệnh đề hạn định)
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ
N eu bò đi mệnh đề chính sê không rõ nghĩa.
Ex: - 1 saw the girl S h e helped us last week.
-> I saw the girl w ho/that helped us last w eek.
II Non-restrictive Relative Clauses (Mệnh đề không hạn định)
Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đã được xác định rõ, phần giải thích thêm này có thể được tách biệt bằng dấu phẩy Nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính, ý nghĩa vẫn được giữ nguyên.
Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
- Trước danh từ quan hệ có: this/ that/ these/ those/ my/ her/ his/
- Từ quan hệ là tên riêng hoặc danh từ riêng.
- My fa th er is a doctor H e is fifty years old.
-> My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- M r Brow n is a very nice teacher W e studied English with him
-> M r B row n, w h o w e studied English w ith , is a very nice teacher.
M r B ro w n , th a t w e stu d ie d E n g lis h w ith , is a ve ry n ic e te ac h e r.
* N h ữ n g trư ờ n g h ợ p th ư ờ n g d ù n g T H A T : a S au cụ m từ q u an hệ vừ a chi ngư ờ i và vật.:
In English grammar, certain structures are essential for clarity and coherence For example, when using indefinite pronouns like "something," "anyone," and "nobody," one can express intriguing ideas, such as, "I’ll tell you something that is very interesting." Additionally, when employing superlative adjectives such as "all," "every," "very," and "only," it’s crucial to convey emphasis, as illustrated by the sentence, "This is the most beautiful dress that I have." Lastly, when referring to specific experiences, one might say, "He told me the places and people that he had seen in London," which highlights the importance of context in communication.
- A l l th a t is m in e is y o u rs.
- Y ou are th e o n ly person th a t can h e lp us. d T ro n g cấ u trú c It + be + + th a t (c h ín h là )
Ex: l í is m y frie n d th a t w ro te th is se n ten c e.
(C h ín h b ạn tôi đ ã v iế t c â u này.)
- T ro n g m ệ n h đề tín h từ k h ô n g h ạn địn h
- S au giới từ c Mệnh đề rút gọn
Rút gọn mệnh đề tính từ thành cụm từ:
Khi động từ chính trong mệnh đề tính từ ở thể chủ động hoặc là BE Ex:
- Those people who are takins photos over there come from Sweden -> Those people taking photos over there come from Sweden.
- Fans who want to buy tickets started queuing early.
-> Fans w antine to buy tickets started queuing early.
- The books which are on that shelf are mine.
-> The books on that shelf are mine.
Khi động từ chính trong mệnh đề tính từ ở thể Bị Động.
Ex: - The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting. The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
- M ost students who were punished last week are lazy.
M ost students punished last week are lazy.
I Circle the letter o f the correct answ er to com plete the sentence
D w h ere in the living ro o m n eed a lot o f water.
D w as _ s i s t e r looks a fte r the b aby for us.
A I c w h ich I m e t at th e party, c a lle d m e last n ight
D w h o se ro d e the bus to sch o o l w ith.
7 I used to enjoy the summer, we had a big family picnic.
8 Tell me about the city _ you grew up.
9 Anna found the book th a t wanted at the bookshop.
10 Please rem em ber to take back to the library all the books are due this week.
11 C om plete the sentences, using a relative pronoun.
] The girl chatted with him yesterday She arrived here at 6:30. dk ® 1 1 Ẵ ■ x h ữ c h d Ả íCỈ xiX Ìh ấm ì/tìiĩ ->v VÀ í 'A
2 The man is talking to my father He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen.
-> v m o jf tL a h :\ĩẢkưú iĩ.u :a k i.irJ
3 The architect designed these flats He has moved to HCM City.
4 The young m an lives in the com er He rides an ex pensive m otorbike. ->
5 I'm rea d in g the book I b o u g h t it in 1996.
6 1 w ill introduce the man to you He is sharing the flat with me
7 T he young m an is talking to o u r teacher He is B a’s brother.
8 W e visited the m onum ent It w as built a hundred years ago.
9 T h e boys are intereste d in fo o tb all It is a p o p u la r g am e all ov er the world.
10 T h e boy gave his p a re n ts big hu g s b efo re he left H e w e n t abroad to study.
11 M y frien d s had so m u c h fun at the festiv al T h ey w a n te d to go there again.
12 C h ild ren like to eat ice-cream It can cau se to o th ach e
III U n d er lin e the r ela tiv e c la u se s in th e se n te n c e s T h en add co m m a s to se p a r a te th e N o n -r e str ic tiv e re la tiv e cla u ses.
1 T h e m an w ho is talk in g to the p rin cip al is o u r form teach er.
2 T he boys w ho are sitting in the first row will receive the m edals.
3 The students who are in the grade 10th are going to clean the school yard.
4 The animals which are kept in iron cages will be carried back to the forest
5 Mr Tan who is our gym aster is very thin and tall.
6 The book which we borrowed from the library must be returned by Monday
7 The little boy who is crying over there lost his way.
8 Mrs Van who lives next door to Hoa works at the television station.
9 The dog which has some black spots is Ba’s.
10 My mother bought the shoes which were made from Hong Kong.
IV Com bine the two sentences by using a relative clause Some clauses need com m as, som e do not:
1 The lady is a famous writer You met her at the party last night.
2 The child enjoyed the chocolates Her mother bought them from France.
3 Dr Oley is our fam ily’s dentist He is a popular dentist in the city.
4 They drank a lot o f Coke It is diet Coke.
5 The river is the Sai Gon River It flows through Ho Chi Minh City.-ằ
6 The girls are perform ing the play T hey rehearsed it yesterday.
7 T h e ir p a re n ts are a n x io u s ab o u t th e ir c h ild re n T h e c h ild re n come b ack late.
8 T h e le c tu re r is m y u n cle H e gav e an in te re stin g ta lk on TV last n ig h t.
9 T h e stu d e n t k ep t ta lk in g a b o u t th e p ro ject It w as d o n e last week. -ằ
10 M r Phong h a sn 't com e yet He is supposed to be at the m eeting. -ằ
11 Lan w e n t b a c k h o m e S he fo rg o t to tu rn o f f th e faucet.
V I U se red u ced r e la tiv e c la u se s in p la ce o f th e rela tiv e clau ses.
1 Be sure to follow the instructions ữ iã ĩ are given at the top o f the page.
2 S tudents who arrive late w ill not be perm itted to enter the classroom
3 Jo h n , w ho w as taken b y surprise, h ard ly k n e w w h at to say.
4 T h e p eo p le w ho are w aiting f o r the bus in the rain are g e ttin g w et.
5 We drove along the road that was still flooded after the heavy rain.
■■■ -> iF 6 The scientists who are researching the causes o f cancer are making progress
7 The wild ox which is kept at Nam Cat Tien National Park is o f a special kind
/ s 8 The helicopter which was flying toward the lake made a low droning sound.
9 The winner o f the marathon, who was breathing deeply and smiling at the crowd, raised her right hand and waved
10 Any student who does not waul to go on the trip should inform the office.
VII Combine each pair o f sentences into one sentence Change the second sentence o f the pair into a reduced relative clause.
1 Our solar system is in a galaxy The galaxy is called the Milky Way. -ằ
2 I come from a city This city is located in the southern part o f the country.
3 A n y o n e m u st ta k e an e n tran c e e x a m in a tio n A n y o n e a p p lie s to that school.
4 T h e boy d re w p ic tu res o f p eo p le at the a irp o rt T he p eople were w a itin g fo r th e ir planes
5 S u n lig h t w a k es m e up early in the m o rn in g It c o m e s through the w in d o w
6 O n ly a few o f th e m o v ies are su itab le fo r th e ch ild ren T he movies are sh o w n on C h an n el 15.
7 I w as w a k e n e d by the so u n d o f th e lau g h ter It c o m e s from the room n e x t d o o r to m ine
8 T h e stu d e n ts hav e b eco m e q u ite p ro fic ie n t in th e ir new language.
T h ey atte n d c lass five h o u rs p e r day
9 D isn ey W o rld is a fam o u s a m u se m e n t park It is lo cated in O rlando,
F lo rid a, U S A , and c o v e rs a large area o f land.
10 D o you k n o w the p o lic e m a n ? H e is c o m in g to w a rd us.
VIII Complete the sentences using “who”, “that” or “which”, but only where necessary - leave a blank if possible.
1 M aria, has only been in Britain for a few weeks, speaks excellent English.
2 W ho was the g i r l you were speaking to just now?
3 My s is te r , w asn’t feeling very hungry, d idn't want to go to the restaurant.
4 1 lost all my m o n e y you gave me.
5 This is the le tte r came in today’s post.
6 Mr and Mrs W o o d s, live next door to us, have gone on holiday.
7 B rig h to n , a tourist centre on the south coast o f England, is about 85 kilometres from London.
8 Sydney, has apopulation o f more than three million, is
IX Non — defining relative clauses with “w hose” “where” “w hen” and “w hom ”.
SITUATION: Peter is going to the United States next year Com plete what he says about his visit using “w hose”, “who/whom”,
In early January, I'm excited to visit the States, specifically New York, where my friend Brian has lived for the past two years I can't wait to reconnect with his American girlfriend, Cyndy, whom I met during their visit to London last year Cyndy's brother, a well-known jazz musician, has promised to take me to Greenwich Village, famous for its vibrant jazz clubs After spending two weeks in this lively city, I hope to experience its rich musical culture.
N ew York, I'll take the G reyhound bus to C leveland O hio I'm going to stay there with m y A unt Jackie, (6) son - m y cousin A be-
Last summer, I met in England, and if my finances allow, I plan to travel south to New Orleans My goal is to arrive by the first two weeks of February to experience the vibrant Mardi Gras Festival.
X Join each p a ir o f se n te n c e s u sin g (i) “w h o ” , o r “w h ic h ” , and (ii) a p rep o sitio n + “w h o m ” o r “w h ic h ”
1 M r Jo n es is a te a c h e r at A n n ’s sch o o l, i w as ta lk in g to him a m o m en t ago.
2 P eter’s party is next Saturday evening W e are all invited to it.
3 M r M ason ap o lo g ize d for th e m istak e W e c o m p la in e d to him (i) ( i i )
4 T he film "‘F am ily L ife ” is sh o w in g n ex t w eek I'v e h eard 200d rep o rts ab o u t it.
XI Join each idea in “A ” with the most suitable idea in “B” using
! She lent me the money.
2 They had to wait for over an hour.
3 There was a lot o f snow on the roads.
4 1 knew you d id n 't want to go to the concert.
6 There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. a This made driving dangerous. b It made us all feel very hungry. c That is why I didn’t buy you a ticket. d It meant I had to take a taxi. e This annoyed them very much. f This was very generous o f her.
M ultiple choices: C hoose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence
1 The students are reading some books are on disasters.
2 The children _ are playing in the yard are Mr B row n's nephews.
3 They are reading the new spapers have ju st been published.
4 H o a and h e r d o g are sta n d in g o v e r th e re go to th e park.
5 M y fa th e r w ill fly to H a N o i, is th e cap ital city o f Viet
6 M y c la ssm a te s d islik e p o stc a rd s sh o w ro u g h sea and c lo u d sky *
7 N eil A rm stro n g ,_w a s th e first m an w a lk in g on the m o o n , is an A m erican
8 T h e y c a lle d th e ir f r i e n d s , _ h a v e liv ed in th e city for a long tim e.
9 They ran out o f the house_ wind.
10 She often plays the music
A who v(Ợ w hich almost collapsed after the strong
D where _ was composed by Chopin.
SO SÁNH
Comparison o f equality (so sánh b a n g )
1 A ffir m a tiv e as + a d j/a d v + as (bang nhừ)
- Jo h n w o rk s as hard as his father.
2 N eg a tiv e n ot a s/so + a d j/a d v + a s (không bằng/như)
- T h is w atch is not as/so ex p e n siv e as m ine (= m y w atch )
- She d o es n o t sin g as/so w ell as h er sister.
II C O M PARATIVE OF ADJ/ ADV (So sánh hơn của tính từ và trạng từ)
1 S h o rt a d j/ adv ad j/ad v + E R + th an
Tính từ/trạng từ ngắn là từ có một vần hay hai vần tận cùng bang “y” : fast, cold, thick, lucky, happy
- This athlete runs faster than that one.
- John is stronger than his brother.
2 L ong a d j/ adv more + adj/adv + than
Tính từ trạng từ dài là từ có hai vần trở lên: modem, patient, difficult, fluently, beautifully,
- This problem is more difficult than we thought.
- He speaks English more fluently than his friend.
E x : Y esterd ay w as th e h o tte st d ay o f th e year.
Ex: She is the m o st b e a u tifu l girl in the class.
- T a có thể d ù n g th e le a s t để chỉ m ứ c độ k é m n hấ t
Ex: T h is story is th e le a st in te restin g o f all.
- B ốn cấu trú c v iết lời b ìn h ph ẩm :
That’s/ it’s + the + tính từ ngắn + est + noun + s
That’s/ it’s + the + most + tính từ dài + noun + s
Ex: T h a t’s th e m o st in te re stin g b o o k I’ve e v e r read.
T h a t's the lo n g e st b rid g e I’ve e v e r seen. s + have/ has + P2 + a/any + tính từ ngắn + er + n o u n + t h a n s + have/ has + P2 + a + more + tính từ dài + n o u n + t h a n
Ex: I've never read a more interesting book than this one.
I’ve never seen any/a longer bridge than this one.
- Giới từ Ờ cap so sánh cao nhất:
+ in: đi với danh từ tổ, nhóm, nơi chỗ: in the group, in the company, in the world
+ of: đi với danh từ chỉ thời gian: o f the year, o f the month, o f one’s life
Ex: Nam is the tallest boy in my class.
Birthday is the happiest day o f my life.
IV So sán h kép (càn g càng )
• Công thức 1: the com parative + s + v t h e com parative + s + V
Ex: The more you learn, the m ore you know (càng học bạn càng biết nhiều)
The sooner you start, the earlier you arrive.
• Công thức 2: the m ore + s + V, the comparative + s + V
Ex: The more you study, the sm arter you will become.
The more exercises you do, the better you understand the lesson
• Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chù ngữ giả 'it is' thì có thể bỏ chúng đi
The shorter (it is), the better (it is).
- So sánh bội số là so sánh: b à n g nừ a (h a lf), g â p đôi (tw ic e ), gâp ba (th re e t i m e s ) ,
- K h ô n g đ ư ợ c sử dụ n g so sánh hơn kém m à sử d ụ n g so sán h băng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đ ếm đ ư ợ c hay k h ô n g đ ế m được, vì đ ằ n g trư ớ c c h ú n g có m a n y /m u c h
Ex: T h is e n c y c lo p e d y co sts tw ic e as m u ch as the o th e r o ne.
Je ro m e has h a lf as m any re c o rd s n o w as I h ad last y ear.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
* C h ú ý: C ác lối nói: tw ice th at m a n y /tw ic e th a t m u ch = g ấ p đôi ngần ấy chỉ đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g khẩu ngữ , k h ô n g đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g văn viết
Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showed up (twice as many as that number).
V I T ín h từ /tr ạ n g từ bất q u i tắc
In the realm of comparatives and superlatives, adjectives and adverbs play a crucial role in conveying differences in quality and quantity For instance, "good" becomes "better" in the comparative form and "the best" in the superlative Similarly, "bad" transforms into "worse" and "the worst." When discussing distance, "far" can be expressed as "farther" or "further," with "the farthest" or "the furthest" as the superlative Additionally, for quantity, "little" changes to "less" and "the least," while "many" or "much" becomes "more" and "the most." Understanding these forms enhances clarity and precision in communication.
V II T ính từ /trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cù n g là “e’
Ex: large wide nice larger wider nicer largest widest nicest
VIII Tính từ tận cùng “y ”
Ex: easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
IX Tính từ/ trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là phụ âm đứng trước là m ôt nguyên âm
Ex: hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest biggest thinnest m
I C o m p lete th e se n te n c e s U se th e c o m p a r a tiv e form o f o n e o f the w o r d s in th e list. b ig 'J c ro w d e d ea rly e a s i l y '' high important interested peaceful reliable serious simple thin
-X-, _ , - ^CAVX'£
2 He does the test more easily than Nga.
3 An dictionary is more expensive than an English book.
4 He behaves now worse than he used to.
5 My uncle is fatter than my father.
6 Viet Nam isn’t as large as the USA.
7 My friend cooks better than I do.
8 Hue to Ha Noi is nearer than HCM City to Ha Noi.
[X Give the correct form o f the adjectives or adverbs in brackets.
I Sum m er is season o f the year (hot)
That dog isn’t it looks (dangerous) t In the past, people w e r e than today (polite)
5 It i s today than it w as y este rd a y (cold)
6 O u r hotel w a s than all th e o th e rs in th e tow n (c h e a p )
7 W h a t’s riv e r in th e w o rld (long)
8 It w as an aw ful day It w a s d ay o f m y life (b a d )
9 E v ere st i s m o u n ta in in the w o rld It i s than any o th e r m o u n tain (h ig h )
1 0 1 prefer this chair to the other one It’s (com fortable)
X R ew rite the follow in g sen ten ces, w h ich has the sim ilar m eaning w ith the p revious sen ten ce, u sin g Comparative or Superlative
1 T h is is the m o st d elic io u s c ak e I ’ve e v e r tasted
-> I’ve -jci.'i.id ẩiXịÙQ'.'.1 ii !.b o
2 I’ve n e v e r m et any m o re d e p e n d a b le p erso n th an G eo rg e.
- > G eo rg e is jhh rn>QA.t.
3 T h e re is n ’t an y b o d y as k in d -h e a rte d as y o u r m o th er.
4 T h e re is no b e tte r te a c h e r in th is sch o o l th a n M r Jo h n
- > M r Jo h n is Jí)i CííSÃ.t kc.L&i ?f.C'.:' Í Ỉ ( !
5 H av e y o u g o t any b ig g e r th a n th a t o n e ?
M u ltip le c h o ice s C h o o se th e b est op tion th a t best c o m p le te s each se n te n c e :
1 H e is n o t _ tall as his father.
A th e v B as c th an D m ore
2 Jo h n 's grades are w \ higher c more higher
_than his sister's. more high
D the highest o f the three sisters.
D more short as her friend does.
5 O f the three shirts, this one is the _.
A prettier \yB most prettiest prettiest
D most pretty than we thought at first.
A.good B- we" c better D ,he best
10 Hove you than 1 can say
BECAUSE OF - IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE- ALTHOUGH-EVEN THOUGH
I ADVERB PHRASE OF REASON (CỤM TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ LÍ DO):
- [ c a n ’t go to school yesterday because 1 am sick.
-> I can ’t go to school because o f my sickness.
- Nam missed the bus because he got up late.
-> Because o f getting up late, Nam missed the bus.
II A DVER B PHRASE OF CONCESSION (Cụm trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ): ỉnspite of/ Despite
Ex: - The woman tries to clim b the m ountain even though she is old -> The woman tries to climb the mountain inspite o f her old age.
Because o f + Noun/ Noun Phrase (reason)
- A lthough N ga is tired, she still begins her w ork on tim e. -> D espite being tired, N ga still begins her w ork on tim e.
In spite of/ D espite + N o u n / N oun P h rase (concession)
III A L T H O U G H - là từ nối d iễn tả ý n h ư ợ n g bộ
Ex - A lth o u g h A m it has a car, he d o esn 't o ften d riv e it.
A lthough có thể đ ứ n g đ ầu câu h o ặc g iữ a câu
Ex A lth o u g h th e cafe w as c ro w d e d , w e fo u n d a tab le O R W e found a tab le alth o u g h the cafe w as cro w d ed
Though - là 1 d ạn g khác N ó có n g h ĩa g iố n g n h ư although.
Ex: T h o u g h / A lth o u g h 1 lik e d th e s w e a te r, I d e c id e d n o t to b u y it.
Though CÓ th e đứ n g cuối câu.
Ex: I liked the sweater I decided not to buy it, though.
IV E V E N T H O U G H - m ạnh hơn và có ý nhấn m ạnh hơn although.
1) Ram looked quite fresh even though he'd been playing cricket.
2) E ven th o u g h you d islik e S an y a, you sh o u ld try to be n ice to her.
* C hú ý - C h ú n g ta có th ể d ù n g in spite o f the fa c t (that) tư ơ n g tự như although.
Ex: I'm no b e tte r a lth o u g h I've ta k en the pills.
I'm no better in spite o f the fact that I've taken pills.
* Chú ý : - Đôi khi có ] số trường hợp hơi khác
Even though - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là phù định và mệnh đê chính là khẳng định
Ex: Even though Ram hadn't studied, he passed the exam.
Although - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là khẳng định và mệnh đề chính là phủ định
Ex: Although Ram had studied very hard, he did not score well.OR
I/ S u p p ly e ith e r because o r because o f as a p p r o p r ia te
1 It w as d iffic u lt to d e liv e r th e le tte r 'ữữAi,i\< the s e n d e r had w ritten th e w ro n g a d d re ss o n th e en v e lo p e
2 W e d e c id e d to leav e early , N th e p arty w as boring.
3 R escue attem p ts w ere tem p o rarily h alted Ke y the bad weather.
4 T h e y v isite d th e ir frie n d s o fte n u th ey enjoyed their co m p a n y
5 P au l c a n n o t go to th e fo o tb a ll g am e his grades.
6 M a rc e lla w a s a w a rd e d a sc h o la rsh ip ^ K h er superior sc h o la stic a b ility
7 N o b o d y v e n tu re d o u td o o r s the hurricane warnings.
8 W e p la n to sp e n d o u r v a c a tio n in the m ou n tain s ' the air is p u re r th e re
9 W e h a v e to d riv e aro u n d th e b ay \> _ the bridge w as d e stro y e d in th e storm
10 T h e c h ic k e n s hav e d ied ^ Ũ the intense heat.
II/ C h an ge the sentences to incorporate the expressions in parentheses.
1 D e sp ite h er d islik es for coffee, she drank it to keep h e rse lf warm, (a lth o u g h )
2 M ary w ill tak e a plane, even though she d islik e s flying, (in spite of)
3 In spite o f M arcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile, (although)
4 We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy, (despite) ->
5 D espite her poor memory, the old woman told interesting stories to the children, (even though)
6 Though he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test, (in spite of)
7 Nancy told me the secret despite having promised not to do so (though)
8 We plan to buy a ticket for the drawing although we know we will not win a prize, (even though)
9 Inspite o f the high price, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday, (even though)
10 He ate the chocolate cake even though he is on a diet, (in spite of) -ằ
III Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given:
I I have tried hard but 1 can ’t earn enough money.
A Although I have tried hard, but I can’t earn enough money.
^B Although I have tried hard, I can ’t earn enough money. c In sp ite o f I h av e tried hard, I c a n 't earn e n o u g h m o n ey
D D esp ite 1 h av e tried hard, but 1 c a n 't ea rn en o u g h m oney.
2 A lth o u g h she felt je a lo u s , she trie d to hide h er feelings.
~^A D esp ite fe e lin g je a lo u s , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
B D e sp ite h e r je a lo u s y , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
Vjt e S he trie d to h id e h e r fee lin g s in spite o f she felt je a lo u s.
3 A lthough he to o k a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
A Bill a rriv e d late fo r the c o n c e rt b ecau se he ta k e s a taxi.
B Bill a rriv ed late fo r the c o n c e rt becau se o f th e taxi. c In sp ite o f ta k in g a tax i, Bill arriv ed late fo r th e concert.
D A lthough Bill to o k a taxi, he c a n ’t com e to the concert in time.
4 In spite o f his suffering from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
A A lthough he suffers from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
B Although he suffered from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school. c W illiam w e n t to school a lth o u g h he is su ffe rin g from a bad cold
D W illiam w ent to school; he suffered from a bad cold althoueh.
5 D espite the fact that it w as snow ing, I felt w arm
A In sp ite o f s n o w in g , I felt w arm
B In sp ite o f fe e lin g w a rm , it w as sn o w in g , c A lth o u g h it w a s sn o w in g I felt w arm
D A lth o u g h I felt w a rm , it w as sn o w in g
6 Though he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
A Despite he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
B In spite o f he tried hard, he d idn't succeed.
^ c In spite o f trying hard, he didn’t succeed.
D Even though he tried hard, but he d idn't succeed.
7 My parents w anted me to go to university but I d id n 't fancy it.
A My parents wanted to go to university but I didn't fancy it.
B I d id n 't fancy going to university as my parents did. v c I d idn't fancy going to university although my parents wanted me to go.
D I hardly fancied going to university but for my parents’ wish.
8.1 agree he’s a good worker but 1 still don't think he should get the job.
A He c a n 't get the jo b though he was a good worker.
V B Despite the fact that h e 's a good worker, I d o n 't think he should get the job. c He is such a good worker that he can get the job.
D He is too bad to get the job.
9 He was very tired but he kept on working.
A Despite he was very tired, he kept on working.
B In spite o f he was very tired, he kept on working, c Though his tiredness, he kept on working. s,' D Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
10 T he trip w as boring but w e enjoyed it a lot.
B W e are b o red w ith th e trip. c W e lik ed th e trip very m u ch ev en th o u g h it w as b o rin g
11 A lth o u g h T o m to o k a ta x i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
A In sp ite o f T o m to o k a tax i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
B T o m w a s still late fo r th e p arty in spite o f ta k in g a taxi. £ D e sp ite to o k a tax i, T o m w a s still late for the party.
12 A lth o u g h he is rich, he feels unhappy.
A H e feels unhappy because o f his richness.
B He feels unhappy, so he is rich. c Despite his richness, he feels unhappy.
D H e feels unhappy because he is rich.
13 M y g randfather is very old, but he can w alk to the station.
A A lthough m y grandfather is very old, he can walk to the station.
B M y g ra n d fa th e r can w alk to the station despite the fact that he i very old. c Despite his old age, m y grandfather can walk to the station.
14 In spite o f his old age, Mr Brown jogs seven miles every morning.
A Although o f Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
B Although Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
[yc Although Mr Brown is old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
D Although Mr Brown is not old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
15 Although he has a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
A In spite o f having a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
B Despite the fact having a good job, he isn't happy in his job c He isn’t happy in his job because he doesn’t have a good job.
D He isn’t happy in his jo b in spite o f he doesn't have a good job.
- D anh từ đ ếm đ ư ợ c số ít.
* an: đ ứ n g trư ớ c ngu y ên âm h o ặc “ h ” câm
Ex: a cat, a dog, a m an a boy
Ex: an am inal, an hour
H ow + adj + a/an + noun + verb!
Ex: sh e is so ugly a girl.
- it 's su ch a nice pen.
- she is as pretty a girl as her sister.
- ,Chi một người được đề cập qua tên.
Ex: a miss Mai comes to your house.
- Trước các danh từ trong ngữ đồng vị.
Ex: Ho Chi Mi.nh a great president, died in 1989.
- Trong các cụm từ chỉ sổ lưọng Ex: a pair, a couple, a lot of, a little, a few a large/great number o f
- ONE được dùng thay A/AN để nhấn mạnh.
Ex: There is a book on the table, but one is not enough.
- Trước các danh từ không đếm được.
Ex: coffee is also a kind o f drink. j h
-Trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều
Ex: dogs are faithful animals h ứ
K h ô n g d ù n g m ạo từ b ấ t địn h trư ớ c tên gọi các b ữ a ăn, trừ phi có tính từ đ ứ n g trư ớ c các tê n gọi đó
- T h e y h av e lu n ch at e le v e n
- Y ou gav e m e an a p p e tiz in g d in n e r
T u y n h iê n , n ếu là b ữ a ăn đ ặc b iệ t n hân d ịp nào đó, ngư ời ta vẫn dùng m ạo từ b ấ t đ ịn h
- 1 w as in v ite d to b re a k fa st (b ữ a đ iểm tâm bình thư ờ ng)
- W e w ere invited to a d in n er given to w elcom e the new director.
O n e (tín h từ /đ ại từ ) d ù n g với another/others.
- O n e d ay th e y d rin k w in e, a n o th e r day they d rin k beer.
(Có ngày họ uống rượu, có ngày họ uống bia).
- O ne (student) w anted to w atch TV , another/others w anted to play chess
(Có ngư ời (sinh viên) m uon xem TV, người khác lại muon đánh cờ).
C ó thể d ù n g One trư ớ c d a y (n g à y ) /w ee k (tuần) /m o n th (tháng) /
Y e a r (n ăm ) /su m m e r (m ù a hè) / w in ter (m ùa đ ô n g ) để chi một thờ i gian đặc biệt n ào đó.
- O n e n ig h t th ere w as a p e rsiste n t rain.
- O n e d ay y o u 'll be sorry y o u sp o k e highly o f y o u r n eig h b o u rs. ne cũng là một đại từ tương đương cùa A/An.
Yes, I m anaged to get one. ố nhiều cùa One theo cách này là Some (vài, một ít), x:
Yes, we m anaged to get some.
)ặc biệt là trong The rent is $400 a month (tiền thuê nhà là 400 bảng nột tháng), không thể thay “a” bằng “one”. a
- Những vật duy nhất Ex: the sun, the moon, the w o rld
- Các danh từ được xác định bởi cụm tính từ hoặc mệnh đề tính từ.
- T he bridge with blue cover is named Love.
- T he girl that vou m et is mv brother’s girlfriend.
- Các danh từ được xác định qua ngữ cảnh hoặc đề cập trước đó.
Ex: Finally, the writer killed himself.
- 1 have a cat and a dog T h e cat is killed by my neighbor.
- Các danh từ chi sự giài trí Ex: T he theater T he concert,
- T rư ớ c tên các tàu th uyền, m áy bay.
Ex: The Titanic w as a nice ship.
- C ác sông, biển, đại dư ơng, dãy n ú i
Ex: T h e red river T h e Nile river
- M ột nhóm các đảo hoặc quôc gia.
Ex: T h e P h ilip p in es, T h e United States.
- T ính từ dù n g n h ư danh từ tập hợp.
Ex: You should help T h e poor.
- T ro n g so sánh nhất Ex: N am is T h e c le v e re st in his class.
- T ên ngư ời ờ số nhiều (chi gia đình).
- C ác danh từ đại diện cho m ột loài.
Ex: T h e cat is a lovely hom e pet.
- C ác trạ n g từ chi thời gian, nơi chốn.
Ex: In th e m o rn in g , in th e street, in th e w ater
- Số th ứ tự Ex: T h e first T h e se c o n d The th ir d
- C huỗi thời gian hoặc không gian.
Ex: T h e next T h e fo llo w in g
- Trước các danh từ số nhiều nói chung.
Ex: They build houses near the hall.
- Danh từ trừu tượng không đếm được.
Ex: Independence is a happy thing.
- Các danh từ chì màu sắc Ex: Red and w hite make pink.
- Các môn học Ex: M ath is her worst subject.
- Các vật liệu, kim loại Ex: Steel is made from iron.
- Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố.
Ex: H a Noi is the capital o f
- Các chức danh, tên người Ex: President Bill Clinton, Ba, Nga
- Các bữa ăn, món ăn, thức ăn Ex: We have rice and fish for dinner
- Các trò chơi thể thao Ex: Football is a popular sport in
- Các loại bệnh tật Ex: Cold is a common disease.
- Ngôn ngữ, tiếng nói Ex: English is being used everywhere
- Các kì nghỉ, lễ hội Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine
- Các mũi (đất nhô ra biền), hồ núi.
Ex: C ape Horn L ake Than Tho,
* But: T he Cape o f Good Hope, the Great Lake, the Mount of Olive
■ Nature m ang nghĩa "tự nhiên, thiên nhiên " thì không dùng "the". Ex:
- A cco rd in g to the law s o f natu re (T heo quy luật tự n h iên )
- T hey c o u ld n 't to lerate city life a n y m o re and w en t b ack to nature
+ He listened to th e radio, như ng He w atch ed te le v isio n ; hoặc He heard it on the radio, nhim g He saw it on TV
+ G o h o m e/g e t hom e, be at h o m e, như ng T h ey retu rn e d to the bride g room 's hom e.
+ G o to b e d /h o sp ita l/c h u rc h /sc h o o l/ w o rk /p riso n , như ng T hey went to the school to see th e ir c h ild re n ’s te a c h e r
+ T he priest goes to the ja il to pray fo r the tw o d y in g p riso n ers & She will get a bus at the church.
N ói chung, không thể thiếu ‘the” nếu đến trư ờ ng khô n g phải để học, đến nhà tù không phải để ở tù hoặc đến nhà th ờ không phải lễ.
I Choose the correct word or phrase for each blank.
1 My sister often goes to by bus.
B the London University D the University London
3 The view along _ is breathtaking.
• B the Pacific Coast D the Coast Pacific
4 They went skiing in _last winter.
5 Those tourists took a boat trip on _
^ B the M ekong River D River o f Mekong
6 Many o f people are interested in climbing
A M ount Everest c the Everest mountain
\ J B the M ount Everest D the mountain Everest
7 F our o f them ro w ed a b o at aro u n d .
A G reat L akes \/ c the G reat L ak es
B the L akes G reat D L akes o f G reat
8 _natural re so u rc e s m ay be used up so m ed a y
A W orld B W o rld 's c T h e w orld D T he w o r ld 's
II F ill in th e b lan k s w ith a, an, the or 0 (ze ro a r tic le )
1 J a s o n 's fath er b o u g h t h im bike th at he w a n te d for his b irthday.
2 S tatu e o f L ib erty w as a gift o f frien d sh ip from
_F ran ce to U n ited S tates.
3 R ita is stu d y in g _ E nglish an d M ath this sem ester.
4 _ judge a sk e d _w itn ess to tell truth.
5 P lease give m e cu p o f _ co ffee w ith
6 _ big boo k s o n table are fo r m y h istory class.
7 M y c a r is fo u r y ears o ld , and it still runs w ell.
8 There are on ly _few seats for to n ig h t's m usical.
9 c h a ir th at y o u a re sittin g in is b roken.
10- C iv il W ar w a s fo u g h t in U n ited States b etw een 1861 and 1865.
III P u t in a, the, some, o r any w here necessary.
The Wayle is a small river that flows through a park near my house I enjoy sitting by the Wayle on pleasant afternoons Last Sunday was warm, so I went to my usual spot on the riverbank Children were playing games on the bank, while others were rowing on the river.
(10) children kicked (11) ball very hard and it went towards (12) _ passing the boat (13) people on
(14) bank called out to (15) man in
A man was on a boat, unaware of the approaching children Suddenly, a ball hit him hard, causing him to nearly fall into the water When he turned to check on the children, they had all run away, leaving him surprised Laughing at the situation, he called out to them and tossed the ball back to the bank.
IV P u t in a, the, some, o r any w h ere necessary.
1 This is beautiful painting D oes artist live near here?
2 1 bought new toothbrush his morning and I can’t find it I’m sure I put it in bathroom.
3 Can you get fresh cream cake when you go out? shop o n corner usually sells it.
4 It's very nice school and teachers are all very hard working.
5 "Look! T h e re 's cat i n garden." "Yes, i t 's cat from next door."
6 T h e re 's m an a t door He w an ts to see you.
7 W e stayed in very nice h o te l room w as com fortable a n d food w as ex ce llen t.
8 I b o u g h t new ja c k e t last w eek but y e sterd ay tw o o f
b u tto n s cam e off I’m ta k in g it back t o shop.
9 I h a d bath th is m o rn in g b u t w a te r w as a bit cold.
10 I w as a t airp o rt, w a itin g f o r friend to arrive.
V Put a, an, the w h ere necessary or 0 w h ere unnecessary:
1 I still k eep w o n d e rin g i f I w ere d o i n g rig h t thing w hen I a sk ed m y fa th e r f o r p e rm issio n to leave school.
2 W e n e e d e d h o u se to live in w h en w e w ere in L ondon.
3 T h e re are so m e t h i n g s g e n tlem an c a n 't do, T o m
4 Y ou a re o n ly p erso n w h o se o p in io n is o f any value to me in p re se n t reg re tta b le circ u m sta n c es.
5 H e to ld m e he h a t e d d o cto rs.
VI P ut a, an, the w h ere n ecessary or X w h e re unnecessary:
3 H ere i s _ b e e r you hav e taste d I’m sure.
4 T h is house is b u ilt o f sto n e 1 hav e n e v e r seen before.
5 T he w e a th e r w as very go o d h ere d u rin g last w eek of
>• knowledge o f languages is always useful.
L7 He w a s _ conservative but he tu rn e d socialist.
9 This i s _ kind o f villa I like best.
10 life we live here is hard.
VII Com plete the sentences with the word given Use “the” where necessary:
Every term, parents are invited to meet the teachers at school If a child is absent, it raises questions about their health Ted, in his younger years, had a strong dislike for school In many countries, school typically starts at a specific time in the morning When discussing transportation, one might ask how children get home, with some opting to walk if the distance isn't far As for future aspirations, Jenny is considering what kind of job she wants to pursue after leaving school Additionally, there are always parents waiting outside to pick up their children after classes.
In many countries, a significant number of people pursue higher education at universities To obtain a degree, it is typically necessary to study at a university Although this town may be small, it is home to one of the largest universities in the region.
Nora works as a cleaner at the hospital, where we all went to visit Ann when she was ill My brother has always been very healthy and has never been in the hospital However, Peter was injured in an accident and had to stay in the hospital for a few days.
4 (c h u rch ) a Jo h n 's m o th e r is a re g u la r chu rch goer She g o e s t o ev ery
S unday. b Jo h n h im s e lf d o e sn 't go t o c Jo h n w en t t o to ta k e som e p h o to g ra p h s o f th e bu ild in g a In many places people are
■n because o f their political opinions. b The other day the fire brigade were called to to put out a fire. c The judge decided to fine the man 500 (pound) instead o f sending him to
VIII Rewrite the sentences below, adding the definite article
“the” and the indefinite article “a” or “an” where appropriate:
Silt in Bristol BS12 2 PE
Timothy Harding has been a dedicated employee at the company for ten years, demonstrating hard work and enthusiasm throughout his tenure Starting as a junior sales representative, he quickly rose to lead a successful team of sales representatives, showcasing his skill and energy in management Under his leadership, the team has achieved significant sales increases, reflecting his success Additionally, Timothy has shown considerable initiative, particularly in training, where his innovative program has been adopted company-wide, yielding very positive results.
On a personal level, Timothy is an honest and considerate individual who is well-liked within the company I wholeheartedly recommend him for the job he has applied for, although I would be saddened to see him go.
IX P u t a, a n , th e w h e r e n ecessa ry o r X w h e r e u n n ecessary:
1 H e sto o d th e re in fear and tre m b lin g
3 1 have a lre a d y g one to _ m arket.
4 She is as p re tty girl as h er sister.
5 M a n y _ sh ip has been w rec k ed there.
6 M r Jo h n so n ca lle d to see you.
7 * If I w ere N a p o le o n , I w o u ld p l a y gam e o f pow er.
10 _ F ren ch co o k b etter t h a n E nglish.
M u ltip le c h o ic e : C h o o se th e w o rd o r p h r a se th a t b est com pletes each se n ten ce
] Jo h n and M a rcy w e n t to school y esterd ay
2 Lake Erie is one o f the five great Lakes in North America.
3 On our trip to Spain, we crossed _
4 What did you eat for
5 Louie played _basketball and_ boys’ Club.
D 0, 0 _ Alaska, we saw an Eskimo village.
7 Phil can 't go to the m ovies because he has to write essay.
9 M e l's m o th e r is in h o sp ital, so w e w en t to v isit her last night.
10 L ast n ig h t th ere w a s_b ird sin g in g o u tsid e m y house.
Giới từ là từ loại thể hiện mối quan hệ giữa các từ trong cụm từ hoặc câu Các từ thường theo sau giới từ bao gồm tân ngữ, danh động từ và cụm danh từ.
Ex: a I went into the room. b I was sitting in the room at that time.
Ta thấy rõ ở ví dụ a, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ “into" Ở ví dụ b, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ "in".
Chú ý rằng việc phân biệt trạng từ và giới từ là rất quan trọng, vì nhiều từ có thể đảm nhận cả hai chức năng này Sự khác biệt cơ bản giữa chúng là trạng từ không có tân ngữ theo sau Hãy xem xét các câu ví dụ để hiểu rõ hơn.
] P lease, co m e in It's rain in g (T rạn g từ)
W e are in the sm all room (G iới từ); vì tân ngữ cùa "in" là "the room"
2 He ran dow n q u ick ly (T rạn g từ ) - vì "q u ick ly " k h ô n g phải là tân n g ữ củ a "d o w n "; nó chỉ là trạn g từ chỉ cách th ứ c m à thôi.
3 M y d ictio n ary is on th e desk (G iới từ ) - vì nó liên kết với tản ngữ
2 C á c loại g iớ i từ tr o n g tiến g A n h
C ác giới từ tro n g tiế n g A n h có th ể đư ợ c p h ân th àn h m ấy loại sau:
2 1 G iớ i từ cKỈ th ò i g ia n after b efo re fo r on forew ards at b e h in d from since until by d u rin g in th ro u g h o u t w ithin
2 2 G ió i từ c h ỉ đ ịa đ iể m /n ơ i ch ốn ab o u t b e n e a th ov er behind abo v e b e sid e th rough b elo w acro ss b e y o n d to w ithin at by tow ard w ith o u t before in u nder o f f on
2.3 G iớ i từ ch ỉ lý do, nguyên nhân. at on through from for over with o f
2.4 Giới từ chỉ mục đích. after at for to on
2.5 Giới từ thường: after from between to against ci'U’v?//:'M o f by with am ong ị rJ rir on for
Thông thường, giới từ tiếng Anh được đặt như tiếng Việt; tuy nhiên, nó có thể đặt ngay trước Từ nghi vấn hay Đại từ.
What is this medal made of?
O f w hat is this medal made? hay
The man whom we listened to is our new teacher.
The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.
4 Cách đặt từ ngữ có giới từ:
Vi trí cùa giới từ trong câu có thể làm thay đổi nghĩa cùa câu đó. m
1 - A letter w as read fr o m his friend in th e class room
A le tte r fr o m his friend w as read in the c lass room
(H ai câu trền có n g h ĩa khác nhau bởi vì giới từ "fro m " có vị trí khác n h a u )
2- W ith his gun tow ards th e forest he started in the m o rn in g
W ith h is gun, he starte d tow ards the forest in the m o rn in g
(H ai câ u trên có n g h ĩa kh ác n hau bởi vì giới từ "to w a rd s" có vị trí k h ác n hau)
5 M ộ t số g iớ i t ừ th ô n g th ư ờ n g a A T , IN , O N
1 A T : d ù n g trư ớ c thffi gian ngẩn: giờ, ph ú t, giây
A t 10 o 'clo ck ; at th is m o m en t; at ] 0 a.m
2 O N : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian chi: ngày, th ứ n gày (tro n g lịch )
O n S u n d ay ; on th is day
3 IN : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian dài: th án g , m ùa, năm ,
In Ju n e; in July; in S pring: in 2 0 0 5 — ■
She has breakfast at 7 o'clock b IN, INTO, OUT OF
1 IN: dùng chì vị trí (địa điểm - không chuyến hướng)
In the classroom; in the concert hall; in the box
2 INTO: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động từ ngoài vào trong.
3 OUT OF: dùng chi sự chuyển động từ trong ra ngoài
I go out o f the classroom. c FO R , D U R IN G , S IN C E :
1 FOR : dùng để đo khoảng thời gian.
For the last few years
2 DURING : dùng để chi hành động xảy ra trong suốt thời gian cùa sự vật, sự kiện:
During Christman time; During the film; During the play
3 SINCE : dùng để đánh dấu thời gian.
Since last Saturday; since yesterday
1 A T : d ù n g chỉ sự cố định ở m ột vị trí n ào đó tư ơ n g đối n h ỏ , vì nếu d iện tích nơi đó lớn hơn ta d ù n g "in".
2 T O : d ù n g chỉ sự ch uyển đ ộ n g tới m ộ t nơi n ào đó.
G o to the w in d o w ; G o to the m a rk e t e O N , O V E R , A B O V E , (ở trên )
1 O N : d ù n g chỉ vị trí đ ứ n g liền n gay ở trên.
O n th e tab le; on th e d e sk
2 O V E R : d ù n g chỉ các lớ p /th ứ tự ở lần trê n (áo , q uần).
I u su ally w e a r a sh irt o v e r m y singlet.
3 A B O V E : V ới n g h ĩa là trên n h ư n g chỉ sự cao hơn so với vật khác th ấ p hơn.
T he c e ilin g fans are a b o v e th e pupils.
J M f TILL, UNTIL (tới, cho tới khi)
1 TILL: dùng cho thời gian và không gian.
Wait for me till next Friday, (thời gian)
They walked till the end o f the road, (không gian)
2 UNTIL: dùng với thời gian.
He did not come back until 1 I pm yesterday, (thời gian)
I C o m p lete the fo llo w in g se n te n c e s u sin g at, b ỵ, fo r o r in
1 H e s e n t a c o p y o f h is w ill to h is b a n k s a f e k e e p in g
3 A lth o u g h [ p r a c tis e q u ite a lo t, I n e v e r s e e m to w in v e ry often i.e ' te n n is
4 L et A lb e rt w o rk it o u t; h e h a s an a p t i t u d e figures.
5 Y o u c o u ld te ll a g la n c e th a t h e w a s n o t o r d in a r y speaker.
6 M o s t p e o p le th in k th e g o v e r n m e n t is to b l a m e risin g u n e m p lo y m e n t.
7 A lth o u g h th e ir m a rria g e w a s n o t a h a p p y o n e th e y d e c id e d to sta y t o g e t h e r th e sa k e o f th e c h ild re n
12 H e w a s th e s o r t o f p e r s o n w h o im m e d ia te ly m a d e y o u f e e l e a s e
14 I'm s o r ry , b u t I'm n o t lib e rty to te ll y o u a n y m o re
16 C o u ld y o u c o m e b a c k in h a l f an h o u r ? M r B a s to n ’s lu n c h a t th e m o m e n t.
! 7 W e didn't k n o w certain w hether they would com e or not.
19 D o sit dow n M r B row n will jo in y o u a m om ent.
20 T he atte n d a n c e Saturday's m eeting was very poor.
Reading through the following and fill in the numbered blanks with a suitable preposition o f time Be careful, however, because in one or two cases no preposition is needed.
My parents met during the war in August 1943 My father was on leave from the front and chose to spend his first week with his aunt in Liverpool, whom he hadn't seen in several years since she had raised him after his mother's death While Liverpool may not be the most beautiful city, it can be quite pleasant in the summertime, especially early in the morning However, on that particular morning, my father was not in the mood to appreciate the sunrise over the Mersey as he prepared to leave Euston Station.
At midnight, the journey to Crewe took three and a half hours longer than scheduled, leaving him in a bad mood and exhausted upon arriving at Lime Street Station However, just minutes after his arrival, an unexpected event occurred that transformed not only his mood but also his entire life, as he suddenly felt thirsty.
Superlative o f adj/ adv (so sánh nhất)
E x : Y esterd ay w as th e h o tte st d ay o f th e year.
Ex: She is the m o st b e a u tifu l girl in the class.
- T a có thể d ù n g th e le a s t để chỉ m ứ c độ k é m n hấ t
Ex: T h is story is th e le a st in te restin g o f all.
- B ốn cấu trú c v iết lời b ìn h ph ẩm :
That’s/ it’s + the + tính từ ngắn + est + noun + s
That’s/ it’s + the + most + tính từ dài + noun + s
Ex: T h a t’s th e m o st in te re stin g b o o k I’ve e v e r read.
T h a t's the lo n g e st b rid g e I’ve e v e r seen. s + have/ has + P2 + a/any + tính từ ngắn + er + n o u n + t h a n s + have/ has + P2 + a + more + tính từ dài + n o u n + t h a n
Ex: I've never read a more interesting book than this one.
I’ve never seen any/a longer bridge than this one.
- Giới từ Ờ cap so sánh cao nhất:
+ in: đi với danh từ tổ, nhóm, nơi chỗ: in the group, in the company, in the world
+ of: đi với danh từ chỉ thời gian: o f the year, o f the month, o f one’s life
Ex: Nam is the tallest boy in my class.
Birthday is the happiest day o f my life.
IV So sán h kép (càn g càng )
• Công thức 1: the com parative + s + v t h e com parative + s + V
Ex: The more you learn, the m ore you know (càng học bạn càng biết nhiều)
The sooner you start, the earlier you arrive.
• Công thức 2: the m ore + s + V, the comparative + s + V
Ex: The more you study, the sm arter you will become.
The more exercises you do, the better you understand the lesson
• Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chù ngữ giả 'it is' thì có thể bỏ chúng đi
The shorter (it is), the better (it is).
- So sánh bội số là so sánh: b à n g nừ a (h a lf), g â p đôi (tw ic e ), gâp ba (th re e t i m e s ) ,
- K h ô n g đ ư ợ c sử dụ n g so sánh hơn kém m à sử d ụ n g so sán h băng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đ ếm đ ư ợ c hay k h ô n g đ ế m được, vì đ ằ n g trư ớ c c h ú n g có m a n y /m u c h
Ex: T h is e n c y c lo p e d y co sts tw ic e as m u ch as the o th e r o ne.
Je ro m e has h a lf as m any re c o rd s n o w as I h ad last y ear.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
* C h ú ý: C ác lối nói: tw ice th at m a n y /tw ic e th a t m u ch = g ấ p đôi ngần ấy chỉ đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g khẩu ngữ , k h ô n g đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g văn viết
Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showed up (twice as many as that number).
V I T ín h từ /tr ạ n g từ bất q u i tắc
In English grammar, adjectives and adverbs can be compared using comparative and superlative forms For instance, "good" becomes "better" in its comparative form and "the best" in its superlative form Similarly, "bad" transforms to "worse" when comparing and "the worst" for the superlative The word "far" can change to "farther" or "further" for comparisons, with "the farthest" or "the furthest" as the superlative When discussing quantity, "little" changes to "less" in comparative use and "the least" in the superlative, while "many" or "much" becomes "more" and "the most" respectively Understanding these forms enhances clarity and precision in communication.
V II T ính từ /trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cù n g là “e’
Ex: large wide nice larger wider nicer largest widest nicest
VIII Tính từ tận cùng “y ”
Ex: easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
IX Tính từ/ trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là phụ âm đứng trước là m ôt nguyên âm
Ex: hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest biggest thinnest m
I C o m p lete th e se n te n c e s U se th e c o m p a r a tiv e form o f o n e o f the w o r d s in th e list. b ig 'J c ro w d e d ea rly e a s i l y '' high important interested peaceful reliable serious simple thin
-X-, _ , - ^CAVX'£
2 He does the test more easily than Nga.
3 An dictionary is more expensive than an English book.
4 He behaves now worse than he used to.
5 My uncle is fatter than my father.
6 Viet Nam isn’t as large as the USA.
7 My friend cooks better than I do.
8 Hue to Ha Noi is nearer than HCM City to Ha Noi.
[X Give the correct form o f the adjectives or adverbs in brackets.
I Sum m er is season o f the year (hot)
That dog isn’t it looks (dangerous) t In the past, people w e r e than today (polite)
5 It i s today than it w as y este rd a y (cold)
6 O u r hotel w a s than all th e o th e rs in th e tow n (c h e a p )
7 W h a t’s riv e r in th e w o rld (long)
8 It w as an aw ful day It w a s d ay o f m y life (b a d )
9 E v ere st i s m o u n ta in in the w o rld It i s than any o th e r m o u n tain (h ig h )
1 0 1 prefer this chair to the other one It’s (com fortable)
X R ew rite the follow in g sen ten ces, w h ich has the sim ilar m eaning w ith the p revious sen ten ce, u sin g Comparative or Superlative
1 T h is is the m o st d elic io u s c ak e I ’ve e v e r tasted
-> I’ve -jci.'i.id ẩiXịÙQ'.'.1 ii !.b o
2 I’ve n e v e r m et any m o re d e p e n d a b le p erso n th an G eo rg e.
- > G eo rg e is jhh rn>QA.t.
3 T h e re is n ’t an y b o d y as k in d -h e a rte d as y o u r m o th er.
4 T h e re is no b e tte r te a c h e r in th is sch o o l th a n M r Jo h n
- > M r Jo h n is Jí)i CííSÃ.t kc.L&i ?f.C'.:' Í Ỉ ( !
5 H av e y o u g o t any b ig g e r th a n th a t o n e ?
M u ltip le c h o ice s C h o o se th e b est op tion th a t best c o m p le te s each se n te n c e :
1 H e is n o t _ tall as his father.
A th e v B as c th an D m ore
2 Jo h n 's grades are w \ higher c more higher
_than his sister's. more high
D the highest o f the three sisters.
D more short as her friend does.
5 O f the three shirts, this one is the _.
A prettier \yB most prettiest prettiest
D most pretty than we thought at first.
A.good B- we" c better D ,he best
10 Hove you than 1 can say
BECAUSE OF - IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE- ALTHOUGH-EVEN THOUGH
I ADVERB PHRASE OF REASON (CỤM TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ LÍ DO):
- [ c a n ’t go to school yesterday because 1 am sick.
-> I can ’t go to school because o f my sickness.
- Nam missed the bus because he got up late.
-> Because o f getting up late, Nam missed the bus.
II A DVER B PHRASE OF CONCESSION (Cụm trạng từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ): ỉnspite of/ Despite
Ex: - The woman tries to clim b the m ountain even though she is old -> The woman tries to climb the mountain inspite o f her old age.
Because o f + Noun/ Noun Phrase (reason)
- A lthough N ga is tired, she still begins her w ork on tim e. -> D espite being tired, N ga still begins her w ork on tim e.
In spite of/ D espite + N o u n / N oun P h rase (concession)
III A L T H O U G H - là từ nối d iễn tả ý n h ư ợ n g bộ
Ex - A lth o u g h A m it has a car, he d o esn 't o ften d riv e it.
A lthough có thể đ ứ n g đ ầu câu h o ặc g iữ a câu
Ex A lth o u g h th e cafe w as c ro w d e d , w e fo u n d a tab le O R W e found a tab le alth o u g h the cafe w as cro w d ed
Though - là 1 d ạn g khác N ó có n g h ĩa g iố n g n h ư although.
Ex: T h o u g h / A lth o u g h 1 lik e d th e s w e a te r, I d e c id e d n o t to b u y it.
Though CÓ th e đứ n g cuối câu.
Ex: I liked the sweater I decided not to buy it, though.
IV E V E N T H O U G H - m ạnh hơn và có ý nhấn m ạnh hơn although.
1) Ram looked quite fresh even though he'd been playing cricket.
2) E ven th o u g h you d islik e S an y a, you sh o u ld try to be n ice to her.
* C hú ý - C h ú n g ta có th ể d ù n g in spite o f the fa c t (that) tư ơ n g tự như although.
Ex: I'm no b e tte r a lth o u g h I've ta k en the pills.
I'm no better in spite o f the fact that I've taken pills.
* Chú ý : - Đôi khi có ] số trường hợp hơi khác
Even though - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là phù định và mệnh đê chính là khẳng định
Ex: Even though Ram hadn't studied, he passed the exam.
Although - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là khẳng định và mệnh đề chính là phủ định
Ex: Although Ram had studied very hard, he did not score well.OR
I/ S u p p ly e ith e r because o r because o f as a p p r o p r ia te
1 It w as d iffic u lt to d e liv e r th e le tte r 'ữữAi,i\< the s e n d e r had w ritten th e w ro n g a d d re ss o n th e en v e lo p e
2 W e d e c id e d to leav e early , N th e p arty w as boring.
3 R escue attem p ts w ere tem p o rarily h alted Ke y the bad weather.
4 T h e y v isite d th e ir frie n d s o fte n u th ey enjoyed their co m p a n y
5 P au l c a n n o t go to th e fo o tb a ll g am e his grades.
6 M a rc e lla w a s a w a rd e d a sc h o la rsh ip ^ K h er superior sc h o la stic a b ility
7 N o b o d y v e n tu re d o u td o o r s the hurricane warnings.
8 W e p la n to sp e n d o u r v a c a tio n in the m ou n tain s ' the air is p u re r th e re
9 W e h a v e to d riv e aro u n d th e b ay \> _ the bridge w as d e stro y e d in th e storm
10 T h e c h ic k e n s hav e d ied ^ Ũ the intense heat.
II/ C h an ge the sentences to incorporate the expressions in parentheses.
1 D e sp ite h er d islik es for coffee, she drank it to keep h e rse lf warm, (a lth o u g h )
2 M ary w ill tak e a plane, even though she d islik e s flying, (in spite of)
3 In spite o f M arcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile, (although)
4 We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy, (despite) ->
5 D espite her poor memory, the old woman told interesting stories to the children, (even though)
6 Though he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test, (in spite of)
7 Nancy told me the secret despite having promised not to do so (though)
8 We plan to buy a ticket for the drawing although we know we will not win a prize, (even though)
9 Inspite o f the high price, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday, (even though)
10 He ate the chocolate cake even though he is on a diet, (in spite of) -ằ
III Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given:
I I have tried hard but 1 can ’t earn enough money.
A Although I have tried hard, but I can’t earn enough money.
^B Although I have tried hard, I can ’t earn enough money. c In sp ite o f I h av e tried hard, I c a n 't earn e n o u g h m o n ey
D D esp ite 1 h av e tried hard, but 1 c a n 't ea rn en o u g h m oney.
2 A lth o u g h she felt je a lo u s , she trie d to hide h er feelings.
~^A D esp ite fe e lin g je a lo u s , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
B D e sp ite h e r je a lo u s y , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
Vjt e S he trie d to h id e h e r fee lin g s in spite o f she felt je a lo u s.
3 A lthough he to o k a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
A Bill a rriv e d late fo r the c o n c e rt b ecau se he ta k e s a taxi.
B Bill a rriv ed late fo r the c o n c e rt becau se o f th e taxi. c In sp ite o f ta k in g a tax i, Bill arriv ed late fo r th e concert.
D A lthough Bill to o k a taxi, he c a n ’t com e to the concert in time.
4 In spite o f his suffering from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
A A lthough he suffers from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
B Although he suffered from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school. c W illiam w e n t to school a lth o u g h he is su ffe rin g from a bad cold
D W illiam w ent to school; he suffered from a bad cold althoueh.
5 D espite the fact that it w as snow ing, I felt w arm
A In sp ite o f s n o w in g , I felt w arm
B In sp ite o f fe e lin g w a rm , it w as sn o w in g , c A lth o u g h it w a s sn o w in g I felt w arm
D A lth o u g h I felt w a rm , it w as sn o w in g
6 Though he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
A Despite he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
B In spite o f he tried hard, he d idn't succeed.
^ c In spite o f trying hard, he didn’t succeed.
D Even though he tried hard, but he d idn't succeed.
7 My parents w anted me to go to university but I d id n 't fancy it.
A My parents wanted to go to university but I didn't fancy it.
B I d id n 't fancy going to university as my parents did. v c I d idn't fancy going to university although my parents wanted me to go.
D I hardly fancied going to university but for my parents’ wish.
8.1 agree he’s a good worker but 1 still don't think he should get the job.
A He c a n 't get the jo b though he was a good worker.
V B Despite the fact that h e 's a good worker, I d o n 't think he should get the job. c He is such a good worker that he can get the job.
D He is too bad to get the job.
9 He was very tired but he kept on working.
A Despite he was very tired, he kept on working.
B In spite o f he was very tired, he kept on working, c Though his tiredness, he kept on working. s,' D Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
10 T he trip w as boring but w e enjoyed it a lot.
B W e are b o red w ith th e trip. c W e lik ed th e trip very m u ch ev en th o u g h it w as b o rin g
11 A lth o u g h T o m to o k a ta x i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
A In sp ite o f T o m to o k a tax i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
B T o m w a s still late fo r th e p arty in spite o f ta k in g a taxi. £ D e sp ite to o k a tax i, T o m w a s still late for the party.
12 A lth o u g h he is rich, he feels unhappy.
A H e feels unhappy because o f his richness.
B He feels unhappy, so he is rich. c Despite his richness, he feels unhappy.
D H e feels unhappy because he is rich.
13 M y g randfather is very old, but he can w alk to the station.
A A lthough m y grandfather is very old, he can walk to the station.
B M y g ra n d fa th e r can w alk to the station despite the fact that he i very old. c Despite his old age, m y grandfather can walk to the station.
14 In spite o f his old age, Mr Brown jogs seven miles every morning.
A Although o f Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
B Although Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
[yc Although Mr Brown is old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
D Although Mr Brown is not old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
15 Although he has a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
A In spite o f having a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
B Despite the fact having a good job, he isn't happy in his job c He isn’t happy in his job because he doesn’t have a good job.
D He isn’t happy in his jo b in spite o f he doesn't have a good job.
- D anh từ đ ếm đ ư ợ c số ít.
* an: đ ứ n g trư ớ c ngu y ên âm h o ặc “ h ” câm
Ex: a cat, a dog, a m an a boy
Ex: an am inal, an hour
H ow + adj + a/an + noun + verb!
Ex: sh e is so ugly a girl.
- it 's su ch a nice pen.
- she is as pretty a girl as her sister.
- ,Chi một người được đề cập qua tên.
Ex: a miss Mai comes to your house.
- Trước các danh từ trong ngữ đồng vị.
Ex: Ho Chi Mi.nh a great president, died in 1989.
- Trong các cụm từ chỉ sổ lưọng Ex: a pair, a couple, a lot of, a little, a few a large/great number o f
- ONE được dùng thay A/AN để nhấn mạnh.
Ex: There is a book on the table, but one is not enough.
- Trước các danh từ không đếm được.
Ex: coffee is also a kind o f drink. j h
-Trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều
Ex: dogs are faithful animals h ứ
K h ô n g d ù n g m ạo từ b ấ t địn h trư ớ c tên gọi các b ữ a ăn, trừ phi có tính từ đ ứ n g trư ớ c các tê n gọi đó
- T h e y h av e lu n ch at e le v e n
- Y ou gav e m e an a p p e tiz in g d in n e r
T u y n h iê n , n ếu là b ữ a ăn đ ặc b iệ t n hân d ịp nào đó, ngư ời ta vẫn dùng m ạo từ b ấ t đ ịn h
- 1 w as in v ite d to b re a k fa st (b ữ a đ iểm tâm bình thư ờ ng)
- W e w ere invited to a d in n er given to w elcom e the new director.
O n e (tín h từ /đ ại từ ) d ù n g với another/others.
- O n e d ay th e y d rin k w in e, a n o th e r day they d rin k beer.
(Có ngày họ uống rượu, có ngày họ uống bia).
- O ne (student) w anted to w atch TV , another/others w anted to play chess
(Có ngư ời (sinh viên) m uon xem TV, người khác lại muon đánh cờ).
C ó thể d ù n g One trư ớ c d a y (n g à y ) /w ee k (tuần) /m o n th (tháng) /
Y e a r (n ăm ) /su m m e r (m ù a hè) / w in ter (m ùa đ ô n g ) để chi một thờ i gian đặc biệt n ào đó.
- O n e n ig h t th ere w as a p e rsiste n t rain.
- O n e d ay y o u 'll be sorry y o u sp o k e highly o f y o u r n eig h b o u rs. ne cũng là một đại từ tương đương cùa A/An.
Yes, I m anaged to get one. ố nhiều cùa One theo cách này là Some (vài, một ít), x:
Yes, we m anaged to get some.
)ặc biệt là trong The rent is $400 a month (tiền thuê nhà là 400 bảng nột tháng), không thể thay “a” bằng “one”. a
- Những vật duy nhất Ex: the sun, the moon, the w o rld
- Các danh từ được xác định bởi cụm tính từ hoặc mệnh đề tính từ.
- T he bridge with blue cover is named Love.
- T he girl that vou m et is mv brother’s girlfriend.
- Các danh từ được xác định qua ngữ cảnh hoặc đề cập trước đó.
Ex: Finally, the writer killed himself.
- 1 have a cat and a dog T h e cat is killed by my neighbor.
- Các danh từ chi sự giài trí Ex: T he theater T he concert,
- T rư ớ c tên các tàu th uyền, m áy bay.
Ex: The Titanic w as a nice ship.
- C ác sông, biển, đại dư ơng, dãy n ú i
Ex: T h e red river T h e Nile river
- M ột nhóm các đảo hoặc quôc gia.
Ex: T h e P h ilip p in es, T h e United States.
- T ính từ dù n g n h ư danh từ tập hợp.
Ex: You should help T h e poor.
- T ro n g so sánh nhất Ex: N am is T h e c le v e re st in his class.
- T ên ngư ời ờ số nhiều (chi gia đình).
- C ác danh từ đại diện cho m ột loài.
Ex: T h e cat is a lovely hom e pet.
- C ác trạ n g từ chi thời gian, nơi chốn.
Ex: In th e m o rn in g , in th e street, in th e w ater
- Số th ứ tự Ex: T h e first T h e se c o n d The th ir d
- C huỗi thời gian hoặc không gian.
Ex: T h e next T h e fo llo w in g
- Trước các danh từ số nhiều nói chung.
Ex: They build houses near the hall.
- Danh từ trừu tượng không đếm được.
Ex: Independence is a happy thing.
- Các danh từ chì màu sắc Ex: Red and w hite make pink.
- Các môn học Ex: M ath is her worst subject.
- Các vật liệu, kim loại Ex: Steel is made from iron.
- Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố.
Ex: H a Noi is the capital o f
- Các chức danh, tên người Ex: President Bill Clinton, Ba, Nga
- Các bữa ăn, món ăn, thức ăn Ex: We have rice and fish for dinner
- Các trò chơi thể thao Ex: Football is a popular sport in
- Các loại bệnh tật Ex: Cold is a common disease.
- Ngôn ngữ, tiếng nói Ex: English is being used everywhere
- Các kì nghỉ, lễ hội Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine
- Các mũi (đất nhô ra biền), hồ núi.
Ex: C ape Horn L ake Than Tho,
* But: T he Cape o f Good Hope, the Great Lake, the Mount of Olive
■ Nature m ang nghĩa "tự nhiên, thiên nhiên " thì không dùng "the". Ex:
- A cco rd in g to the law s o f natu re (T heo quy luật tự n h iên )
- T hey c o u ld n 't to lerate city life a n y m o re and w en t b ack to nature
+ He listened to th e radio, như ng He w atch ed te le v isio n ; hoặc He heard it on the radio, nhim g He saw it on TV
+ G o h o m e/g e t hom e, be at h o m e, như ng T h ey retu rn e d to the bride g room 's hom e.
+ G o to b e d /h o sp ita l/c h u rc h /sc h o o l/ w o rk /p riso n , như ng T hey went to the school to see th e ir c h ild re n ’s te a c h e r
+ T he priest goes to the ja il to pray fo r the tw o d y in g p riso n ers & She will get a bus at the church.
N ói chung, không thể thiếu ‘the” nếu đến trư ờ ng khô n g phải để học, đến nhà tù không phải để ở tù hoặc đến nhà th ờ không phải lễ.
I Choose the correct word or phrase for each blank.
1 My sister often goes to by bus.
B the London University D the University London
3 The view along _ is breathtaking.
• B the Pacific Coast D the Coast Pacific
4 They went skiing in _last winter.
5 Those tourists took a boat trip on _
^ B the M ekong River D River o f Mekong
6 Many o f people are interested in climbing
A M ount Everest c the Everest mountain
\ J B the M ount Everest D the mountain Everest
7 F our o f them ro w ed a b o at aro u n d .
A G reat L akes \/ c the G reat L ak es
B the L akes G reat D L akes o f G reat
8 _natural re so u rc e s m ay be used up so m ed a y
A W orld B W o rld 's c T h e w orld D T he w o r ld 's
II F ill in th e b lan k s w ith a, an, the or 0 (ze ro a r tic le )
1 J a s o n 's fath er b o u g h t h im bike th at he w a n te d for his b irthday.
2 S tatu e o f L ib erty w as a gift o f frien d sh ip from
_F ran ce to U n ited S tates.
3 R ita is stu d y in g _ E nglish an d M ath this sem ester.
4 _ judge a sk e d _w itn ess to tell truth.
5 P lease give m e cu p o f _ co ffee w ith
6 _ big boo k s o n table are fo r m y h istory class.
7 M y c a r is fo u r y ears o ld , and it still runs w ell.
8 There are on ly _few seats for to n ig h t's m usical.
9 c h a ir th at y o u a re sittin g in is b roken.
10- C iv il W ar w a s fo u g h t in U n ited States b etw een 1861 and 1865.
III P u t in a, the, some, o r any w here necessary.
The Wayle is a small river that flows through a park near my house I enjoy sitting by the Wayle on pleasant afternoons Last Sunday was warm, so I went to my usual spot on the riverbank Children were playing games on the bank, and several people were rowing on the river.
(10) children kicked (11) ball very hard and it went towards (12) _ passing the boat (13) people on
(14) bank called out to (15) man in
A man was on a boat when he was unexpectedly struck by a ball, nearly causing him to fall into the water Concerned, I turned to check on the children, but they had all vanished from sight, having run away in fright The man, amused by the incident, called out to the children and tossed the ball back to the shore.
IV P u t in a, the, some, o r any w h ere necessary.
1 This is beautiful painting D oes artist live near here?
2 1 bought new toothbrush his morning and I can’t find it I’m sure I put it in bathroom.
3 Can you get fresh cream cake when you go out? shop o n corner usually sells it.
4 It's very nice school and teachers are all very hard working.
5 "Look! T h e re 's cat i n garden." "Yes, i t 's cat from next door."
6 T h e re 's m an a t door He w an ts to see you.
7 W e stayed in very nice h o te l room w as com fortable a n d food w as ex ce llen t.
8 I b o u g h t new ja c k e t last w eek but y e sterd ay tw o o f
b u tto n s cam e off I’m ta k in g it back t o shop.
9 I h a d bath th is m o rn in g b u t w a te r w as a bit cold.
10 I w as a t airp o rt, w a itin g f o r friend to arrive.
V Put a, an, the w h ere necessary or 0 w h ere unnecessary:
1 I still k eep w o n d e rin g i f I w ere d o i n g rig h t thing w hen I a sk ed m y fa th e r f o r p e rm issio n to leave school.
2 W e n e e d e d h o u se to live in w h en w e w ere in L ondon.
3 T h e re are so m e t h i n g s g e n tlem an c a n 't do, T o m
4 Y ou a re o n ly p erso n w h o se o p in io n is o f any value to me in p re se n t reg re tta b le circ u m sta n c es.
5 H e to ld m e he h a t e d d o cto rs.
VI P ut a, an, the w h ere n ecessary or X w h e re unnecessary:
3 H ere i s _ b e e r you hav e taste d I’m sure.
4 T h is house is b u ilt o f sto n e 1 hav e n e v e r seen before.
5 T he w e a th e r w as very go o d h ere d u rin g last w eek of
>• knowledge o f languages is always useful.
L7 He w a s _ conservative but he tu rn e d socialist.
9 This i s _ kind o f villa I like best.
10 life we live here is hard.
VII Com plete the sentences with the word given Use “the” where necessary:
Every term, parents are invited to meet the teachers, fostering communication between home and school Concerns arise when children are absent, prompting questions about their health In his younger years, Ted had a strong aversion to school, reflecting common childhood sentiments The start time of school varies by country, highlighting differences in educational systems Transportation methods to school can differ; for instance, while some children take the bus, others may walk if they live nearby As students approach graduation, aspirations for future careers, like Jenny's dream job, become a topic of discussion Meanwhile, parents often wait outside schools to greet their children, emphasizing the importance of family engagement in education.
In many countries, a significant number of people pursue higher education at universities To obtain a degree, it is typically necessary to study at a university Although this town may be small, it boasts the largest university in the region.
Nora works as a cleaner at the hospital, where we all visited Ann when she was ill My brother has always been very healthy and has never been hospitalized Unfortunately, Peter was injured in an accident and had to stay in the hospital for a few days.
4 (c h u rch ) a Jo h n 's m o th e r is a re g u la r chu rch goer She g o e s t o ev ery
S unday. b Jo h n h im s e lf d o e sn 't go t o c Jo h n w en t t o to ta k e som e p h o to g ra p h s o f th e bu ild in g a In many places people are
■n because o f their political opinions. b The other day the fire brigade were called to to put out a fire. c The judge decided to fine the man 500 (pound) instead o f sending him to
VIII Rewrite the sentences below, adding the definite article
“the” and the indefinite article “a” or “an” where appropriate:
Silt in Bristol BS12 2 PE
Timothy Harding has dedicated ten years to the company, demonstrating his hard work and enthusiasm Starting as a junior sales representative, he quickly advanced to lead a successful team of sales professionals His effective management has resulted in significant sales growth, showcasing his success Notably, his initiative in training has led to the development of a program that has been adopted company-wide, yielding positive outcomes.
On a personal level, I find Timothy to be an honest and considerate individual who is well-liked within the company I wholeheartedly recommend him for the position he has applied for, although I would be sorry to see him go.
IX P u t a, a n , th e w h e r e n ecessa ry o r X w h e r e u n n ecessary:
1 H e sto o d th e re in fear and tre m b lin g
3 1 have a lre a d y g one to _ m arket.
4 She is as p re tty girl as h er sister.
5 M a n y _ sh ip has been w rec k ed there.
6 M r Jo h n so n ca lle d to see you.
7 * If I w ere N a p o le o n , I w o u ld p l a y gam e o f pow er.
10 _ F ren ch co o k b etter t h a n E nglish.
M u ltip le c h o ic e : C h o o se th e w o rd o r p h r a se th a t b est com pletes each se n ten ce
] Jo h n and M a rcy w e n t to school y esterd ay
2 Lake Erie is one o f the five great Lakes in North America.
3 On our trip to Spain, we crossed _
4 What did you eat for
5 Louie played _basketball and_ boys’ Club.
D 0, 0 _ Alaska, we saw an Eskimo village.
7 Phil can 't go to the m ovies because he has to write essay.
9 M e l's m o th e r is in h o sp ital, so w e w en t to v isit her last night.
10 L ast n ig h t th ere w a s_b ird sin g in g o u tsid e m y house.
Giới từ là từ loại thể hiện mối quan hệ giữa các từ trong cụm từ và câu Những từ thường xuất hiện sau giới từ bao gồm tân ngữ, danh động từ và cụm danh từ.
Ex: a I went into the room. b I was sitting in the room at that time.
Ta thấy rõ ở ví dụ a, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ “into" Ở ví dụ b, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ "in".
Khi học tiếng Anh, việc phân biệt giữa trạng từ và giới từ là rất quan trọng, vì nhiều từ có thể đóng vai trò cả hai Sự khác biệt cơ bản là trạng từ không đi kèm với tân ngữ, trong khi giới từ thường có tân ngữ theo sau Hãy xem xét các ví dụ cụ thể để hiểu rõ hơn về sự phân biệt này.
] P lease, co m e in It's rain in g (T rạn g từ)
W e are in the sm all room (G iới từ); vì tân ngữ cùa "in" là "the room"
2 He ran dow n q u ick ly (T rạn g từ ) - vì "q u ick ly " k h ô n g phải là tân n g ữ củ a "d o w n "; nó chỉ là trạn g từ chỉ cách th ứ c m à thôi.
3 M y d ictio n ary is on th e desk (G iới từ ) - vì nó liên kết với tản ngữ
2 C á c loại g iớ i từ tr o n g tiến g A n h
C ác giới từ tro n g tiế n g A n h có th ể đư ợ c p h ân th àn h m ấy loại sau:
2 1 G iớ i từ cKỈ th ò i g ia n after b efo re fo r on forew ards at b e h in d from since until by d u rin g in th ro u g h o u t w ithin
2 2 G ió i từ c h ỉ đ ịa đ iể m /n ơ i ch ốn ab o u t b e n e a th ov er behind abo v e b e sid e th rough b elo w acro ss b e y o n d to w ithin at by tow ard w ith o u t before in u nder o f f on
2.3 G iớ i từ ch ỉ lý do, nguyên nhân. at on through from for over with o f
2.4 Giới từ chỉ mục đích. after at for to on
2.5 Giới từ thường: after from between to against ci'U’v?//:'M o f by with am ong ị rJ rir on for
Thông thường, giới từ tiếng Anh được đặt như tiếng Việt; tuy nhiên, nó có thể đặt ngay trước Từ nghi vấn hay Đại từ.
What is this medal made of?
O f w hat is this medal made? hay
The man whom we listened to is our new teacher.
The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.
4 Cách đặt từ ngữ có giới từ:
Vi trí cùa giới từ trong câu có thể làm thay đổi nghĩa cùa câu đó. m
1 - A letter w as read fr o m his friend in th e class room
A le tte r fr o m his friend w as read in the c lass room
(H ai câu trền có n g h ĩa khác nhau bởi vì giới từ "fro m " có vị trí khác n h a u )
2- W ith his gun tow ards th e forest he started in the m o rn in g
W ith h is gun, he starte d tow ards the forest in the m o rn in g
(H ai câ u trên có n g h ĩa kh ác n hau bởi vì giới từ "to w a rd s" có vị trí k h ác n hau)
5 M ộ t số g iớ i t ừ th ô n g th ư ờ n g a A T , IN , O N
1 A T : d ù n g trư ớ c thffi gian ngẩn: giờ, ph ú t, giây
A t 10 o 'clo ck ; at th is m o m en t; at ] 0 a.m
2 O N : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian chi: ngày, th ứ n gày (tro n g lịch )
O n S u n d ay ; on th is day
3 IN : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian dài: th án g , m ùa, năm ,
In Ju n e; in July; in S pring: in 2 0 0 5 — ■
She has breakfast at 7 o'clock b IN, INTO, OUT OF
1 IN: dùng chì vị trí (địa điểm - không chuyến hướng)
In the classroom; in the concert hall; in the box
2 INTO: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động từ ngoài vào trong.
3 OUT OF: dùng chi sự chuyển động từ trong ra ngoài
I go out o f the classroom. c FO R , D U R IN G , S IN C E :
1 FOR : dùng để đo khoảng thời gian.
For the last few years
2 DURING : dùng để chi hành động xảy ra trong suốt thời gian cùa sự vật, sự kiện:
During Christman time; During the film; During the play
3 SINCE : dùng để đánh dấu thời gian.
Since last Saturday; since yesterday
1 A T : d ù n g chỉ sự cố định ở m ột vị trí n ào đó tư ơ n g đối n h ỏ , vì nếu d iện tích nơi đó lớn hơn ta d ù n g "in".
2 T O : d ù n g chỉ sự ch uyển đ ộ n g tới m ộ t nơi n ào đó.
G o to the w in d o w ; G o to the m a rk e t e O N , O V E R , A B O V E , (ở trên )
1 O N : d ù n g chỉ vị trí đ ứ n g liền n gay ở trên.
O n th e tab le; on th e d e sk
2 O V E R : d ù n g chỉ các lớ p /th ứ tự ở lần trê n (áo , q uần).
I u su ally w e a r a sh irt o v e r m y singlet.
3 A B O V E : V ới n g h ĩa là trên n h ư n g chỉ sự cao hơn so với vật khác th ấ p hơn.
T he c e ilin g fans are a b o v e th e pupils.
J M f TILL, UNTIL (tới, cho tới khi)
1 TILL: dùng cho thời gian và không gian.
Wait for me till next Friday, (thời gian)
They walked till the end o f the road, (không gian)
2 UNTIL: dùng với thời gian.
He did not come back until 1 I pm yesterday, (thời gian)
I C o m p lete the fo llo w in g se n te n c e s u sin g at, b ỵ, fo r o r in
1 H e s e n t a c o p y o f h is w ill to h is b a n k s a f e k e e p in g
3 A lth o u g h [ p r a c tis e q u ite a lo t, I n e v e r s e e m to w in v e ry often i.e ' te n n is
4 L et A lb e rt w o rk it o u t; h e h a s an a p t i t u d e figures.
5 Y o u c o u ld te ll a g la n c e th a t h e w a s n o t o r d in a r y speaker.
6 M o s t p e o p le th in k th e g o v e r n m e n t is to b l a m e risin g u n e m p lo y m e n t.
7 A lth o u g h th e ir m a rria g e w a s n o t a h a p p y o n e th e y d e c id e d to sta y t o g e t h e r th e sa k e o f th e c h ild re n
12 H e w a s th e s o r t o f p e r s o n w h o im m e d ia te ly m a d e y o u f e e l e a s e
14 I'm s o r ry , b u t I'm n o t lib e rty to te ll y o u a n y m o re
16 C o u ld y o u c o m e b a c k in h a l f an h o u r ? M r B a s to n ’s lu n c h a t th e m o m e n t.
! 7 W e didn't k n o w certain w hether they would com e or not.
19 D o sit dow n M r B row n will jo in y o u a m om ent.
20 T he atte n d a n c e Saturday's m eeting was very poor.
Reading through the following and fill in the numbered blanks with a suitable preposition o f time Be careful, however, because in one or two cases no preposition is needed.
My parents met during the war in August 1943 My father was on leave from the front and chose to spend his first week with his aunt in Liverpool, whom he hadn't seen in several years since she had raised him after his mother's death While Liverpool may not be the most beautiful city, it can be quite pleasant in the summertime, especially in the early morning However, on that particular morning, my father was not in the mood to appreciate the sunrise over the Mersey as his train was leaving Euston Station.
At midnight, the train was already running three and a half hours behind schedule by the time it reached Crewe, leaving him in a bad mood and exhausted upon arriving at Lime Street Station However, just minutes after his arrival, an unexpected event occurred that transformed not only his mood but also his entire life Feeling thirsty, he sought refreshment, setting the stage for a significant change.
So sánh bội s ố
- So sánh bội số là so sánh: b à n g nừ a (h a lf), g â p đôi (tw ic e ), gâp ba (th re e t i m e s ) ,
- K h ô n g đ ư ợ c sử dụ n g so sánh hơn kém m à sử d ụ n g so sán h băng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đ ếm đ ư ợ c hay k h ô n g đ ế m được, vì đ ằ n g trư ớ c c h ú n g có m a n y /m u c h
Ex: T h is e n c y c lo p e d y co sts tw ic e as m u ch as the o th e r o ne.
Je ro m e has h a lf as m any re c o rd s n o w as I h ad last y ear.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
* C h ú ý: C ác lối nói: tw ice th at m a n y /tw ic e th a t m u ch = g ấ p đôi ngần ấy chỉ đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g khẩu ngữ , k h ô n g đ ư ợ c d ù n g tro n g văn viết
Ex: We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showed up (twice as many as that number).
V I T ín h từ /tr ạ n g từ bất q u i tắc
In English grammar, adjectives and adverbs can be compared using comparative and superlative forms For the positive degree, "good" and "well" signify quality, while "bad" and "badly" denote negativity The comparative forms are "better" for good/well and "worse" for bad/badly, indicating a higher or lower degree of these qualities The superlative forms, "the best" and "the worst," represent the highest or lowest degree, respectively Additionally, "far" can be compared as "farther" or "further," with "the farthest" or "the furthest" as the superlative For quantity, "little" becomes "less" in the comparative and "the least" in the superlative, while "many" or "much" changes to "more" and "the most" in their respective forms.
Tính từ/trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là ”e "
Ex: large wide nice larger wider nicer largest widest nicest
Tính từ tận cùng là “ y” ' IX Tính từ/ trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận c ùng là phuh âm đ ú n g trước là m ột nguyên â m
Ex: easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
IX Tính từ/ trạng từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là phụ âm đứng trước là m ôt nguyên âm
Ex: hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest biggest thinnest m
I C o m p lete th e se n te n c e s U se th e c o m p a r a tiv e form o f o n e o f the w o r d s in th e list. b ig 'J c ro w d e d ea rly e a s i l y '' high important interested peaceful reliable serious simple thin
-X-, _ , - ^CAVX'£
2 He does the test more easily than Nga.
3 An dictionary is more expensive than an English book.
4 He behaves now worse than he used to.
5 My uncle is fatter than my father.
6 Viet Nam isn’t as large as the USA.
7 My friend cooks better than I do.
8 Hue to Ha Noi is nearer than HCM City to Ha Noi.
[X Give the correct form o f the adjectives or adverbs in brackets.
I Sum m er is season o f the year (hot)
That dog isn’t it looks (dangerous) t In the past, people w e r e than today (polite)
5 It i s today than it w as y este rd a y (cold)
6 O u r hotel w a s than all th e o th e rs in th e tow n (c h e a p )
7 W h a t’s riv e r in th e w o rld (long)
8 It w as an aw ful day It w a s d ay o f m y life (b a d )
9 E v ere st i s m o u n ta in in the w o rld It i s than any o th e r m o u n tain (h ig h )
1 0 1 prefer this chair to the other one It’s (com fortable)
X R ew rite the follow in g sen ten ces, w h ich has the sim ilar m eaning w ith the p revious sen ten ce, u sin g Comparative or Superlative
1 T h is is the m o st d elic io u s c ak e I ’ve e v e r tasted
-> I’ve -jci.'i.id ẩiXịÙQ'.'.1 ii !.b o
2 I’ve n e v e r m et any m o re d e p e n d a b le p erso n th an G eo rg e.
- > G eo rg e is jhh rn>QA.t.
3 T h e re is n ’t an y b o d y as k in d -h e a rte d as y o u r m o th er.
4 T h e re is no b e tte r te a c h e r in th is sch o o l th a n M r Jo h n
- > M r Jo h n is Jí)i CííSÃ.t kc.L&i ?f.C'.:' Í Ỉ ( !
5 H av e y o u g o t any b ig g e r th a n th a t o n e ?
M u ltip le c h o ice s C h o o se th e b est op tion th a t best c o m p le te s each se n te n c e :
1 H e is n o t _ tall as his father.
A th e v B as c th an D m ore
2 Jo h n 's grades are w \ higher c more higher
_than his sister's. more high
D the highest o f the three sisters.
D more short as her friend does.
5 O f the three shirts, this one is the _.
A prettier \yB most prettiest prettiest
D most pretty than we thought at first.
A.good B- we" c better D ,he best
10 Hove you than 1 can say
BECAUSE OF - IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE- ALTHOUGH-EVEN THOUGH
A d v e rb phrase o f r e a s o n
- [ c a n ’t go to school yesterday because 1 am sick.
-> I can ’t go to school because o f my sickness.
- Nam missed the bus because he got up late.
-> Because o f getting up late, Nam missed the bus.
A d v e rb phrase o f c o n c e s s i o n
Ex: - The woman tries to clim b the m ountain even though she is old -> The woman tries to climb the mountain inspite o f her old age.
Because o f + Noun/ Noun Phrase (reason)
- A lthough N ga is tired, she still begins her w ork on tim e. -> D espite being tired, N ga still begins her w ork on tim e.
In spite of/ D espite + N o u n / N oun P h rase (concession)
A l t h o u g h
Ex - A lth o u g h A m it has a car, he d o esn 't o ften d riv e it.
A lthough có thể đ ứ n g đ ầu câu h o ặc g iữ a câu
Ex A lth o u g h th e cafe w as c ro w d e d , w e fo u n d a tab le O R W e found a tab le alth o u g h the cafe w as cro w d ed
Though - là 1 d ạn g khác N ó có n g h ĩa g iố n g n h ư although.
Ex: T h o u g h / A lth o u g h 1 lik e d th e s w e a te r, I d e c id e d n o t to b u y it.
Though CÓ th e đứ n g cuối câu.
Ex: I liked the sweater I decided not to buy it, though.
Even t h o u g h
1) Ram looked quite fresh even though he'd been playing cricket.
2) E ven th o u g h you d islik e S an y a, you sh o u ld try to be n ice to her.
* C hú ý - C h ú n g ta có th ể d ù n g in spite o f the fa c t (that) tư ơ n g tự như although.
Ex: I'm no b e tte r a lth o u g h I've ta k en the pills.
I'm no better in spite o f the fact that I've taken pills.
* Chú ý : - Đôi khi có ] số trường hợp hơi khác
Even though - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là phù định và mệnh đê chính là khẳng định
Ex: Even though Ram hadn't studied, he passed the exam.
Although - Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ là khẳng định và mệnh đề chính là phủ định
Ex: Although Ram had studied very hard, he did not score well.OR
I/ S u p p ly e ith e r because o r because o f as a p p r o p r ia te
1 It w as d iffic u lt to d e liv e r th e le tte r 'ữữAi,i\< the s e n d e r had w ritten th e w ro n g a d d re ss o n th e en v e lo p e
2 W e d e c id e d to leav e early , N th e p arty w as boring.
3 R escue attem p ts w ere tem p o rarily h alted Ke y the bad weather.
4 T h e y v isite d th e ir frie n d s o fte n u th ey enjoyed their co m p a n y
5 P au l c a n n o t go to th e fo o tb a ll g am e his grades.
6 M a rc e lla w a s a w a rd e d a sc h o la rsh ip ^ K h er superior sc h o la stic a b ility
7 N o b o d y v e n tu re d o u td o o r s the hurricane warnings.
8 W e p la n to sp e n d o u r v a c a tio n in the m ou n tain s ' the air is p u re r th e re
9 W e h a v e to d riv e aro u n d th e b ay \> _ the bridge w as d e stro y e d in th e storm
10 T h e c h ic k e n s hav e d ied ^ Ũ the intense heat.
II/ C h an ge the sentences to incorporate the expressions in parentheses.
1 D e sp ite h er d islik es for coffee, she drank it to keep h e rse lf warm, (a lth o u g h )
2 M ary w ill tak e a plane, even though she d islik e s flying, (in spite of)
3 In spite o f M arcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile, (although)
4 We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy, (despite) ->
5 D espite her poor memory, the old woman told interesting stories to the children, (even though)
6 Though he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test, (in spite of)
7 Nancy told me the secret despite having promised not to do so (though)
8 We plan to buy a ticket for the drawing although we know we will not win a prize, (even though)
9 Inspite o f the high price, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday, (even though)
10 He ate the chocolate cake even though he is on a diet, (in spite of) -ằ
III Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given:
I I have tried hard but 1 can ’t earn enough money.
A Although I have tried hard, but I can’t earn enough money.
^B Although I have tried hard, I can ’t earn enough money. c In sp ite o f I h av e tried hard, I c a n 't earn e n o u g h m o n ey
D D esp ite 1 h av e tried hard, but 1 c a n 't ea rn en o u g h m oney.
2 A lth o u g h she felt je a lo u s , she trie d to hide h er feelings.
~^A D esp ite fe e lin g je a lo u s , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
B D e sp ite h e r je a lo u s y , she tried to hide h e r feelings.
Vjt e S he trie d to h id e h e r fee lin g s in spite o f she felt je a lo u s.
3 A lthough he to o k a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
A Bill a rriv e d late fo r the c o n c e rt b ecau se he ta k e s a taxi.
B Bill a rriv ed late fo r the c o n c e rt becau se o f th e taxi. c In sp ite o f ta k in g a tax i, Bill arriv ed late fo r th e concert.
D A lthough Bill to o k a taxi, he c a n ’t com e to the concert in time.
4 In spite o f his suffering from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
A A lthough he suffers from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school.
B Although he suffered from a bad cold, W illiam w ent to school. c W illiam w e n t to school a lth o u g h he is su ffe rin g from a bad cold
D W illiam w ent to school; he suffered from a bad cold althoueh.
5 D espite the fact that it w as snow ing, I felt w arm
A In sp ite o f s n o w in g , I felt w arm
B In sp ite o f fe e lin g w a rm , it w as sn o w in g , c A lth o u g h it w a s sn o w in g I felt w arm
D A lth o u g h I felt w a rm , it w as sn o w in g
6 Though he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
A Despite he tried hard, he didn't succeed.
B In spite o f he tried hard, he d idn't succeed.
^ c In spite o f trying hard, he didn’t succeed.
D Even though he tried hard, but he d idn't succeed.
7 My parents w anted me to go to university but I d id n 't fancy it.
A My parents wanted to go to university but I didn't fancy it.
B I d id n 't fancy going to university as my parents did. v c I d idn't fancy going to university although my parents wanted me to go.
D I hardly fancied going to university but for my parents’ wish.
8.1 agree he’s a good worker but 1 still don't think he should get the job.
A He c a n 't get the jo b though he was a good worker.
V B Despite the fact that h e 's a good worker, I d o n 't think he should get the job. c He is such a good worker that he can get the job.
D He is too bad to get the job.
9 He was very tired but he kept on working.
A Despite he was very tired, he kept on working.
B In spite o f he was very tired, he kept on working, c Though his tiredness, he kept on working. s,' D Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
10 T he trip w as boring but w e enjoyed it a lot.
B W e are b o red w ith th e trip. c W e lik ed th e trip very m u ch ev en th o u g h it w as b o rin g
11 A lth o u g h T o m to o k a ta x i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
A In sp ite o f T o m to o k a tax i, he w as still late fo r th e party.
B T o m w a s still late fo r th e p arty in spite o f ta k in g a taxi. £ D e sp ite to o k a tax i, T o m w a s still late for the party.
12 A lth o u g h he is rich, he feels unhappy.
A H e feels unhappy because o f his richness.
B He feels unhappy, so he is rich. c Despite his richness, he feels unhappy.
D H e feels unhappy because he is rich.
13 M y g randfather is very old, but he can w alk to the station.
A A lthough m y grandfather is very old, he can walk to the station.
B M y g ra n d fa th e r can w alk to the station despite the fact that he i very old. c Despite his old age, m y grandfather can walk to the station.
14 In spite o f his old age, Mr Brown jogs seven miles every morning.
A Although o f Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
B Although Mr Brown old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
[yc Although Mr Brown is old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
D Although Mr Brown is not old, he jogs seven miles every morning.
15 Although he has a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
A In spite o f having a good job, he isn’t happy in his job.
B Despite the fact having a good job, he isn't happy in his job c He isn’t happy in his job because he doesn’t have a good job.
D He isn’t happy in his jo b in spite o f he doesn't have a good job.
Indefinite articles: a / an
- D anh từ đ ếm đ ư ợ c số ít.
* an: đ ứ n g trư ớ c ngu y ên âm h o ặc “ h ” câm
Ex: a cat, a dog, a m an a boy
Ex: an am inal, an hour
H ow + adj + a/an + noun + verb!
Ex: sh e is so ugly a girl.
- it 's su ch a nice pen.
- she is as pretty a girl as her sister.
- ,Chi một người được đề cập qua tên.
Ex: a miss Mai comes to your house.
- Trước các danh từ trong ngữ đồng vị.
Ex: Ho Chi Mi.nh a great president, died in 1989.
- Trong các cụm từ chỉ sổ lưọng Ex: a pair, a couple, a lot of, a little, a few a large/great number o f
- ONE được dùng thay A/AN để nhấn mạnh.
Ex: There is a book on the table, but one is not enough.
- Trước các danh từ không đếm được.
Ex: coffee is also a kind o f drink. j h
-Trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều
Ex: dogs are faithful animals h ứ
K h ô n g d ù n g m ạo từ b ấ t địn h trư ớ c tên gọi các b ữ a ăn, trừ phi có tính từ đ ứ n g trư ớ c các tê n gọi đó
- T h e y h av e lu n ch at e le v e n
- Y ou gav e m e an a p p e tiz in g d in n e r
T u y n h iê n , n ếu là b ữ a ăn đ ặc b iệ t n hân d ịp nào đó, ngư ời ta vẫn dùng m ạo từ b ấ t đ ịn h
- 1 w as in v ite d to b re a k fa st (b ữ a đ iểm tâm bình thư ờ ng)
- W e w ere invited to a d in n er given to w elcom e the new director.
O n e (tín h từ /đ ại từ ) d ù n g với another/others.
- O n e d ay th e y d rin k w in e, a n o th e r day they d rin k beer.
(Có ngày họ uống rượu, có ngày họ uống bia).
- O ne (student) w anted to w atch TV , another/others w anted to play chess
(Có ngư ời (sinh viên) m uon xem TV, người khác lại muon đánh cờ).
C ó thể d ù n g One trư ớ c d a y (n g à y ) /w ee k (tuần) /m o n th (tháng) /
Y e a r (n ăm ) /su m m e r (m ù a hè) / w in ter (m ùa đ ô n g ) để chi một thờ i gian đặc biệt n ào đó.
- O n e n ig h t th ere w as a p e rsiste n t rain.
- O n e d ay y o u 'll be sorry y o u sp o k e highly o f y o u r n eig h b o u rs. ne cũng là một đại từ tương đương cùa A/An.
Yes, I m anaged to get one. ố nhiều cùa One theo cách này là Some (vài, một ít), x:
Yes, we m anaged to get some.
)ặc biệt là trong The rent is $400 a month (tiền thuê nhà là 400 bảng nột tháng), không thể thay “a” bằng “one”. a
- Những vật duy nhất Ex: the sun, the moon, the w o rld
- Các danh từ được xác định bởi cụm tính từ hoặc mệnh đề tính từ.
- T he bridge with blue cover is named Love.
- T he girl that vou m et is mv brother’s girlfriend.
- Các danh từ được xác định qua ngữ cảnh hoặc đề cập trước đó.
Ex: Finally, the writer killed himself.
- 1 have a cat and a dog T h e cat is killed by my neighbor.
- Các danh từ chi sự giài trí Ex: T he theater T he concert,
- T rư ớ c tên các tàu th uyền, m áy bay.
Ex: The Titanic w as a nice ship.
- C ác sông, biển, đại dư ơng, dãy n ú i
Ex: T h e red river T h e Nile river
- M ột nhóm các đảo hoặc quôc gia.
Ex: T h e P h ilip p in es, T h e United States.
- T ính từ dù n g n h ư danh từ tập hợp.
Ex: You should help T h e poor.
- T ro n g so sánh nhất Ex: N am is T h e c le v e re st in his class.
- T ên ngư ời ờ số nhiều (chi gia đình).
- C ác danh từ đại diện cho m ột loài.
Ex: T h e cat is a lovely hom e pet.
- C ác trạ n g từ chi thời gian, nơi chốn.
Ex: In th e m o rn in g , in th e street, in th e w ater
- Số th ứ tự Ex: T h e first T h e se c o n d The th ir d
- C huỗi thời gian hoặc không gian.
Ex: T h e next T h e fo llo w in g
- Trước các danh từ số nhiều nói chung.
Ex: They build houses near the hall.
- Danh từ trừu tượng không đếm được.
Ex: Independence is a happy thing.
- Các danh từ chì màu sắc Ex: Red and w hite make pink.
- Các môn học Ex: M ath is her worst subject.
- Các vật liệu, kim loại Ex: Steel is made from iron.
- Các tên nước, châu lục, thành phố.
Ex: H a Noi is the capital o f
- Các chức danh, tên người Ex: President Bill Clinton, Ba, Nga
- Các bữa ăn, món ăn, thức ăn Ex: We have rice and fish for dinner
- Các trò chơi thể thao Ex: Football is a popular sport in
- Các loại bệnh tật Ex: Cold is a common disease.
- Ngôn ngữ, tiếng nói Ex: English is being used everywhere
- Các kì nghỉ, lễ hội Ex: Tet, Christmas, Valentine
- Các mũi (đất nhô ra biền), hồ núi.
Ex: C ape Horn L ake Than Tho,
* But: T he Cape o f Good Hope, the Great Lake, the Mount of Olive
■ Nature m ang nghĩa "tự nhiên, thiên nhiên " thì không dùng "the". Ex:
- A cco rd in g to the law s o f natu re (T heo quy luật tự n h iên )
- T hey c o u ld n 't to lerate city life a n y m o re and w en t b ack to nature
+ He listened to th e radio, như ng He w atch ed te le v isio n ; hoặc He heard it on the radio, nhim g He saw it on TV
+ G o h o m e/g e t hom e, be at h o m e, như ng T h ey retu rn e d to the bride g room 's hom e.
+ G o to b e d /h o sp ita l/c h u rc h /sc h o o l/ w o rk /p riso n , như ng T hey went to the school to see th e ir c h ild re n ’s te a c h e r
+ T he priest goes to the ja il to pray fo r the tw o d y in g p riso n ers & She will get a bus at the church.
N ói chung, không thể thiếu ‘the” nếu đến trư ờ ng khô n g phải để học, đến nhà tù không phải để ở tù hoặc đến nhà th ờ không phải lễ.
I Choose the correct word or phrase for each blank.
1 My sister often goes to by bus.
B the London University D the University London
3 The view along _ is breathtaking.
• B the Pacific Coast D the Coast Pacific
4 They went skiing in _last winter.
5 Those tourists took a boat trip on _
^ B the M ekong River D River o f Mekong
6 Many o f people are interested in climbing
A M ount Everest c the Everest mountain
\ J B the M ount Everest D the mountain Everest
7 F our o f them ro w ed a b o at aro u n d .
A G reat L akes \/ c the G reat L ak es
B the L akes G reat D L akes o f G reat
8 _natural re so u rc e s m ay be used up so m ed a y
A W orld B W o rld 's c T h e w orld D T he w o r ld 's
II F ill in th e b lan k s w ith a, an, the or 0 (ze ro a r tic le )
1 J a s o n 's fath er b o u g h t h im bike th at he w a n te d for his b irthday.
2 S tatu e o f L ib erty w as a gift o f frien d sh ip from
_F ran ce to U n ited S tates.
3 R ita is stu d y in g _ E nglish an d M ath this sem ester.
4 _ judge a sk e d _w itn ess to tell truth.
5 P lease give m e cu p o f _ co ffee w ith
6 _ big boo k s o n table are fo r m y h istory class.
7 M y c a r is fo u r y ears o ld , and it still runs w ell.
8 There are on ly _few seats for to n ig h t's m usical.
9 c h a ir th at y o u a re sittin g in is b roken.
10- C iv il W ar w a s fo u g h t in U n ited States b etw een 1861 and 1865.
III P u t in a, the, some, o r any w here necessary.
The Wayle is a small river that flows through a park near my house I enjoy spending time by the Wayle on pleasant afternoons Last Sunday was warm, so I visited my usual spot on the riverbank Children were playing games along the bank, and several people were rowing on the river.
(10) children kicked (11) ball very hard and it went towards (12) _ passing the boat (13) people on
(14) bank called out to (15) man in
The man was on a boat when he was unexpectedly struck by a ball, causing him to nearly fall into the water Concerned, I turned to check on the children, but they had all disappeared from sight, having run away The man found humor in the situation, calling out to the children and tossing the ball back to the bank.
IV P u t in a, the, some, o r any w h ere necessary.
1 This is beautiful painting D oes artist live near here?
2 1 bought new toothbrush his morning and I can’t find it I’m sure I put it in bathroom.
3 Can you get fresh cream cake when you go out? shop o n corner usually sells it.
4 It's very nice school and teachers are all very hard working.
5 "Look! T h e re 's cat i n garden." "Yes, i t 's cat from next door."
6 T h e re 's m an a t door He w an ts to see you.
7 W e stayed in very nice h o te l room w as com fortable a n d food w as ex ce llen t.
8 I b o u g h t new ja c k e t last w eek but y e sterd ay tw o o f
b u tto n s cam e off I’m ta k in g it back t o shop.
9 I h a d bath th is m o rn in g b u t w a te r w as a bit cold.
10 I w as a t airp o rt, w a itin g f o r friend to arrive.
V Put a, an, the w h ere necessary or 0 w h ere unnecessary:
1 I still k eep w o n d e rin g i f I w ere d o i n g rig h t thing w hen I a sk ed m y fa th e r f o r p e rm issio n to leave school.
2 W e n e e d e d h o u se to live in w h en w e w ere in L ondon.
3 T h e re are so m e t h i n g s g e n tlem an c a n 't do, T o m
4 Y ou a re o n ly p erso n w h o se o p in io n is o f any value to me in p re se n t reg re tta b le circ u m sta n c es.
5 H e to ld m e he h a t e d d o cto rs.
VI P ut a, an, the w h ere n ecessary or X w h e re unnecessary:
3 H ere i s _ b e e r you hav e taste d I’m sure.
4 T h is house is b u ilt o f sto n e 1 hav e n e v e r seen before.
5 T he w e a th e r w as very go o d h ere d u rin g last w eek of
>• knowledge o f languages is always useful.
L7 He w a s _ conservative but he tu rn e d socialist.
9 This i s _ kind o f villa I like best.
10 life we live here is hard.
VII Com plete the sentences with the word given Use “the” where necessary:
Every term, parents are invited to meet the teachers at school If your children aren't attending today, it might be due to illness When he was younger, Ted had a strong dislike for school In your country, what time does school start in the mornings? Parents often ask how their children get home from school; some say they walk because it's not very far, while others take the bus Jenny is contemplating what sort of job she wants to pursue after leaving school Additionally, there were some people waiting outside to meet their children after classes.
In many countries, a significant number of people pursue higher education To obtain a degree, it is typically necessary to study at a university Although this town may be small, it boasts the largest university in the region.
Nora works as a cleaner at the hospital, where we all visited Ann when she was ill My brother has always been very healthy and has never been in the hospital, unlike Peter, who was injured in an accident and was kept there for a few days.
4 (c h u rch ) a Jo h n 's m o th e r is a re g u la r chu rch goer She g o e s t o ev ery
S unday. b Jo h n h im s e lf d o e sn 't go t o c Jo h n w en t t o to ta k e som e p h o to g ra p h s o f th e bu ild in g a In many places people are
■n because o f their political opinions. b The other day the fire brigade were called to to put out a fire. c The judge decided to fine the man 500 (pound) instead o f sending him to
VIII Rewrite the sentences below, adding the definite article
“the” and the indefinite article “a” or “an” where appropriate:
Silt in Bristol BS12 2 PE
Timothy Harding has been a dedicated employee at the company for ten years, demonstrating hard work and enthusiasm throughout his tenure Starting as a junior sales representative, he quickly rose to lead a successful team of sales representatives His effective management has resulted in a significant increase in sales, highlighting his success Additionally, his initiative is evident in the training program he developed, which has been widely adopted across the company, yielding very positive results.
I have found Timothy to be an honest and considerate individual, well-liked within the company I wholeheartedly recommend him for the position he has applied for, though I would be sorry to see him go.
IX P u t a, a n , th e w h e r e n ecessa ry o r X w h e r e u n n ecessary:
1 H e sto o d th e re in fear and tre m b lin g
3 1 have a lre a d y g one to _ m arket.
4 She is as p re tty girl as h er sister.
5 M a n y _ sh ip has been w rec k ed there.
6 M r Jo h n so n ca lle d to see you.
7 * If I w ere N a p o le o n , I w o u ld p l a y gam e o f pow er.
10 _ F ren ch co o k b etter t h a n E nglish.
M u ltip le c h o ic e : C h o o se th e w o rd o r p h r a se th a t b est com pletes each se n ten ce
] Jo h n and M a rcy w e n t to school y esterd ay
2 Lake Erie is one o f the five great Lakes in North America.
3 On our trip to Spain, we crossed _
4 What did you eat for
5 Louie played _basketball and_ boys’ Club.
D 0, 0 _ Alaska, we saw an Eskimo village.
7 Phil can 't go to the m ovies because he has to write essay.
9 M e l's m o th e r is in h o sp ital, so w e w en t to v isit her last night.
10 L ast n ig h t th ere w a s_b ird sin g in g o u tsid e m y house.
Definite article: t h e
Giới từ là từ loại thể hiện mối quan hệ giữa các từ trong cụm từ hoặc câu Các từ thường xuất hiện sau giới từ bao gồm tân ngữ, danh động từ và cụm danh từ.
Ex: a I went into the room. b I was sitting in the room at that time.
Ta thấy rõ ở ví dụ a, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ “into" Ở ví dụ b, "the room" là tân ngữ cùa giới từ "in".
Khi sử dụng từ trong tiếng Việt, cần phân biệt rõ giữa trạng từ và giới từ, vì một số từ có thể đảm nhận cả hai chức năng Điểm khác biệt chính là trạng từ không đi kèm với tân ngữ Hãy xem xét các ví dụ sau để hiểu rõ hơn.
] P lease, co m e in It's rain in g (T rạn g từ)
W e are in the sm all room (G iới từ); vì tân ngữ cùa "in" là "the room"
2 He ran dow n q u ick ly (T rạn g từ ) - vì "q u ick ly " k h ô n g phải là tân n g ữ củ a "d o w n "; nó chỉ là trạn g từ chỉ cách th ứ c m à thôi.
3 M y d ictio n ary is on th e desk (G iới từ ) - vì nó liên kết với tản ngữ
2 C á c loại g iớ i từ tr o n g tiến g A n h
C ác giới từ tro n g tiế n g A n h có th ể đư ợ c p h ân th àn h m ấy loại sau:
2 1 G iớ i từ cKỈ th ò i g ia n after b efo re fo r on forew ards at b e h in d from since until by d u rin g in th ro u g h o u t w ithin
2 2 G ió i từ c h ỉ đ ịa đ iể m /n ơ i ch ốn ab o u t b e n e a th ov er behind abo v e b e sid e th rough b elo w acro ss b e y o n d to w ithin at by tow ard w ith o u t before in u nder o f f on
2.3 G iớ i từ ch ỉ lý do, nguyên nhân. at on through from for over with o f
2.4 Giới từ chỉ mục đích. after at for to on
2.5 Giới từ thường: after from between to against ci'U’v?//:'M o f by with am ong ị rJ rir on for
Thông thường, giới từ tiếng Anh được đặt như tiếng Việt; tuy nhiên, nó có thể đặt ngay trước Từ nghi vấn hay Đại từ.
What is this medal made of?
O f w hat is this medal made? hay
The man whom we listened to is our new teacher.
The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.
4 Cách đặt từ ngữ có giới từ:
Vi trí cùa giới từ trong câu có thể làm thay đổi nghĩa cùa câu đó. m
1 - A letter w as read fr o m his friend in th e class room
A le tte r fr o m his friend w as read in the c lass room
(H ai câu trền có n g h ĩa khác nhau bởi vì giới từ "fro m " có vị trí khác n h a u )
2- W ith his gun tow ards th e forest he started in the m o rn in g
W ith h is gun, he starte d tow ards the forest in the m o rn in g
(H ai câ u trên có n g h ĩa kh ác n hau bởi vì giới từ "to w a rd s" có vị trí k h ác n hau)
5 M ộ t số g iớ i t ừ th ô n g th ư ờ n g a A T , IN , O N
1 A T : d ù n g trư ớ c thffi gian ngẩn: giờ, ph ú t, giây
A t 10 o 'clo ck ; at th is m o m en t; at ] 0 a.m
2 O N : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian chi: ngày, th ứ n gày (tro n g lịch )
O n S u n d ay ; on th is day
3 IN : d ù n g trư ớ c thời gian dài: th án g , m ùa, năm ,
In Ju n e; in July; in S pring: in 2 0 0 5 — ■
She has breakfast at 7 o'clock b IN, INTO, OUT OF
1 IN: dùng chì vị trí (địa điểm - không chuyến hướng)
In the classroom; in the concert hall; in the box
2 INTO: dùng chỉ sự chuyển động từ ngoài vào trong.
3 OUT OF: dùng chi sự chuyển động từ trong ra ngoài
I go out o f the classroom. c FO R , D U R IN G , S IN C E :
1 FOR : dùng để đo khoảng thời gian.
For the last few years
2 DURING : dùng để chi hành động xảy ra trong suốt thời gian cùa sự vật, sự kiện:
During Christman time; During the film; During the play
3 SINCE : dùng để đánh dấu thời gian.
Since last Saturday; since yesterday
1 A T : d ù n g chỉ sự cố định ở m ột vị trí n ào đó tư ơ n g đối n h ỏ , vì nếu d iện tích nơi đó lớn hơn ta d ù n g "in".
2 T O : d ù n g chỉ sự ch uyển đ ộ n g tới m ộ t nơi n ào đó.
G o to the w in d o w ; G o to the m a rk e t e O N , O V E R , A B O V E , (ở trên )
1 O N : d ù n g chỉ vị trí đ ứ n g liền n gay ở trên.
O n th e tab le; on th e d e sk
2 O V E R : d ù n g chỉ các lớ p /th ứ tự ở lần trê n (áo , q uần).
I u su ally w e a r a sh irt o v e r m y singlet.
3 A B O V E : V ới n g h ĩa là trên n h ư n g chỉ sự cao hơn so với vật khác th ấ p hơn.
T he c e ilin g fans are a b o v e th e pupils.
J M f TILL, UNTIL (tới, cho tới khi)
1 TILL: dùng cho thời gian và không gian.
Wait for me till next Friday, (thời gian)
They walked till the end o f the road, (không gian)
2 UNTIL: dùng với thời gian.
He did not come back until 1 I pm yesterday, (thời gian)
I C o m p lete the fo llo w in g se n te n c e s u sin g at, b ỵ, fo r o r in
1 H e s e n t a c o p y o f h is w ill to h is b a n k s a f e k e e p in g
3 A lth o u g h [ p r a c tis e q u ite a lo t, I n e v e r s e e m to w in v e ry often i.e ' te n n is
4 L et A lb e rt w o rk it o u t; h e h a s an a p t i t u d e figures.
5 Y o u c o u ld te ll a g la n c e th a t h e w a s n o t o r d in a r y speaker.
6 M o s t p e o p le th in k th e g o v e r n m e n t is to b l a m e risin g u n e m p lo y m e n t.
7 A lth o u g h th e ir m a rria g e w a s n o t a h a p p y o n e th e y d e c id e d to sta y t o g e t h e r th e sa k e o f th e c h ild re n
12 H e w a s th e s o r t o f p e r s o n w h o im m e d ia te ly m a d e y o u f e e l e a s e
14 I'm s o r ry , b u t I'm n o t lib e rty to te ll y o u a n y m o re
16 C o u ld y o u c o m e b a c k in h a l f an h o u r ? M r B a s to n ’s lu n c h a t th e m o m e n t.
! 7 W e didn't k n o w certain w hether they would com e or not.
19 D o sit dow n M r B row n will jo in y o u a m om ent.
20 T he atte n d a n c e Saturday's m eeting was very poor.
Reading through the following and fill in the numbered blanks with a suitable preposition o f time Be careful, however, because in one or two cases no preposition is needed.
My parents met in August 1943 during the war My father was on leave from the front and chose to spend his first week with his aunt in Liverpool, whom he hadn't seen for several years, despite her having raised him after his mother's death While Liverpool may not be the most beautiful city, it can be quite pleasant in the summertime, especially in the early morning However, on that particular morning, my father was not in the mood to appreciate the sunrise over the Mersey as he prepared to leave Euston Station.
At midnight, he arrived in Crewe three and a half hours behind schedule, leaving him in a bad mood and exhausted by the time he reached Lime Street Station However, just minutes after his arrival, an unexpected event occurred that transformed not only his mood but also his entire life.
After a long journey, he decided to stop for a cup of tea at the station buffet, only to find it closed at that early hour A notice on the door indicated the opening hours were from 7 a.m to 5:30 p.m Checking the station clock, he saw it was just ten minutes past seven and believed the buffet should be open by now, yet he was aware of the station's unpredictable schedule.
While waiting for the buffet to open at 8 or 9 o'clock, my father noticed a beautiful girl sitting on a bench, pouring hot liquid from a thermos into a cup Described by my mother as a "lady's man," he approached her and exclaimed, "I've never seen such a pretty girl in my life I haven't had a hot drink since last night If you give me some of your tea, I'll marry you and take care of you for the rest of your life!" Surprisingly, she smiled, offered him tea, and their encounter led to my existence, all thanks to that fateful day in August 1943 when the buffet was closed.
III C o m p le te th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s u sin g at, a b o u t, a g a in st, from o r of.
1 1 d o n 't k n o w h e r ex ac t age; I can o n ly g u e s s h o w old she really is.
2 She in ten d ed to p o st m y letter, but she fo rg o t all it.
3 H ow d o es a fro g d i f f e r a to ad ?
4 T all p eo p le are d e f i n i t e l y an ad v a n ta g e at a football match.
5 It's a p ity p o o r old Fred: ev e ry o n e g o t a C h ristm as p re se n t ex c e p t him
6 A fte r the w ar, several p eo p le w ere tried for c r i m e s h u m an ity
7 I k n o w ex p e rie n c e th at I do m y b est w o rk early in the m o rn in g
8 Mrs Dale says her husband neglects her I don't know what she's w o rry in g : mine never leaves me alone.
9 I am a sto n ish e d the way my students can spend all night at the disco and still remember their prepositions next morning.
10 On May Day, in a startling d e p a rtu re tradition, the President got on a bicycle and rode round Red Square.
11 Is it possible to insure yourself nuclear attack?
12 Today I feel really miserable, because I cannot find anything to complain.
13 Resulting their exhaustive research into the matter, scientists can now confirm that we are all getting older.
14 I bought an old car cheaply, cleaned it up and sold it next day a profit.
15 Before going to Africa, Graham had him self inoculated
tetanus, yellow fever, cholera and typhoid A week later, he died o f influenza.
16 At school today, we had a long discussion the best way to learn a foreign language.
17 The best reason for having strict rules at school is that it gives the pupils som ething to r e b e l when they are older.
18 "How can I discourage my boyfriend trying to kiss me all the time?" "Eat plenty o f garlic."
19 Raise the gun to vour shoulder, aim the target, and try not to kill anyone.
20 Picking your nose in public is not illegal, but it is certainly an o ff e n c e aood manners.
IV C o m p le te th e fo llo w in g sen ten ces u sin g in, o u t o f, u n d er or w ith
] lu c k , w e s h o u ld b e in L o n d o n by 3 o 'c lo c k
2 W ould y o u like to c o n tr ib u te o u r cam p aig n fund?
3 It's n o t lik e J o h n to lo s e h is te m p e r It's c o m p le te ly c h a ra c te r.
"I'll th in k o f s o m e th in g , sir."
5 T h e m atch resu lted a g o alless d ra w afte r e x tra time.
6 W ith in c re a s in g c o m p e titio n fro m o v e r s e a s , s e v e ra l factories a re t h r e a t e n e d c lo s u re
7 T h e ta lk s b ro k e d o w n w h e n th e C u b a n s d e c id e d to p u ll n e g o tia tio n s a n d g o h o m e
9 Y o u lo o k r e a l l y th e w e a th e r A re y o u ill?
10 I to ld h e r h e r face e x a c tly w h a t I th o u g h t o f her.
] ] C h r is to p h e r h a s s ta r te d to ta k e i n t e r e s t g irls , m u c h to h is f a th e r 's re lie f.
12 W e h a v e a g o o d w o rk in g re la tio n s h ip th e local authority.
13 T h e p ro p o s a l to in tr o d u c e a lo cal in c o m e ta x is s till d is c u s s io n
14 T h e c a r w e n t o v e r th e b ro w o f th e hill a n d w a s s o o n sig h t.
[ 15 1 w a s the impression that you had to be twenty-one to vote in general elections.
16 My n eighbour's garage, which is a d ja c e n t my house. is full o f rubbish.
17.This is supposed to be a socialist country, but it is socialist nam e only.
I 8 W hat it a m o u n ts is this: the w ord "socialist" m eans w hat the g o v ern m en t w ant it to mean.
19 "Why have you got a pet African buffalo in the house?"
"I w anted so m eth in g a l i t t l e the ordinary."
20 Are you fam ilia r Professor W ilhelm 's w ork on bilingualism in parrots?
V Complete the following the sentences using after, at, in or on
1 "W ho destroyed the Tem ple in Jerusalem ?"
"I don't know , sir, but I expect that they w o n ’t blam e it
2 When the offer o f a free trip to Holland was m ade, John was very q u ick the m ark, and m anaged to get the first ticket.
3 M ost people w ould ju m p the chance to spend a year in
A m erica, all ex p en ses paid.
4 When Robin told me about his quarrel with Batman, I asked him not to involve m e his personal affairs.
5 W as the C lifton Suspension Bridge n a m e d a man called C lifton S uspension?
6 If trains alw ays le a v e schedule, why do so many o f them arrive late at the other end? f l U
7 T h e s u rv iv o rs o f th e T itanic w e r e se a fo r s e v e ra l days b e fo re b e in g re sc u e d
8 M y h u s b a n d b ro u g h t m e so m e flo w e rs to d a y H e m u s t be
9 W e w e re all v ery e x c ite d th e p ro s p e c t o f a free trip to P a ris.
10 D oes it m atter w hat a national politician d o e s private as long as he p e rfo rm s w ell in his jo b ?
1 1 S u s a n is d is a b le d b u t sh e lik e s to d o th in g s fo r h e rs e lf: she h a te s to b e d e p e n d e n t o th e r p e o p le
12 careful co n sid e ra tio n , the g o v ern m en t has d ecid ed not to p u t up th e p ric e o f ic e -c re a m
13 D o n 't y o u get an n o y ed people w ho push past you w ith o u t say in g " e x c u s e m e "?
14 T h e re 's a m an o v e r th ere w ith b in o cu la rs Do you th in k he's a b ird w a tc h e r, is he s p y in g u s?
15 T h e p u b lic is ta k in g a lot o f in te re s t the new c o u rse s b ein g o ffe re d by th e O p e n U n iv e rs ity
16 P le a se , father, m ay I go to the c in em a w ith Jo h n to n is h t?
all, I am tw e n ty -th re e y e a rs o ld n o w
17 P rofessor Jonah N ew t is a specialist m arine bioloey.
1 8 W hen I m et m y w ife, it w as l o v e first sight It w as only la ter th a t I h ad s e c o n d th o u g h ts
2 0 P r o f e s s o r N e w t is a b s o r b e d a t th e m o m e n t a stu d y o f th e f e e d in g
V I C o m p le te th e fo llo w in g th e sen te n ces u sin g bỵ, fo r , of, on o r to.
1 I m looking the summer holidays to arrive, aren't you?
2 John was about to take his wife out to dinner when it occurred him that he was not married.
3 You ought to be ashamed yourself!
4 H am let is a p la y W illiam S h ak esp eare.
5 The Chairman called Mr Smith to second the motion.
6 You can change your job You can move house But marriage is life.
7 I'm sorry you have been expelled from the garden, Adam, but some extent it's your own fault.
8 What do you get if you divide 2 2 7? A complicated number.
9 You can go to the disco to n ig h t condition that you are home by 12 o'clock.
10 Because o f a l a c k interest, tomorrow has been cancelled (Notice outside a theatre)
11 She was irritated the way her fiance picked his nose, so she broke it off.
12 Take ad v a n ta g e this special offer! 50 percent off list price while stocks last!
13 Because o f the increase in the number o f firms offering financial services there's a bigger demand than e v e r qualified accountants.
14 Please give m y reg ard s y o u r m o th er, O e d ip u s, w h en you see h er again.
15 "I am P o l i s h birth, but I have F rench n atio n ality "
W hat do you do for living?
“ I am an A m eric an P o lish er”
16 C o n g r a tu la tio n s y o u r th irty -fifth birth d ay !
17 T he ra ilw a y p o lice have finally arrested th e m an w h o has been re sp o n sib le b itin g all the b u tto n s o f f railway carria g e seats.
18 W ith re fe re n ce y o u r ad v e rtise m e n t in today's
Guardian, I sh o u ld like to ap p ly fo r the p o st o f H ead C lerk in your
19 He w e n t his ow n accord: nobody forced him to go.
20 S arah is stu d y in g hard She is in ten t g e ttin g a good d egree.
VII Complete the sentences using the words in the box to fo r a g a in s t w ith o f to w a r d s o n
5 A n in te llig e n t c le r k is a e r e a t a s s e t a firm m
6 A n a tta c k w as la u n c h e d the enem y.
7 He m ad e an a tte m p t pass the exam
8 T h e a tte n d a n c e th e m e e tin g w as large.
9 He sh o w e d his g re a t a tte n tio n his work.
11 We have no a u th o rity in c re a s in g / increase y our salary.
12 N ielso n is a u th o rity th at subject.
13 T he so ld ie r re c eiv ed an a w a r d g allantry.
14 Y ou h av e no b a s is su ch a belief.
15 W e had m any b a ttle s th e US troop.
16 T he o th e rs put the b la m e D ick.
17 N o b o d y b eliev ed him d u e to his b re a c h p ro m is e
18 He g av e h er a b u n c h flow ers.
20 I am a c a n d id a te th a t p o st o f teach in g
VIII C om p lete the sen ten ces u sin g the w ords in the box. in a b o u t o f for on w ith
1 T h e re w e re m illio n s of s ta r s th e sky.
2 R ich ard m a d e a m is ta k e his ca lcu latio n s.
3 M y firm has a m o n o p o ly cem ent.
4 T here is a good deal o f m ystery his disappearance. ĩ m
5 T h is b o o k is a b o u t th e m y s t e r y th e m is s in g d iam o n d
IX Complete the sentences using the words in the box o v e r in to fo r o f w ith fro m o n a b o u t a g a in s t
4 Jo h n has m ad e g rea t p ro g re s s his w ork this term
5 Did y o u re c e iv e any re c o m p e n s e the tro u b le?
6 He m ad e no r e f e r e n c e his early life.
7 He had a g re a t r e g a r d his frie n d ’s ability.
8 T he torn co at w as p r o o f his guilt.
10 T h is co at is no p ro te c tio n the rain.
! I T h ere w as m u ch p ro te s t the new law.
12 He had all the q u a lific a tio n s the jo b
14 T he d e te c tiv e ask e d e v e ry o n e th e scene.
15 It w as a q u o ta tio n M acbeth.
16 T he p o lice m ad e a r a id the hotel.
17 W hat w as his r e a c tio n the new s?
18 W hat w as th e re a so n his d ia m issa l?
19 I p ro d u ced a r e c e ip t the cam era.
20 M rs T h o m p so n s gav e m e a recip e fruit cakes.
X C o m p lete th e sen ten ce s using the w ord s in the box b etw een to o f for from on
2 T h e re is a s tro n g re s e m b la n c e the tw o m en.
3 H e s h o w e d a g re a t r e s e m b la n c e th e p re v io u s s tu d e n t.
8 T h e d o c t o r r e c e iv e d little f in a n c ia l r e w a r d h is se rv ic e s.
XI Complete the sentences using the words in the box fo r o f a g a in s t b e tw e e n o n in to
1 T h e d riv e r s h o w e d g re a t c a p a b ility ra c in g a t h ig h sp e e d
3 W hat is the c a u s e the d istu rb a n c e ?
6 E v e ry o n e e n jo y ed the c h a n g e climate.
7 T he c h a r g e th e m an is treaso n
8 T h e c h a r g e th e re p a ir is not very m uch.
9 T h ere w ere a lot o f c h e e r s the co m p etito r.
10 Y ou hav e to m ak e a c h o ic e right and w rong.
11 Y ou have a c h o ic e q u e stio n s in the exam
12 He m ake a c la im the o th e r driver.
13 His success was a co m b in atio n luck and ability.
15 He has c o m p le tio n th a t d iffic u lt jo b
16 C o n g ra tu la tio n s y o u r su ccess.
17 M y fa th e r is c o n n o is s e u r g o o d w ine.
18 M y m o th e r has m u ch c o n s id e r a tio n o u r health.
19 He sh o w ed c o n te m p t o u r po v erty
20 H e n ry ’s new sp o rts c a r is a g re a t c o n tra s t his fa th e r's old car.
X II C o m p lete the sen ten ces u sin g the w ord s in the box o f for ag ain st in ab o u t o v e r to from w ith on
1 It w a s m y d iffic u lt c o m p e titio n th a t c o m p o n e n t.
2 T h e r e w a s a c o m p r o m i s e th o s e tw o d if f e r e n t o p in io n s
5 Y o u r d r e s s in g s ty le s h o u ld be in c o n f o r m ity o u r cu sto m
1 1 R is in g a t s ix o ’c l o c k is a c u s t o m m in e
12 T h is ro a d is a d a n g e r p e d e s tr ia n
14 The car can’t start due to a defect the engine.
15 T h e r e is a d e l a y th e p r o d u c tio n o f th e s e c a rs
19 T h e m o u n t a i n e e r s s ta r t th e ir d e s c e n t th e to p
2 0 T h e y c o n d u c te d a d i s c u s s i o n s e x d is c r im in a tio n
XI I I C o m p lete the sen ten ces using the w ords in the box to w a rd s in o f with b etw e en for o v e r on a b o u t
1 His b e h a v io u r his u n cle w as very bad.
2 T h eir b e lie f G od su sta in e d them th ro u g h the su fferin g s.
3 T he b e lie f th e early C h ristia n s w as rapidly spread far and w ide.
4 T h ere are m an y b e n e fits ed u catio n
5 W ho g o t the b la m e b re a k in g the w in d o w ?
6 E m ily B ro n te g a v e us a v iv id d e s c rip tio n Y o rk sh ire in h er novel.
7 T he p o et had a g re a t d e s ir e reco g n itio n
8 Bill w as the d e s p a ir h is m other.
9 O ur m o th e r has g re a t d e v o tio n us.
10 T he d o c to r’s d ia g n o s is m y illness is exact.
11 T h ere is a g re a t d if f e r e n c e h im and his w ife.
12 T h ere is a g reat d is a g r e e m e n t that m atter.
14 T h ey h av e d is b e lie f relig io n s.
15 T he philosopher held an interesting discourse the scientist.
16 T h e re is no d is c rim in a tio n th ese tw o people.
I 7 H e sh o w e d d is d a in his fo rm e r friends.
19 T h e r e is n o d i s t i n c t i o n th e tw o te s ts
XIV Complete the sentences using the words in the box in o f o n fo r to a b o u t fo rm
4 There is great emphasis education in most c o u n tr ie s
1 1 T h e r e is n o e x c e p t i o n th is ru le
13 T h e r e w a s a s h a r p e x c h a n g e w o r ld b e tw e e n th e tw o riv a ls
15 He has e x p e rie n c e ap p lied linguistic.
16 He has e x p e rie n c e teaching applied linguistic.
17 S he is an e x p e r t ad v an ced m athem atics.
18 H is too m uch e x p o s u re the su n sh in e is dan g ero u s.
19 She has stro n g f a ith G od.
20 T h ere w as an a b u n d a n c e fru it th at year.
X V C o m p lete the sen ten ces u sin g the w o rd s in the box to o v e r on w ith o f in into b etw een after from ab o u t
1 He has a to tal in d iffe re n c e fo o tb all.
2 He has a g re a t i n f l u e n c e his fo llo w ers.
3 T h ere w as a g re a t in flu x o f re f u g e e s the tin y country.
4 W e in q u ire th e stu d y ab ro ad in N ew Z ealan d
6 T hey in q u ire d the m atter o f w a te r p o llution.
7 T o lso y h ad g re a t in s ig h t h u m an heart.
8 T he m an had no in te n tio n retu rn in g
9 S he has g re a t in te re s t m o d el clo th es.
10 I w a s g ra n te d an in te rv ie w the m anager.
1 1 T here w as a good in tro d u c tio n that fam ous book.
12 T h e re w as in s tru c tio n the bank last night. m
18 T h e r e is a lin k B la c k 's s tra n g e b e h a v io u r a n d th e thief.
19 H is s tr a n g e b e h a v io u r h a s a l i n k th e th ie f.
XVI Complete the sentences using the words in the box f o r o f o n to a t in a g a in s t fro m a b o u t o v e r w ith to w a r d s in
5 M rs B la c k s h o w e d i m p a t i e n c e th e u n r u ly s tu d e n ts b y r e f u s in g to c o n tin u e te a c h in g th e m
7 M iss Jo n e s m a d e a g o o d im p re s s io n th e m an ag er.
8 A n in c r e a s e in w a g e s is a n i n c e n t i v e b e tte r w o rk
10 W a te r is fe a tu re this district.
1 1 W h at is y o u r fe e lin g th e se refugees?
12 T h e fig h t o u rse lv e s is a hard one.
13 He h a d a f in e d riv in g offence.
14 S he is a g r a d u a te m athem m atics.
15 W e had a g re a t g r ie f — the d eath o f our friend
16 W hat are th e g ro u n d s y o u r d iv o rce?
17 C an w e have a g u a ra n te e our p resid e n t's safety?
18 M ake a g u e s s th e an sw er.
19 T h e boy has the h a b it b itin g his nails.
20 T he p rin ce is an h e ir th e th ro n e.
XVII Choose the word that best com pletes each sentence.
1 D on't be fam iliar him; h e ’s a dishonest man. a into b to \SC with
2 These facts may be fa m ilia r you. a with b about '-'c to
3 She is fam ous her intelligence. u a for b in c with
4 She is f o n d music. a to b with c about
5 I'm always forgetful students names. a to v b o f c in
6 These goods are free duty. a from b with c in
7 He is g o o d all sports. a at b in c into d w ith
8 She is g re e d y fam e. a w ith b into c for d in
9 He w as ill fever. a to b in c w ith d for
10 I f you ea rn a g o o d salary , y o u can be in d e p e n d e n t your p aren ts. a fo r b to c o f d by
11 Is he g u ilty o r in n o c e n t th e crim e? a o f b to c w ith d for
12 He is j e a l o u s his r iv a l’s success. a by b o f c w ith d for
13 H e is m a d m usic. a ab o u t b a fte r c fo r d all are co rrect.
14 T h is ta b le is m a d e w ood. a from b o f c into d to
15 G as is m a d e w o o d a o f b from c w ith d to
16 He is n e g l i g e n t his duties. a w ith b to c fo r d o f
17 T h is w o rk is n e w m e. a w ith b to c ab o u t d for
I 8 I am very much opposed.your going abroad. a- t0 b with c by d for
19 She was offended her husband. a with b by c to d a and b are correct
20 He was offended my remarks. a at b by c a and b are correct d to
XVIII Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1 He made him self pleasant visitors. a to b for c by d with
2 He is qualified teaching English. a to b for c by d with
3 Are you r e a d y the journey? a for b to c with d by
4 Can we be su re his honesty? a o f b with c to d for
5 I'm tired boiled eggs. a to b o f c with d by
6 What is the advantage doing this? a o f b about c in d o f
7 What did Mr.Brown d ie ? a with b by c in d o f
8 In s p ite his ill health, Jo h n so n did very w ell. a to b w ith c o f d for
9 He is frie n d m ine. a w ith b in c o f d to
10 It w as s to r y ad v e n tu re and ro m an ce. a in b w ith c o f d to
11 Y ou are n e v e r w an t o f m oney. a on b in c fo r d o u t o f
12 tim e o f w a r w e have to agree to th in g s w e should r e f u s e tim e o f peace. a in - in b on - in c on - on d i n - o n
13 V e g e ta ria n s liv e v e g e tab le s, fru its an d nuts. a fo r b w ith c in d on
14 D id y o u c o m e h e r e foot? a in b on c by d for
15 S he i s drugs. a o f b in c for d o ff
17 She c a m e h e re horseb ack a on b by c in d w ith
18 T u rn the m ain road here and you will com e to the take. a rig h t b left c o f f d aw ay from
' 9' He i s smoking. a - ln b o ff c to d into
20 We are really looking forward our ship Hawaii and Japan. a on — to b at — to c to —to d in —to
XIX Choose the word that best completes each sentence.
1 This car belongs my brother. a by b with c to d all are incorrect
2 I shall w a i t you. a about b by c to d for
3 He su cceeded opening the door. a in b by c with d at
4 Listen our teacher! a with b to c for d all are correct
5 An accident has happened that family. a to b with c against d for
6 He aim ed the tiger. a for b at c with d to
7 The government m ust care the families o f invalid soldiers. a about b for c to d at
8 She complained the heat. a to b on c by d with
9 m istak e, 1 to o k the w rong b o o k from m y d e sk th is m orning.
10 M y w ife lo o k s m y d au g h ter. a a f t e r / b into c at d for
11 H e is lo o k in g his glasses. a a fter b for ự c into d by
12 T h e c h ild is lo o k in g th e p ictu res on the w alls. a at b fo r c a fter d w ith
13 T ell m e y o u r w ork. a a t b into c ab o u t d after
14 P ut y o u rs e lf m y place. a in b on c near d against
15 M ay I tro u b le y o u a m atch ? a w ith b a b o u t c for d into
16 H e p ro v id e s his s o n m oney. a fo r b o f c w ith d in
1 7 1 re ally re sp e c t th a t m a n his honesty. a by b ab o u t c w ith d for
18 S o m e tim e s I w o n d e r th at very m uch. a o f b a b o u t c w ith d by
19 K ee p a w a y th o se e lec tric al w ires. a to b o f c o f f d from
20 S he treated m e cak e, ice-cream and tea. a w ith b for c into d to
2 ! She sacrifices her life her family. a - B for c into d to
22 It isn t an answ er my question. a - f° r b o f c to d with
23 He was a c c u s e d stealing a Honda. a o f b in c to d with
24 She spent a lot o f m oney cosmetics. a in b on c into d for
25 He wasted little tim e social formalities. a for b on c to d in
XX Choose the word that best com pletes each sentence.
1 You are w elcom e any book in the library. a to b with c for d by
2 That type o f music is quite popular teenage boys and girls. a for b about c with d by
3 He was courteous her. a with b to c about d for
4 She is beneficent the poor. a for b on c with d to
5 It's contrary our custom. a to b with c about d for
6 In our country, gentlemen are gallant ladies. a t0 b with c for d by
7 I'm a s to n is h e d th at m atter. a w ith b a g ain st c to d at
8 She is b a d E nglish. a w ith b for c in d at
9 M y c h ild re n are im p o rta n t m e. a to b for c w ith d by
10 She w as o ffe n d e d m y rem ark at the m eeting yesterday. a at b by c w ith d a an d b are co rrect
11 T he stu d en ts w ere s h o c k e d the new s. a in b w ith c fo r d at
12 She is in d iffe re n t life. a to b into c w ith d for
13 L e t’s d r in k h is su ccess. a in b to c into d for
14 T he m u d a d h e re d m y shoes. a for b w ith c in d to
15 I d o n ’t a g r e e y o u at all ab o u t that. a to b on c w ith d to w ard s
16 H ave you all b ro u g h t y o u r b o o k s you. a for b in c ab o u t d w ith
17 Y ou m ust try to l i v e y o u r incom e. a w ith in b d u rin g c in d ab o u t
18 You see, I was right all. a - for b after c before d in
19 He rested his bicycle the wall.
20 He spent many y ears the people o f Africa. a in b between c among d into
21 Although his last name is the same as mine I'm not related him. a with b to c by d for
22 Mary married a wealthy man She got m arried him last June. a by b for c to d by
23 She was engaged him for ten months before they got married. a to b with c for d by
24 This text book is intended beginning and intermediate students. a to b for c with d by
2 5 1 d o n 't think that I’m acquainted him. a with b to c by d for
Ex: H e is to o y o u n g to go to school
T h e ex e rc ise is to o d iffic u lt fo r m e to do
C ũ n g g iố n g n h ư enough, to o to có các n g u y ê n tắ c sau
1) N g u y ê n tắ c th ứ n h ấ t : N e u trư ớ c tính từ , trạ n g từ có: to o , so, very, q u ite , e x tre m e ly th ì phải bỏ.
2) N g u y ên tắc th ứ hai: N eu chù từ hai câu giống nhau thì bỏ phần fo r sb
3) N g u y ê n tắ c th ứ ba: N e u chủ từ câu đầu và tú c từ câu sau là một thì p h ải bỏ tú c từ câu sau
Ex: H e is so w e a k H e c a n ’t run -> He is too w eak to run.
T h e c o ffe e w as very h o t I co u ld d rin k it -> T he co ffe e w as too hot fo r m e to drink.
( BỎ “ it” VÌ “ it” c ũ n g đ ồ n g n g h ĩa với coffee )
1) adj/adv + enough (for sb) to inf
2) enough + N (for sb ) to inf
Cân lưu ý sự khác nhau giữa 2 công thức này là: tính từ, trạng từ thì đứng trước “enough" còn danh từ thì đứng sau “enough”
+ He is strong enough to lift the box.
“strong” là tính từ, nên đứng trước “enough”
+ He doesn't drive carefully enough to pass the driving test
“carefully” là trạng từ nên đứng trước “enough"
+ I d o n 't have enough money to buy a car.
“money” là danh từ nên đứng sau enough.
Nếu chủ từ thực hiện hai hành động (động từ chính và "to in f") là một, thì không cần phần (for sb) Ngược lại, nếu có hai đối tượng khác nhau, đối tượng thực hiện hành động "to in f" sẽ được thể hiện trong phần.
+ I study w ell e n o u g h to pass the exam
T ro n g câu này ngư ời thự c hiện h ành đ ộ n g "study" là ^
" tô i" và ngư ờ i “p a ss the exam” (thi đ ậ u ) c ũ n g là tôi nên k h ô n g có p hần fo r sb
+ T he e x ercise is n o t easy for m e to do ->
C hù từ cùa “ is not easy" là "the exercise” , trong khi đối tư ợng thực hiện hành động "do" là “tô i" không giống nhau nên phải có phần f o r me
* Khi chủ từ và túc từ c ù a đ ộ n g từ ch ín h và túc từ củ a “to i n f ' là một, thì túc từ đó đ ư ợ c h iểu n g ầm , k h ô n g v iế t ra
Ex: T he e x e rcise is not easy fo r m e to do it (sai)
T h e ex e rc ise is n o t easy for m e to do (đ ú n g )
T úc từ cùa “do” là cũng đồng nghĩa với chù từ “the exercise” nên không viết ra.
In summary, remember the following principles: First, when using adjectives or adverbs like "too," "so," "very," "quite," or "extremely," as well as before nouns such as "many," "much," "a lot of," and "lots of," it is essential to omit them for correct grammatical structure.
+ H e is v ery in tellig en t H e can do it.
-> He is very in tellig en t eno u g h to do it (sai)
-> He is in tellig e n t en o u g h to do it.(đúng)
+ He has a lot o f m oney H e can buy a car.
-> H e has en o u g h a lot o f m o n ey to buy a c a r.(sa i)
-> He has e n o u g h m o n ey to buy a c a r.(đ ú n g )
2) N guyên tăc thú' hai: Nếu chù từ hai câu giống nhau thì bỏ phần fo r sb
+ Tom is strong He can lift the box.
-> Tom is strong enough for him to lift the box (sai)
-> Tom is strong enough to lift the box (đúng)
+ The weather is fine Mary and her little brother can go to school ->The weather is fine enough to go to school.(sai)
-> The weather is fine enough for Mary and her little brother to go to school, (đúng)
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ câu sau có ý chung chung thì cũng có thể bó đi Ex: The sun is not warm We can ’t live on it.
-> The sun is not warm enough to live on {we ở đây chỉ chung chung, mọi người)
3) Nguyên tắc thứ ba: Neu chủ từ câu đầu và túc từ câu sau là một thì phải bỏ túc từ câu sau.
Ex: The water is quite warm I can drink it.
-> The water is warm cnoueh for me to drink it.(sai)
-> The water is warm enough for me to drink (đúng)
II SO THAT (QUÁ ĐẾN NỞI)
SO + A D J/A D V + T H A T + clause Cách nối câu dùng "so that : m
+ T rư ớ c ad j/ad v nếu có "too, so, very, q u ite thì bò
+ N ếu có “a lot o f ’, “ lots o f ’ thì phải đổi th àn h "m u ch , m any"
+ S au “th a t” v iết lại to àn bộ m ện h đề.
+ H e is very stro n g H e can lift the box.
-> H e is so stro n g th a t he can lift th e box.
+ He ate a lot o f food He becam e ill.
-> H e ate so m u ch fo o d th a t he b ecam e ill.
+ H e b o u g h t lots o f b o o k s H e d id n 't k n o w w h e re to p u t them
-> He bought so m any books that he d id n 't know w here to put them.
+ T rư ớ c a d j/ad v n ếu có too, so, very, quite thì bỏ
+ Nếu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thì không dùng (a/an)
+ N ếu sau "adj" k h ô n g có d an h từ thì lấy d anh từ ở đầu câu vào rồi thể đại từ vào chủ từ
+ He is a very lazy boy N o o ne likes him -> H e is such a lazy boy th a t no o n e likes him
+ T h e co ffee is to o hot I c a n 't d rin k it -> It is such hot coffee that 1 c a n ’t d rin k it.
S au c h ữ “ h o t” k h ô n g có danh từ nên phải đem “c o ffe e " v ào "coffee" khô n g đếm đ ư ợ c nên k h ô n e d ù n g "a/an".
+ Her voice is very soft Everyone likes her.
-> She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
When using "much" or "many" before a noun, it should be replaced with "a lot of." For example, the sentence "He bought many books He didn't know where to put them." can be rewritten as "He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them." This adjustment enhances clarity and coherence in writing.
1 ĐỐI T Ừ SO TH A T SANG SUCH THAT:
Thêm such (a, an) đem tính từ xuống, đem danh từ xuống, từ “th a t” trở đi viết lại hết
=> ĐẠI T Ừ + BE SUCH (A, AN) ADJ + N + THAT CLAUSE Ex:
The book is so interesting that I have read it many times.
=> It is such an interesting book that I have read it many times. Neu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thỉ không có "a, an"
2 ĐÓI T Ừ SO T H A T SANG T O O T O : Đe có dạng : s + BE + SO + A D J + T H A T + C LA U SE
T h êm tín h từ v ào, bỏ “ can't, co u ld n 't” lấy từ đ ộ n g từ trờ đi
N ếu ch ủ từ 2 câu khác nhau thì th ê m phần "fo r sb"
N e u tú c từ c â u sau g iố n g chủ từ câu đầu thì bỏ túc từ đ ó đi
=> s + BE + TOO + adj +( FO R SB ) TO INF
T h e w a te r is so h o t th a t I c a n 't d rin k it.
= > T h e w a te r is to o h o t for m e to d rin k
- N ếu đổi nguợc lại từ TO O TO sang s o TH A T thì thường mắc p h ải lỗi q u ên th ê m túc từ v ào và c h ia sai thì.
3 Đ Ồ I T Ừ " T O O T O " S A N G " E N O U G H " Đ e th ư ờ n g có d ạ n g : s + BE + TOO + ADJ + TO INF
- D ù n g tín h từ p h ản n g h ĩa enough.
H e is to o w e a k to run fast.
= > H e isn 't stro n g en o u g h to run fast.
G hi ch ú :T rong tất cả các cấu trú c trên nếu BE là V thì A D V sẽ thav cho A D J
The car w as T O O expensive I couldn't buy it.
-> The car w as T O O expensive FOR M E TO BUY.
-> I didn't have E N O U G H m oney to buy the car.
-> The car w as so expensive TH A T I couldn't buy it.
-> It w as SU C H A N expensive car that I couldn't buy it. v :
I P a y in g atten tion to the g ra m m a tica l stru ctu re, fo r each o f the fo llo w in g se n ten ces, fill in th e b la n k w ith “su ch , so o r too”, as a p p r o p r ia te In som e o f the sen ten ces, th e w o rd th at has been o m itte d
+ I s a w beau tifu l flow ers, I w ish ed I had b ro u g h t m y c am e ra w ith m e.
I saw such b eau tifu l flow ers, I w ish ed I had b ro u g h t m y cam era w ith m e.
+ T h e sun w a s b rig h t th a t w e had to w ear su n g lasses.
T h e sun w as so b rig h t th at w e h ad to w e ar sunglasses.
+ I s a w m an y flo w ers th a t I co u ld not identify them all.
I saw so m an y flo w ers th a t I co u ld not identify them all.
+ By the tim e I received y o u r m essage, it w a s _ late to call you.
By the tim e I received your message, it was too late to call you.
1 She san g y so o th in g lu llab ies that the babv w as soon asleep.
2 He o w n ed The snow was _ J jzq _ deep for us to walk across the field.
I Yesterday I walked _Q[) _ far that I fell asleep immediately
The fair was too ỶVỘ.liU ^ỮX ^ríĩ, hũẤìLíLÍ7_
6 You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words.
=> You speak too h2 L&íĩíịư lift:
7 It is so early that we can’t go out.
=> It is t o o ậư iui ừ> ỹữ &! He bought so m any books that he d id n 't know w here to put them.
+ T rư ớ c a d j/ad v n ếu có too, so, very, quite thì bỏ
+ Nếu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thì không dùng (a/an)
+ N ếu sau "adj" k h ô n g có d an h từ thì lấy d anh từ ở đầu câu vào rồi thể đại từ vào chủ từ
+ He is a very lazy boy N o o ne likes him -> H e is such a lazy boy th a t no o n e likes him
+ T h e co ffee is to o hot I c a n 't d rin k it -> It is such hot coffee that 1 c a n ’t d rin k it.
S au c h ữ “ h o t” k h ô n g có danh từ nên phải đem “c o ffe e " v ào "coffee" khô n g đếm đ ư ợ c nên k h ô n e d ù n g "a/an".
+ Her voice is very soft Everyone likes her.
-> She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her.
When using "much" or "many" before a noun, it is important to replace them with "a lot of." For example, the sentence "He bought many books He didn't know where to put them" can be rewritten as "He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them." This adjustment enhances clarity and coherence in writing.
1 ĐỐI T Ừ SO TH A T SANG SUCH THAT:
Thêm such (a, an) đem tính từ xuống, đem danh từ xuống, từ “th a t” trở đi viết lại hết
=> ĐẠI T Ừ + BE SUCH (A, AN) ADJ + N + THAT CLAUSE Ex:
The book is so interesting that I have read it many times.
=> It is such an interesting book that I have read it many times. Neu danh từ là số ít hoặc không đếm được thỉ không có "a, an"
2 ĐÓI T Ừ SO T H A T SANG T O O T O : Đe có dạng : s + BE + SO + A D J + T H A T + C LA U SE
T h êm tín h từ v ào, bỏ “ can't, co u ld n 't” lấy từ đ ộ n g từ trờ đi
N ếu ch ủ từ 2 câu khác nhau thì th ê m phần "fo r sb"
N e u tú c từ c â u sau g iố n g chủ từ câu đầu thì bỏ túc từ đ ó đi
=> s + BE + TOO + adj +( FO R SB ) TO INF
T h e w a te r is so h o t th a t I c a n 't d rin k it.
= > T h e w a te r is to o h o t for m e to d rin k
- N ếu đổi nguợc lại từ TO O TO sang s o TH A T thì thường mắc p h ải lỗi q u ên th ê m túc từ v ào và c h ia sai thì.
3 Đ Ồ I T Ừ " T O O T O " S A N G " E N O U G H " Đ e th ư ờ n g có d ạ n g : s + BE + TOO + ADJ + TO INF
- D ù n g tín h từ p h ản n g h ĩa enough.
H e is to o w e a k to run fast.
= > H e isn 't stro n g en o u g h to run fast.
G hi ch ú :T rong tất cả các cấu trú c trên nếu BE là V thì A D V sẽ thav cho A D J
The car w as T O O expensive I couldn't buy it.
-> The car w as T O O expensive FOR M E TO BUY.
-> I didn't have E N O U G H m oney to buy the car.
-> The car w as so expensive TH A T I couldn't buy it.
-> It w as SU C H A N expensive car that I couldn't buy it. v :
I P a y in g atten tion to the g ra m m a tica l stru ctu re, fo r each o f the fo llo w in g se n ten ces, fill in th e b la n k w ith “su ch , so o r too”, as a p p r o p r ia te In som e o f the sen ten ces, th e w o rd th at has been o m itte d
+ I s a w beau tifu l flow ers, I w ish ed I had b ro u g h t m y c am e ra w ith m e.
I saw such b eau tifu l flow ers, I w ish ed I had b ro u g h t m y cam era w ith m e.
+ T h e sun w a s b rig h t th a t w e had to w ear su n g lasses.
T h e sun w as so b rig h t th at w e h ad to w e ar sunglasses.
+ I s a w m an y flo w ers th a t I co u ld not identify them all.
I saw so m an y flo w ers th a t I co u ld not identify them all.
+ By the tim e I received y o u r m essage, it w a s _ late to call you.
By the tim e I received your message, it was too late to call you.
1 She san g y so o th in g lu llab ies that the babv w as soon asleep.
2 He o w n ed The snow was _ J jzq _ deep for us to walk across the field.
I Yesterday I walked _Q[) _ far that I fell asleep immediately
The fair was too ỶVỘ.liU ^ỮX ^ríĩ, hũẤìLíLÍ7_
6 You speak so fast that I can’t catch up with your words.
=> You speak too h2 L&íĩíịư lift:
7 It is so early that we can’t go out.
=> It is t o o ậư iui ừ> ỹữ &!