strategies to translate proper names and pronouns in the things they carried by tim obrien and số đỏ dumb luck by vũ trọng phụng

Research object and scope of the research Research object: Strategies to translate names in war novel Scope: The books included for this research includes: e “The things they carried” by

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

©: Vas xen

NGUYEN QUOC KHANH STRATEGIES TO TRANSLATE PROPER NAMES AND PRONOUNS IN

“THE THINGS THEY CARRIED” BY TIM O’BRIEN AND “SO DO” (DUMB

LUCK) BY VU TRONG PHUNG

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ENGLISH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express the sincerest gratitude to my instructor M.A Le Thu Huong for guiding me for guiding me through this long and tremendous task Throughout this research there are many issues that need to be addressed unmediately and I am very grateful of them for the help Secondly I would like to thank my friends and, especially, my family for understanding and supporting me all the way through this project within a very limited timeframe

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

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2.2.3 CharacferIstIcs Of WaT OVGÌL c2 11211211 151111 1111111111111 1118 ty 20 2.2.4 Importance o war nđOVeÌL c 1221112111211 1 1211511181111 511 1511k 22 2.3 Importance of name translafion 1n war noV€ÌL -.c cc cc cv hs: 23 2.3.1 Character developmerif - - 1 221 221121111211 122125 1115111515111 18 ke cớ 23 P2 Tái n5, na 23 2.3.3 Reader enøàeImefi( - c1 12112111211 121121 1111151128111 11kg 24 2.3.4 Significance of name translafion in war nov€Ì ‹ c2 sec cccsccxcsse+ 25 2.4 Pronouns transÏafIOT - 2: 21121 112112111112111 1111111111111 01 1011111011011 8g va 26 2.4.1 Pronouns transÏat1On - ĩc 2L 2211211151111 1 15121111111 101 1180111801111 11 kg 26 2.4.2 Importance oftransÏating pronouns c c2 c2 key 27

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND ANALYSTIS cL 11 1H H1 re 27

3.1 Personal name translation in “The things they carried” by Tim O’Brien 27 3.2 Personal name translation in “Im Westen nichts Neues“ (All quiet on the Western front) by Erich Maria Remarque 0.cccccccccccecc ese cecteecetteecessseeenseeee 30 SEN an 32 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 222 22121121121 1211 12811 1101181111121 xe, 33 4.1 Summary of maJor ÍindInا c - c2 2212212212 E222 225 2112 1e nàn tr 33 4.2 Limitation oÊthe study L0 2012121112111 11151110112 21111122 Huy 34 4.3 Recommendations for further sfud1es c2 3211211121151 1 153111112 x2 34 4.4 Contributions oÊthe study - - c1 1 1211121221111 11121120111 1118111811 rườy 34

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGUR

Table 3.1: Strategy frequency to translate names in "The things they carried” by Tim

Table 3.3: Strategy frequency to translate names in “Im Westen nichts Neues“ by Enich Maria Remarque - - 2 222 1221122131211 1211 1121115111111 811 81 11 1H an eg 30 Table 3-4: Pronoun translations in “Im Westen nichts Neues“ by Erich Maria ]€m4TU€ 0 0222110 12211112211112111112111101111 1011110111110 1 111111 ky g1 5k0 31 Y

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Although war is no longer rampant and is only happening in a few regions, it

is still an important part of overall human history As humans fight, we form everything we have today, from geopolitical landscape to socioeconomics War also has the psychological side, with how horrors of war shaping the world We as the human race are culturally affected by war, with ideological and religious beliefs shift when war happens It is therefore only fair to say war shapes humans, and people should learn about war to get the fullest perspective of the world they live in Per Calloway (2018): “A century after the first scholarship appeared, in the 1980s and 1990s especially, a growing number of scholars began writing in earnest about war and literature, and their efforts have continued into the 21st century” The demand is always massive and people are eager to learn what happened in the past

We read war novel to satisfy our curiousity, as well as to fill ourselves in on what happened in the past Vietnam has a strong literary tradition, and war novel, particularly those related to the Vietnam War, have been an important part of the country’s literature Those novel depicts the world before we were born, and give us appreciation to what precedes us

War novels have it becomes involved with translation Books are translated into dozens of different languages with the aim to give people from outside their own perspective Translating war novel on it’s own is an art and a small part of it 1s significant to Vietnam, which is name translation Vietnam has underwent a major transformation that we called “doi moi” and that transformation affects culture, religion, economy, everything is affected As such, translation of name must also evolve and adapt

Translating name is a well-known and researched topic for linguists, but war novel specifically is not Thus, this study focuses on exploring what factors are involved in translating names in war novel

1.2 Purpose of the research

Here are the basic purposes of this research:

° To determine the best strategy involved in translating proper names in

"The things they carried" by Tim O'Brien and “S6 46” by Vi Trọng Phụng

° To determine the best strategy involved in translating pronouns in

"The things they carried" by Tim O'Brien and “Sé6 46” by Vii Trong Phụng 1.3 Research question

To accomplish the research aims and objectives, the study is to explore the answers to two following research questions:

° What is the best strategy to translate proper names in "The things they carried" by Tim O'Brien and “Số đỏ” by Vũ Trọng Phụng?

° What is the best strategy to translate pronouns in "The things they carried" by Tim O'Brien and “Số đỏ” by Vũ Trọng Phụng?

1.4 Research object and scope of the research

Research object: Strategies to translate names in war novel

Scope: The books included for this research includes:

e “The things they carried” by Tim O’Brien, with the Vietnamese translation of it, “Nhtmg thu ho mang” by Nha Nam publishing house, dated 2011 by translator Tran Tién Cao Dang

® “Số đỏ” by Vũ Trọng Phung, with the English translation of it, “Dumb luck” by Nguyén Nguyét Cam and Peter Zinoman, dated 2002

“The things they carried” takes place in Vietnam, in the Vietnam war The novel is a collection of interconnected short stories that focus on the physical and emotional burdens that the soldiers carry with them during the war, both literally and metaphorically The book delves into the lives of the soldiers in the Alpha Company and offers a glimpse into the psychological and emotional challenges they face while serving in a conflict marked by ambiguity and moral complexity It addresses themes such as the weight of physical possessions, the trauma of war, the loss of innocence, the impact of storytelling, and the blurred lines between truth and fiction

Gathering data: A meticulous process is employed to identify and compile all the character names from each novel, along with their respective translations into Vietnamese Additionally, the research includes the collection of pronoun data, which is acquired through novel-wide searches Due to the sheer volume of pronouns used in the novels, this method provides a holistic understanding of their usage and translation All of this collected data 1s meticulously organized and structured within an Excel spreadsheet, ensuring accuracy and ease of analysis in Chapter 3 of the research This method allows for a thorough examination of the strategies and challenges involved

in translating names and pronouns in the context of war literature

Categorize (for names): After gathering data, the research categorize the names into each individual strategy After that, a comparasion can start to see which is the best translating method for names

Group (for pronouns): The research groups every pronoun into a spreadsheet, and notes down frequentcy, and for “The things they carried”, equivalent pair

of words in English for comparasion

Conclude: Using the data gathered, the research concludes what is the best method for translating names

Chapter 4: Conclusion Presents the summary of the findings

CHAPTER 2: THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Translation

2.1.1 Translation

Translation is defined as the communication of the meaning of a source- language text by means of an equivalent target-language text per Bhatia (1992)

Steiner’s definition of it is more global and philosophical: “All acts of communication are acts of translation” (Stemer, 1975) Based on that, Schulte (2012) added that “Our speech, our preceptions, our ideas, our facial expressions, our movements, and our interpretations are all products of a complex translation dynamic” It is not nessessarily a process between two languages, for example composers translate music sheets into actual music using their intruments, like a piano Translation expands even further, as novel get translated into film, music into visual cues and images to musical sounds Translation, truly, is all around us

W Zhang and X Liu (2016) claims there are four factors that involves in translation The first one, influence of cultural difference on translation variation has been throughly research ever since linguistic is considered a subject of science In fact, earliest mentions of it dated back to 1921, when E Sapir said that language cannot exist without culture and all kinds of practices and beliefs passed down by society, which plays a decisive role in our life Culture has a massive part when it comes to translation because it is everything we live in When humanity moves forward languages change too, so it can be said that culture and language has a strong bond, it evolves together For successful translation a translator must have idea on what they translate, and as such understanding the original language, the culture surrounding it, and the people that speaks it That is only half the job, as they also need to understand the language they translate to, as well as the culture, and those who speak it Then they have to dynamically bridge those two languages together, going through all kinds of restriction of each culture and language There are cases where something normal in a language is inacceptable in another (for example consuming beef in India is considered blasphemous) so they must also navigate those by changing partly or entirely whatever was written on the text, but still keep the core meaning Culture is what keeping the human-made translation human Next we have the influence of ideology on translation variation, of which Zhang and Liu (2016) said “Ideology acts as a constraint on the select of source text The selection of the material to be translated will be the very beginning of the translation activity” Take example Russia and Vietnam back in the days of cold war

As the cold war reigns and the fight between two central power at the time, which are United States of America and Soviet Union, rages on, countries start to take side Some opt for America which consist of mostly European nations while some opt for

Soviet Union, which consist of mostly Asian nations and Western Europe North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, decided to follow the USSR As such, material in Russian are flooding the market and American books are nowhere to be found Such big demand requires professional translator to change from being all-rounder to specific Russian- Vietnamese translator The translation therefore is a combination of Vietnamese actual scenatio and Soviet philosophy, An intertwine between philosophy and literature start to happen and some context is adapted to fit what’s going on in Vietnam From the example we can see that ideaology can change what the translator even translate in the first place, so it is mostly a pre-requisite to the translation project, That’s not all though Ideaology can also change the context of the translation Some languages have pronouns for items, such as French In such cases the gender or an item can be either changedm added or deleted In rare cases they can even change gender to make it nght, A key in Spanish might be very femininem even associated with words like intricate, golden, and flawless but in Germany it is strong, reliable and sturdy, maybe even a bit jagged and ruthless (as in opening the door) Therefore we can see that ideaology contribites a very strong presense in translation First of all it affects whether the person translating will even translate it or not — or another one from another country Then we also figure that ideaology can affect the way you think about things, it might be different from the start language to the target language, Finally, language can change the boundaries of trnaslation between two languages

Next, we have the influence of translator to translations Translator and affect the translation inthree ways First of all is how translator has a literature impact towards the translation Despite translation being a very mundane activity, ad in you only translation what other people have written or said Therefore in order to achieve full understanding the translator must be a great novelist or someone with throughrough knowledge from the books with wide word knowledge like Oxford Dictionary A good translator must be armed with freat knowledge of words and how

to use them too, It is not an exaggeration to say that to be a good translatior you must first be a good novelist, or a good literature producer Interest of the translator also contributes to this factor What does the material aim to achieve? Political? Economics? Basic human rights? All of these requires the translator to think about what they plan to put in the article and where they put in the article Is it a political

post that can generate a lot of views? Put exciting news on top! Maybe it is a bad news that nobody wants to hear but you must announce it anyway Put it in a place that is vert easy to just ignore and focus on other things to buffer up the text Yetm you still have to keep the core value of a translation but still make it comfortable for readers to digest outsider culture in a good manner Finally, the mindset can determine whether a translation is good or bad A proficient translator embodies a versatile mindset that seamlessly integrates adaptability and attention to detail They adeptly navigate linguistic and cultural intricacies, often necessitating creative solutions when direct word-for-word translations fall short This adaptability extends

to their capacity to rephrase or restructure text as necessary while safeguarding the core meaning and intent of the source material Simultaneously, their unwavering attention to detail ensures precision and accuracy throughout the translation process, preventing any oversight that might lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation Furthermore, these translator maintain an open, receptive approach to language's ever-evolving nature and stay attuned to emerging trends and translation techniques This quality enables them to provide translations that not only remain contextually relevant but also remain in sync with the dynamic and contemporary demands of language and communication in a rapidly changing world

Lastly, The influence of the power of patronage on translation variation The influence of the power of patronage significantly affects translation variation by shaping the decisions and priorities of translator Translator, often dependent on patrons or sponsors for their livelihood, may feel compelled to align their translations with the preferences, values, or agendas of those providing support This influence can manifest in multiple ways, including the suppression of controversial content, subtle bias in favor of the patron's views, or adaptation of the translation to suit the patron's intended audience As a result, translation variations emerge based

on the patrons' desires, potentially compromising the orginal message's integrity and leading to translations that are more reflective of the patron's influence than the

source text's true meaning

Zhang and Liu’s research (2016) dives deep into the psychological aspect of translating, but there is also the language aspect associated to it Wong and Shen (1999) declared that phonological, lexical, syntactic, and textual elements can introduce significant interferences First of all phonological factors encompass the

differences in pronunciation, intonation, and phonetic structures between languages These distinctions often make it challenging to find exact phonological equivalents, and the translator must strike a balance between maintaining the original text's sound and adapting it to the target language's phonetics Moreover, the rhythm, thyme schemes, and musical elements in poetry or song lyrics can be particularly troublesome to replicate accurately in translation, leading to potential loss of the artistic and emotional essence of the source text Secondly, lexical factors involve differences in vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and the existence of words or concepts in one language that lack direct counterparts in the other Translator often grapple with finding the most suitable words to convey the source text's meaning while considering synonyms, cultural connotations, and subtle nuances Decisions

on word choice can profoundly affect the translated text's accuracy and effectiveness Thirdly, syntactic factors relate to variations in sentence structure, grammatical rules, and syntactic conventions between languages The order of words, subject-verb agreement, and the use of prepositions can differ significantly, leading to challenges in preserving the source text's intended meaning, tone, and flow in the target language Translator must navigate these syntactic intricacies to ensure the translation is grammatically correct and coherent while staying true to the source text Finally, textual factors encompass cultural references, contextual nuances, and the overall structure of the source text These elements often require adaptations in translation to ensure that the text resonates with the target audience Cultural references may need to be explained or substituted with culturally relevant equivalents, and idiomatic expressions may need to be rephrased to maintain the intended effect Additionally, the choice of an appropriate register and tone, such as formal or informal language, is essential to convey the source text's mood and intent accurately In summary, the translator's ability to address these various factors effectively hinges on a deep understanding of both the source and target languages,

as well as a creative skill set that allows for the nuanced handling of these linguistic and cultural complexities

To recap, there are four factors that affect translation psychologically, which are: influence of cultural difference on translation variation, influence of ideology on translation variation, influence of translator on translation variation and influence of

the power of patronage on translation variation and four that affect translation grammartically, which are phonology, lexica, syntactic and textual

There is also the Skopos theory The Skopos theory, developed by Hans J Vermeer and Katharina Reiss in 1978, is a translation theory that centers on the principle that translation should be guided by its specific purpose or function within

a given context "Skopos”, derived from Greek, means "purpose" or "aim”, and this theory emphasizes that the primary focus of the translation process should be to fulfill the communicative function or goal of the translated text in the target context

It is a function-oriented approach, giving prominence to the function of the translation, which is determined by the intended purpose and the needs of the target audience The Skopos rule asserts that the translation should be faithful to the purpose and function of the target text, sometimes requirmg deviations from the source text to better serve the target context Audience-centered, the theory highlights the importance of considering the needs and expectations of the target audience, taking into account cultural, linguistic, and pragmatic aspects to make the translation more accessible and meaningful It encourages adaptation, including omissions, additions, and cultural adjustments, to ensure that the translation serves its intended purpose effectively The Skopos theory offers a flexible and pragmatic framework for translator to prioritize the communicative goals of the translation, making it particularly valuable when translating in diverse contexts with significant differences between source and target cultures and languages

2.1.2 Name translation

Name translation, or proper noun translation is one of the challenges presented to translator commonly Newmark (1988) said names are usually transferred directly, when nationality is important and the names has no relevant connotations There are however exceptions to this, like famous saints, monarchs, popes or classical figures For example, Cinderella, a classic figure has her name translated to “Lo Lem” in Vietnamese despite the fact that the two names don’t share anything inbetween

Outside of that, Newmark also said that names that have connotations should also be translated Snow White, a famous fictional character with her skin having the description ‘white as snow’ has an obvious connotation, therefore it is translated fully into “Bach Tuyét” which means Snow White The translation process is fully,

and keeps the annotation and the meaning of the name for the character This method

is especially effective against young children, whose vocabulary is limited and therefore needs additional attention to

There are much debates on translation methods Jaleniauskiené and Ciéelyté (2009) reported that there are four common methods which are preservasion, transformation, creation and localization Abdolmaleki also suggested four methods which are (1) keep them unchanged (Newmark dubbed this as “transference”; (2) modify them at the level of spelling and phonology, which Newmark described as naturalization; (3) expand them in order to provide meaningful information in the target culture; and (4) eliminate them if the names cause confusion for the readers in the target culture

Davies (2003) proposes 7 methods instead and scale them on how close they are to the source language The most similar one, preservation occurs when the translator translate the term directly into the text without modification The next one

is addition, which occurs when the translator needs to add more information for clarity purposes In the Vietnamese translation of Snow White, “Bach Tuyét” doesn’t show the fullest elegence of the character, and as such many translator added

“Nang” before “Bach Tuyét” to emphasize elegance, beauty and overall quality of the character Contrary to addition is omission, which is when the translator delete something that is only understandable by the source audience Vietnamese readers are used to old literature, of which every character name has two words or more like Thuy Van or Thuy Kiéu However, westerners don’t like characters with two words for a name so sometimes they will reduce it to Van or Kieu Globalization has the same similarity level as omission and thus are categorized into one single line Globalization is replacing culture-specific references to something that the entire world, or at least the target audience understand For example, “Dia chu” is literally translated to landlord, which definitely doesn’t convey the entire meaning of the word in Vietnamese In Vietnamese the word is usually used to convey bad meaning,

a bad person that is very rich, owns a lot of land and, maybe, a lot of slave as well There are words for good “Dia chu”, which is “Phu tai” but landlord will cover both with a neutral tone because there is either no good word for it in the target language

or simply too complicated to translate fully In the video game Genshin Impact, fictional city-state Lryue, inspired by China, refers to old man with “Uncle” in front

of their name as a way to show respect In the original Chinese version it has multiple words to describe old mans such as % (old man), 5 (great uncle) or #X (uncle) but in the global version everything is translated as “uncle” Completely opposite to globalization is localization, which puts reference into the translation, making something vague into something particular It is more disruptive than globalization but it can bring some familiarity to the audience An example of localization can be seen in the translation of a war novel from English into Vietnamese In the original English text, a character might be referred to by a generic term like "soldier," which lacks specificity However, in the localized Vietnamese version, the translator may choose to use a term like "chiến binh" (warrior), which adds a cultural and historical reference that is more specific and evokes a sense of familiarity for Vietnamese readers This act of localization disrupts the globalized, uniform reference and transforms it into something particular and relevant to the target audience, enriching the reading experience and preserving cultural nuances On the extreme side there is transformation, which Davies call an

“alteration or distortion of the original" A famous internet phenomenon in Vietnam

is to transform the name of characters into Vietnamese name, for example “Phineas and Ferb” is tumed into “Phuong va Phat” despite having nothing similar in meaning Finally, creation is simply making something up that is not there in the original text In most cases it adds a pronoun for the character An illustration of the concept of creation in the context of translation can be found in the adaptation of a war novel from its original language into another Suppose the original text does not specify the gender of a character or uses a gender-neutral term, and the target language necessitates gender-specific pronouns In this case, the translator may engage in the act of creation by introducing a gender-specific pronoun (e.g., "he” or

"she") to the translated version This creative act fills in a gap in the original text and aligns it with the linguistic conventions of the target language, ensuring coherence and clarity for the readers while acknowledging the inherent differences in linguistic structures between the source and target languages

omission

Most studies here all come to conclusion that the translation result has to fit the audience So while there are disagreements on the method names, or how many methods there actually are, ultimately it depends on the audience

With that said, for this research the author decide to use Abdomaleki scale of four methods for evaluation Those methods are transference, naturalization, expand and eliminate

2.1.3 Difficulties of translating names

Translating names is a complex task fraught with several intricate challenges One of the foremost difficulties arises from the rich cultural nuances tied to names They can carry deep historical, social, or familial significance specific to the source culture, making it arduous to find direct counterparts in the target language This entails not just phonetic transference but also a profound understanding of the name's cultural connotations, demanding meticulous care to ensure they are preserved Names frequently possess multiple layers of meaning, rooted in historical events, religious beliefs, or family traditions, complicating the translation process Striking a balance between retaining the original name's significance and rendering

it accessible in a different linguistic and cultural context can be a daunting task Furthermore, the phonetic challenges posed by the unique sounds and structures of various languages make name translation an intricate puzzle Certain sounds may be absent or distinctly pronounced in the target language, and finding an equilibrium between maintaining the name's pronunciation and rendering it authentic in the target language often requires creative adjustments Ambiguity and misinterpretation are perpetual concerns, particularly with short or multifaceted names that may confuse readers in the target language Translator must select names that minimize the risk of such confusion while accurately conveying the intended meaning and context of the original Lastly, names might carry historical or cultural references that are exclusive to the source language, introducing further layers of complexity to the translation process Navigating these intricacies is paramount to ensure that the translated names remain faithful to their original essence and context, resonating authentically with the target audience

2.1.4 Culture translation

2.1.3.1 Culture sensitivity

Cultural sensitivity is paramount in translating names, particularly in the context of war novel Names carry historical, emotional, and cultural connotations that can significantly impact the portrayal of characters and places Failing to consider these nuances in the translation process can result in a loss of cultural authenticity and a disruption of the narrative's integrity Translator must be acutely aware of the cultural sensitivity required when dealing with names, ensuring that they respect the source culture while making the narrative accessible and relatable to

a diverse readership

Names in war novel often reflect the historical and cultural background of the characters For instance, a name can indicate a character's ethnicity, social status, or even their historical role in a particular war Inaccurate or insensitive translations may not only misrepresent these aspects but can also lead to cultural

misappropriation, diminishing the character's identity and potentially perpetuating stereotypes Therefore, cultural sensitivity is essential to maintain the richness and diversity of the source culture within the narrative

Emotional connotations associated with names are another critical aspect of cultural sensitivity In many cultures, names are deeply tied to personal and familial emotions They carry a sense of identity, belonging, and tradition When names are translated without consideration for their emotional significance, it can result in a disconnect between the character and their cultural heritage For example, a character named "Esperanza”, meaning "hope" in Spanish, may lose the emotional resonance if translated to a name with a different meaning The emotional depth of the character is diminished, impacting the reader's engagement with the narrative Translations of names can significantly impact cultural representations within war novel These representations extend to not only individual characters but also entire communities, regions, and historical backgrounds Accurate and culturally sensitive name translations allow the source culture's representation to shine through, contributing to a more authentic portrayal of the war's complexity and the diverse experiences of those involved In war novel, where cultural context and representation are integral, name translations must align with the nuanced cultural

fabric of the narrative to do justice to the historical events and the people who lived through them

2.1.3.2 Linguistic and historical context

Linguistic and historical context plays a pivotal role in the translation of names within war novel Names, whether they belong to characters, locations, or entities, are inherently tied to the linguistic and historical heritage of their respective cultures Translator must carefully navigate these contexts to ensure that the translated names are faithful to the source culture and aligned with the target language and historical backdrop of the novel

The linguistic context of names encompasses the phonological,

morphological, and syntactical features of both the source and target languages In the translation of names, the sound and structure of the name can significantly influence its reception by readers Names should be adapted to fit the phonological characteristics of the target language, ensuring that they are pronounceable and harmonious within the new linguistic context At the same time, maintaining some resemblance to the original sound may be crucial to preserve the source culture's influence on the narrative For instance, if a character's name in the source culture contains unique phonemes that are absent in the target language, the translator must make informed choices to balance phonetic accuracy and reader accessibility The historical context of names within war novel extends to the era in which the story 1s set Names often reflect the historical period, societal norms, and cultural influences of their time When translating names, especially in historical war settings, the translator must be attuned to the historical markers and cultural connotations attached to names For example, names that were prevalent during World War I may differ significantly from those popular during World War II Adapting names to fit the historical context 1s vital for an accurate representation of the time period

Historical context also encompasses the political and social dynamics of the source culture Some names may be associated with historical figures, events, or ideologies that are significant in the source culture's history When translating such names, a deep understanding of the historical and political implications is necessary The translator must consider how the name is perceived in the source culture and