NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICIANS – COMBINING RESEARCH AND PRACTICE pdf

NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICIANS – COMBINING RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Edited by Julio F. P. Peres Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice Edited by Julio F. P. Peres Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Julio F. P. Peres, 2011. First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice, Edited by Julio F. P. Peres p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-450-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Amnestic Disorders 1 Chapter 1 Neuroimaging in Dementia and Other Amnestic Disorders 3 Leonardo Caixeta, Bruno Galafassi Ghini and Julio F. P. Peres, PsyD, PhD. Chapter 2 Degeneration of the Human Nervous System and Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging 15 Lulé Dorothée and Ludolph Albert Christian Chapter 3 Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease with Cognitive Neuroscience Methods 37 Jinglong Wu, Chunlin Li and Jiajia Yang Chapter 4 Staining of Amyloid Beta (Abeta) Using (Immuno) Histochemical Techniques and Abeta42 Specific Peptides 59 Thomas van Groen, Inga Kadish, Aileen Funke and Dieter Willbold Part 2 Sexual Disorders 71 Chapter 5 Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Study of Sexual Stimuli Processing in Paedophilia 73 Juan Antonio Becerra-García Part 3 Systems & Networks 87 Chapter 6 Functional Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Aspects of Basal Ganglia 89 Edward Jacek Gorzelańczyk Chapter 7 Cognitive Integration in the Human Primary Sensory and Motor Areas: An Overview 107 Jozina B. De Graaf and Mireille Bonnard VI Contents Chapter 8 Ciliopathies: Primary Cilia and Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Development 125 Carmen Carrascosa Romero, José Luis Guerrero Solano and Carlos De Cabo De La Vega Chapter 9 Review of Printed and Electronic Stereotactic Atlases of the Human Brain 145 Eduardo Joaquim Lopes Alho, Lea Grinberg, Helmut Heinsen and Erich Talamoni Fonoff Part 4 Procedures & Neuroscience 173 Chapter 10 Intracranial Arterial Collateralization: Relevance in Neuro-Endovascular Procedures 175 Peng R. Chen, Adnan H. Siddiqui and Peng Roc Chen Chapter 11 Haemolytic-Uraemic Syndrome: Neurologic Symptoms, Neuroimaging and Neurocognitive Outcome 203 Ana Roche Martínez, Pilar Póo Argüelles, Marta Maristany Cucurella, Antonio Jiménez Llort, Juan A Camacho and Jaume Campistol Plana Chapter 12 Clinical and Genetic Aspects in Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease 219 Arben Taravari, Marija Milanovska, Igor Petrov, Vera Petrova, Merita Ismajli-Marku, Besim Memedi, Fadil Cana and Fatmir Mexhiti Chapter 13 New Insights for a Better Understanding of the Pusher Behavior: From Clinical to Neuroimaging Features 239 Taiza E.G. Santos-Pontelli, Octavio M. Pontes-Neto and Joao P. Leite Chapter 14 Neurosonological Evaluation of the Acute Stroke Patients 259 Giovanni Malferrari and Marialuisa Zedde Chapter 15 Is There a Place for Clinical Neurophysiology Assessments in Synucleinopathies? 299 M. Onofrj, L. Bonanni, A. Thomas, L. Ricciardi, F. Ciccocioppo, D. Monaco V. Onofrj and F. Anzellotti Chapter 16 How fMRI Technology Contributes to the Advancement of Research in Mental Imagery: A Review 329 Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, Massimiliano Palmiero and Rosalia Di Matteo Contents VII Part 5 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 347 Chapter 17 Stress Shaping Brains: Higher Order DNA/Chromosome Mechanisms Underlying Epigenetic Programming of the Brain Transcriptome 349 George S. Gericke Chapter 18 Abnormal Brain Density in Victims of Rape with PTSD in Mainland China: A Voxel-Based Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study 375 Shuang Ge Sui, Ling Jiang Li, Yan Zhang, Ming Xiang Wu and Mark E. King Chapter 19 PTSD, Neuroimaging and Psychotherapy: A Fruitful Encounter 395 Julio F.P. Peres, PsyD, PhD. Preface Researchers and practitioners successfully joining forces to integrate science with practice while enhancing patient care and treatment. What could be more fascinating than exploring the mind and human behavior? Neuroscience is one of the fastest-evolving areas in healthcare, in particular neuroimaging. There has been an exponential surge in the number of neuroimaging publications addressing common health conditions as researchers increasingly report valuable findings that enable new and effective interventions. Alongside this growing literature, the scope and diversity of research is broadening in terms of both scientific focus and methods. In many cases, clinical practice has been quick to absorb imaging techniques. However, in several countries the prevailing trend among those who support healthcare and science does tend to widen the gap between researchers and clinicians. Practitioners are not usually involved in research, and vice versa, which detracts from the potential for synergy and more efficacious contributions, despite both groups being ultimately complementary and interdependent. Modern neuroimaging offers tremendous opportunities for gaining fresh insights, with key developments that will almost certainly lead directly to clinical applications. Therefore, it was only a matter of time before a new neuroimaging book such as this one would gather the latest clinical and research work for their mutual benefit. Neuroimaging for clinicians sourced 19 chapters from some of the world's top brain- imaging researchers and clinicians to provide a timely review of the state of the art in neuroimaging, covering radiology, neurology, psychiatry, psychology, and geriatrics. Contributors from China, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Macedonia, Poland, Spain, South Africa, and the United States of America have collaborated enthusiastically and efficiently to create this reader-friendly but comprehensive work covering the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and effective treatment of several common health conditions, with many explanatory figures, tables and boxes to enhance legibility and make the book clinically useful. Countless hours have gone into writing these chapters, and our profound appreciation is in order for their consistent advice on the use of neuroimaging in diagnostic work- ups for conditions such as acute stroke, cell biology, ciliopathies, cognitive integration, X Preface dementia and other amnestic disorders, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, mental imagery, sexual disorders, spondylotic myelopathy, Parkinson's disease, and post traumatic stress disorder. All of the latter have been situated within a conceptual framework that highlights relations between the biological, psychological, and environmental levels of analysis. I would also like to apologize to readers who may feel that their particular area of interest has been overlooked, perhaps inevitably so, given the wide range of ongoing work. Finally, Neuroimaging for clinicians is highly recommended for both clinicians and researchers and it is a must-read for specialists in neurology, geriatrics, psychiatry, and psychology, who need a means of integrating neuroscience with their everyday practice of managing patients. We hope this will enable researchers and practitioners to work together and integrate science with practice. For the sake of our patients, we hope this book helps detect and treat illness and life-threatening conditions to provide much-needed relief. Julio F.P. Peres, PsyD, PhD. Radiology Clinic – Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Psychotraumatology Clinic - Hospital Perola Byington, SP, Brazil [...]... adequate for constituting groups of patients in a research perspective, but still out of reach for the practitioner (Celsis, 2000) 4 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice 2 Neuroimaging techniques Functional neuroimaging, broadly defined as techniques that provide measures of brain activity, has further increased our ability to study the neural basis of cognition and behavior... Neurobiol Aging 2009;30:71 7–7 30 Markowitsch HJ Organic and psychogenic retrograde amnesia: two sides of the same coin? Neurocase 2 (1996), pp 35 7–3 71 Markowitsch HJ Functional neuroimaging correlates of functional amnesia Memory 7 (1999), pp 56 1–5 83 Markowitsch HJ Psychogenic amnesia Neuroimage 2003;20 Suppl 1:S132-8 14 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice Matsui M, Imamura... involvement of areas extending the motor system like emotional and sensory processing pathways Overall, the article will highlight the capacity of neuroimaging to shed light onto aetiology and pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in the human central nervous system 16 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice 2 Clinical understanding and differential diagnosis among neurodegenerative diseases... methods derived from neurology, psychiatry, psychology, neurobiology, and neuroinformatics in order to provide a deeper understanding of psychic disease processes (Halligan & David, 2001) 10 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice Modern imaging methods have helped to establish similarities between organic and functional (psychogenic) amnesias with respect to their brain correlates... detecting, for example, taskinduced changes in local brain function (DiSalle et al., 1999; van Geuns et al., 1999) Because 22 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice the BOLD signal, however, derives from the interaction of multiple parameters (e.g perfusion, metabolic turnover of neurons, density of venous vasculature of tissue, medication etc.) and may vary between brain areas and. .. MTL activity in MCI (Johnson et al., 2006; Mandzia et al., 2009) These discrepant findings have been interpreted as reflecting bimodal functional activity 6 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice whereby less impaired MCI subjects show increased BOLD response in the hippocampus corresponding to a slight or moderate neuronal dysfunction, and more impaired MCI subjects demonstrate... cortical and subcortical regions in time and space Neuroimaging in neurodegenerative diseases has extensively increased our understanding of interaction of functional executive decline e.g in movement and cognition and of changes in cortical pattern activity Neuroimaging is a promising candidate for an objective marker for e.g drug efficacy By these means, neuroimaging as a biomarker can improve predictability... recruit ipsilateral areas with increasing complexity of a 24 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice task suggests that ipsilateral involvement may reflect difficulty-dependent compensation and not a pathological pattern of activation per se Accordingly, ALS patients may recruit existing neuronal pathways to compensate for functional loss in primary motor cortex (Schoenfeld et al.,... Electroencephalography (EEG), already developed in the 1920s by Hans Berger, is a technique for directly measuring electrical activity of cortical neurons on the surface of the head, thus providing a high temporal but a very low spatial resolution (Berger, 1929) In 20 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice 1968, the first measurements of the magnetic equivalents of EEG recordings (electrical... as multiple focal areas of hypoperfusion randomly distributed in the cortex, also compromising subcortical structures This particular pattern is never been observed in A.D., but the dual pathology is described as being present in 4 to 10% of patients The differential diagnosis is AIDS dementia complex When 8 Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice cerebrovascular disease is predominantly . NEUROIMAGING FOR CLINICIANS – COMBINING RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Edited by Julio F. P. Peres Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice Edited. adequate for constituting groups of patients in a research perspective, but still out of reach for the practitioner (Celsis, 2000). Neuroimaging for Clinicians – Combining Research and Practice. work. Finally, Neuroimaging for clinicians is highly recommended for both clinicians and researchers and it is a must-read for specialists in neurology, geriatrics, psychiatry, and psychology,