ch 2 2 petroleum exploration methods updated 1

Provide some basic knowledge about petroleum exploration methods, including: Geophysical Exploration Methods, Geophysical Well Log Methods, Subsurface Geology, Geochemistry Methods and D

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Chapter 2.2: Petroleum Exploration Methods

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2.2.1 Geophysical Exploration Methods2.2.2 Geophysical Well Log Methods

2.2.3 Subsurface Geology2.2.4 Geochemistry Methods

2.2.5 Drilling

2.2.6 Introduction to Software in E&P

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1 Provide some basic knowledge about petroleum

exploration methods, including: Geophysical Exploration

Methods, Geophysical Well Log Methods, Subsurface Geology, Geochemistry Methods and Drilling.

2 Introduce system and equipment related to each kind of method

3 Introduce workflow in data acquisition, processing and

interpretation

4 Show noticed software using in petroleum exploration

(e.g: Interactive Petrophysics and Petrel)

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1 Nguyễn Mạnh Thường, Phương pháp tìm kiếm thăm dò và tính trữ lượng

dầu khí, Hà Nội, 2001

2 Hoàng Đình Tiến, Địa chất dầu khí và phương pháp tìm kiếm, thăm dò,

theo dõi mỏ, Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh,

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KEY WORDS

• Petroleum Exploration Methos: Các phương pháp thăm dò dầu khí• Seismic Data Acquisiton: Thu nổ địa chấn

• Seismic Data Processing: Xử lý số liệu địa chấn

• Seismic Data Interpretation: Minh giải tài liệu địa chấn

• Wireline Log Interpretation: Minh giải tài liệu địa vật lý giếng khoan• Geochemistry Method: Phương pháp địa hoá

• Outcrop Data: Tài liệu thực địa• Field Trip: Chuyến thực địa• Satelline Images: Ảnh vệ tinh

• Remote Sensing Data: Dữ liệu viễn thám

• Rock – Eval Pyrolysis Method: phương pháp nhiệt phân Rock – Eval• Gas Chromatography: Phương pháp sắc khí

• Mud Gas Method: phương pháp khí bùn

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• Isopach map: bản đồ đẳng dày• Fault map: bản đồ đứt gãy

• Prospect map: bản đồ phân vùng triển vọng

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KEY WORDS

• In situ rock: đá tại chỗ

• Incised – channels: lòng sông bị đào khoét• Continetal Shelf: thềm lục địa

• Continental Slope: sườn lục địa

• Horizon Interpretation: Minh giải tầng phản xạ• Fault Interpretation: Minh giải đứt gãy

• Lithology Interpretation: minh giải thạch học

• Depositional Environment Interpretation: minh giải môi

trường lắng đọng trầm tích

• Seismic Attribute Analysis: phân tích thuộc tính địa chấn• Reservoir Parameters: các thông số vỉa

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KEY WORDS

• Geologist: nhà địa chất

• Geophysicist: nhà địa vật lý• Drilling Engineer: kỹ sư khoan

• Reservoir Engineer: kĩ sư công nghệ mỏ• Production Engineer: kĩ sư khai thác• Production rate: lưu lượng khai thác• Testing: thử vỉa

• Accumulation of Hydrocarbon: tích tụ hydrocacbon

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KEY WORDS

• Drilling Rig: giàn khoan

• Case: choòng khoan

• Jack-up Rig: giàn tự nâng

• Semi-submersible rig: giàn bán tiềm thuỷ (giàn HD 981, Trung Quốc)

• Exploratory Wells: giếng khoan thăm dò• Production Wells: giếng khoan khai thác

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2.2.1 Geophysical Exploration Methods

 Introduction

Geophysical Exploration

Theory and Related Fields

Data Processing

Applications of methods

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Workflow

Data Acquisition

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Examples for data acquisition

Magnitude Acquisition

Gravity Acquisition

Electricity Acquisition

Source: Doan Ngoc San

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Seismic data in Block 04.3, Nam Con Son basin (NIPI, 2019)

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Seismic Acquisition

Seismic Data Acquisition on Land

1) Seismic Method

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Seismic Data Acquisition in Marine

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Seismic Processing

Seismic data in Nam Con Son basin, NIPI, 2019

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PSDM 2019Các phản xạ rõ ràng hơn

PSDM 2012

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PSDM 2019PSDM 2012

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Seismic Interpretation

Horizon Interpretationx

Nam Con Son basin, EPC, VPI, 2014

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Horizon and Fault Interpretation

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Environment Interpretation

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Sismic Interpretation

Incised – channels are recorded clearly in the SW

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Seimic Attribute Analysis

Carbonate Distribution in Block 04.3, Nam Con Son basin (Pham Bao Ngoc, 2020)

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2) Magnetic Method

of methods used in archaeological geophysics

magnetic field

and map archaelogical artifacts and features

Source: internet

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2) Magnetic Method

A magnetic reading profile across a dyke

Source: internet

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Exploration of fossil fuels (oil and gas)

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3) Gravity Method

rocks within the frist few miles of the earth’s surface.

detecting minute vaiations in the pull of gravity with an accuracy of one part in ten milion.

Theoretical gravity graphs over various buried structural hydrocarbon traps

Source: internet

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3) Gravity Method

Source: internet

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2.2.2 Geophysical Well Log Methods

physical, acoustic and electrical properties of the rocks penetrated by a well

work under contract for the oil companies Advantage:

be measured in a laboratory from either core samples or cuttings

provides a detailed subsurface picture of both gradual and abrupt changes in physical

Source: internet

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Is sophisticated method used routinely in different phases of hydrocarbon exploration, field development and monitoring

logging device is being winched upward through the well

intervals of between 3 and 15 cm and the data

is processed near the well on land, or on the platform in the case of offshore

Data processing

Source: Richard C Selley, 2014

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How is logging viewed by others? 1) The Geologist:

2) The Geophysicist:

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How is logging viewed by others? 3) The Drilling Engineer:

4) The Reservoir Engineer:

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How is logging viewed by others? 5) The Production Engineer:

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2.1 Logging Acquisition System

Offshore Environment

Source: Schlumberger.com

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Source: Schlumberger.com

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Rig up Equipment

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Example of raw well-log data

Results of well-log analysis

Source: Vietnam Oil and Gas Group

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2.2 The application

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2.3 Types of well-logs

Permeability and Lithology Logs

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Gamma Ray Log

Density Log

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Resistivity Logs

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2.4 Well-log Interpretation

a) Determination of

Lithology from Gamma Ray

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Introduction to Oil & Gas Industry

1D E P T H

aM )2T V D S S

aM )3

7N P H I ad e c )

R H O B a g m / c c )

4L i t h o l o g y0 2 8 L I T H a)0 2 8

6L L D ao h m m )0 22 0 0

0 ,5 m m

0 , 2 m m

Source: Pham Bao Ngoc, 2018

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a) Determination of

Lithology from Gamma Ray

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b) Reservoir Parameter Interpretation

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b) Reservoir Parameter Interpretation

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c) Depositional Environment Interpretation

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GK T-1

Kiểu răng cưa

Môi trường châu thổ MB - Cửa sông

(mourth bar) ; PD - sườn châu thổ

Source: Pham Bao Ngoc, 2018

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3.1 Geological Cross-Sections

Stept 1: Well Correlation

from well log data

paleontologist and the geophysicist

2.2.3 Subsurface Geology

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The composite log

presents geological data based on well cuttings

Source: NIPI, VSP

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Source: internet

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Well Correlation in Thien Ung – Mang Cau structure, Block 04-3, Nam Con Son Basin, NIPI

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Stept 2: Constructing Cross-Sections

seismic and well data is used

learning over drawing tables with well logs, tracing paper,

rullers, pencils and erasers.

Nowadays, it is all done by computer with morden software

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Cross-section FF' from the Utikuma field

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Cross-section in Bach Ho field (Trinh Xuan Cuong, 2009)

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Seismic section in Song Hong basin,

VPI, 2012

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Seismic section in Nam Con Son basin (Le Chi Mai, 2013)

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3.2 Subsurface Geological Mapping

Many different types of subsurface geological maps in oil and gas exploration

Structrure contour map:

for reserve calculations

Isopach maps: record the thickness of formation

Fault maps: show fault system in the fields or regions

The net pay map: contours the ratio of gross pay to net pay within a

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Many different types of subsurface geological maps in oil and gas exploration

Sand:shale ratio map: indicate the source of sand and areas where good

reservoirs may be found

Net sand and net pay maps: essential for detailed evaluation of oil and

gas fields

Paleogeographic maps: show depositional environments

Pre-unconformity maps: show where reservoirs are overlain by source

rocks and vice versa

Play/prospect maps: show the probable geographic extent of oil and gas

fields of a particular type

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Fault map in Thien Ung – Mang Cau structure, Nam Con Son basin (Pham Bao Ngoc & Tran Trung Dong 2020)

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Structural map in Thien Ung – Mang Cau structure, Nam Con Son basin (Pham Bao Ngoc & Tran Trung Dong 2020)

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Isopach map in Thien Ung – Mang Cau structure, Nam Con Son basin (Pham Bao Ngoc & Tran Trung Dong 2020)

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2.2.4 Geochemistry Methods

4.1 Mud Gas Method

Used mud gas ratios on Pixler plots (1969) to detect pay zone

section for the zone → probably nonproductive

usually indicative of salt water.

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4.1 Mud Gas Method

Used Haworth mud gas parameters (1985) to detect pay zone

Source: internet

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4.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Method (Phương pháp nhiệt phân Rock-Eval)

absence of oxygen

potenital source rocks

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HI=100x S2/TOC (milligrams HC/gram TOC or mg HC/g TOC)

Oxygen index (represents the amount of CO2 that can be generated relative to the amount of OM in the SR)

OI=100x S3/TOC (milligrams CO2/gram TOC or mg CO2/g TOC)

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4.2 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Method

https://www.slideshare.net/salimH2/use-of-rockeval-pyrolysis

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4.3 Gas Chromatography (Phương pháp sắc kí khí)

the distribution of different compound types found in the bitumen

instead of the coarse separation obtained by the liquid column chromatography described earlier,

separation to resolve more detail about the composition of the bitumen

A schematic of a typical gas

chromatograph used in the analysis of source rock extracts, crude oils, and

natural gases.

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2.2.5 Well Drilling

“You can't find oil if you don't drill wells"

many characteristics of a prospect remain unknown until an exploratory or "wildcat” well is drilled.

Production wells: is drilled with a drilling rig located on the

production platform or with a rig close to platform and production equipment

drilled over 20,000 ft deep into the earth’s surface

over 25,000 ft, with bottom hole temperatures exceeding 400 degree Celcious and pressures approaching 20,000 PSI

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Types of Drill Bits

Source: Ma, T., Chen, P., & Zhao, J (2016, August 30)

Roller cone bits

Fixed cutter bits

Hybrid bits

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Drilling Techniques

Drilling platform aids in adjusting pipe length to

increase/decrease depth of drilling

Drilling string of pipe is suspended from the derrick which is

pulled out of the hole when drilling bits need changing and thereafter reintroduced.

pipe does not split apart when could be costly or result in loss of

the well

drilling tools getting stuck when equipment is off

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Types of Drilling Rig on Marine

Jack-ups: where the water depth is less thang 100m

Semi-Submersibles: in hostile waters too rough for drill ship and

depths over 100m

Drill ships: in calm waters with depth over 100m

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Drill shipTypes of Drilling Rig on Marine

Source: internet

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Land Rigs

Conventional Rigs

Mobile rigs

Types of Drilling Rig in Land

Source: internet

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Units of Oil and Gas Flow Rate and Measurement Units

Oil Flow Rate: bbl/day (barrels/day)

Gas Flow Rate: MMSCFD (Million Standard Cubic Feet/day)

1M = 1000 standard cubic feet

Measurement Units:

Quantities of oil are expressed in barrels:

Gas is expressed in millions of cubic feet:

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2.2.6 Introduction to Software in E&P

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXz_G8kfUiI

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2.2.6 Introduction to Software in E&P

https://www.lr.org/en/ip-well-analysis-software/