En42 dịch Đại cương Đề số 3

EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 1 EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 2 EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 3 EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 1 EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 2 EN42_Dịch đại cương_đề số 3

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY MID -TERM TEST ON BASICS OF TRANSLATION

FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 3) Subject Code: EN42

I Answer the following questions: (40 points)

1 What are the types of equivalents of correlated units?

2 What is the transformational translation?

The structural similarity of ST and TT implies that relationships of equivalence are established between correlated units in the two texts

Some of the SL units have permanent equivalents in TL, that is to say, there is a one-to-one correspondence between such units and their equivalents As

a rule this type of correspondence is found with words of specific character, such

as scientific and technical terms, proper or geographical names and similar words whose meaning is more or less independent of the particular contextual situation

Other SL units may have several equivalents each Such one-to-many correspondence between SL and TL units is characteristic of most regular equivalents The existence of a number of non-permanent (or variable) equivalents to a SL units implies the necessity of selecting one of them in each particular case, taking into account the way the unit is used in ST and the points

of difference between the semantics of its equivalents in TL

Depending on the type of the language units involved regular equivalents can be classified as lexical,phraseological or grammatical

The choice of the equivalent will depend on the relative importance of a particular semantic element in the act of communication

A variety of equivalents may also result from a more detailed description

of the same object in TL The English word “attitude”, for instance, is translated

as depending on the variant the Russian language prefers in a particular situation Here the choice between equivalents is determined by TL factors

Even if a SL unit has a regular equivalent in TL, this equivalent cannot be used in TT whenever the unit is found in ST An equivalent is but a potential

substitute, for the translator’s choice is, to a large extent, dependent on the context in which the SL unit is placed in ST There are two types of context: linguistic and situational The linguistic context is made up by the other SL units

in ST while the situational context includes the temporal, spacial and other circumstances under which ST was produced as well as all facts which the receptor is expected to know so that he could adequately interpret the message

Thus in the following sentences the linguistic context will enable the translator to make a correct choice among the Russian equivalents to the English noun “attitude”:

- (1) I don’t like your attitude to your work.

- (2) There is no sign of any change in the attitudes of the two sides.

- (3) He stood there in a threatening attitude.

The fact that a SL unit has a number of regular equivalents does not necessarily mean that one of them will be used in each particular translation True, in many cases the translator’s skill is well demonstrated in his ability to make a good choice among such equivalents

Transformation theory of translation

The basis of the transformation theory of translation is the activity of an interpreter, which consists in converting or transforming the source text into a translated (output) text The emergence of this theory with the thoughts of linguistic teaching, which many people know as “transformational grammar.” She explores the rules for creating syntactic structures that can be characterized as a set

of lexemes and logical-syntactic links

Any language has its own grammar, which has no analogues and coincidences The value of structures that do not reach during the translation process is compensated by transformation Transformational grammar defines a number of linguistic structures and calls them nuclear, and the remaining

structures, which are called “transforms”, deduce from the number of nuclear or vice versa introduces it More often than not, the nuclear structure reflects the

“action-action” relationship

In translation theory, the principles of transformational grammar are reflected in two directions The whole process of the translation text formation can

be interpreted as the transformation of units and structures of the source text into units and structures of the output text, namely translation occurs as interlingual transformation – this is the first direction Units of the source text are represented

by language structures, from which, in the translation process, the corresponding structure of the output text will be obtained The essence of the translation process

is to select the language units of the output text, which fall into one transformation-translation range with the units of the original This theoretical model makes it possible to see the most probable correspondences or methods of translation The second direction shows a number of periods of the translation process in the definitions of transformation There is a theory that nuclear structures are the same

in all languages and it is possible to combine the entire variety of linguistic forms

of the source and target languages into a relatively small number of structures Based on the assumption that there is a complete equivalence between the source and target languages, the translation at the level of these structures will lead to an elementary replacement of the nuclear language structures of the source material,

to the nuclear structures of the output Even if the language structures of the two languages are not the same, this theory can be applied, because any proposals can

be transformed into similar structures in another language

It is interesting that the transformation theory does not explain the facts of situational equivalence, it is applicable only to the comparison of the grammatical structures of the source and target languages

In order to understand why difficulties arise in the translation process, predetermined by the peculiarities of the language being studied, one must remember and understand what a grammar is Grammar – the external structure of

the language, this formation of words, syntax and morphology, which, together with phonetics and vocabulary, makes up the general structure of the language

A large number of translators and translation agency when working on tests, face the morphological features of the language they are interested in Morphology studies the parts of speech of their category and form of words and is

a section of grammar

All words can be divided into parts of speech, some are independent parts

of speech and can be parts of sentences For example, in English, these parts of speech are distinguished:

1 Noun

2 Adjective

3 Numeral

4 Pronoun

5 Verb

6 Adverb

7 Preposition

8 Conjunction

9 Interjection

Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb and adverb are all independent parts of speech Prepositions and conjunctions are service parts of speech that demonstrate individual relations between members of a sentence or sentences, and they are not included in sentences Prepositions and conjunctions cause some difficulties in the translation Interjections, have no relation either to independent parts of speech, or to the service parts of speech, and differ in their meaning and functions In order to avoid difficulties in translating interjections, it is necessary to resort to the help of thematic directories and dictionaries It must be remembered that different parts of speech in different languages have a huge number of categorical and other features that can cause a considerable number of difficulties

in the translation process

A thorough knowledge and understanding of how to correctly translate a particular part of speech will help an interpreter avoid difficulties in the translation process and perform his work qualitatively The study of morphological features will benefit both a beginner and a professional translator

II Translation practice

1 Translate the following text into Vietnamese (30 points)

There are three persistent criticisms of Drucker’s work The first is that he focused on big organisations rather than small ones The Concept of the Corporation was in many ways a fanfare to big organisations As Drucker said,

“We know today that in modern industrial production, particularly in modern mass production, the small unit is not only inefficient, it cannot produce at all.” The book helped to launch the “big organisation boom” that dominated business thinking for the next 20 years The second criticism is that Drucker’s enthusiasm for management by objectives helped to lead the business down a dead end They prefer to allow ideas, including ideas for long-term strategies, to bubble up from the bottom and middle of the organisations rather than being imposed from on high Thirdly, Drucker is criticised for being a maverick who has increasingly been left behind by the increasing rigour of his chosen field There is no single area of academic management theory that he made his own There is some truth in the first two arguments Drucker never wrote anything as good as The Concept of the Corporation on entrepreneurial start-ups

Có ba lời chỉ trích dai dẳng về công việc của Drucker Đầu tiên là ông tập trung vào các tổ chức lớn hơn là các tổ chức nhỏ Khái niệm về Tổng công ty theo nhiều cách là một sự phô trương đối với các tổ chức lớn Như Drucker đã nói,

“Ngày nay chúng ta biết rằng trong sản xuất công nghiệp hiện đại, đặc biệt là trong sản xuất hàng loạt hiện đại, đơn vị nhỏ không chỉ kém hiệu quả mà còn không thể sản xuất được.” Cuốn sách đã giúp khởi động “sự bùng nổ của các tổ chức lớn” đã

thống trị tư duy kinh doanh trong 20 năm tiếp theo Lời chỉ trích thứ hai là sự nhiệt tình của Drucker đối với việc quản lý theo mục tiêu đã giúp đưa doanh nghiệp đi vào ngõ cụt Họ thích cho phép các ý tưởng, bao gồm cả ý tưởng cho các chiến lược dài hạn, nổi lên từ dưới và giữa của tổ chức hơn là bị áp đặt từ trên cao Thứ

ba, Drucker bị chỉ trích vì là một kẻ lãng du ngày càng bị bỏ lại phía sau bởi sự khắt khe ngày càng tăng của lĩnh vực mà ông đã chọn Không có một lĩnh vực nào trong lý thuyết quản lý học thuật mà ông ấy đã đưa ra cho riêng mình Có một số

sự thật trong hai lập luận đầu tiên Drucker chưa bao giờ viết bất cứ điều gì hay như Khái niệm về Tổng công ty về khởi nghiệp kinh doanh

2 Translate the following text into English (30 points)

Ngoài ra, một số địa phương yêu cầu lái xe đã có giấy nhận diện

QR Code phải có giấy đi đường do địa phương cấp Ông Phùng Đức Tiến - Thứ trưởng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn nêu bức xúc, do nhu cầu giảm, trong khi sản phẩm nông nghiệp tính đặc thù cao, vào thời vụ nếu không kịp thời lưu thông, chế biến sẽ quá lứa, quá thời hạn, chất lượng không đảm bảo Hiện nay, các tuyến quốc lộ, tỉnh lộ cơ bản thuận tiện, tuy nhiên các tuyến đường huyện lộ, đường liên huyện, liên xã, hoặc đường tiếp cận cấp xã, thôn thì "đi lại vô cùng khó khăn" Trong 3 ngày nay, các tỉnh Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, hay như Cần Thơ khi phương tiện đã có giấy nhận diện QR Code, người trên xe có giấy xét nghiệm nhưng vẫn không cho đi vào Ở Cần Thơ, có doanh nghiệp vận tải cung cấp bao bì đóng gói trứng hai ngày nay không đi vào được, dẫn đến thiếu trứng cho thị trường

TP HCM

In addition, some localities require drivers with QR Code identification to have a road permit issued by the locality Mr Phung Duc Tien - Deputy Minister

of Agriculture and Rural Development stated pressingly, due to the decrease in demand, while agricultural products are highly specific, in seasonality, if not timely circulation and processing, they will be too old Out of date, quality is not guaranteed Currently, national highways and provincial roads are basically convenient, but district roads, inter-district and inter-commune roads, or access

roads to communes and villages are "extremely difficult" In the past 3 days, in Nghe An, Ha Tinh, or Can Tho provinces, when the vehicle has a QR Code identification certificate, the person on the vehicle has a test certificate but still does not allow entry In Can Tho, there is a transport business providing egg packaging for two days, leading to a shortage of eggs for the Ho Chi Minh City market