Môn Đất nước học giới thiệu khái quát về điều kiện tự nhiên, dân số, lịch sử, chế độ chính trị, văn hóa giáo dục, kinh tế, khoa học, kỹ thuật, phong tục tập quán, đời sống văn hóa của đất nước Trung Quốc. Thông qua các bài giảng giúp cho người học có kiến thức chung về đất nước, con người Trung Quốc, lịch sử văn hoá xã hội Trung Quốc Cổ đại, Cận đại và Đương đại. Môn học giúp người học có tiền đề để tiến hành tự nghiên cứu độc lập. Phương pháp giảng dạy chủ yếu của học phần này chủ yếu bao gồm thuyết trình, phương pháp làm việc nhóm, phương pháp dạy học tích cực, phương pháp đa giác quan, kết hợp giữa học tập trung tại trường và học trực tuyến. Sau khi học xong môn học, sinh viên có kỹ năng nghiên cứu, kỹ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết, dịch nội dung học phần.
Trang 1WELCOME TO AUSTRALIA
Surface area: 7.69 million sq kms
Population: 26.5 Million
Language: English + about 300 others
Capital city: Canberra
Currency: Australian dollar (AUD)
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General Information
The p lace to g
o !
Trang 2The Dutch first sighted Australia in 1606 before Captain
Cook colonised the land for Great Britain in 1770 The
First Fleet of 11 boats arrived at Botany Bay in 1788 to
establish New South Wales as a penal colony (receiving
convicts until 1848) Convicts were later sent to the
other states, with the exception of South Australia,
which was established as a free colony in 1836.
Over 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia
from Great Britain, the majority to New South Wales
and Tasmania.
1945 – NEW ARRIVALS AND MULTICULTURALISM
History
1788 – FIRST FLEET AND CONVICTS
1901 – FEDERATION
The end of World War II, and then subsequently the Vietnam War, led to an influx of migrants to Australia.
The Snowy Mountains Scheme (1949 – 1974) employed 100,000 people, with 70% being migrants from 30 different nations Steady Asian migration began in the 1970s, and now people from all over the world call Australia home This is reflected in many aspects of Australian life, with Australian society known for its equality and lack of clear class distinctions.
he discovery of gold in Australia (in Bathurst first, then
Ballarat in 1851) kickstarted the economy and created
the idea of Australia as a desirable location The year
1854 saw the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, a rebellion
against taxation that some see as a crucial event in the
evolution of Australia’s democracy This is also the first
period of Chinese immigration, with 50,000 Chinese
arriving and the establishment of many Chinatowns
THE 1850S – GOLD RUSHES
The Commonwealth of Australia was created in 1901 with the Federation of all the states It was agreed that the capital could be in NSW but no closer than 100 kilometres from Sydney This led to the creation of Canberra, with a temporary parliament set up in Melbourne for 27 years.
1915 – WORLD WAR I
In April 1915, the Australian and New Zealand Anzac Corps (ANZACs) took part in the World War I Gallipoli Campaign Despite the defeat, this battle has great relevance in defining the characteristics of Australians.
April 25, the date of the first landing at Gallipoli, is ANZAC Day – the date Australians remember and pay respects for the sacrifice of our Armed Forces, both past and present, in conflicts around the world.
The Dutch first sighted Australia in 1606 before Captain Cook colonised the land for Great Britain in 1770 The First Fleet of 11 boats arrived at Botany Bay in 1788 to establish New South Wales as a penal colony (receiving convicts until 1848) Convicts were later sent to the other states, with the exception of South Australia, which was established as a free colony in 1836 Over 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia from Great Britain, the majority to New South Wales and Tasmania.
Prior to the colonisation of the British, there were between 300,000 and one million First Nations people living in Australia
Trang 3Australia is the biggest island in the world and is
located in south-east Asia, between the Indian
Ocean in west and the Pacific (Coral and Tasman
Seas) in east Tasmania lies 240 km south
Nearest is Indonesia, Papua New Guinea on
north, Solomons, Fiji and New Zealand on east
Its area is about 8,000,000 sq km Australia is an
island continent
Australia consists of six states, two major
mainland territories, and other minor
territories The states are New South Wales,
Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania,
Victoria, and Western Australia The two major
mainland territories are the Northern Territory
and the Australian Capital Territory Western
Australia is the largest state, covering just under
one third of the Australian landmass, followed
by Queensland, South Australia, and New South
Wales
F A U N A / F L O R A
The surface is mostly flat, only 5% is higher than
600 m 2/3 of Australia, mostly in the centre and the west are deserts: Great Victorian Desert, Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert The Great Dividing Range along the eastern coast - The Australian Alps has the highest Australian mountain Mt Kosciusko Cape York Peninsula has jungles The longest river is The Murray River The second largest river is Darling There are 3 big lakes: Lake Eyre, Lake Torrens, Lake Gairdner
The south-east is covered with forests of eucalyptus and other evergreen trees The animals of Australia are special and numerous, such as kanguroo, koala bear, dingo, platypus, Tasmanian devil, wombat
The population of Australia is about 19,000,000 Most people live in urban areas mainly along the south-east coast Deserts and tropical nothern part are practically uninhabited 95% of inhabitants are of British origin, 3% are made by other European ethnic groups and 1,5% are original inhabitants – aborigines
G E O G R A P H Y
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Trang 4A u s t r a l i a t o p o g r a p h i c m a p A u s t r a l i a m o u n t a i n s m a p
A u s t r a l i a r i v e r s m a p
A u s t r a l i a c l i m a t e m a p
The continent of Australia is divided into four general topographic regions: a low, sandy eastern coastal plain;
the eastern highlands, ranging from 300 to more than 2,100 m (1,000–7,000 ft) in altitude and extending from Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland southward
to Tasmania; the central plains, consisting largely of a north-south series of drainage basins, including the Great Artesian Basin, whic`1h underlies about 1,751,480 sq km (676,250 sq mi) of territory as its mentioned in Australia topographic map and is the most extensive area of internal drainage in the world; and the western plateau, covered with great deserts and "bigger plains" (regularly spaced sand ridges and rocky wastes), rising 300 to 600 m (1,000–2,000 ft) high and constituting most of the western half of the continent.
The highest mountains on the Australian mainland are in the Snowy Mountains region in New South Wales and the Victorian Alps which are part of the Great Dividing Range separating the central lowlands from the eastern highlands as its mentioned in Australia mountains map.
The Blue Mountains can be found just a stone throw away from the city of Sydney, making campervan hire Sydney a great option for travel.
The most important river system, and the only one with
a permanent, year-round flow, is formed by the Murray, Darling, and Murrumbidgee rivers in the southeast as its mentioned in Australia rivers map The Murray River, Australia largest, rises in the Australian Alps of New South Wales and flows some 2,600 km (1,600 mi) west and southwest to empty into the sea below Adelaide, South Australia Several other rivers are important, but for the most part they carry great amounts of water in the wet season and are dry for the rest of the year.
The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia as its shown in Australia climate map These factors induce rainfall to vary markedly from year to year Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical predominantly summer rainfall (monsoon) climate The southwest corner
of the country has a Mediterranean climate Much of the southeast (including Tasmania) is temperate.
Trang 5Australia’s experiences a variety of climatic
conditions, primarily due to the vast size of the
continent There are six distinct climate groups;
Equitorial, Tropical, Sub-tropical, Desert, Grassland
and Temperate
Australia's warm, sunny climate and abundance of
open spaces gives the population a love of the
outdoors The people are also passionate about
sports, including swimming, surfing, sailing, tennis,
soccer, cricket, rugby, and their own invention,
Australian rules football
Winter is warm in the north, very mild in the desert areas, but with cold nights, mild in the main cities of the central-south, and cold in the mountains
Although the winter is mild, the center-south, where almost all the main cities are located, can be affected
by cold winds of Antarctic origin, and since some houses have no heating or are poorly insulated, the feeling of cold can be greater than you might expect Summer is hot and muggy in the north and on the east coast, and torrid in the desert areas, while it is milder in the extreme south-east and in Tasmania The average temperature of January, the warmest month, is around 28 °C (82.5 °F) in the tropical north (see Darwin), while it exceeds 30 °C (86 °F) in the central and western desert area In south-central cities (see Brisbane, Sydney, Perth) it is around 24/25
°C (75/77 °F), while in the south, it is around 21.5 °C (70.5 °F) in Canberra, 20 °C (68 °F) in Melbourne and
18 °C (64.5 °F) in Hobart
In summer, the coasts can be affected by heat waves caused by torrid winds blowing from the desert, sometimes accompanied by sand, with temperatures
of 40 °C (104 °F) and more The wind, associated with drought, can cause more or less widespread fires
In the warm season, central and northern Australia, especially the coasts, can be affected by tropical cyclones
GENERAL CLIMATE
SEASONS
Summer: December to February (Average
Temperature: Minimum 16°C and Maximum 26°C)
Autumn: March to May (Average Temperature:
Minimum 11°C and Maximum 20°C)
Winter: June to August (Average Temperature:
Minimum 6°C and Maximum 14°C)
Spring: September to November (Average
Temperature: Minimum 10°C and Maximum
20°C)
In the vast area, generically called "Outback", the climate is arid: it is considered desert where precipitation is between 150 and 250 millimeters (6 and 10 inches) per year (see the area inside the burgundy line) and semi-desert in the area where annual precipitation is between 250 and 400 mm (10 and 16 in) per year (the area within the orange line).In this area, there are no large cities and population density is low
HOT ARID OUTBACK
MEDITERRANEAN SOUTH
In the south-western part of the states of Western Australia and South Australia (see Perth, Adelaide), the climate can be defined as Mediterranean, in fact, the winters are mild and rainy and the summers are hot and sunny However, compared
to the areas located in the Mediterranean Sea, the climate here is more unstable and windy, due to the proximity of both the ocean and the desert
TROPICAL NORTH
SUBTROPICAL EAST COAST
OCEANIC SOUTHEAST
The vast northern area of Australia has a tropical climate, with a dry, sunny season ("the dry", usually from May to October) and a rainy and muggy season ("the wet", usually from November to April)
Annual rainfall exceeds 400 mm (15.5 in), and it's more abundant along the northernmost and the eastern coasts, where it generally ranges from 1,200
to 2,000 mm (47 to 80 in) The tropical rains mainly occur in the form of downpours or thunderstorms
Proceeding towards the south-east, on the east coast, in Queensland (see Mackay, Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, Gold Coast) and New South Wales (see Byron Bay, Port Macquarie, Sydney), the temperature gradually decreases, so the climate is more enjoyable, and can be defined as humid subtropical
This area enjoys warm summers, glorious springs, mild autumns & crisp winters In the southeast there is also a mountainous area, crossed by the Australian Alps, where it can snow in winter
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Trang 6Australia’s population is about 26.5 million, but the
vast majority of these reside along the east coast,
which hosts the capital of Sydney, as well as in
Melbourne and Brisbane Perth on the west coast, as
well as Adelaide to the south, collectively account for
about half the country’s population Australia is the
only country that is an entire continent as well, the
most sparsely populated country in the world 85% of
Australia’s population lives on the coast, leaving nearly
all of the desert interior of the country unoccupied
Australia’s population is getting bigger and older, it has
also become more ethnically and culturally diverse
Australia’s households have become more diverse over
time, with increasing proportions of First Nations and
immigrant households There has been a decline in
families with dependent children but an increase in
couple-only families, especially older couples
POPULATION
LANGUAGE
Australian English is the country’s official language and is the first language of the majority of the population Australian English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, grammar and spelling
There are over 300 languages spoken in Australia English is the dominant language in Australia however Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese, Vietnamese and Italian are the most common second languages spoken–many migrants and their families are bilingual
It is important to note that Australian and British English spelling is the same however the Australian accent and use of creative and colorful slang distinguishes Australian English from British and American English
Because people from about 200 countries around the world have migrated to Australia, there is a vast collection of languages spoken in the country Other languages spoken in Australia include Mandarin, Italian, Arabic, Cantonese, and Greek
COMMUNITIES
Australia prides itself on being home to friendly, vibrant, and multicultural communities With almost a third of the population born overseas and 23%
speaking languages other than English at home, diversity is celebrated in this country When you choose to study in Australia, you become part of a thriving international student community Over half a million students from 192 countries have already made Australia their preferred educational destination
From the moment you arrive, you can expect a warm welcome At every international airport, dedicated student welcome services are available to assist you in navigating your new home Australia’s inclusive nature ensures that you feel accepted, supported, and connected with others who share similar experiences
Australian lifestyle is characterized by an inherent love for the outdoors, a laid-back approach to life, and a vibrant café culture Most major cities in Australia are located along the stunning coastline, providing ample opportunities for people to enjoy the beach, have a swim, or relax in nearby parks A quintessential part of the Australian way of life is indulging in a relaxed brunch, combining breakfast and lunch, on weekends Sports play a vital role in Australian culture, serving as
a means of relaxation and socialization From cricket and Australian Rules football (AFL) to rugby league (NRL), tennis, swimming, surfing, field hockey, basketball, soccer, netball, and cycling, there’s something for everyone to enjoy The diverse landscapes across the country offer numerous opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, exploring national parks, and immersing oneself in nature
Moreover, Australia boasts a thriving arts and culture scene Museums, art galleries, theaters, and entertainment venues can be found in most cities and towns, providing a rich tapestry of artistic expression and cultural experiences
LIFE STYLE
Australia has gained a well-deserved reputation as a safe place to live and study This factor plays a significant role in attracting international students from all corners of the globe Personal and religious freedom is highly regarded, and individuals are encouraged to embrace others’ rights and beliefs, regardless of their background, political choices, or religion
Trang 7Australia’s indigenous population—the Aboriginal and
Indigenous Australians groups are the oldest living
cultural group history in the world extending back at
least 65,000 years—have a profound impact on culture
and visual art Indigenous Australians have a unique
spirituality and belief system They identify themselves
through their land areas, their relationship to others
and their language and stories—which may be
expressed through ceremony, the arts, family, religion,
and sports
Australia is the fourth happiest country on the planet, making its lifestyle one of the most known and envied in terms of carefree living
Australia is, by nature, deeply multicultural The
continent has, in fact, been populated thanks to
immigration over the last two centuries Foreigners to
Australia come from all over the world: one in four
people have no Australian origins
EXPLORING
EXPLORING AUSTRALIAN
AUSTRALIAN CULTURE
RELIGION
ORIGININAL CULTURE
Although Australia is a predominantly Christian country with about 52% of all Australians identifying as Christian, there is no official state religion People in Australia are free to practice any religion they choose,
as long as they are not breaking the law Religions from all over the world are practiced in Australia, demonstrating its cultural diversity Most universities and communities in Australia have facilities and places
of worship for all types of faith, so international students in Australia should contact their international student officer about facilities at their educational institution
The culture of Australia is a Western culture derived
primarily from Britain but also influenced by the
unique geography of the Australian continent, the
diverse input of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and
other Oceania people
The oldest surviving cultural traditions in Australia
(which are actually some of the oldest surviving
traditions on earth) – are those of Australia’s Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander people Their ancestors
inhabited Australia for between 40,000 and 60,000
years and they lived a huntergatherer lifestyle The
boomerang and didgeridoo, which were invented by
Aborigines, are to this day iconic symbols of the
country Australians are generally laid back, open and
direct They say what they mean and are generally
more individual and outgoing than other cultures
More than three quarters of Australians live in cities
and urban centres, mainly along the coast
While Australia has a strong tradition of secular government, religious organisations have played a significant role in public life Christain churches, in particular, have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services
While less than a quarter of Christians attend church weekly, around a quarter of all school students attend church-affiliated schools and the Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays The Roman Catholic Church is by far the largest non-government provider of health and education services in Australia
KEY POINTS ABOUT AUSTRALIAN CULTURE
1 Australians main values support equal rights and equal opportunity
Aussie’s are known for being open-hearted and open- minded and think that everyone has the right to get a fair go
2 Australia’s Indigenous people are the oldest living civilization on earth
Australia is home to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who have inhabited the content for 60,000 years
3 Australians speak a unique strain of English The national language of Australia is English but it might not be English that you have heard before Australian slang can be difficult for foreigners to understand, with many words abbreviated
4 Australians love to drink Enjoying an alcoholic beverage after a day at work, on the weekend, with a friend, with family or for any excuse really, is a big Australian past-time
5 Australians also love to eat You can find everything from burgers to fish and chips, Greek tavernas and outdoor food markets, Chinese, Thai and Japanese take away as well as great Turkish, Mexican and Indian restaurants
6 Lot's of Australians are passionate about sport Some of the most popular sports in Australia include Rugby League, AFL, Tennis, Cricket and Motor Sport Racing
7 Australian beaches are beautiful
Australia is known for its beautiful beaches and with 85%
of Australia living within 50km of the coastline
8 Australia has many museums of historical importance With many of the national museums architecturally designed, this is a nice way to spend your afternoon and weekend, while gaining a better understanding of Australia’s history and achievements
9 Australia has a bubbling art scene Australians are very creative, with our very early settlers writing plays, folk ballads and painting
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Trang 8Salad with Peanut Sauce
Lamington
Australian
Cuisines
Australian cuisine offers a varied range of foods that differ from each other in texture and culinary method
From native bush foods to some inculcating global varieties, you will find an exquisite culmin.ation of the best recipes that are worth tasting
BBQ Snags Palova
Meat Pie
AUS Burger
Tim Tam
Vegemite
Chicken Parmigiana
Barramundi
Anzac Biscuits
Trang 9Find the perfect ski holiday
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