En17 Đất nước học bài 3

Môn Đất nước học giới thiệu khái quát về điều kiện tự nhiên, dân số, lịch sử, chế độ chính trị, văn hóa giáo dục, kinh tế, khoa học, kỹ thuật, phong tục tập quán, đời sống văn hóa của đất nước Trung Quốc. Thông qua các bài giảng giúp cho người học có kiến thức chung về đất nước, con người Trung Quốc, lịch sử văn hoá xã hội Trung Quốc Cổ đại, Cận đại và Đương đại. Môn học giúp người học có tiền đề để tiến hành tự nghiên cứu độc lập. Phương pháp giảng dạy chủ yếu của học phần này chủ yếu bao gồm thuyết trình, phương pháp làm việc nhóm, phương pháp dạy học tích cực, phương pháp đa giác quan, kết hợp giữa học tập trung tại trường và học trực tuyến. Sau khi học xong môn học, sinh viên có kỹ năng nghiên cứu, kỹ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết, dịch nội dung học phần.

United States

The United States ofAmerica is the world'sthird largest countryin size and nearly thethird largest in termsof population.

Đào Công Đức

The mid-Atlantic region includes Delaware, Maryland, NewJersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and the city of Washington, D.C.These industrial areas attracted millions of European immigrants

and gave rise to some of the East Coast's largest cities: NewYork, Baltimore, and Philadelphia.

The South includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, all of which struggledafter the Civil War, which lasted from 1860-1865.

The Midwest is home to the country's agricultural base and iscalled the "nation's breadbasket." The region comprises thestates of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, andWisconsin.

Throughout its history, the UnitedStates has been a nation ofimmigrants The population isdiverse with people from all over

the world seeking refuge and abetter way of life.

The country is divided into sixregions: New England, the mid-Atlantic, the South, the Midwest,

the Southwest, and the West.European settlers came to New

England in search of religiousfreedom These states are

and are home to some of the world's great naturalmarvels, including the Grand Canyon and Carlsbad

The American West, home of rolling plains and thecowboy, is a symbol of the pioneering spirit of theUnited States The West is diverse, ranging fromendless wilderness to barren desert, coral reefs toArctic tundra, Hollywood to Yellowstone The states ofthe West include Alaska, Colorado, California, Hawaii,Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington,

The landscape variesacross the largecountry from tropical

beaches in Florida topeaks in the RockyMountains, from rolling

prairie lands andbarren deserts in the

West to densewilderness areas in the

Northeast andNorthwest.Interspersedthroughout are theGreat Lakes, the Grand

Canyon, the majesticYosemite Valley, andthe mighty Mississippi

The wildlife is asdiverse as the

landscape.Mammals such as

bison onceroamed freelyacross the plains,

but now live onlyin preserves Black

bears, grizzlies,and polar bearsare the largestcarnivores There

are over 20,000flower species and

most came fromEurope There are

more than 400areas which are

protected andmaintained by the

National ParkService, and many

other parks ineach state.

The bald eagle is the national bird and symbolof the United States and is a protected species.

Citizens over the age of 18years old vote to elect the

President and VicePresident of United States

every four years Thepresident lives in the White

House in the capital city ofWashington, D.C.

There are two houses ofCongress: the Senate and

the House of

Representatives There are100 senators, two fromeach of the 50 states andeach serves a six-year term.

There are 435

representatives who mustbe elected every two years.The Supreme Court is madeup of nine justices who arepicked by the president and

must be approved byCongress.

For the first time in the nation's history an AfricanAmerican, Barack Obama, was elected President of theUnited States in 2008 He was reelected for a second term

in 2012.

Advances in the past hundred years have establishedAmerica as a world leader economically, militarily, andtechnologically America has the largest coal reserves in

the world.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

Đào Công Đức

Explorers arrived from Spain in 1565 at St Augustine, Florida, and the Britishlanded in 1587 to establish a colony in Roanoke, in present-day Virginia In1606 another British colony was established in what would become

Jamestown, Virginia From there, the French founded Quebec in 1608, thenthe Dutch started a colony in 1609 in present-day New York Europeans

continued to settle in the New World in ever-increasing numbers throughoutthe next couple of centuries.

For centuries nativepeoples livedacross the vastexpanse that wouldbecome the UnitedStates Starting inthe 16th century,settlers movedfrom Europe to theNew World,establishedcolonies, anddisplaced thesenative peoples.

Đào Công Đức

For example, in 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which granted land west of theMississippi River to Native American tribes who agreed to give up their lands But this broke with other treaties

he had signed with Native American tribes in the Southeast The removal was supposed to be voluntary, butJackson used legal and military action to remove several tribes from their homelands and ended nearly 70

treaties during his presidency.

By the mid-19th century, most Native American tribes had been wiped out or moved to live on much smallerportions of land in the Midwest.

Conflict with theNative Americans

While Native Americansresisted European efforts

to gain land and power,they were oftenoutnumbered and didn’t

have as powerful ofweapons The settlers also

brought diseases that thenative peoples had notfaced before, and theseillnesses sometimes had

horrible effects A 1616epidemic killed anestimated 75 percent ofthe Native Americans in the

New England region ofNorth America.

During this time, fights between the settlers and Native Americanserupted often, particularly as more people claimed land where the

Native Americans lived The U.S government signed nearly 400peace treaties between the mid-18th century and the mid-19th

century to try to show they wanted peace with the Indigenoustribes But the government did not honor most of these treaties, and

even sent military units to forcibly remove Native Americans fromtheir lands.

Đào Công Đức

ruled by Great Britain (now called theUnited Kingdom) The settlers foughtfor—and won—their independence and

formed a union of states based on anew constitution But despite statingthat “all men are created equal” in theDeclaration of Independence, the new

country was home to millions ofenslaved people.

Slavery in the United States

Enslaved Africans were brought to North America by boat as early as 1619 The trans-Atlantic slave trade saw more than 12.5million people kidnapped from Africa and sold at ports throughout the Americas over the next couple of centuries.

By 1860, nearly four million enslaved people lived in the country Most worked in the South, where their free labor allowed thesugar, cotton, and tobacco industries to flourish Enslaved people even built the White House and the U.S Capitol.

When Abraham Lincoln became president in 1861, the nation had been arguing for more than a hundred years about enslavingpeople and each state’s right to allow it Lincoln wanted to end slavery Many people in the northern states agreed with him;

some people in the southern states, however, relied on enslaved people to farm their crops and did not want slavery to end.Eventually, 11 southern states formed the Confederate States of America to oppose the 23 northern states that remained in the

Union The Civil War began on April 12, 1861.

he Civil War was fought between abolitionists, or people who wanted to end slavery, and the pro-slavery Confederacy Enslavedeople weren’t freed until Lincoln delivered his famous Emancipation Proclamation speech in 1863, midway through the war Two

years later, the Civil War ended with a Union victory.

That same year, the passage of the 13th Amendment officially abolished the practice of slavery and ended nearly 250 years ofslavery in the country But it did not end racism Former enslaved people—as well as their descendants—struggled with

discrimination, and African American heroes today are still fighting for equality. Đào Công Đức

After the Civil War, the United States continued to expand westward until 1890, when the U.S governmentdeclared the West fully explored During this time of expansion, the population grew from about five million

people in 1800 to nearly 80 million people in 1900.

The early 1900s were a time of progress in the United States This in part was because of the number ofimmigrants coming to the country looking for opportunity Between 1900 and 1915, 15 million immigrants

arrived in the United States from countries such as Italy, Russia, and Poland The new citizens worked inplaces such as gold mines and garment factories, and helped construct railroads and canals These

immigrants brought new ideas and culture to the young country.

The 20th century was also a time of industrial advancement The development of the automobile and theairplane lead to an increase in factory jobs and marked a shift in more people moving to live and work in big

cities instead of farming in small towns.

But there were tough times, too The United States fought alongside Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy,Romania, and Japan against Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (now the countryof Turkey) in World War I, before the country suffered through what became known as the Great Depression,

a time of economic crisis during the 1930s.

Progress (and Wars) in the 20th Century

Đào Công Đức

In the 1940s, then-president Franklin Delano Roosevelt steered the country out of the Depression before leading the countryduring the Second World War, alongside allies France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union (now Russia), against Germany, Italy,

and Japan.

The United States’ reputation as a progressive country took hold after the two World Wars and the Great Depression The ’50s,’60s, and ’70s were a time of innovation in the nation In 1958, NASA—the National Aeronautics and Space Administration—

started exploring the possibility of space flight By 1969, the agency landed the first human on the moon.

Throughout these three decades, the fight for civil rights in the country continued with Americans of all backgrounds fighting forequal rights for their fellow citizens Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech is perhaps the mostfamous speech associated with the civil rights movement Historic firsts for people of color during these decades include Dalip

Singh Saund becoming the first Asian American elected to the Congress in 1957; Thurgood Marshall becomingthe first AfricanAmerican justice to serve on the Supreme Court in 1967; and Shirley Chisholm becoming the first African American female

elected to Congress in 1968.

The late 1900s saw the U.S government get involved in several wars on different fronts, including the Vietnam War, a warbetween what was then the two separate countries of North and South Vietnam, in which the United States sided with SouthVietnam; the Cold War, a long period of non-violent tensions between the United States and the former Soviet Union, now Russia;

and the Gulf War, a war waged by 30-plus nations lead by the United States against the country of Iraq.

Đào Công Đức

Although the country was still a relatively young nation at the beginning of the 21st century, the United Stateshad established itself as a global power Some people saw this power as a threat.

On September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists who disagreed with the United States’ involvement in world affairs hijackedfour planes Two of the planes were flown into the two 110-story skyscrapers that made up New York City’sWorld Trade Center Another crashed into the Pentagon outside of Washington, D.C The fourth plane went

down in a Pennsylvania field Nearly 3,000 people died that day.

Then-president George W Bush sent troops to Afghanistan after the events of 9/11 He hoped to capture thoseresponsible for the attacks, including al Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden Bush also sent troops to Iraq in

2003, after rumors started that the country was hiding dangerous weapons that the president wanted to findand destroy.

While bin Laden was eventually located and killed in 2011, the United States is still fighting what’s called “thewar on terrorism” today.

An Attack on America

Đào Công Đức

Historic Firsts—Plus, a Pandemic

The 21st century marked more progress for the United States, particularly at itshighest levels of government In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African

American to be elected president of the United States In 2020, Kamala Harrisbecame the first Black and Indian American person and the first woman elected

vice president.

The early 2000s also saw the elections of Donald Trump, the first U.S.

president to be impeached twice, in 2016; and Joe Biden, the oldest person tobe elected president, in 2020 The United States—along with the rest of the

world—also endured the coronavirus pandemic that began in 2020.

Đào Công Đức

Use of high-quality materials andequipment

Attention to detail and commitmentto customer satisfaction

American cuisine consists ofthe cooking style andtraditional dishes prepared

in the United States ofAmerica It has beensignificantly influenced by

Europeans, indigenousNative Americans, Africans,

Latin Americans, Asians,Pacific Islanders, and manyother cultures and traditions.

Principal influences onAmerican cuisine areEuropean, Native American,soul food, regional heritagesincluding Cajun, LouisianaCreole, Pennsylvania Dutch,

Mormon foodways, Texan,Tex-Mex, New Mexican, and

Tlingit, and the cuisines ofimmigrant groups such asChinese American, ItalianAmerican, Greek Americanand Mexican American Thelarge size of America and itslong history of immigrationhave created an especiallydiverse cuisine that varies

by region Foods

Đào Công Đức