Literal translation nn
When a translation is done literally, the target language's grammatical structure closely resembles that of the source language However, vocabulary translations are done separately and without regard to context.
A translation is considered faithful if it attempts to convey the original text's context while adhering to the grammatical rules of the target language The formal grammatical structures of the original are preserved in the translation Additionally,the vocabulary from the original text is kept in the translation.
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
The meaning and aesthetic value of the original are redefined through semantic translation The translation is less formal, more informal, and accepting of the translator's innovations than a faithful translation because it is written in the target language with the intended audience in mind The translation has now been completed, making it simple for the readers to understand.
A communicative translation is one that the translator accurately conveys the context of the original text while producing a translation with acceptable content and a structure that readers of the target language can quickly understand The message translation approach primarily concentrates on the equivalent goal toward the message value of the sentence, in contrast to the semantic translation approach, which seeks to accurately translate the expressive meaning of the sentence The translated language's equivalents for the cultural components that were present in the original language are used Communicative translation focuses primarily on the message value of the sentence When translating informational texts, this technique of translation is frequently employed.
With idiomatic translation, the translator converts commonplace information from the source language into idiomatic information in the target language There are numerous idioms and colloquialisms that are present in the translation but not in the original The translation is accurate, natural-sounding, and close to the reader in the translated language.
Free translation is a translation style in which the translator tries to convey only the key ideas from the source text into the target text while ignoring the specifics of the formal and linguistic constraints in the content Without being constrained by the formalities of the original language, the translator expresses the information freely.This recreates the original message by using many translations of the translated language Lexical meanings are only a starting point for semantic analysis and identifying messages to translate In this translation technique, the message to be conveyed is more important than the semantic content This is a typical translation method for translating informational texts, claimed by Newmark.
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
The most inventive type of translation is adaptation, where the translator only draws on the subject, setting, and characters from the source text to produce his own translation The translated language's culture also borrows some aspects from the culture of the source language The original text has been translated, to put it another way According to Newmark (1988), the translation of plays, songs, movies, and poetry is the main use for this technique The names of songs, plays, and movies are therefore translated from their respective texts rather than being translated themselves.
In summary, semantic translation seeks to preserve as much of the original semantic grammar range as possible in the target language Translation with the goal of making the translation as reader-friendly as the source language is known as message translation These two translation lines' intended audiences also differ. The goal of semantic translation is to produce translations that closely match the original in terms of grammatical structure and semantic content, as well as any cultural connotations that the original language may have The cultural connotations in the message must be translated into the target language with an eye toward how the message will be transmitted and how it will affect the intended audience The adaptation method, in contrast, tends toward the naturalness of the target language, whereas the word-for-word translation method strives to be faithful to the source language.
2.4 Basic steps for translating a sentence or text
The former President of Hanoi University, Mr Nguyen Quoc Hung, claims that there are six main steps that translators must follow when translating a sentence or text:
The translator first reads the entire article in the original language to determine its subject, after which they can sum up the main idea in one sentence or brief paragraph to express it as succinctly as possible In this step, the translator is not required to read each sentence word-by-word or to know the meaning of each term. The "survey the original" phase is currently complete.
- Skim the title to get a sense of the text that needs to be translated.
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
- The first and last paragraphs are particularly crucial; let's grasp the concepts and memorize them.
- Keep a record of your collection.
Step 2: Learn new words and phrases difficult to translate
This group of words and phrases includes technical terms, idioms, and proverbs Thanks to modern dictionaries and the internet, we can now easily look up those terms, but for jargon or extremely specialized terms, we must consult an expert or other resource people for more information.
Step 3: Identify sentence structures/grammatical patterns
The goal of this step is to practice breaking down a sentence into its constituent parts in order to determine the precise meaning of the sentence.
- Write down challenging English sentences or common idioms
- Regularly review this list of challenging sentences and practice
- Base your translation on a few key words in the sentence and take into account the context
- Check this list again to be certain of the meaning For simple searching, you ought to make an excel file.
Step 4: Determine the style of the document
The purpose is to give you the broadest possible picture of the author's argument All translations would likely be deemed to be of high quality if every translation product could be measured with 100% accuracy Being precise, however, is insufficient when using various presentation objects A good translation is one that takes the needs of each client into account.
Answer the following questions in order to fulfill this requirement:
- Is this translated text formal or casual?
- Who is the audience you will present to?
- What are the article's linguistic and expressional nuances?
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
Make sure that each sentence and paragraph is translated accurately in terms of meaning and style The meaning of the text in the original language should not be altered by translation, addition, subtraction, creation, or any other means The reader must comprehend the exact meaning of each sentence after this step.
- Rearrange long sentences and distinct ideas
- Start translating each sentence from the beginning to the end Step 6: Style
Adjust the sentences to the English and Vietnamese (English- Vietnamese translation) speaking styles (Vietnamese-English translation) In the source language's syntax or grammatical structures, words should not be repeated You are free to add a few extra words to ensure a clearer translation since not every concept in the original text needs to be translated.
- Go back and read the entire translation
- Look for the issue in each paragraph
- Translate based on your knowledge of the text and its objectives
- Check for sentence structure errors, omit unnecessary words, and fix them. Step 7: Comment
The author assesses the translation results for truthfulness, correctness, and context-appropriacy.
To get the highest-quality final translated product, all seven of these steps in the translation process must be followed Each of these steps is essential for various reasons, so translators must understand their significance and properly implement them to produce effective and accurate sentences or paragraphs.
2.5 Requirements for translation and translators
According to Jones (2002), translation entails more than just translating words from one language into another Clear communications that make sense in the target language should be linked to translation The intended audience should feel as though the translation was written in the target language from the beginning rather than just
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A being a simple translation Paul (2009) and the European Commission (2009) paid more attention to the accuracy of the content, whereas Jones (2002) focused more on the coherence and cohesion of the translation It is even stated that translated documents should carry the same legal weight as the originals due to their accuracy in content A good translation must be accurate in content and cogent in order for the translated texts to be readable and understandable.
Free translation nn
Free translation is a translation style in which the translator tries to convey only the key ideas from the source text into the target text while ignoring the specifics of the formal and linguistic constraints in the content Without being constrained by the formalities of the original language, the translator expresses the information freely.This recreates the original message by using many translations of the translated language Lexical meanings are only a starting point for semantic analysis and identifying messages to translate In this translation technique, the message to be conveyed is more important than the semantic content This is a typical translation method for translating informational texts, claimed by Newmark.
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
Adaptation 0n Ả
The most inventive type of translation is adaptation, where the translator only draws on the subject, setting, and characters from the source text to produce his own translation The translated language's culture also borrows some aspects from the culture of the source language The original text has been translated, to put it another way According to Newmark (1988), the translation of plays, songs, movies, and poetry is the main use for this technique The names of songs, plays, and movies are therefore translated from their respective texts rather than being translated themselves.
In summary, semantic translation seeks to preserve as much of the original semantic grammar range as possible in the target language Translation with the goal of making the translation as reader-friendly as the source language is known as message translation These two translation lines' intended audiences also differ.The goal of semantic translation is to produce translations that closely match the original in terms of grammatical structure and semantic content, as well as any cultural connotations that the original language may have The cultural connotations in the message must be translated into the target language with an eye toward how the message will be transmitted and how it will affect the intended audience The adaptation method, in contrast, tends toward the naturalness of the target language, whereas the word-for-word translation method strives to be faithful to the source language.
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The former President of Hanoi University, Mr Nguyen Quoc Hung, claims that there are six main steps that translators must follow when translating a sentence or text:
The translator first reads the entire article in the original language to determine its subject, after which they can sum up the main idea in one sentence or brief paragraph to express it as succinctly as possible In this step, the translator is not required to read each sentence word-by-word or to know the meaning of each term. The "survey the original" phase is currently complete.
- Skim the title to get a sense of the text that needs to be translated.
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
- The first and last paragraphs are particularly crucial; let's grasp the concepts and memorize them.
- Keep a record of your collection.
Step 2: Learn new words and phrases difficult to translate
This group of words and phrases includes technical terms, idioms, and proverbs Thanks to modern dictionaries and the internet, we can now easily look up those terms, but for jargon or extremely specialized terms, we must consult an expert or other resource people for more information.
Step 3: Identify sentence structures/grammatical patterns
The goal of this step is to practice breaking down a sentence into its constituent parts in order to determine the precise meaning of the sentence.
- Write down challenging English sentences or common idioms
- Regularly review this list of challenging sentences and practice
- Base your translation on a few key words in the sentence and take into account the context
- Check this list again to be certain of the meaning For simple searching, you ought to make an excel file.
Step 4: Determine the style of the document
The purpose is to give you the broadest possible picture of the author's argument All translations would likely be deemed to be of high quality if every translation product could be measured with 100% accuracy Being precise, however, is insufficient when using various presentation objects A good translation is one that takes the needs of each client into account.
Answer the following questions in order to fulfill this requirement:
- Is this translated text formal or casual?
- Who is the audience you will present to?
- What are the article's linguistic and expressional nuances?
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A
Make sure that each sentence and paragraph is translated accurately in terms of meaning and style The meaning of the text in the original language should not be altered by translation, addition, subtraction, creation, or any other means The reader must comprehend the exact meaning of each sentence after this step.
- Rearrange long sentences and distinct ideas
- Start translating each sentence from the beginning to the end Step 6: Style
Adjust the sentences to the English and Vietnamese (English- Vietnamese translation) speaking styles (Vietnamese-English translation) In the source language's syntax or grammatical structures, words should not be repeated You are free to add a few extra words to ensure a clearer translation since not every concept in the original text needs to be translated.
- Go back and read the entire translation
- Look for the issue in each paragraph
- Translate based on your knowledge of the text and its objectives
- Check for sentence structure errors, omit unnecessary words, and fix them. Step 7: Comment
The author assesses the translation results for truthfulness, correctness, and context-appropriacy.
To get the highest-quality final translated product, all seven of these steps in the translation process must be followed Each of these steps is essential for various reasons, so translators must understand their significance and properly implement them to produce effective and accurate sentences or paragraphs.
2.5 Requirements for translation and translators
According to Jones (2002), translation entails more than just translating words from one language into another Clear communications that make sense in the target language should be linked to translation The intended audience should feel as though the translation was written in the target language from the beginning rather than just
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A being a simple translation Paul (2009) and the European Commission (2009) paid more attention to the accuracy of the content, whereas Jones (2002) focused more on the coherence and cohesion of the translation It is even stated that translated documents should carry the same legal weight as the originals due to their accuracy in content A good translation must be accurate in content and cogent in order for the translated texts to be readable and understandable.
Standards for translators have been established as a result of the qualities of a good translation that were previously mentioned Since translation is a written process, Jones (2002) contends that in order to produce high-caliber translated works, translators must possess excellent writing and editing abilities But having good language abilities is not enough In its extensive research on the qualities of effective translators, the European Commission (2009) debunked some common misconceptions You cannot translate between languages simply because you speak multiple languages, to give you an example The ability to fully comprehend the messages they translate is a skill that good translators should have This is particularly true when translating texts from specialized fields like nursing, engineering, or sociology, where translators must have a thorough understanding of the subject to accurately translate the messages (Jones, 2002) According to Jones (2002), translators are required to do additional research after receiving translation assignments to make sure they comprehend the concepts of the original texts completely Because translation involves language changes and because language and culture are closely related, cultural considerations are also taken into account (Jiang, 2000) It is advisable for translators to become sensitive to cultural differences so they can explain any slang or colloquialisms that might not be translated accurately.
To ensure a high-quality translation, translators should also take advantage of the chance to revise the translated drafts into the finished versions.
Because there are strict requirements for translation quality, becoming a professional translator takes a lot of work and practice By emphasizing the professional preparation that candidates for the field of translation should receive through their training programs, Jones (2002) and Robinson (2007) expanded on this subject A translator might focus on judicial, literary, medical, conference, or escort translation, for example Knowing their specialty can help translators concentrate their time and efforts on learning the language and, more importantly, on developing
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A specialized knowledge in that field Anyone who wants to expand their translation career into various disciplines should increase their efforts to develop a thorough understanding of various disciplines and English language proficiency, including terminology A different factor to take into account is localization, which necessitates that translators fully comprehend the contexts of both the original and the translated work This detailed advice is meant to help translators convey messages that are fully understood by the target audience and that are understandable to that audience The idea of translator ethics needs to be clarified in the training programs mentioned by Robinson (2007) Because they connect speakers of different languages, translators must act ethically to avoid distorting the original texts' intended meaning Robinson (2007) continued by talking about the idea of professional involvement for translators given the importance placed on learning new things and gaining experience In order to share experiences and opportunities for practice, translators should join associations that are related to their line of work.
Given the foregoing, it is evident that learning to translate professionally and producing high-quality translations are challenging and demanding tasks It is important to consider how well-aware of these qualities those undergoing translation training are and how these qualities are reflected in their translation projects.
2.6 Linguistic difficulties in learning Translation
Lexical meaning is defined as extending past textual or contextual meaning. According to Nababan (2008), lexical meaning refers to a word's significance when it is used outside of its usual context The fact that English texts like narrative occasionally contain the idiom is also in line with Kardena's (2020) discovery that lexical issues are one of the causes of some students' translation difficulties. Furthermore, Moentaha (2006) adds that problems with meaning, differential or nondifferential, and semantic fields can also occur.
Additionally, the majority of students experience problems with lexical translation According to Nur Azizah (2015), the students' translation issues are primarily brought on by lexical problems Lexical problems occur during translation because words that refer to the same ideas or objects in two different languages may not be translated into each other's languages The translator will inevitably need to look up words that have the same meaning as the target expression on occasion In light of that, this aspect necessitates much greater care and thought in order to
Bùi Quynh Anh — 11190056 - Business English 61A accurately convey the writer's intended meaning According to Wong and Shen, the most challenging and time-consuming aspect of translation is obtaining an accurate lexical rendering (1999).