evaluation of the efficiency and advanced solutions in solid waste management at nui phao mining company limited

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRYLAI XUAN MINHEVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY AND ADVANCED SOLUTIONS INSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT NUI PHAO MINING COMPANY LIMITED

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

LAI XUAN MINH

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY AND ADVANCED SOLUTIONS INSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT NUI PHAO MINING

COMPANY LIMITED

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major: Environmental Science and ManagementFaculty: Advanced Education Program OfficeBatch: On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Thai Nguyen, 01/11/2021

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and ManagementStudent name Lai Xuan Minh

Thesis Title Evaluation of the efficiency and advanced solutions in solidwaste management at Nui Phao Mining Company LimitedSupervisor (s) Ph.D Nguyen Thanh Hai

This study aims at the effectiveness of solid waste management at Nui PhaoMining Company Limited in Ha Thuong 2 Commune, Dai Tu District, ThaiNguyen Province It was conducted at the Environment Department of theCompany of Nui Phao Mining Company Limited from which to proposeadvanced measures to enhance solid waste management and reduce solid wasteemissions in the Company's daily operations.

Based on the legal basis, the set of laws, the environment department isresponsible for all aspects of the environment at Nui Phao Mining Company Limitedincluding implementing regulations Waste management process, procedures forstoring and transferring waste to the contractor in accordance with rules for collectionand transportation of waste for treatment In addition, to complete data on eachcategory of fecal waste Classified according to the Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Environment regulations, to assess the effectiveness and solutions to improve theprofessionalism in solid waste management at the mining and processing companylimited Mountains, in the face of the current alarming situation of solid wasteemissions in the world and in Vietnam.

Keywords: Solid waste, hazardous waste, efficiency and advanceNumber of pages: 68 pages

Date of

Submission: 01/11/2021

After an internship at the Environment Department of Nui Phao MiningCompany, I applied the knowledge learned in the field and learned much experiencefor myself in the future career path To complete the thesis, I would like to thank theteachers in the Office of Advanced Programs at Thai Nguyen University of Agricultureand Forestry for teaching and imparting knowledge and skills so that a student can bestable and confident Confidence during practice I want to express my gratitude to mysupervisor, Ph.D Nguyen Thanh Hai, for invaluable useful things, commented,commented, encouraged, and participated in the learning process of this graduatethesis I also thank the support of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry,the coordinators, and program managers for their support I am using this opportunityto express my gratitude to my classmates, who have supported me throughout thiscourse, for their aspirational guidance, invaluable criticism brought constructive andfriendly advice I am sincerely grateful to them for their honest sharing on some of theissues related to my thesis I would also like to express my sincerest thanks to Mr TranVan Tuan (Head of the Environment Department), Ms Doan Thi Hoang Yen (Head ofthe Legal Department of the Environment Department), Ms Nguyen Thi Hien and Mr.Nguyen Le Trung (Legal Department of the Environment Department) Environment)and his colleagues in the Environment Department helped create the conditions for meto complete my internship Due to limited knowledge and limited practical experience,my report still has many shortcomings and limitations Therefore, I hope that theteachers in the faculty and colleagues in the training organization will give mecomments to complete the report.

Finally, I would like to wish my teachers good health, happiness and success intheir teaching path.

Thai Nguyen, 1 November 2021st

Lai Xuan Minh

TABLE OF CONTEN

1.3 Research Content of work 6

1.4 Information of Thai Nguyen Province 7

1.5 Profile of Nui Phao Company Limited 8

1.5.1 Information about Nui Phao Company Limited 8

1.5.2 Nui Phao Mining Project 8

1.5.3 Achievements of Company in 2020 9

1.6 Activities 10

CHAPTER II A LITERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 Internation Review 14

2.1.1 Status of Solid waste in the world 14

2.1.2 Status of Solid waste management in the world 15

2.2 National review 17

2.2.1 Status of Solid waste in Vietnam 17

2.2.2 Status of solid waste in Thai Nguyen province 18

2.2.3 Sitiuation of waste management in Vietnam 20

CHAPTER III EVALUATES THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPROVEDSOLUTIONS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT NUI PHAO MINING

3.7.1 Sources of waste generation at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited 25

3.7.2 Classification Solid waste in Nui Phao Mining Company Limited 26

3.7.3 Effectiveness in solid waste management of Nui Phao Mining CompanyLimited 28

3.7.4 Strength and Weakness of the Solid Waste Management in Nui Phao MiningCompany Limited3.7.5 Standard process of waste management in Nui Phao Mining CompanyLimited 40

3.7.6 Standard procedures – monitoring of hazardous and common industrialwaste transfers 43

3.7.7 Advanced solutions in solid waste management at Nui Phao MiningCompany Limited 47

3.8 Research Methods 49

3.8.1 Fieldwork methods 49

3.8.2 Secondary data collection method 49

3.8.3 Methods of synthesis and comparison 50

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSTION AND LESSON LEARNED 50

4.1 Discussion 50

4.1.1 Some solid waste treatment methods in the world 50

4.1.2 Some Solid waste treatment methods in Vietnam 55

4.2 Solid waste treatment solution in Nui Phao Company Limited 60

4.3 Lesson learned 61

CHAPTER V CONCLUSUION 63

REFERENCES 64

APPENDICES 66

Figure 3: Transfer Waste to Contractor for treatment 43

Figure 4: Waste Dumpsite in the South of Nui Phao Company Limited 66

Figure 5: Hazardous waste storage area at the factory of Nui Phao 66

Figure 6: Hazardous waste is contained in a warning yellow container 66

Figure 7: The storage of Cartoon paperboard and coal slag 67

Figure 8: Moving Waste of Nui Phao Company Limited 68

LIST OF THE TABLE

Table 1 Activites at Nui Phao Company Limited 10

Table 2 Statistics of domestic solid waste at Nui Phao Company Limited in 2019 30

Table 3 Statistics of domestic solid waste at Nui Phao Company Limited in 2020 30

Table 4 Waste classification at Nui Phao Company Limited in 2019 34

Table 5 Total of volume industrial solid waste in 2020 35

Table 6 Statistics on the volume of hazardous waste generated (including bothregular and inrrengular) in 2020 37

Table 7 Waste collection, transportation and treament plan 41

Table 8 Waste transfer process 43

Table 9 Waste transfer monitoring process 44

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 Research Rationaly

Following the current strong development of industries and populationexplosion, in that context Vietnam is still a developing country, to transform itselfinto a developed country Vietnam focuses mainly on mining industry foreconomic development Garbage in general and solid waste has been, is and willbe a painful problem in the current situation for people, requiring a lot of specificpolicies, long-term strategic plans to manage waste, control and minimization ofsolid waste.

The environment has become an urgent global issue, posing manychallenges to us in the face of natural fluctuations and the main impacts fromindustrialization and modernization of machinery Vietnam is a developingcountry and is not outside the world's rotation Faced with the urgent problems ofenvironmental pollution in Vietnam, many challenges need to be overcome Toachieve the goals of the Party and State outlined in the process of makingVietnam strive to become an industrialized and modernized country, a developedcountry by 2045, it is accompanied by the mission of protecting environmentalsustainability.

Vietnam is one of the countries with the largest mineral reserves globally;Vietnam is rich in mineral resources with more than 5000 mines of 60 minerals.Some types have important reserves, such as bauxite (672.1 million tons) andapatite (0.778 million tons), which have attracted the government's attention withgreat investment; the mining industry is one of the most important Majorindustries contribute to industrialization and modernization, moving towards adeveloped country with a large GDP contribution to the government budget.According to calculations in 2008-2013, the mining industry's contribution to the

country's GDP Vietnam increased from 9.07% in 2008 to 11.49% in 2013,equivalent to 411,673 billion VND.

This topic comes from the reality and the importance of assessing thecurrent status of environmental management and solid waste management at NuiPhao Mining Company Limited, thereby offering timely solutions to improvemanagement efficiency Environmental management in reliable waste treatmentin Nui Phao Mine and Factory With the consent of the Office of the Faculty ofAdvanced Programs, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, underthe guidance of the teacher: Ph.D Nguyen Thanh Hai, with the topic: "Evaluatingthe effectiveness and proposing measures to improve in the work ofenvironmental management and solid waste management in the area of Nui PhoaMinerals Exploitation Company Limited, Hamlet 2, Hai Thuong Commune, DaiTu District, Thai Nguyen Province.

1.2 Research’s objective

The report sets out the following objectives: for the factory:

- Studying the operational apparatus, existing environmental protectionworks at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited One Member Limited LiabilityCompany.

- Evaluation of solid waste management at Nui Phao Mining One MemberCompany Limited.

- Identification of solid waste in the process of mining and mineralprocessing.

- Identify measures to reduce, treat solid waste and evaluate- effectiveness of the measures.

- Proposing some solid waste management solutions.With personal goals:

- Improve skills in environmental management practices

- Learn the work of the committees such as legal - in research, planning,measures and documents on the environment, monitoring, collection, andsampling necessary to study the urgency of the need for treatment Managementof the discharge process into the environment, recovery board: renovating andrestoring, returning to the earth after open-pit mining.

1.3 Research Content of work

Visiting, monitoring, learning the operating process of the factoryParticipating in the operation and treatment of environmental protection worksRead the literature on pre-mining ecological impact assessment.

Find out the hazardous waste management report of the dangerous wastesource owner.

Collect, process, and analyze hazardous waste management reports ofhazardous waste generators, data on solid waste, and hazardous wastemanagement.

Take photos, record videos, record solid waste treatment processes, andother related environmental protection works.

Transfer all data and data from Vietnamese to English

1.4 Information of Thai Nguyen Province

Thai Nguyen province, a locality located in the northeast of Vietnam, it isone of the largest central cities of the northern midland and mountainous region,with robust development of industrialization and modernization Water has helpedThai Nguyen province to have outstanding products, contributing a significant partof GDP to the country With various characteristics, many types of production,such as fuels, metals, non-metals, and building materials In the process ofexploitation, there are many agents born in surveying, evaluating, exploiting, andoperating the exploitation These jobs can cause and destroy the ecologicalenvironment, environmental land umbrella, water umbrella environmentalumbrella Currently, in Thai Nguyen province, Nui Phao Mining CompanyLimited is a company that applies a lot of the latest high technology, with the mostextensive tungsten production storage in the world (outside the country) China )with the exceptional work of open-pit mining, so the protection and prevention ofenvironmental pollution are urgent issues requiring strict and specific managementmeasures Therefore, ecological companies management, source management, andsolids treatment are some of the Company's problems today.

Thai Nguyen has an area of 3,534 km2 with a population of over 1.27million people, is a province with many ethnic groups living, and is known as themost comprehensive educational center of the country (3rd place) with 21universities Colleges in the province Thai Nguyen is rich in mineral resourcesand a tea-growing center with more than 100,000 tons per year Thai Nguyen tea.Mineral resources of Thai Nguyen province are rich in types, many of which aresignificant in the region and the whole country, such as iron, coal (especially

lignite), tungsten This creates an advantage in mining and metallurgicalindustries, making Thai Nguyen one essential metallurgical industry center.

1.5 Profile of Nui Phao Company Limited

1.5.1 Information about Nui Phao Company Limited

Nuphar Mining Joint Venture Company (Nuiphaovica) was establishedfollowing Investment License 2377/GP dated 03/02/2004 of the Ministry ofPlanning and Investment There are three partners in this joint venture: Tiberon

Minerals Ltd (Canada) and two Vietnamese partners: Thai Nguyen MineralsCompany - a government-owned company - and Thai Nguyen Import-Export andInvestment Company a private company.

The Company has two addresses in Vietnam:- Dai Tu Office

Hamlet 2, Hai Thuong Commune, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province- Hanoi office

29 Xuan Dieu, Tay Ho District, HanoiPresident: Mario Caron

General Manager: Christian Marti

1.5.2 Nui Phao Mining Project

Nui Phao project is an open-pit complex multi-metal mine project of MasanTai Nguyen Company, operated by Nui Phao Mining Company Limited NuiPhao Mining located in Hamlet 2, Hai Thuong Commune Nui Phao located atlatitude 21°39' 10" and longitude 105°37' 20", 20km from Thai Nguyen city,situated on the inter-provincial highway 37 connecting seven provinces, ThaiBinh city, Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Bac Giang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Yen

Learn about sorting plastic waste Factors and hazards that industrial deafness can causeto workers

Noise prevention and safety regulations.

Take a quality test at the end of class to assess your abilityto absorb the lesson.Learn about sorting plastic waste Garbage storage areas and

we need to put the garbage and separate garbage in the right place.

Learn the reporting steps to assess and reduce risk before activities, during activities, and after activities at each job.

The survey, learn about the contents of reports on risk reduction assessments in occupational safety, Take 531-08-

environmental work at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited1/9 –

Visiting factories and mining areas Research and survey the location, project description,operating procedures at the

plant, safety stages, environmental management frameworks, and

recommendations.Briefly learn about the operating apparatus at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited, strategic locations.Receive and read and learn about the

environmental impact assessment report at the 2005 mining, tungsten, fluorite, copper, and gold bismuth project, and the additional 2007 environmental impact assessment report.

Briefly learn about the operating apparatus at Nui Phao mining company, strategic locations.

8/9-Visiting, learning experience from the environmental monitoring department at Nui Cano environment room

Participate in monthly water sampling activities, take domestic water samples from wells of 30 families living around the Nui Phao mine area, and analyze and test the content of domestic well water.

16-Collect data from hazardous waste management reports at Nui Cano

Process, list, compare the figures between the years

company 2018-2019

Create a table showing the similarities and differences as well as the differences with each other.24/9/-

Establish and learn annual waste management standard processesRecord the detailed stages of solid waste collection and treatment

The purposes must have the process, the scope of the process, the regulations, the reference decree

CHAPTER II A LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Internation Review

2.1.1 Status of Solid waste in the world

The increasing volume and complexity of waste associated with the moderneconomy pose severe ecosystems and human health risks In 2016, citiesworldwide generated 2.01 billion tons of solid waste or 0.74 kg per day Everyyear, the waste generation rate is increasing; an estimated 11.2 billion tons ofsolid waste is collected worldwide, and the decomposition of organic solid wastecontributes about 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions Every year, anestimated 11.2 billion tons of solid waste is collected worldwide Of all wastestreams, waste from electrical and electronic equipment containing new andcomplex hazardous substances is the fastest growing challenge in developed anddeveloping countries.

Moreover, annual waste generation suits to increase by 70% from 2016levels; global waste will grow to 3.40 billion tons by 2050, more than double thepopulation growth rate over the same period Overall, there is a positivecorrelation between waste generation and income levels Daily waste per capitain high-income countries is expected to increase by 19% by 2050, compared withlow- and middle-income countries, where an increase of about 40% or more thanexpected Waste generation initially decreases at the lowest income level andthen increases faster for incremental changes in income at the lower-income levelthan at the high-income group The total amount of waste generated in low-income countries is expected to more than triple by 2050 East Asia and thePacific region are developing most of the world's destruction, at 23%, and the

region The Middle East and North Africa regions are the least productive inabsolute terms, at 6% However, the fastest-growing areas are Sub-SaharanAfrica, South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa, whereby in 2050, the totalamount of waste generated is expected to more than triple, double, and doublepair In these regions, more than half of all waste is currently being dischargeddirectly into the environment, and this will have enormous impacts on theenvironment, health, and well-being, thus requiring urgent action.

2.1.2 Status of Solid waste management in the world

a) Sorting and collecting, transporting

The proportion of urban solid waste collected varies with the income levelof countries, whereby the higher the country's income, the higher the rate of solidwaste collection Specifically, the rate of solid waste collection in high-incomecountries and North American countries is close to 100% Low-middle-incomecountries have an average collection rate of about 51%, while only about 39% inlow-income countries In low-middle-income countries, collection rates reach71% in urban areas and 33% in rural areas Collection service coverage in Asia-Pacific countries averages around 77% in urban areas and 45% in rural areas(Silpa K et al., 2018).

b) Cleaning recycle

According to research by UNEP in 2015 and World Bank 2018, the rate ofurban solid waste recycling has increased steadily over the past 30 years in high-income countries, reaching an average of 29% In developing countries, theproportion of urban solid waste recycled is less than 10%, notably about 6% forlow-middle income countries Metal, paper, and plastic recycling are powerfully

deployed, in which China, India are the countries that recycle the most Before2018, China imported 60% aluminum scrap, 70% recycled paper, 56% plasticscrap (UNEP, ISWA, 2015; Silpa K et al., 2018) However, since 2018, Chinahas implemented restrictions on the import of waste for recycling.

An estimated 84% of e-waste globally is recycled, with much of it done indeveloping countries (such as China, India, Vietnam), given that What estimatedthe material value of e-waste worldwide at 48 billion Euros in 2014 (Balde et al.,2015) Wastes in agriculture and livestock are often recycled into energy in theform of biogas Construction waste is recycled at a high rate in developedcountries, reaching 99% in Japan and New Zealand (UNEP, ISWA, 2015).

In general, the recycling industry is well developed in high-incomecountries and underdeveloped in low- and middle-income countries, where theinformal sector mainly carries out recycling China alone has recently madesubstantial strides in the development of the recycling industry, especially inenergy recovery.

c) Solid waste treatment/destroy

On average globally in 2016, 70% of domestic solid waste wastreated/destroyed by landfill method, of which 33% by landfills of all kinds and37% by open-pit dumps; 19% of domestic solid waste is recycled and composted,the remaining 11% is destroyed by incineration High-income countries applysanitary landfill, recycling, and energy recovery incineration with 39%, 29%, and22% solid waste, respectively Low-middle-income governments are buryingabout 84% (66% of which are open-pit, 18% planted) The rate of energy

recovery incineration in upper-middle-income countries has increased rapidly, to10% in 2016 due to the transition in China.

2.1.3 Some solid waste treatment methods in the world

Solidification is typically linked with a similar waste treatment processcalled stabilization While solidification encapsulates a waste to form a solidmaterial or coats the trash with a low permeability cover, stabilization refers tooperations that involve chemical reactions that reduce the leachability of a waste.Some treatment reagents will both solidify and stabilize the contaminant matrix.For example, a treatment reagent such as cement can reduce the mobility of manymetal contaminants by forming insoluble hydroxides, carbonates, and silicates(stabilization) and provide a solid encapsulation matrix to reduce leaching(solidification).

Advantage of Solidification:

Many S/S technologies can handle complex mixtures of different wastes.S/S can effectively handle materials contaminated with certain types oforganic chemicals Treatment of volatile organics with S/S is a dilemma and hasnot been widely used.

Most binding agents are relatively inexpensive.

Several non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) have been processed through S/S.What can achieve fixed treatment endpoints relatively quickly.

S/S can improve the structural properties of soil, waste, and sludge (e.g.,durability) to facilitate the consideration of beneficial soil reuse.

What can apply this technology for topical and field treatment.

Applications include dry or wet conditions, thereby reducing dehydrationand waste management problems.

Simple, readily available equipment and materials are used.

On-site management of contaminated materials helps conserve landfillspace without the need for off-site transportation.

Most S/S techniques require a low level of skill.

Depending on the location, S/S can be more cost-effective than off-siteexcavation and handling.

The Limit of Solidification:

Many S/S techniques do not reduce contaminant toxicity.

Contaminants are not destroyed or removed; Long term management maybe required.

The volume increase that occurs in the treated mass may require treatment.Implementation requires the removal of debris or underground obstructionsbefore disposal.

Given the non-uniform distribution of contaminants in the surface, mixingthe waste on-site and the binder can lead to uneven performance.

S/S of sensitive areas may preclude a more comprehensive recovery in the future.The effectiveness of S/S on certain contaminants (e.g., some organicspecies, such as volatile organics or highly migratory species) may requireadditional measures Addition in testing and design The cement-based S/Sprocess alone is ineffective in handling volatile organics or certain metals (e.g.,chromium(VI)) that do not form highly insoluble hydroxides.

Potential changes in the physical setting (e.g., groundwater runoff, mounds)may need to be assessed.

Uncertainty is associated with predictions of long-term behavior.

Options for post-treatment or modification are limited by the duration offield performance testing and the changing properties of the treated material.

Incineration is a waste treatment method that involves burning the organicmaterials present in the waste The process of incineration and other high-temperature waste management processes is known as "heat treatment."

Advantage of Incineration:

1 Reduce the amount of waste

Incinerators can reduce the amount of waste by 95% and reduce the solidmass of the original waste by 80-85%, depending on the components present inthe solid waste Thus, incineration reduces dependence on landfills.

Therefore, although incinerators do not eliminate landfills, they certainlyreduce the amount of land required This is remarkable for small-sized and land-deprived countries like Japan because landfills take up large amounts of landneeded for other productive purposes.

2 Effective waste management

Incineration plays an essential role in making waste management moreaccessible and more efficient Incineration can burn up to 90% of the total wastegenerated and sometimes even more However, landfills only allow organicdecomposition without making much difference, and non-organic wastecontinues to accumulate.

3 Heat and electricity production

Incineration plants generate energy from waste that can be used to generateelectricity or heat During the 1950s, the cost of fuel increased dramatically.

So many countries have combined the heat and energy generated fromwaste incinerators to produce electricity using steam turbines It can be used topower the needs of people living nearby.

See also Metal recycling: How to recycle metal and its importance

On average, each year, a facility can burn up to 300 million tons of waste,convert it into electricity, and at the same time reduce the load on coal-firedpower plants, which is, of course, a disaster for the environment.

Moreover, Europe and Japan have now integrated furnaces into modernheating systems For example, Sweden generates 8% of its heating needs fromwaste incinerators Furthermore, other cold-weather countries use incinerators toheat their homes and workplaces in areas near factories.

4 Reduce pollution

Research has shown that solid waste incinerators cause less environmentalpollution than landfills A specific study conducted in a 1994 lawsuit in the USfound that waste incinerator locations are more environmentally friendly thanlandfills.

The study found that landfills emit many greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides,dioxins, hydrocarbons, and non-methane organic compounds.

Landfills also leak harmful chemicals into the water below, therebycontaminating groundwater systems.

Difficult of Incineration:

1 It is expensive

Installing an incineration plant is an expensive process In particular, thecost of building infrastructure and operating costs of waste incineration plants arevery high.

In addition, an incineration plant requires trained and dedicated staff tooperate it Incineration plants also require regular maintenance, which adds toalready high operating costs.

2 Environmental pollution

Incinerators produce smoke during combustion The smoke producedincludes acid gases, carcinogenic dioxins, dust particles, heavy metals, andnitrogen oxides These gases are very toxic to the environment Research hasshown that the dioxin produced in the plant is a cancer-forming chemical.

3 Possibility of long-term problems

Incineration discourages recycling and minimizes waste This is not acalculated strategy for any society The focus is on reducing waste and recyclingmost of it.

Burning only the majority of waste without partial recycling will only causedamage to the environment as it can encourage the production of more garbage.

2.1.4 Some Solid waste treatment methods in Vietnam

According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, in Vietnam, about 35,000tons of urban domestic waste and 34,000 tons of rural household waste aredischarged every day The volume of garbage in the capital Hanoi and Ho ChiMinh City is 7,000-8,000 tons of waste per day.

Currently, over 70% of waste in Vietnam is being treated mainly by landfilltechnology, of which 80% are unsanitary landfills, causing harm to theenvironment Only 13% of waste is burned to recover energy.

Landfilling is an outdated technology, consuming land and causing manyharms, creating a fire risk; groundwater pollution; metal emission; drivingdisease to workers and people living around; attracting animals (dogs, birds,rodents, insects).

In addition to the negative impact on the environment, the landfill also facesobjections from people near the waste treatment area; the costs of collection andtransportation are increasing while waste resources are wasted.

According to environmental and power experts, waste incinerationtechnology to generate electricity is increasingly widely applied due to someoutstanding advantages compared to other technologies, such as a 90-95%reduction in energy consumption Volume and volume of waste; can utilize heat;reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to landfill method; Reduce waterpollution, odors.

Waste incineration method in Vietnam Pros and cons of solid wastetreatment by burning (heat) method

Bulk incineration technology: Garbage is fed into an incinerator that movesslowly inside the combustion chamber, with the gas being discharged through aduct that runs through the turbine to produce electricity and then throughcomponents to reduce air pollution To destroy dust and contaminants, eventuallythrough the chimney and into the atmosphere.

Liquid bed combustion involves pre-treatment municipal waste beingplaced in a cylindrical heat-resistant iron barrel, into which a layer of high-levelcompressed air liquefied substance consisting of inert substances such as silicasand is poured: limestone, alumina, and ceramic materials Unlike the heapburning technology, domestic solid waste needs to be pre-treated before beingdivided into batches of the same size and then transferred to the incinerator.

Incineration of solid waste (domestic waste, medical waste, industrial waste.) isalmost the first method people use to treat waste for the following reasons:

- Cost-saving: compared with many other advanced waste treatmentmethods, the incineration of wastes proves to be much more economical,especially the collection and recycling methods are very time consuming andcostly Current incinerators have been improved with new combustiontechnology, allowing trim or almost no combustion fuel; self-igniting garbagetechnology ensures that the temperature is always maintained at a high level,allowing garbage to be loaded Continuously self-igniting.

- Ease of operation: the basic principle of all solid waste incinerationmethods is that there are two waste incinerators and ash dischargers; the rest, theincineration processes are almost automatically operated Humans are onlyexposed during the process of loading garbage and handling ash, so in addition tobeing easy to use, domestic, industrial or hazardous waste incinerators alsominimize human contact with waste during the treatment process Physical.

- Ease of construction and installation: waste incinerators by the solid wasteburning method usually have a simple structure, are easy to construct and installwith many different capacities (serving for large or small waste treatmentneeds).) Besides, the incinerators can be installed right where the waste iscollected with an area not too large, so choosing a place to place the treatmentplant is also relatively easy.

- In addition to solid waste treatment, this is also a method that can handleboth bacteria and infectious germs, one of the dilemmas in waste treatment byincinerators.

- Waste ash can be used to make bricks to build houses or make fertilizer, soit can almost wholly treat waste.

Disadvantages of heat treatment of solid waste

Despite many advantages, however, the method of treating solid waste withheat also has its disadvantages that many incinerators cannot wholly solve:

- Although cheaper than some other waste treatment methods, thermal solidwaste treatment requires high initial investment costs for incinerators andoperating systems The treatment is not economically viable.

- Although many people do not need to operate the incinerator, they must bewell-trained, highly technical, and skilled.

- Depending on the type of incinerator, environmental safety standards,including emission standards, are different Although every incinerator has amechanism to treat exhaust gases, it is still impossible to say that it is possible totreat harmful emissions released into the environment thoroughly.

BIOLOGY METHODS

Since domestic solid waste contains a large proportion of organic components(from 44-50% by weight), it can be used to produce organic fertilizers, providingsuburban areas to improve agricultural land Industry, and thus the application ofbio-composting to organic ingredients would be appropriate.

Treatment of domestic fried waste by the biological composting method: composting can be considered a process of biochemical stabilization of organicsubstances to form humus substances, with production and control in a scientificmanner We are learning, creating the optimal environment for the process.

Bio-Annealing is considered a treatment process The final product is free fromodor, pathogenic microorganisms To achieve the same degree of stability asfermentation, incubation requires a small amount of energy to increase airflow

through the pores During gestation, oxygen will be absorbed hundreds of timesmore than in an aero tank The composting process applies to non-toxic organicmatter Dehydrate it first, then treat it until it becomes porous and moist.Humidity and temperature are constantly checked to keep the material aerobicthroughout the incubation period The process generates its heat by thebiochemical oxidation of the decaying matter The end products of thedecomposition process are CO2, water, and stable organic compounds such aslignin, cellulose, fibers.

Nutrient recovery and soil improvement: Organic matter in domestic solidwaste is often complex, complicated for plants to absorb After incubation, thissubstance turns into inorganic substances such as NO-3, PO43-, suitable for plants.

Drying mud, human excrement, animal manure (contains about 80% water),thus the cost of collection and transportation

Limitations of the annealing process:

The nutrient content in the compost is not satisfactory.

The products of the annealing process depend on climate and weatherfactors Therefore, the properties of the product are unstable The ability toinactivate pathogenic microorganisms is not complete.

The incubation process creates a bad smell, loss of beauty.

Compost is not widely used in agriculture due to its slow yield increase.Cannon mountain solid waste treatment

2.2 National review

2.2.1 Status of Solid waste in Vietnam

In recent years, population growth and socio-economic development haveincreased the demand for goods, raw materials, and energy, leading to a largeamount of domestic solid waste and solid waste—industry in Vietnam.

According to the National Environment Report of the Ministry of NaturalResources and Environment, pollution from garbage continues to be one of thecritical environmental problems Solid waste is generated more and more on anational scale with an increasing rate of about 10% per year and will continue toincrease enormously in the coming time in both quantity and toxic levels TheMinistry of Construction - the central agency directly in charge of themanagement of urban domestic solid waste and rural domestic solid waste,assessed that in 2018, the total amount of household solid waste in the wholecountry was 12 0.8 million tons, of which the urban area (from grade 4 andabove) is 6.9 million tons (about 19 thousand tons/day) According to the data ofthe General Department of Environment, the amount of regular solid wastearising from industrial production activities is estimated at 25 million tons/year,about 8.1 million tons/year from industrial zones alone Due to increasingindustrialization and the increasing use of chemicals, the composition ofindustrial solid waste may change towards an increase in hazardous waste.

Data from the Statistical Yearbook shows that, in 2017, the countrycollected over 37.8 thousand tons of solid waste every day, which treated thetotal amount of ordinary solid waste collected to meet technical standards andregulations The corresponding country reached over 31.6 thousand tons(accounting for 83.6%, up 2.6% compared to 2016); the remaining nearly 6.2thousand tons of solid waste has been collected but has not been treatedaccording to regulations The collection and treatment of solid waste in urbanareas has reached 70-85%; in rural areas, it only comes 40-45% By economicregion, the Southeast and the Red River Delta are the two regions with thehighest volume of treated solid waste (12.8 and 10.7 thousand tons/day,respectively); these are also the two regions that generate large amounts of solidwaste Solid waste is the highest in the economic areas across the country Theabove figures are official statistics on solid waste collected, not to mention thelarge volume of uncollected solid waste discharged along rural roads, seas, rivers,streams, or people voluntarily collect it burn every day

2.2.2 Status of solid waste in Thai Nguyen province

Currently, solid waste in the province has a volume of 720 tons/day, ofwhich domestic solid waste accounts for 82% The rate of collection andtreatment in districts, cities, and towns are also quite different, in Thai NguyenCity and Song Cong Town reaching 70-80%, and in cities only 20-30% Thewhole province has two new solid waste treatment complexes in Song Congtown and Thai Nguyen city In the city Thai Nguyen assigned Urban andEnvironment Company to carry out, bury at Da Mai landfill; In Song Cong town,

it is appointed to the Urban Management Board of the city and treated at SongCong garbage processing plant.

In the districts, waste is being manually buried in temporary landfills,without a specialized unit to collect and treat Currently, the destruction is mainlydone by self-managed sanitation groups formed spontaneously The wholeprovince has about 12 environmental sanitation self-management units in thedistricts, organizing garbage collection in the central area: towns and sometowns Therefore, the situation of domestic waste indiscriminately dumping at thefoot of bridges, streams, roadsides, and public places in the districts is still quitecommon As for medical waste, the collection and treatment hygiene and hygieneonly reached 49% The situation of manually buried waste in district hospitals isstill the main problem.

Regarding industrial waste and hazardous waste: A part of industrial wastehas been classified for recovery, recycling, and treatment, while most of it is stilldumped in the factory's garbage dumps, but most of the waste dumps that are notbuilt, managed in a sanitary manner have polluted the soil and water environmentaround the area, or dumped indiscriminately or used for leveling Constructionwaste has not been collected and managed, partly used for ground leveling, andpartially dumped indiscriminately.

As for hazardous industrial waste, initially collected, classified, andmanaged by waste source owners according to regulations, but not thoroughly,there is still the situation of dumping and selling hazardous waste withoutrestriction Intending to improve the efficiency of solid waste management byplanning regional solid waste management to 2025, Thai Nguyen province

strives to collect and treat 100% of urban daily-life solid waste, including 90%recycled, used, energy recovery, or compost.

2.2.3 Sitiuation of waste management in Vietnam

In Vietnam at present, the rate of domestic solid waste collection in urbanareas is about 85.5%, and in rural areas - about 40-55% in 2018 (TCMT, 2019),higher than the average level of low-income countries Low average in the world.As a low-middle-income country, the recycling rate of domestic solid wastein Vietnam is still low, about 8-12% of urban domestic solid waste Theprocessing of microbial fertilizers and fuel pellets from solid waste has beenimplemented but not yet popular; Currently, about 35 organic fertilizerprocessing facilities have not developed strongly (MONRE, 2017) Informalrecycling activities in craft villages are well developed, such as plastic recyclingin Minh Khai (Hung Yen), lead recycling in Chi Dao (Hung Yen), paper recyclingin Yen Phong (Bac Ninh), recycling of paper and paper products Processing e-waste in Van Mon (Bac Ninh)…, with outdated technology, polluting theenvironment Despite its great potential, the processing and recovery of energyfrom waste has only been initially implemented (such as in Quang Binh, HaNam, Binh Duong, and Hanoi) (Thang N.T et al., 2019).

As a low-middle-income country, the recycling rate of domestic solid wastein Vietnam is still low, about 8-12% of urban domestic solid waste Theprocessing of microbial fertilizers and fuel pellets from solid waste has beenimplemented but not yet popular; Currently, about 35 organic fertilizerprocessing facilities have not developed strongly (MONRE, 2017) Informalrecycling activities in craft villages are well developed, such as plastic recycling

in Minh Khai (Hung Yen), lead recycling in Chi Dao (Hung Yen), paper recyclingin Yen Phong (Bac Ninh), recycling of paper and paper products Processing e-waste in Van Mon (Bac Ninh)…, with outdated technology, polluting theenvironment Despite its great potential, the processing and recovery of energyfrom waste has only been initially implemented (such as in Quang Binh, HaNam, Binh Duong, and Hanoi) (Thang N.T et al., 2019).

Waste management in Vietnam is characterized by relatively limitedcollection, treatment, and disposal of almost all types of waste For differenttypes of waste, management and operation are associated with little monitoringand lack of capital for investment and operation As a result, a large amount ofwaste is not treated or destroyed in a controlled manner Deficiencies in wastemanagement are negatively affecting economic development and sustainablegrowth in Vietnam The environmental and public health consequences are prettysevere, especially in localities with high emission levels and high populationdensity, leading to contaminated groundwater, contaminated water sources, andsoil pollution They are spreading disease and being exposed to severe airpollution from waste incineration.

Including a large volume of uncollected solid waste discharged to the side ofrural roads, seas, rivers, streams, or people voluntarily collect and burn every day.

Waste management in Vietnam is characterized by relatively limitedcollection, treatment, and disposal of almost all types of waste For differenttypes of waste, management and operation are associated with little monitoringand lack of capital for investment and operation As a result, a large amount ofwaste is not treated or destroyed in a controlled manner Deficiencies in waste

management are negatively affecting economic development and sustainablegrowth in Vietnam The environmental and public health consequences aresevere, especially in localities with high emission levels and high populationdensity, leading to contaminated groundwater, contaminated water sources, andsoil pollution They are spreading disease and being exposed to severe airpollution from waste incineration.