Additionally, we are familiar with computer, server, and network device components.Here are the items that I explored in this report:Chapter1: Examine networking principles and their pro
EXAMINE NETWORKIMH PRINCIPLES AND THEIR PROTOCOLS (LO1)
Network topology & communication and Bandwidth requirements (P2)
The network has grown to be a crucial component of living in the 4.0 era It can be seen practically everywhere, including in business, education, and health To be able to solve difficulties in life, we therefore need to be knowledgeable about networks.
Basic components of networking include network structure, protocols, standards, and communication Additionally, we are familiar with computer, server, and network device components.
Here are the items that I explored in this report:
Chapter1: Examine networking principles and their protocols.(LO1)
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards (P1)
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements (P2)
Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems (M1)
Chapter2: Explain networking devices and operations.(LO2)
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types (P3) Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software (P4)
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization (M2)
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CHAPTER 1: EXAMINE NETWORKIMH PRINCIPLES AND
1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards (P1)
A network is a system of interconnected hardware components that facilitate communication and data sharing These components include computers, servers, switches, routers, and other devices Networks can range in size from small local networks in homes or offices to large global networks spanning multiple locations.
The client-server computer network concept consists of the client and server, with the server handling resource storage, service application installation, and client request processing The client is responsible for sending requests, while electronic equipment and computers are clients.
The client-server web model: Master-slave model is a widely implemented computer networking concept, where the server acts as the boss, while the client acts as the slave.
The client/server model: A server/client form allows for efficient communication and processing of requests, enabling server-to-server communication for both simple and sophisticated tasks.
• Network overload can be avoided by client servers.
• When something goes wrong, the client-server system ensures data integrity.
• To function, only the same communication format—not the same platform—must be shared.
• Client-server technology enables the integration of cutting-edge methods like GIS, object-oriented design paradigm, and more.
• Users can access data remotely using the client-server approach, send and receive files easily, and conduct informational searches.
• Regular server upkeep and maintenance are required.
• Client server lacks network data protection due to communication across two geographic locations, exposing network information during data exchange.
P2P is a decentralized network model with parallel computing, distributed storage, and anonymous routing, enabling faster media sharing However, it is susceptible to piracy and software piracy due to its media sharing capabilities.
• The server is not necessary.
• Every computer system has a unique management user.
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• is not difficult to learn and does not require complex technological expertise.
• a P2P network appropriate for use in homes and small businesses.
• The information on the machine cannot perform a centralized backup.
• Allowing simultaneous access by multiple computer devices reduces performance.
• The files are not organized scientifically but are stored on personal computers making it difficult to locate them.
• Securing the network is the job of all users.
• Provides only some basic permissions and no advanced security.
Computers can connect to the network and communicate with one another through any medium The three main types of networks for operating over the area they cover are LAN, MAN, and WAN They have some things in common and things in common with one another The geographic areas they cover, with LAN covering the smallest, MAN covering an area greater than LAN, and WAN covering the largest of all, are one of their main contrasts.
Figure 4 : Network type Other varieties of computer networks include:
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices using wired and wireless methods.Although wired LAN has lost popularity to wireless LAN (WLAN), it remains a reliable and secure alternative WLANs use hardware like routers and access points.
Figure 5 : LAN (Local area network)
• Resource sharing: which is one of the main justifications for building up any network
More files, data, and software can be shared as more devices connect to one another.
To safeguard data, connected devices rely on a secure central repository for network information Access to the network is tightly controlled, requiring authorization for each device to participate Unauthorized users are thus barred from accessing sensitive data, ensuring the privacy and integrity of the network.
• Quick data transmission: Ethernet cables offer quick, dependable data transmission speeds that quicken device-to-device connectivity.
• Effective communication: On the same network, any authorized user can talk to another.
LANs serve various network contexts, including home offices and business networks They efficiently transmit data between devices, allowing information and services to be shared and accessed WLANs use Wi-Fi radio waves to link devices, but not all WLANs use it.
VLANs group network components into separate segments, preventing congestion, improving performance, efficiency, and security by isolating traffic for each segment, simplifying management.
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A MAN is a collection of LANs that are connected together across an entire city, town, or municipality A MAN, like LANs, can connect by a variety of wired or wireless methods, such as fiber optics, Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi, or cellular.
Figure 7 : MAN (Metropolitan area network)
• Municipal coverage: A man has the ability to cover a whole town or city, extending network connectivity by dozens of kilometres.
• Effective networking standards: IEEE 802.11 networking standards are frequently used in MAN configurations to increase bandwidth capacity and frequency levels, which improve network performance.
• High-speed communication: Fiber optic cables, which offer secure and quick data rates, are the most widely used type of MAN connectivity.
A MAN enables network availability in multiple locations, allowing organizations with LANs in the same municipality to extend connectivity Government entities can also configure MANs for public network connectivity, such as free Wi-Fi for city residents.
A wide area network (WAN) is an expansive computer network configuration that connects multiple LANs within the same network, extending globally It allows users to access data, files, and applications from different locations, enabling communication and collaboration.
Figure 8 : WAN (Wide area network)
• Wide coverage: Because networks can link from anywhere in the world, WANs offer more extensive connectivity.
• Better performance: To connect LANs, WANs employ lines with dedicated bandwidth
These connections speed up networks and offer greater data transmission rates than LANs.
• Greater security: Because the network only connects to itself when using dedicated lines, there is a reduced risk of a system being taken over by hackers.
A WAN is crucial for long-distance connectivity, connecting branch offices and businesses, and is used by an estimated two-thirds of the world's population, making it valuable beyond enterprises.
Personal Area Networks (PANs) are designed to connect devices within close proximity, typically within an individual's reach Wireless PANs commonly employ infrared technology or Bluetooth for short-range communication USB is utilized as a wired option for PANs.
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Figure 9 : PAN (Personal area network)
• Portability: The majority of PAN-connected devices are compact and portable.
• Cost-effectiveness: Establishing a connection between two devices in a PAN without the use of extra wiring is typically less expensive than doing so in a wired network.
• Reliability: As long as the devices stay within a 10-meter range of one another, PANs ensure stable connectivity between them.
• Security: PANs link to other devices connected to larger networks rather than larger networks directly Depending on how secure the intermediary device is inside the wider overall network, a device's security in a PAN is dependent.
PANs enable individual users to connect devices within their personal vicinity, such as body area networks and small home networks They could play a crucial role in futurology, optimizing IoT systems in offices and homes.
Campus networks are interconnected, dispersed LANs that extend coverage to buildings in close proximity, while MANs connect LANs within a larger metro area Campus networks range from 1 km to 5 km, while MANs can extend up to 50 km.
5 Tree Topology: Hierarchical topology is a tree structure with interconnected devices, with root nodes connecting intermediate nodes.
6 Hybrid Topology: Hybrid topologies combine multiple topologies, allowing network designers to create unique networks tailored to their specific needs.
2.2 Discuss the Impact of topology
Physical topology refers to the physical arrangement of devices, cables, and network elements, describing their connections and communication channels It determines the data route within the network.
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EXPLAIN NETWORKING DEVICES AND OPERATIONS (LO2)
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types (P3)
Depending on the particular type of device, the operating principles of networking devices can change
Here are some common networking devices' operational principles:
Switches improve network efficiency by limiting routing information, supporting protocols, and securing connections.
A hub is a repeater that boosts signals and connects computer networking devices using protocols It can handle digital and analog data at the OSI layer.
Routers are intelligent devices that transmit packets, store information, and function as firewalls or access control lists, using standard protocols like RIP, BGP, or OSPF.
A firewall manages traffic and guards networks against threats, illegal access, and malicious activity.
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A Layer 1 OSI network device called a repeater regenerates and amplifies signals to increase transmission distance, strengthen weak signals, and guarantee quality travel.
At Layer 3 of the OSI model, a gateway is a network hardware or software element that enables communication between networks with various protocols and architectures.
A web server is a computer or software program that handles requests for web content via HTTP, delivering resources to clients
Here are some key points about web servers:
A file server is a centralized computer or network device that allows for easy collaboration and data management within an organization by storing, managing, and sharing files and data.
Here are some key points about file servers:
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A database server controls and permits access to databases, managing tasks including data archiving, retrieval, and updating while preserving data security, consistency, and integrity for a number of clients
Here are some key points about database servers:
Concurrent Access and Transaction Management
Data Security and Access Control
DNS servers, which are essential to the operation of the internet, convert domain names into IP addresses so that users can access websites by typing in simple-to-remember domain names.
Here are some key points about DNS servers:
DNS Zone Transfers and Updates
By dynamically allocating and renewing IP addresses as devices join or move, DHCP servers simplify IP address administration and configuration by assigning IP addresses and network configuration parameters to devices automatically.
Here are some key points about DHCP servers:
41Performed Student: Bui Tan Sang
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software (P4)
A workstation is a potent, resource-intensive computer used for commercial or professional applications, mainly in industries like engineering, graphic design, video editing, and research.
High-Quality Software and Support
Input, output, processing, and storage devices are just a few of the physical parts that make up a computer system Each of these devices has a particular purpose in the system's operation.
Here are the main types of hardware components found in a computer system:
1 Central Processing Unit (CPU): the central processing unit of a computer, which manages commands, calculations, and system operations.
Figure 55 : Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2 Memory (RAM): RAM serves as temporary storage for active applications by storing data and instructions that can be accessed by the CPU.
3 Storage Devices: Operating systems, software, files, and user data are stored on long-term data storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs, and optical discs.
43Performed Student: Bui Tan Sang
4 Motherboard: The primary circuit board, or motherboard, is where the CPU, memory slots, expansion slots, and other hardware components are located.
5 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Gaming, video editing, and graphic design operations involving graphics processing are rendered, displayed, and offloaded by the GPU.
Figure 59 : Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
6 Input Devices: User engagement with computer systems is made possible through input devices, which also enable commands, data, and control.
7 Output Devices: Such equipment as projectors, speakers, printers, and monitors serve as output devices for computer systems.
8 Networking Devices: In local or wide networks, networking hardware such as
NICs, routers, switches, modems, and wireless access points provide connectivity and communication.
9 Power Supply Unit (PSU): For computer components, the PSU transforms AC power into DC.
45Performed Student: Bui Tan Sang
Figure 61 : Power Supply Unit (PSU)
10 Cooling Systems: Cooling systems dissipate heat from the CPU, GPU, and other hardware components to prevent overheating and maintain ideal operating temperatures.
Software includes operating systems, application software, and utilities It also includes programs, applications, and instructions for a computer system.
System software and application software are the two basic categories under which software may be divided
1 System Software: Key components are included in system software, which also controls programs and handles hardware.
Operating System (OS): Operating system manages hardware resources, user interface, and interaction in popular systems.
Device Drivers: Device drivers enable communication between operating systems and hardware devices.
Firmware: Firmware is software integrated into physical devices, providing instructions and control for hardware parts.
Utility Software: Utility software handles system maintenance, optimization, security, and troubleshooting, including antivirus, disk defragmenters, and backup tools.
2 Application Software: Application software is software designed for specific tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheet management, graphic design, online browsing, video editing, and gaming.
Productivity Suites: Office suites include word processors, spreadsheets, presentations, email clients.
Multimedia Software: Multimedia software includes applications for viewing, editing, playing, and producing multimedia content.
Web Browsers: Web browsers enable users to access webpages, apps, and navigate the internet.
47Performed Student: Bui Tan Sang
Entertainment Software: Entertainment software includes video games, multimedia players, and virtual reality.
Specialized Applications: Software for industry, professions includes financial management, engineering simulation, and CAD.
Mobile Apps: Mobile apps provide various features for smartphones and tablets.
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario
considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization (M2)
• Web server : A web server is a software device that runs websites and delivers content to users, using popular tools like Apache HTTP Server, Nginx, and Microsoft IIS.
• Mail server: Mail servers manage email transmission, reception, storage, authentication, and security using SMTP, POP3, or IMAP protocols, ensuring efficient communication and communication.
• Database server: A database server manages a database system, organizing and saving structured data for querying, transacting, retrieval, modification, and security operations.
• DNS server: DNS server converts domain names into IP addresses, enabling users to browse websites using simple domain names.
• DHCP server: DHCP servers automatically assign IP addresses and parameters to devices, streamlining administration and minimizing human configuration work for uniform network configurations.
• Chassis Dell PowerEdge T150 - 300W Power Supply
• 1 x Intel® Xeon® E-2324G Processor (8M Cache, 3.10 GHz) TM-T150
• 1 x Dell PC4-25600 DDR4 Memory 8GB DDR4 1RX8 3200MHz ECC Unbuffered DIMM
• 1 x Dell Enterprise 2TB 3.5inch SATA 6Gb/s HDD Hard Drive 7200 RPM
• DVD+/-RW Slim 8X 9.5mm Internal Drive
After finishing this study, I was able to define computer networks, identify the many types of networks and their benefits and drawbacks, and comprehend network standards, protocols, topologies, and bandwidth Additionally, I am more familiar with network devices and their components, as well as their benefits and drawbacks, which will help me make decisions in the future.
49Performed Student: Bui Tan Sang