Trong hau het cacgiao trinh chuan muc, tieii bp cong nghe khongngimg va tang trudng kinh te lien tuc dupe xem ladieu duong nhien, trong khi day lai la nhung muctieu uu tien o hau het cac
Trang 1MICHAEL P TODARO
Trang 2EEnnnEa tt® Ea®<®
Trang 3Michael P Todaro
for development
Third edition
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Trang 4MICHAEL TODARO
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Trang 5KINH TE HOC CHO THE GIOl THlJ BA
Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban:
Giam doc PHAM VAN AN
Tong bien tap NGUY&N NHU Y
Dich tir tieng Anh:
TRAN DOAN KIM
nguy£n quang duc
DANG NHU VAN
nguy £ n LAM HOE
Sua ban in:
TRAN THI THANH VAN
Cheban THAI HA
33(T)
Trang 6Muc luc
Danh mite cac hinh 13
Danli nine cdc bang 15
I.bi lira i ho Ian xudt ban clan lien 18
Tom lai nhdng khdi niem co ban va nhilng co
so ly ludn 21
Lbi ndi dan: Tfnh chat, muc dfch va ket cau
ciia giao trinh moi nay 23
Phan Mol: Nhirng nguyen Ide va khai niem
Chitong 1: Kinh le hoc: ti'nh chai va lam quan
Irong ciia nd doi vdi cac nude dang phal
Irien 33
Gioi ihieit: Ngheo doi va sir phong Itru trong
mot the gioi phu thuoc Ian nhau Noi dung
ciia kinh te hoc truyen thong: quy mo va
nhung han che ciia nd Y nghia vii tarn quan
trong ciia kinh te hoc "The gioi Thu ba" Tai
sao lai nghien cuu kinh le hoc? Vai tro quan
trong ciia nhirng gia tri trong kinh te hoc
Tom tai va ket ludn Nhdng khdi niem de
nghien edit Cau hoi dethdo I nan Doc them.
Chan dung mol nen kinh te dang phat tridn:
Braxin
Chitong 2: Cac he thong kinh le va cac nen kinh
te ciia The gioi Thu ba 49
Gioi thieti: Nhirng van de kinh te trong lam
ciia tat ca cac xa hoi Ba nhiem vu co ban
Nghien cuu nhirng dinh nghia khac nhau ve
• Ihu nhilp vii san luong quoc dan Vong tuan
hoim ciia hoat dong kinh te Phan phoi - trong
nude vii quoc le Cac he thong kinh te: nhung
nguyen milu duoc ly tudng hoa vii nhirng co
c;lu (hire sir ciia the gioi Nen kinh te thi
trirfrng hr ban chii nghia triet de Nen kinh lethi Iruong hr ban chii nghia phat trien (haylien lien) Nen kinh le "thi Iruong" xa hoi chunghia Nen kinh te "menh lenh" (hay kehoach hod tap trung) xa hoi chii nghia Nenkinlr le lion herp giua thi truinig (Hr ban chunghia) va ke hoach hoa (xa hoi chii nghia).Mol so ket luan ve cac he thong kinh le (’ocau khac nhau ciia cac nen kinh te thuoc Thegioi Thu ba Quy mo va muc Ihu nhap Bd'icanh lich sir Nhirng thuan kri ve cac ngudnnhan va vat luc 'lam quan trong luong doiciia cac khu vuc nha nude va lu nhan Co caucong nghiep Sir phu thuoc vao ben ngoiii: vekinh te, chinh tri va van hoa Co cau chinhtri, quyen lire va cac nhdm dac quyen dac kri.Cac nen kinh te vdi lucach lii nhung he thong
xa hoi: sir can thief phai vuirt ra ngoiii khuonkhd ciia kinh te hoc gian dim Cac he liningxii hoi the gioi nhu mot phan ciia mot hethong xii hoi quoc te phu thuoc lan nhau
Tom tat Nhibig khdi niem de Hidden edit Can hoi de ihdo ludn Doc them.
Gian dung mot nen kinh le dang phat trien:Nigieria
Chitong 3: Nhung khai niem va nguyen tdc quantrong -1 (rO
Gioi thieu: Tfnh chat cua hoc thuyet kinh te.Nhung han che ciia hoc thuyc't kinh te truyenthong "phuemg Tay" Nhung qua trinh tu duypho bie’n cua kinh te hoc Mol so khai niemvii nguyen the co ban: sir khan hiern, vicedinh gia, cau vii cung Sir khan hiern vii vaitro ciia gia ca C ac dudng cau vii cung Sirkhac biet giua khai niem thu nhap "thuc te ’vii thu nhap "bling lien" lie so co dan lheogia ciia cau Sir ap dung khai niem do co danlheo gia vao cac chinh sach phat trien trongnude vii quoc le OPEC, gia tiling luoug viicac loai nguyen vat lieu Cac chinh sach giandng nghiep Clihili sach luong ciia khu vucnha nude Ihue lieu Ihu dac biet Hoc phi vii
Trang 7nhu cau ve giao due Cac hd so co dan thco
thu nhap ciia efiu Cac dudng cung vA he so
co dan cua ehung Cac he so co dan cung, lao
dong "thira" va nhung net cung nhde ve cu
cau d cac nude chain phat trien Xac dinh
cau, cung va gia: ly thuyet vA thuc te Xac
dinh muc luimg va gia thco quy dinh nha
nude va "phan phoi dinh phan" edng vice va
luuiiglhuc d cac thi iruong khong hoan hiio
ciia The gidi Thu ba
Nhung khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi de
Gidi thieu: Cac dau vao, diiu ra va nhung
"quy luat" cua san xuat Ham san xuat
Nhung ngudn luc va yeu to san xuat Truong
hup mot dau ra va mot dau vao bien doi: long
san pham va san pham bien Nguyen trie loti
nhuan giam dan chi phi gia tang va toi da
hoa lui nhuan Minh hoa bang do thi ve toi da
hoa loti nhuan doi vdti mol hang (hay mot
nong trang) canh tranh hoan hao Hoc thuyet
ve doc quyen cac doanh nghiep nha nude va
hicu qua kinh te Mot dau ra va hai (hay
nhieu) dau vao bien doi: lua chon phuung
thuc san xuat "phu hop" Vuul ra ngoai khuon
khd han hep cua kinh te hoc ve cac ham san
xuat: nhung yeu to "phi kinh te" khong dem
gian Dau tu, tiet kiem va kina canh tlidi gian.’
Tieu dung hien tai va luung lai So sanh cac
tieu chuan lieu diing npi bp doi vdi cac nhom
cd thu nhap khac nhau Nhung lui (ch va chi
phi "ca nhan" va "xa hoi" Nhung lac dong
ngoai sinh mang linh tich cue va lieu cue
Nhung daiih gia khac nhau cua ca nhan va xa
hoi: mol so anh huung Torn lai va ket luan
A7//7//I/ khat niem de nghien i uu Can hoi- de
thdo luan
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:
Kenia
Chuang 5 Nhung dac diem chung cua cac nude
dang phat trien 119
Gidi thieu: Cdc muc song thap Thu nhap
quoc dan binh quan dau ngudi Toe do tang
Iruong tuong doi cua thu nhap quoc dAn (vabinh quAn diiu ngudi) Phan phoi thu nhapquoc dan Muc dp ngheo doi Y te Giao due •Muc nang sual thAp Toe do lang dAn so cao
va ganh nang an thco Ty le that nghiep vaban tha'l nghiep cao va righy cang tang Su 1cthuoc dang ke vao san xuat nong nghiep vaxuA't khau cac san phA'm so che Nong nghiepquy mo nho ucac nude chAm phat trien Sir lethuoc vao xuat khau Su thong tri, phu thuoc
va linh de bi ton thuung trong cac moi quan
he quoc te Ket luan
Nhihig khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them Phu luc: Xep loqi 15 nude thuoc The gidi Thd ha lheo cac chi so khac nhau ve mdc phat trien 1987.
C’hAn dung mot n6n kinh te dang phat trien:Uganda
Chitdng 6: Y nghia cua sir phat trien 139
Gidi thieu: Ba phuemg phap chu yeu denghien cun su phat trien "Phat trien" conghia la gi? Nhung bien phap kinh te truyenthong Quan diem kinh te mdi ve sir phattrien Vuut ra ngoai nhung tieu chuan kinh tehan hep Ba gia tri can ban cua su phat trien.Duy tri su song: kha nang dap uiig nhung nhucau can ban ciia con ngudi Tu trong: la motcon ngudi Tu do khong bi le thuoc: cd khanang lua chon Ba muc tieu cua su phat trien.Kcm phat trien va phat trien: mot su do tomliit cd he thong
Nhihig khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung cua nen kinh te dang phat trien:
Trang 8chuycn ddi cao ve xa hoi, chinh tri va he tur
luemg Kinh Ic vucrn ra the gic'ri Su lan truyen
han che ciia lang Inrang kinh te Iren loan the
gic'ri Nhihig kel luan: su phu Ihuoc kin nhau
ciia cac dac diem lang Iruc’mg
Nhi7ng khai niem de nghien ci?u Can hoi de
thdo hum Doc them.
Chfin dung mol nen kinh te dang phat Irien:
Nam Trieu Tien,
ChtMng 8 Tang trirung va phat irien kinh te:
nhfrng bai hoc va tranh luan 167
Gii'ri iliieu: Mot so bai hoc va nhirng anh
hudng ciia tang truong hien dai doi ve'ri cac
nude dang phat Irien Gia tri han che cua kinh
nghiem lang truc’mg cua lich sir: nhihig dieu
kicn ban dfiu khac nhau Tliuan lai ve nguon
lire, nhan va vat lire Nhihig muc thu nhap
blnh quan dfiu ngtrai tuang doi va GNP
Nhihig khac bict ve klif hau Quy mo dan so,
sir phan phoi va tang tracing Vai tro lich sir
ciia di cu quoc te Tfnh kich ihich tang tracing
ciia Ihucmg mai quoc te Nhihig klia nang
nghien cuu va phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat ca
ban Sir on dinh va lin|i linh hoat cua cac the
che chinh tri va xa hoi Tang tracing: nhihig
lai (ch va chi phi xa hoi Mol so lai ich ciia sir
lang tracing Nhirng chi phi chii yea ciia sir
lang tracing Kel luan: sir efin thiei phai cd
mol quan diem khong thien lech
Nhftng khai niem de nghien citu Can hoi de
ihdo luan Doc them.
(’han dung mill nen kinh te dang phat Irien:
Dai Loan
Phan Hai: Nhumg van de va nhirng chinh sach
trong nir<fc 183
Lou y sinh vien ve ca cau Io chirc va each
tliiic lien hanh phan lich cac van tie khac
nhau ve phat trien trong Phan I lai va Phan
Ba
ChiMng9 Tang tririmg, ngheo doi va phan phoi
thu nhap: ly luan va bang chi'mg 187
Gii'ri ihieu: Cuoc tranh luan ve tang tracing
Neu van de va nhihig diem co lien quan: ai
co dugc bao nhieu cai gi? Nan nghdo doi tren
the gic'ri va linh (rang bat blnh dfing: tom tilt
cac bhng chirng Nhihig khai niem ca ban:
vice phSn phoi thu nhap thco chirc nang vatheo doi luemg thu nhap Phan phoi thco doiluemg thu nhap Cac duemg Ixirenzc Cac he
so Gini va nhihig kel qua xac dinh muc dobat blnh dfing Phan phoi thco chirc nang Batblnh dfing: sir khac nhau giua cac nude.Ngheo doi "luycl doi": muc do va lam quantrong Nhihig dac diem kinh te ciia cac nhc'imnguc'ri ngheo kho Phu nu va nan ngheo ddi.'lang Inning kinh te va mire do ngheo ddi
Nhftng khai niem de nghien ci'tu Cau hoi de ihdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Bang- la- det
ChtMiig Th Tan cong vao ngheo ddi va bat cong:nhumg giai phap chinh sach 209
Gicri ihieu: Xac dinh lai nhirng muc lieu va
phuong huemg: tang tracing cung ve'ri cai thientrong phan phoi thu nhap Vai tro ciia phanlich kinh te: tai phan bo tir tang tracing, l angtracing va cong bang: khong ton tai maulliuAn GNP nhu mot chi so khong khachquan ve phat trien va phiic lew quoc gia Kethop kinh te hoc ve tang tracing va phan phoi.Mot loal nhihig giai phap chinh sach: mol so'can nhde ca ban Nhirng linh vac can 'canthiep Vice dieu chinh su phan phoi thu nhaptheo chirc nang thong qua cac chinh sachnhfim thay doi cac muc gia ycu (o' tuang ddi.Dieu chinh phan phoi theo doi tuang thunhap thong qua vice tai phan bo dan quyen seihiru tai san Dieu chinh phan phoi thco ddi
tuang thU nhap a nhirng muc do cao hem
thong qua cac loai thue luy lien danh vao thunhap va cua cai Dieu chinh quy mo phan
phoi a nhirng muc lhap hem thong qua thanh
loan chuycn khoan va vice nha nue'rc cungcap cac loai hang hoa va dich vu Vai tro cuanghien cuu cong nghe Ket luan: su can thieiphai cei mot tap hap cac chinh sach
Nliitng khai niem de nghien a'fu Can hoi de ihdo luan Doc them.
('han dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Sri Irinka
Chiarng 11: Cuoc tranh luan h'm ve dan so 223 Gim ihieu: Nhirng con so va cuoc tranh cai.Van de cer ban: tang dim so va chat luemg
Trang 9cuoc song I am quan trong ciia van de: king
dan sb - qua khu', hien tai va luong lai Licit
sir lang dan so the gidi Co cau dan so cua the
gioi Khu vuc dia ly Nhung xu hudng ve ly le
sinh de va ly le lir vong Ccr cau tuoi va
nhung ganh nang iin theo ( ac ty le sinh de
lien quan den nlrtrng muc thu nhap Cac ty le
tang GNP va sir phan phoi thu nhap Da tang
dan so an Nhung phuong hudng va muc lieu:
mot so quan diem mau thuan nhau 'lang dan
so khdng phai la mot van de thuc sir "Mol
van de kliac" "Mot chuyen gia tao duqc chu
lam bay dat" "Tang trudng la dieu dang
mong muon", lang dan so la mot van de thuc
sir l.uan diem "dieu hau" ve dan so Vice
cung cap cac dich vu ke hoach hoa gia dinh
Cac quyen con ngudi "Phat trien" cong vol
chuong trinh dan so Cac muc lieu va phuong
hudng: lien loi mot sir nhal tn'
Nhiing khai niem de lighten ci(u Can hoi de
thao liian Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:
Trung Quoc
Chtarng 12: Kinh te hoc ve dan so
va phat trien 243
Gun ihieu: Phat trien va ty le sinh de Hoc
thuyet chuyen tiep nhan khau "Cai bay dan
so" cua Man-tuyt Mb hlnh co ban Nhung loi
phe binh ve mo hlnh nay I loc thuyet ve hanh
vi ngudi lieu diing va kinh le hoc ho gia dinh
ve su sinh de Su lira chon cua ngudi tieu
diing va nhu cau doi vdi cac loai hang hoa
I2tm vice va nghi ngoi Nhu cau sinh con
Mot so bang chung Jthuc le Nhung anh hudng
doi vdi "sir phat trien" va "ly le sinh de" Mot
so giai phap chinh sach Cac nude dang phat
trien cd the linn gi Cac nude phat trien cd the
lam gi d nude mlnh Cac nude phat trien cd
the giup gi cho cac nude dang phat trien
trong cac chuong trinh dan so khac nhau ciia
ho Nhung mau thuan, danh doi va lira chon
trong cac chinh sach khac nhau va nhung
muc lieu canh tranh nhau
Nhicng khai mem de nghien ci(u Can hoi de
thao luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh tc dang phat trien:
Pakistan
Chitirng 13: That nghiep: nhung khia canh ciiamot van de loan can 261
Gun ihieu: Nan Ihii'l nghiep - mot so van de
co ban Nhung khia canh cua van de thiftnghiep d cac nude The gidi Thu ba’ Cong anvice lilm vii that nghiep: nhung xu hudng va
du bao Do thi hoa va tang diin so o thanh thi:
so dan ngay cilng tang Luc luong lao dong:hien tai va du bao Quy mo va co cau tudicua tinh trang that nghiep o thanh thi Nhungkhia canh cua tinh trang sir dung lao dongkem hicu qua: mot so su khac bicl ve khainiem Nhung moi lien he giua nan thatnghiep, ngheo doi va sir phfln phoi thu nhap.Khoang each giua san luong cong nghiep vamuc lang cong iin vice lam Mot so giai phapkinh le cho van de cong iin vice lam Mo hlnh
ve thi trudng tu do canh tranh mang tinhtruyen thong (ac mire luong linh hoat vahien tugng loan dung nhan cong Nhung hanche cua mo hlnh canh tranh doi vdi cac nudedang phat trien Mo hlnh Keynes Nhu cauthuc te Ihieu hut va nan that nghiep Nhunghan che cua mo hlnh Keynes o cac nude dangphat trien (Yic mb hlnh ve san luong va lang
sb luong cong iin vice lam: thuyet nguy hien
ve nhung muc tieu mau thuan nhau Nhung
su bop mco ve gia yeu to va cong nghe phiihirp: mb hlnh khuyen khich gia
Nhung khai niem de nghien ci(n Can hoi de than liian Doc them •
Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phal trien:
ve di cu tir nong Ihon ra thanh Ihi Qua trinh
di cu Nhung dac diem ciia ngudi di cu Tienloi mot hoc Ihuycl duqc khai qual hoa vekinh te hoc ve su di cu lir nong thbn ra thanhIhi Tinh chat cua mb hlnh di cu ciia Todaro.Mol sb lac dong ve chinh sach 'Unh Irangmat can doi Irong cac co hoi ve cong vicegiua nong Ihon va lhanh Ihi Vice lao cong anvice linn d thanh Ihi Phal Iricn giao due
Trang 10Luong bong va gia cii Phat tricn nong thon.
Nhirng ket luan: nhung duung net cua mot
chicn luge loan dicn ve cong an vice lam
Tao ra mot su ciin bang ve kinh le pliu hop
giua nong thon va.thanh Ihi Vice mdf rung
cac nganh san xuat quy mo nhd va six dung
nhicu lao dong Vice loai bo nhirng su bop
meo ve gia yen to Lua chon cac phuang there
san xuii't phu hgp, sir dung nhi<*u lao dong
Dieu chinh moi lien he true tie'p giua giao
due va cong an vice lam Mot lai binh luan
cuoi ciing v6 dan so
Nliilng khai niem de n^hien eftu Cciu hoi de'
thdo IKcin Doc them.
Chan dung mol nen kinh te dang phal tricn:
Mehico
Chifcni# 15: Nong nghiep tri Ire va cac ca can
ruong dal 301
Gic'ri thieu: Nhu cau phat tricn nong thon Tri
Ire va lang trudng nong nghiep: 1950-85 Ca
cau cua cac he thong ruong dal a The giai
Thur ba I lai loai nong nghiep Iren the gic'ri
Nong nghiep nha nong a chau My I^i tinh,
chau A va chau Phi Chau My La tinh va
chau A Mo hinh dicn trang kin - dicn trang
nhd va tinh trang sir dung nguon luc kem
hicu qua a chau My I a tinh Tinh trang cat cu
va phan tan dat nong nghiep a chau A Nen
nong nghiep tu cung tu cap va quang canh a
chau Phi Ke't luan
Nhitng khiii niem de nghien a'(u Cciu hoi de
thdo hum Doc them.
('han dung mot nen kinh le dang phat then:
Malawi
Chirmig 16: Nong nghiep tu cung tu cap va six
phat Irien nong thon 319
Gic'ri thieu: Kinh le hoc ve su phat tricn nong
nghiep tren quy mo nhd: su qua do lir tu cung
tu cap sang vice chuyen canh Giai doan I
Canh lac tu cung tu cap: riii ro, dieu khong
chiic chiin va su song con Vai tro quan trong
cua phu nu trong nen nong nghiep tu cung tu
cap Giai doan II Qua trinh chuyen sang hinh
thuc canh lac hon hgp vil da dang (iiai doan
III Tur su phan tan tai vice chuyen mon hod:
hinh thuc canh lac hien dai mang tinh thuung
mai Nhirng giai doan lien tricn cua nong
trang: torn luge Tien toi mot chicn luge phat
triCn nong nghiep va nong thon: mol so ycucau chinh Cai thicn nen nong nghiep quy monhd Cong nghc va su cai lien Cac chinhsach va the che Ba dieu kicn de phat tricnnong thon Cai each ruong dat Cac chinhsach bo (rg Nhung muc tieu phat tricn dongbp
Nhiing khai niem de nghien cifu Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phat tricn:Gana
ChiMng 17: Kinh le hoc ve giao due 333
Gidri thieu: Mot birc tranh thong ke ve giaodue a cac kliu vuc thupc The giai Thu ba Chi
- lieu cua nha nude cho giao due Tuyen sinh.Tinh trang bd hgc Ty le ngudi biet chu Chiphi doi vdfi lung hoc sinh va cac khoan thunhap tuang doi tu giaa due Mot so van de caban cua giao due tieu hoc va trung hoc Sue y
va tinh (rang kem hicu qua Quan ly kem vanhung khuyen khi'ch lech lac Vice dice, chinhsai lam so vdfi nhirng nhu cau xa hoi a captieu hoc Nhung van de ve giao due cao hoc.Nhung you to tac dong den kha nang hoc lap:nguyen nhan va hau qua Kinh te hgc ve giaodue: mot so khai niem ca ban Cung va caudoi vdi giao due: moi quan he giua nhung cahoi ve cong an vice lam va nhu cau doi vdrigiao due Nhung Igi ich va chi phi cua xa hoi
so vdfi cua tu nhan Cung va cau doi vdri giaodue: mot so giai phap chinh sach Dieu chinhmuc cung cac ca hoi ve giao cue nhu molbien so chinh sach Ha tliap muc cau thongqua vice loai bd dan nhung khuyen kln'ch giatao doi vdfi vice nhoi nhet kie'n thuc (
Nhftng khai niem de nghien eftu Cau hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
Gian dung mot nen kinh le dang phat tricn:Botswana
Chucrng 18: Giao due va phat tricn: cac van de
cu qudc le: tinh trang le thupc ve tri tuc va
Trang 11' cluiy mau chai xam" Nhung giai phap chinh
sach chu yeu ve giao due Nhung chinh sach
nam ngoai cac he thong giao due: tinh (rang
mat can bang, nhung dau hieu vh nhung
khuyen khich Han che o muc thap nhat tinh
trang mat can bang, nhung khuyen khich lech
lac va nhung han che ve chinh tri-xa hoi
Dieu chinh each phan phoi cong vice thong
qua chung nhan ve giao due Ngan chan nan
chay mau chat xam Nhung chinh sach ni'im
ben trong cac he thong giao due: hieu qua,
tiet kiem va su phu hop Ngan sach danh cho
giao due Cac khoan tro cap ('huong trinh
hoc tap o bac tieu hoc doi voi nhung nhu cau
ciia nong ihon Han ngach Ket luan: bit giao
due phuc vu phat trien
A7n7/zg khdn niem de nghien cun Can hoi de
thdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:
Nam Phi
Phan Ba: Cac vain de va chinh sach quoc le
Chuang ll): Mau dich quoc le va phat trien kinh
le: quan diem truyen thong 375
Gidri thieu: Tam quan trong ciia thuong mai
va tin chinh quoc te Nam cau hoi co ban ve
thuong mai va phat trien Vai tro cua thuong
mai trong su phat trien: nghien cuu cac so
lieu thong ke Xuat nhap khau: cac xu huong
va mo hinh Tam quan trong cua xuat khau
doi vdi cac nude dang phat trien kliac nhau
Ty gia mau dich I Ipc thuyet truyen thong ve
thuong mai quoc te (.’huycn mon hoa va
nguyen the loi the so sanh: mo hinh cd dicn
ve chi phi lao dong Nhung thuan loi tuong
doi ve yeu to san xuat va su chuyen mon hoa
quoc le: mo hinh tan co dien Hoc thuyet
thuimg mai va su phat trien: nhung luan diem
truyen thong
Nhung khdi mem de nghien cdu Can hoi de
th do luan Doc them.
(Tan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:
cd lay nghe Iren the gidi Thuong mai va tangtrudng ngudn luc Tliift nghiep, tinh trang sirdung ngudn luc kem hieu qua va hoc thuyetthuong mai "loi thoat cho su du thua" Tinh
co dong ve yeu to san xuat Iren the gidi va ‘cac tap dohn da quoc gia ( ong nghe on dinh,shn co va quyen loi thuong ciia nguoi lieudiing Tinh co dong ciia yeu to san xuat trongnude va "canh tranh hoan hao" IJicn tuongcac chinh phu khong lham gia vao cac quan
he thuong mai Can bring can can thuong mai
va vice gia ca quoc le tu dong dieu chinh.Nhung loi ich tir thuong mai ciia mot nudedoi vdi cong dan nude do Ket luan: thuong
‘mai va phat trien kinh te - nhung han che ciiahoc thuyet
Nhung khdi niem de nghien ciiu Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
(’han dung cac nen kinh te dang phat trien:Zambia va Jamaica
Chuang 21: Can can lhanh loan va khting hoiing
no ntrdc ngoai 411
Gidi thieu: Tai khoan can can thanh Nhung nhan dinh chung Mol Ihi du mangtinh gia thuyet: lham hut va no lai trp valam giam nhung khoan lham hut do thanhloan no: mot so van de chinh sach so bp.Nhung xu huong gdn day trong can can lhanhloan dciic nude chain phat trien Cupc killinghoang no d ’Hie gidi Thd ba Boi canh vaphan tich Nhung khia canh cua cupc khiinghoang Nhung cd gang khac phuc: cac chinhsach "on dinh hoa" ciia IMP- va nhung nguoichi trich chung Nhung sang kien mdi va viencanh tuong lai
loan.-Nhung khdi niem de nghien ci?u Can hdi de thdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phat trien:Achcnlina
Trang 12ChiMng 22: Chinh sach man dich
vi phat trien 429
Gidi ihieu: (Yic chien luge thirmig mai cho
cong cuoc phal trien: cuoc Jranh cai giira phc
"khuyen khi'ch xuat khau" va phc "lhay the
hang nliAp khau" Khuyen khich xuat khau:
nhin ra ben ngoai va xem xct nhung hang rao
thuimg mai Mu rong vice xuat khau hang su
che Mu rong vice xuat khau cac mat hang
che tao - lieu cae nha kinh doanh ttr do co
dung hay khong? Thay the hang nhap: nhin
vao ben trong nhung van quan he tai chinh
vdi ben ngoai Thue quan, cae nganh cong
nghiep non tre va hoc thuyct ve bao ho
Chien lune cong nghiep hoa IS va ket qua Ty
gia hoi doai, kiem soal ngoai hoi va quyet
dinh pha gia dong lien Tom Ifit va ket luan:
cuoc tranh luan giira nhung ngudi lac quan va
nhung ngudi bi quan ve thuimg mai Luan
diem "lac quan ve thuimg mai" Luan dicm
"bi quan ve thuimg mai" Trung hoa giira hai
truimg phai: lien tdi mot sir nhat tri Buon ban
Nam-Nam va hoa nhap kinh te: nhin vao ben
trong va ra ben ngoai 'lang cuong buon ban
giira cac nude dang phal trien Hoa nhap kinh
te Cac cln'nh sach thuimg mai cua cac nude
phal trien: su can thiet phai cai each Cac
hang rao thue quan va phi (hue quan cua cac
nude giau cd Nhung bicn phap khuyen khi'ch
xuat khau cua cac nude phal trien Kho khan
trong van de tro giup vice dieu chinh Cac
chinh sach kinh te trong nude
Nhftng khdi niem de nghien eftu Can hoi de
llnio luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phal Irien:
Malaysia
Chdirn% 23: Dau tir tir nhim va vicn tru cua
mrdc ngoai 455
Gidi ihieu: Dong chay cua cac nguon tai luc
quoc te Dau tu nude ngoai true tiep cua lu
nhan va cac lap doan da quoc gia Cac tap
doiin da quoc gia: quy mo, mo hinh va xu the
Dau tu tu nhan cua nude ngoai: mot so kho
khan va thuan liri cho su phal trien Nhung
luan diem kinh te truyen thong ling ho dau tu
tu nhan: rut ngiin khoang each tiet kiem,
ngoai te, thu nhap va quan ly Nhung luan
diem phan doi dau lu tu nhan ciia nude ngoai:
' lam tang them khoang each Trung hoa giira .ung ho va phan doi Vicn tro nude ngoai:cuoc tranh luan ve vicn tru phal trien Tai saocac nude giau lai vicn tro Nhung dong cu vechinh tri Nhung dong co ve kinh te va quyenlui ban than Tai sao cac nude chain phaltrien lai nhan vicn tru Nhung lac dong cuavicn tru "Tinh hinh tang va giiim vicn trophat trien cua OPEC” Nhung ket luan: lienli'ri mot quan diem mdi ve vicn tro nudengoai
NIu7n% khdi niem de nghien (du Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phal trien:Chi -1c
Phan Bon: Nhung kha nang va trien vpng
Chifamg 24: Ke hoach hoa phat trien: ly thuyct
va thuc hanh 481
Gidi Ihieu: Bi quyet cua vice ke hoach hoa.
Tinh chat cua ke hoach hoa kinh tu v;; vai trokhac nhau cua nd trong cac nen kinh lu ciiathe gidi Ke hoach hoa trong cac nen kinh tethi trudng Ke hoach hoa trong cac nen kinh
te menh lenh Ke hoach hoa trong cac nenkinh te him hup cua cac nude dang phat trien
Ly 1c cho vice ke hoach hoa u cac nen kinh tethuoc The gidi Thu ba Luan diem ve su truetrac cua thi truimg Luan diem ve su huydong va phan bo nguon luc Luan diem vethai do va tarn ly Luan diem ve vicn trq nudengoai Tinh chat ciia vice ke hoach hoa phattrieir.nhung loai mo hinh ke hoach hoa cuban Qua trinh ke hoach hoa: sau diic trung
co ban Ba loai mo hinh ke hoach hoa Mohinh tang truimg chung Mo hinh du bao cholung khu vuc kinh te Mo hinh ket hup giuacac nganh cong nghiep Nhung can nhacquan trong trong vice lua chon cac mo hinh
ke hoach hoa Giai doan phat trien Cu cauthe che Tinh shn co va chat luimg cua cacthong tin thong ke Nhung han che ve nguonluc Nhung uu lien va muc lieu Cuoc killinghoang trong cong tac ke hoach hoa: nhungvan de khi thuc hien va nhung true trac trong
ke hoach Ly thuyct so vdi thuc te lap kehoach (ac loai giii yeu to, su lira chonphuimg thuc va vice tao cong an vice lam
Trang 13Tinh (rang mat can bang vA di cu tir nong*
then ra thanh tin Nhu can doi vdi giao due
va van de ve cong an vice lam Co can cua
nen kinh te Nhung nguyen nhan cua that bai
trong vice lap ke hoach Nhung true trac
trong cac ke hoach va vice thuc hien cluing
So lieu khong day du va khong dang tin cay
Nhung bien doi ve kinh te khong luong trade
duqc, ke ca trong lan ngoai nuoc Nhung
diem yeu ve the che Vice thieu "y chi' chinh
tri" Xu hudng chay theo thi truong va tir bo
ke hoach hoa trong nhung nam 80
Nhi'cng khdi niem de nghien ci'fii Can hoi de
th Jo luan Doc them.
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dans phat trien:
Haiti
Chtfcmg 25: Chinh sach lien te va chinh sach
thue 503
Gi(h thieu: Mot so thanh to cua chinh sach'
kinh te vi mo a cac nude The gidi T hur ba
Cac chinh sach tai chinh va tien te: nhung
han che cua cac cong cu vT mo truyen
thong Vai tro cua cac ngan hang trung
uong Vai tro a cac nude phat trien Vai tro
d cac nude dang phat trien Su xuat hien
cua hoat dong ngan hang phat trien Tu do
hoa tai chinh, lai suat thuc te, tiet kiem va
dau tu Chinh sach tai chinh phuc vu phat
trien Thue: true tic'p va gian tiep Thue tai
san va thu nhap ca nhan Thue thu nhap
cong ty Thue gian tiep danh vao hang hoa
Nhung van de ve quan ly thue Chinh sach
tai chinh nhim kiem soat lam phat Tang
truong cong nghiep nhd vao lam phat: quy
mo va nhung han che Moi quan he qua lai
giua nhung khd khan va cac chinh sach
Quan ly hanh chinh cong cong: nguon luc
khan hiem nhat Cac doanh nghiep nha
nude: ciing cd mor so, tu nhan hoa so con
lai Chinh sach phat trien ciing vdi vai tro
.va nhung han che ciia nha nude: nhung
nhan xet cd tinh chat ket luan
Nhung khdi niem de nghien ct(u Can hoi de
thdo ludn Doc them t
Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:
Venezuela
Chuang 26: Nhirng van de cho thap ky 90: sirphu thuoc Ian nhan ve kinh te, cac nguoncung cap luong thuc tren the gidi, no mrdc' ngoai va cuoc khiing hoang d chan Phi 531
Gidi thieu: Su hu thuoc kin nhau kieu mdi.Nhung kina canh cua su phu thuoc cua Thegidi Thu ba: nghidn cuu theo so do Nhungmuc song thfip Muc tu trong thfip Tu do bihan che Nhung bieu hien cua su le thuoc lannhau dang xuat hien tren loan cau: nangluong, luong thuc va cac nguon tai nguyenthien nhifin Nang luong va nen kinh te thegidi Cac loai nguyen vat lieu va khoang san.Tinh trang thieu luong thuc tren loan the gidi.Nhung yeu to xac dinh nhu cau: dan so vamuc do phong luu Nhung han che doi vdimuc cung: dat dai, nuoc, nang luong va phanbon Vice cung cap luong thuc cho the giditrong nhung nam 90 Cuoc khiing hoang kinh
te d mien Nam chfiu Phi Tuong lai van de nocua The gidi Thd ba Tnlt tu kinh te moi cuathe gidi(NIEO) Biing chung cua tinh trangbat cong trien mien Xuat xu va noi dung ciiaNIEO Thuong luong lai cac khoan no ciiacac nude dang phat trien Xac dinh lai ly giamau dich va tiep can thi truong Cuoc caieach cua IM1; Iluong tdi nhung muc lieuvien tro phat trien chinh thuc ciia Lien HopQudc Nhan xet ve NIEO Tom til va ketluan
Nhung khdi niem de nghien ciitu Can hoi de thdo luan Doc them.
Chin dung cac nen kinh te dang phat trien:
A rap Xe-iit va Zaia
Trang 14Danh muc cac• 4 4hinh
2.1 Vong luan hoim ciia hoal dong kinh te: ngufti
lieu dung, nha san xuat vii chinh phu
3.1 Duong cau di xud'ng
3.2 ( ac iludng cau hoim loan co dan va khong co
dan
3.3 Tang Ihu nhap lam cho dirong cau dich chuyen
sang ben phai
3.4 Dirong cung ve ngo
3.5 Cai lien cong nghc lam cho cac duftng cung
dich chuyen sang ben phai
3.6 (ac dirong cung co dan va khong co dan
3.7 Xac dinh mire gia va lucmg ciiu ft diem can
bimg lien cac Ihi truftng canh Iranh
3.8 Dinh gia khong phai ft diem ciin bang va sir
can Ihiel phai phan bo han che
4.1 Cac duftng-bicu Ihi idng san pham va san
pham can bien
4.2 ( ac dirong bieu Ihi tong chi phi, chi phi can
bien va chi phi Irung binh
4.3 Toi da hoa lai nhuan doi vfti mot hang (nong
hang)
4.4 (iiii doc quyen va nhung quyel dinh ve san lirong
5.1 GNP binh quan diiu ngufti ft mot so nuoc dirge
lira chon, Do la My, 1988
5.2 Ty le hr vong tie so sinh d mol so nude cd lira
chon, 1988 (hen 1000 tre)
6.1 Kem phai trien: sir do minh hoa nhieu
khia canh
7.1 Dirong gidi han kha ntlng san xuat gao va radio
7.2 ’lac dong ciia vice langcirongcac ngudn nhan
lire va val lire doi vdi vi tri ciia duftng gidi
han kha nang san xuat ciia xa hoi
7.3 Nhung chuyen dich khong doi xung cua cac
dirong kha ntlng san xuat khi (a) chi cd ngudn
von tang va (b) chi cd dat dai tang ve solucmg va /lioac chat lucmg
7.4 ( ac giohg lua moi cao san khieii cho dirongP-P chuyen dich doc lheo true "gao"
7.5 Vice phai minh ra dug ban dan khien choduong P-P dich chuyen ra ben ngoiii doc lheotrue "radio"
9.1 Lua chon mat hang san xuat: hang xa’ xi hayhang thiet yeu
9.2 Duong Lorenz
9.3 Do cong ciia duong Ixircnz cang Ion baonhieu thi muc do bat binh dang cang gia tangbay nhieu
11.1 Dan so the gidi tinh theo vimg: 1980 vii 2000(du tinh)
11.2 Moi quan he giua thu nhap va ty le sinh de o
12 nude lliupc The gidi Thu ba
12.1 Qua Ir'inh chuyen tiep nhan khau d Tay Au.12.2 Sir khdi dfiu cua qua trinh chuyen tiep nhankhau d cac nude The gidi Thu ba
12.3 "Cai bAy dan so" ciia Mantuyt
12.4 Tien bo ve cong nghc (vii xa hoi) cho phepcac quoc gia tranh ducrc cai bay dan so
13.1 long so dan thanh thi: cac nude phai trien xadang phai trien, 1950, 1985, 2000 (du tinh).13.2 Mufti linn khu vuc (hanh thi Ion nhat (udctinh ciia Lien Hop Quoc cho ninn 1985 vii
2000, trieu dan)
Trang 1513.3 Xac dinh mure lucmg va cong An vice lam theo
rmxc cung va can: phuemg phap thi truemg tu
do truyen thong
14.1 Mo hinh cua Lewis ve tang truemg va cong An
vice lam trong mot nen kinh te du thira lao
dong
14.2 Vice tfch luy von mang tfnh tiet kiem sftc lao
dong lam thay doi nhung anh huemg cua mo
hinh Lewis doi vch cong an vice lam
14.3 So do phan tfch quyel dinh di cu
15.1 San lucmg lucmg (hue b'mh quan dau nguch of
chau Phi, 1971-86
15.2 Cac chi so ve san luong lucmg (hue 1955-85
16.1 Nhung thai do cua cac nha lieu ncing doi vch
rui ro: tai sao doi klii phan doi cai tien va
thay doi lai la dieu hop ly
17.1 He thong hoc tap: nguyen nhan, hau qua va
tac dong qua lai
17.2 Nhung chi phi va loi ich cua ca nhan so vch
cua xa hoi trong giao due: mol thf du minh
hoa
19.1 Gia tri "thuc te” cua hang xuat khau Iren loan
the gich 1965-86
19.2 Ty gia mau dich cua cac nude dang phat trien
killing san xuat dau mo 1965-88
19.3 Ducmg gich han kha nang san xuat cua The
gich Thu ba
19.4 Ducmg kha nang san xuat cua Phan con lai
ciia the gich
19.5 Nhung Ich ich ve ly thuyet cua vice tu do mau
dich giua The gich Thu ba va Phan con lai
ciia the gich
19.6 Thuong mai voi nhung ty le yeu to bien doi
va nhung thuan leri khac nhau ve yeu to san
xuat \
20.1 Hoc thuyet thuemg mai "Gon ducmg dan tori su
du thira" d cac nude cham phat trien.
21.1 Cache "Quay vong cua dong do la dau mo",
21.2 (Tiu chuyen nguon tai chfnh rong tircfic nude
phat trien sang cac nucic kem phat trien hem,
Trang 16Danh muc cac bang
2.1 Tong san pliii’m quoc noi, (hu nhap quoc dan
vii nhung cau thanh clni yeu trong kinh phi
quoc dan: mol thi du ve mubi nude dune lira
■ chon lliuoc The gidi Thu ba, 1987
2.2 Co cau ngimh a 17 nude dang phat trien so vdi
san lupng ca phe b Colombia
4.2 1 ua chon cac muc lao dong va san lupng de 16'i
da hoa Ipi nhuan - ly thuye't co ban ve mot
nong trang hay doanh nghiep
4.3 Lua chon phucnig thuc san xuat ft ton kem nhat
ddi vdi vice thi cong moi 10 km dubng d An Dp
5.1 Nhung toe do tang GNP binh quan dau ngudi
Muc lang trung binh hang nam ($), 1965-88
5.2 Phan loai cheo cac nude dune lua chon then
muc Ihu nhap binh quan dau ngudi va muc dp
bat binh dang ve Ihu nhap
5.3 So dan nam duoi gidi han ngheo ddi d 35 nude
dang phal Irien, 1988
5.4 So dan co muc lieu dung lhap him muc calo
ctin thiel, 1975
5.5 Cac ly le sinh de Iren toiin the gidi, 1990
5.6 Cac ty le that nghiep or cac viing thanh Ihi co
lua chon
5.7 Dan so, luc lupng lao dong vii san luong trong
nam 1987: cac viing phal Irien va kem phat
Irien lion
5.8 Thanh phiin cac null hang xuat khiiu Iren the
gidi, 1985
5.9 Phu luc: Xep hang 15 nude Iren the gidi theo
cac chi so khac nhau ve phat Irien, 1987
7.1 Cac kliti niing san xuat giua gao vii radio: moltin' du gia dinh
8.1 Muc di cu (rung binh hang nam tirchau Au ranude ngoai, 1846-1939
8.2 Muc di cuciia ngudi Italia, 1960-64
9.1 Cac mo hlnh san xuat va chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm hai ngudi, hai loaihang hoa va Ihu nhap bang nhau
■9.2 Cac mo hlnh san xuat vii chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm hai ngudi, hai loaihang hoa va hai muc Ihu nhap rat chenh lechnhau
9.3 ( ac mo hlnh san xuat va chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm 5 ngudi, hai loaihang hoa vii muc phiin phoi Ihu nhap ralkhong binh dang
9.4 Nhung tac dong ciia muc GNP ngtiy mol tang
va thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cao himtrong dieu kien phiin phd'i binh dang ddi vdicac mb hlnh ve nhu cau vii san lupng
9.5 Nhung tac dong ciia muc GNP ngiiy mot tang
va thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cao himtrong dieu kien phan phoi thu nhap rift khongbinh dang ddi vdi nhung mo hlnh ve nhu cau
va San lupng
9.6 Phan phoi thu nhap ca nhiin theo gia dinh(nhung rat pho bien) O cac nude chain phattrien theo ty le thu nhap
9.7 Mol so udc tftih ve phiin phoi thu nhap
9.8 Phan loai cac nude theo muc thu nhap va binbinh dang
9.9 Su tang thu nhap vii nan ngheo doi d 36 nudedang phat tridn, 1975 vii 2000 (du tinh)
Trang 1710.1 Phan phoi thu nhap va lang trudng.
11.1 Muc tang dan so udc tinh cua the gidi trong
lich sir
11.2 Cac toe do tang dan so the gidi vh nhung thdi
diem tang gap doi: nhin lai lich sir
11.3 Mudi lam nude lorn nhat tren the gidi (ve
phuong dien dan so) va cac muc tang dan so
hang nam cua ho, 1990
11.4 Cac ty le sinh de’, 1950-2000 (tren 1000 dan)
11.5 Cac ty le tu vong, 1950-2000 (tren 1000 dan)
11.6 Moi quan he giua thu nhap quoc dan binh
quan dau ngudi, toe do lang trudng, phan
phoi thu nhap va ty le sinh de: mot so nude
duoc lua chon a 'Hie gidi Thu ba
11.7 "Da" tang dan so va cac muc tang du tinh cua
cac nude duoc lua chon thuoc The gidi Thu
ba lheo nhung gia dinh lac quan khac nhau
ve ty le sinh de
11.8 Muc lieu diing cac ngudn luc chu yeu phan
thco vimg, 1984
12.1 Nhung nude tien hanh cac chuimg trinh ke
hoach hoa gia dinh nhdm lam giam toe do
tang dan sp, 1960-90
13.1 Tinh hinh cong an vice lam va that nghiep d
cac nude dang phat trien, 1960-90
13.2 Cac ty le that nghiep cong khai d 15 nude
cham phat trien, 1986
13.3 Di cu trong nude nhu mot nguyen nhan tang
dan so d thanh thi: mot so nude dang phat
trien
13.4 Muc tang luc luong lao dong, 1970-2000
13.5 Nhung du tinh ve luc luong lao dong,
1970-2000
13.6 Ty le that nghiep d thanh thi tinh theo lua
tuoi
13.7 Tinh hinh cong nghiep hoa va cong an vice
lam d cac nude dang phat trien
15.1 San luong va cong an vice lam trong nen
nong nghiep dThdgidi Thu ba, 1985
15.2 Muc tang (va khong tang) luong Ihuc binh
quan dau ngudi va san luong nong nghiep d
cac vimg thuoc The gidi Thu' ba va cdc nude
phat trien, 1950-85 ’
15.3 Dan so va san luong nong nghiep d cac nude
phat trien va kem phat trien hon, 1960, 1980
-18.1 Ty trong cua cac ngudn luc cong cong danhcho giao due cua cac nhdm ngucri khac nhautrong xa hoi hoac cua cac kliu vuc, 1980.18.2 Cac nhdm ngudi cd nghe nghiep khac nhau dnong Ihon va nhu cau hoc tap cua ho
18.3 'long so ngudi cd chuyen mon va lay nghe di
cu tir cac nude cham phat trien sang Anhquoc, Canada va My, 1962-77
19.1 Nhung xuhudng xuat khan cua the gidi,1965-1986.-
19.2 (Yc nude dang phat trien xuat khau nhicuhang cong nghiep
19.3 Toe de) tang xuat nhap khau trong nhung nam 80.19.4 Cac mat hang xuat khau chu yeu cua cacnude dang phat trien va cac nude cung capchu yeu
19.5 Thu nhap tir xuat khau tinh nhu ty le phan tramcua GDP va ty trong cac mat hang che lao va strche trong tong so hang xuat khau: cac nudeduoc lua chon thuoc The gidi Thd ba, 1986.21.1 Minh hoa ve tai khoan can can thanh loan.21.2 Nhung lac dong tich cue va tidu cue doi vdidie tai khoan can can thanh loan
21.3 Bang gia thuyet ve can edn thanh loan chomot nude dang phat trien
21.4 Cac ngudn luan chuyen lai chi'nli va no daihan cua nha nude va tu nhfin d cac nudedang phat tridn, 1981-87
Trang 1821.5 So von chuyen ra khdi dal nude thco udc tfnh,
1976-85
21.6 Tai khoan von va tai khoan vang lai cua c£c
nude dang phat trien, 1978-84
21.7 Cac nude dang phat trien: tom til cac so” du
llianh loan trong tai khoan vang lai, 1980-89
21.8 Nhung khfa canh cua cuoc khung hoang ng
ciia cdc nude chAm phat trien, 1970-89
21.9 Mudi bay nude co so ng cao, 1987
22.1 Phan loai 41 nen kinh le dang phat tridn theo
dinh hudng mau dich, 1963-73 va 1973-85
22.2 Ty gift hoi doai chfnh thuc va ty gia Iren thi
trudng tu do
23.1 Xep hang cac nude va cac lap doan da quoc
gia theo quy mo san pham hang nam, 1985
23.2 Bay van de then chot gay tranh luan ve vai
tro va lac dong ciia cac'tap doan da quoc gia
d cac nude dang phat trien
23.3 Thong ke thuc te cac ngudn luc do cac nude
phat trien va cac tap doan da quoc gia chuyen
giao cho cac nude dang phat trien, 1974-85
23.4 Vien trg phat trien chfnh thuc tfnh thco quoc
gia va ty trong trong GNP, 1975 va 1985
23.5 Huong vien tro phat trien chfnh thuc cua Hoa
Ky, 1985.’
23.6 Vien trg nude ngoai cua cac nude OPEC,
1970-85; Cac khoan chuyen giao thuc te
23.7 Vien trg nude ngoai cua cac nude OPEC?,
1970-85; cac khoan chuyen giao thuc te tfnh
dudi dang ty le phan tram ciia GNP
23.8 Phan phoi udc tfnh thco dia ly cac khoan vien
trg song phuong co dieu kicn tir cac thanh
vien A nip cua OPEC, 1975-81
25.1 Co cifu thue va cac ngudn thu nhap ciia cac
nude dang phat trien co lua chon
25.2 Thu nhap tir thue tfnh theo loai thue va nhdm
nude
25.3 (lie do thue doi vdi nhdm thu nhap, mot so
nude co lua chon
25.4 (Yic xu hudng lam phat, 1969-88
25.5 Moi quan he qua lai giua cac van de vh chfnh
sach: thi du ininh hoa
25.6 (Yic cong cu chu yeu ve chfnh sach kinh te vh
cong dung ciia chiing
26.1 Su le thuoc ciia My vao vice nhap khau cacnguycn vat lieu cong nghiep chii yc'u cimgvdi du bao den nam 2000
26.2 Cac mat hang kim loai va khoang san nhapkhau ciia My
26.3 San lugng ngu coc the gidi, tong so va binhquan dau ngudi, 1950-2000 (du tfnh)
26.4 Suy thoai kinh le d 22 nude d vung IlaSahara, chau Phi, 1980-86
Trang 19Ldi tita cho lan xuat ban dau tien
Nhihig giao vien day khoa mo dau mon kinh
te hoc tai cac trudng dai hoc o khap cac nude dang
phat trien tir lau da thay dupe su can thiet phai co
mot giao trinh gidi thieu loan dien phu hop, hudng
vao nhung van de cap bach cua qua trinh phat
trien kinh te va xa hoi 0 chau Phi, chau A, chau
My Latinh va Trung Dong, cac giang vien ngudi
ban xu thudng khong cd su lira chon nao khac
ngoai vice su dung cai goi la "nhihig tai lieu cho
sinh vien quoc te" cua cac giao trinh gidi thieu cua
"phuong lay" Do vay, cac sinh vien cua ho
thuong phai nghe nhihig bai giang dai dong ve
hoat dong cua He thong Du tru Lien bang cua Hoa
ky, co cau cong nghiep cua nen kinh te Anh
va/lioac mot loat nhihig van de kinh te duong then
ma cac nen kinh te thi trudng tien tieii gap phai
-nhihig chu de khong may phu hop vdi cac quoc
gia dang phat trien Hon nua, nhihig gia dinh ve
the che va nhihig mo lihih ly thuyet trong nhung
giao trinh nay thuong khong phan anh dupe nhihig
thuc (rang kinh te va co cau cua the gidi dang
phat trien
.Mot thi du la, Van de that nghiep, thuong
dupe quy cho muc tong cau qua thap (Keynes) va
lam phat xay ra la bdi vi tong cau qua cao Nhihig
khd khan ve co cau xet tren phuong dien cung hau
nhu bi bo qua Khu vuc nong nghiep nang suat cao
von hoan loan dupe thuong mai hoa va cd ft dan
cu d hau het cac nude phat trien lai it quan Irpng
va do do, it dupe ban den Ay vay ma o cac nude
dang phat trien, nong nghiep la boat dong kinh te
quan trong nliat va nang suat thap cua nd la moi
quan trim chu yeu Tucmg lu, ngoai thucnig thudng
chi dupe co; la khong quan trong him, vi hau het
cac quoc gia giau cd deu cd the giai quyei dupe
cac cuoc killing hoang dinh ky ve can can thank
loan bang each linh hoat kel hop nhieu chinh sach
nhu tai chinh, tien te va thuong mai Hien lupng 1c
thuoc vao kinh te quoc te, von rat quan trong doi
vdi hau het cac nude dang phat trien, thi lai biem
khi dupe de c;)p deii
Ngoai ra, hau het cac giao trinh phuong 'l aydeu khong coi vice tang dan so nhanh la mot van
de nghiem trong O nhiem moi trudng dupe coi laquan trong hon nhieu Nhung d h;1u het cac nudedang phat trien thi ngupc lai Trong hau het cacgiao trinh chuan muc, tieii bp cong nghe khongngimg va tang trudng kinh te lien tuc dupe xem ladieu duong nhien, trong khi day lai la nhung muctieu uu tien o hau het cac nude dang phat trien.Ngudi ta cung gia dinh su sfin cd cac ngudn nhanluc kinh nghe va nang luc quan ly, trong khi niptnhiem vu to Ion trong qua trinh phat trien la tao ranhung ngudn nhan luc nhu vay va bdi duringnhihig kha nang chuycn mon nhu vay Curi'i ciing,nhihig van de ve nan nghco doi Iran lan va linhtrang bat binh ding ve Ihu nhap ngay cang tang,neu cd chang dupe ban deii trong cac giao trinhchuan muc, thi cung chi dupe xem la nhihig truetrue tuong doi nhd cua mot nen kinh te thi trudngphat trien theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, thong nlia'lcao dp va hoat dong cd hieu qua, chu khong phai
la nhihig bieu hien dac hiru ciia mol nen kinh tehai mat va rat rdi rac trong qua trinh chuycn doi lir tu cung lu cap sang hien dai hpa Ta cd the dua ra
vd van nhihig thi du kliiic ve su thieu phii lurp ciianhung giao trinh chuan muc nay trong vice n:imbdt nhung van de cd nipt khong hai ciia tinh trangkem phat trien ochflu Phi, chau A va My Intinh
Do vay, xuat hien mol nhu cau cap bach canphai lam ra nhihig cuon sach gidi thieu ve kinh tehoc cd y nghTa va phu hop hon cho sinh vien o cacnude dang phat trien Mac du tir lau ngudi la danhan thuc dupe su can thiet nay, nhung chua maykhi thuc hien dupe y muoii ciia mlnh Cac nhakinh te hang dau ciia The gidi thu ba thudng, vacung la di6u d6 hieu, qua bfln biu vdi hang dongcong vice day hoc, ngliien cuu vii lu van cho chinhphii, va nhung khuyc'n khich, ca ve mat chuycnmon lan tai chi'nli, deu khong dii hap dim ho Dieu
Trang 20ma hau het cAc nha kinh t£ ban dia thudng lam la
thu thfip lai nhirng cuon sAch in ronCo hay nhung
bo sun (ftp cAc bai vict ridng re ve nen kinh te cua
nude ban dia hay cua vimg do*1 Thong thudng,
ngudi ta phAn phAt cAc tAp de cuong bai giang cho
sinh vien de hd trq cho cAc giao truth chuA’n mure
Mac du nh'in chung, nhung bd sun tAp vA de cuong
bai giang nhur vAy la nhirng sir cai thien dang quy
so vdi vice nhap khau kliong co chon loc cAc giao
trinh phirong TAy, nhirng thuc te la it khi cd ai, neu
cd, thanh cong trong vice chuan bi mot giao trinh
gidi thieu ve kinh te hoc toAn dien de sir dung rong
rai a cAc nude dang phAt trien Can phai cd mot bo
giao trinh cd muc dfch cimg mot luc tap trung vAo
nhung vAn de phAt trien vA nhung van de cd tAm
quan trong song con doi vdi quoc gia vA khu vuc,
trong khi vAn cung cap cho sinh vien mot cd so
vung chdc gdm nhung khAi niem vA nguydn tAc
kinh te phii hop vA cd y nghTa Cuon sAch nAy ra
doi 1A nhAm dAp ung cu th£ nhu cau nAy •
1 Mot tin du tifiu bieu loai sach dau la bo sach v£ Dong
Phi do cac giang vien cua Trudng Dai hoc Makerere d
Uganda thu thap lai trong nhung nam 60 va mot vi du ve
loai sach sau la bo sou tap cac bai bao xuat ban trong
nhirng nam 70 ve nen kinh te Philipin do mot so nLa kinh
te hang dau cua Philipin viet
1 Xcm phan Lerinoi dau de nam duoc chi tiet hon phuemg
huerng, quy mo va ket cau cuonsach nay.
Trang 21Ldi cam Un
Cd mot so nguoi, nhieu hon so ma ldi cd the
ke ra d day, da giup ldi hoac true tiep, hoac gian
tiep trong qua Ir'mh vie! cuon sach nay Trude lien,
la doi vdi cac sinh vien va dong nghiep cua toi,
dac biet la 6 chan Phi, ngoai ra, con 6 chan My Di
linh va chan A, toi rat ham on ho vi da khuyen
khich toi thuc hien mot nd luc to Ion nhu vay
Nhung can hoi tham do va nhung loi phe binh day
thach thuc cua ho ve giao tr'inh gidi thieu ve kinh
te hoc dau va lien tuc khuyen khich toi va Kenneth
W.Thompson, nguoi da khuyen toi nen cd mot cai
nliin rung hon doi vdi cac van de quoc te Doi vdi
nhung nguoi ban va dong nghiep d The gidi thu
ba dac biet la Akilu Hable, Denisard Alves,
Romeo Ikiutista, Amado Castro, Claudio Castro,
Jorge ( auas, Victor Diejomaoh, Jose Encarnacion,
Sunday Essang, Luis Fuenzalida, Dharam Ghai,
Joseph Maitha, Philip Ndegwa, Alfonso Ocampo,
Harry Oshima, Justinian Rweycmamu, Marcello
Sclowsky, William Scnga, Soedjatmoko, Gabriel
Velasquez, Flavio Versiani, Vinyu Vicit Vadakan
va rat nhieu nhieu nguoi khac, toi xin dac biet
cam on ho ve nhung cube dam luan da giup toi
dinh huong tu duy cua minh ve van de giang day
kinh te hoc cho sinh vien d cac nude dang
phat trien
Cuoi citng, toi dac biet ham on vg toi la
Donna Renee, nguoi dii co vu, dong vien va ho trg
ca ve tri tuc lan linh than cho toi trong nhung hoan
canh khd khan nhal Phai noi rang khong co co ay,
toi se khong the nao hoan thanh noi cuoii
sach- nay
Cac nha xuat ban rat biet on nhung ca nhan
va 16 chuc sau day ve vice cho phep sir dung ban
quyen lac gia:
Bang 13.7 dugc phep cua Basil Blackwell,
Lid lliay mat cho Hoi kinh Ic Hoang gia; Bang
17.3 vti 17.4 dugc phep cua nha xuifl ban Returns
to Education; cac bang 8.2 va 8.4 - ban quyen
1972 cua Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.;bang 5.6 dugc phep cua Ford Foundation vaColumbia chfnh thong da thuyel phuc toi ve su capthiet phai cd mol phuong phap nidi Trong sonhung sinh vien cua minh, toi xin dac biet ke denJ.M.Obiri va G.S.Mwabu nguoi Kenia, nhungnguoi da nhan xet ve cac ban than dau lien cua toi
va dii giup toi chuan bi phfin Thuat ngu Trong socac dong nghiep, toi dac biet biet on PhilipW.Bcll, Edgar O.Edwards va Lloyd G Reynolds,nhung nguoi da ngay lir University Press; bang26.2 dugc phep cua Greenwood Publishing GroupInc., Westport, (T; cac bang 19.3, 2.3.8 va 25.4 -Quy Tien te Quoc te; bang 13.1 - Bao cao Diodong The gidi 1989; cac bang 1.7, 1.9 va 1.12,Ban quyen 1989, To chuc Dio dong quoc te,Geneva; bang 5.4 -’Reutlingen bang 17.2 - Nganhang ’Hie gidi; bang 18.2 - Johns HopkinsUniversity Press; bang 13.6 - David Turnham vaIan Jacgar, OECD; bang 5.8 va 22.1 - Bao caophat trien The gidi; cac bang 5.1, 13.4 va 17.1 -Ngan hang phat trien va tai thiet quoc te; bang11.8 lay lir mol bai bao cua Robert Rcpctto; bang26.1 - Random House Inc.; cac bang 19.1,23.3,23.4 va 23.5 - Rutgers University, NewBrunswick; cac bang 18.1 va 25.3 - World BankResearch Observer, bang 19.4 - Commodity Tradeand Price Trend 1986; cac bang 21.4, 21.9 va 26.4-World Debt Tables 1987-88
Mac du da cd giing hel stfc nhfim ghi nhancac chit so huu ban quyen, trong mol so trudnghgp, cluing toi khong lhe thuc hien dugc va nhanc<x hoi nay cluing loi xin ngd ldi xin ldi nhungngui/i nao ma ban quyen cua ho da bi vi pham molcftcli khong cd y
Trang 22Tom tat nhitng khai niem cot ban
va nhitng cd sd ly luan trong cuon sach nay
Khai niem hoar hoc thuyet ‘ Chtfcfng
Sir khan hiem, cfiu, cung, vice xac dinh 3
gia thi truc'mg, cac ducmg can, gia va
he so co dan thu nhap cua cau, cac mat
hang thong thucmg va loai hai, dich
chuyen cac ducmg cau, cac dircmg
cung, he so co dan cung, lao dong du
thira, chon loc, dinh gia khong theo thi
truong
Hoc thuyet ve san xual, cac nguon luc 4
va yeu to san xual, cac ham san xuat
tAn co dien, thu nhap giam dan doi vch
nhung yeu to hien doi, cac loai gia yeu
to va cong nghc phii hop, cac duomg
chi phi, cung, cau va thu nhap, toi da
hoa led nhuan, dinh gia doc quyen va
san lupng, tie! kiem va dfiu tu, tieu
diing hien tai so vori tieu diing trong
tucmg lai, phAn phoi thu nhap, cac chi
phi va Ipi (ch cua ca nhan so vch cua
xa hoi, cac lac dong ngoai sinh trong
san xuat va tieu diing, gia ca va nhung
thi truong khong hoan hao
Thu nhap giam dan, chi phi then va 7
cac ducmg cung, cac ducmg gicd han
kha nang san xuat va chi phi co hoi,
king cuc'mg yeu to san xuat va chi phi',
that nghiep va chi phi co hoi cua xa
hoi, hoc thuyet ve tang truong kinh te,
von nhan luc va vat luc, lien bp cong
nghc - trung gian, tie! kiem von va sue
lao dong, nhung dich chuyen trong cac
duong nang luc san xuat
Quy mo va phan phoi thu nhap theo 9 & 10
chuc nang, ducmg Lorenz, he so Gini,
hoc thuyet ve ty trong yeu to san xuat,
cac hoc thuyet ve lang truong so voi
phAn phoi, nhung chi so phuc Ipi
-GNP, nghed doi va binh dang
Hoc thuyet ve chuyen doi nhan khau, 12hoc thuyet ve dan so cua Mantuyt, hoc
thuyet kinh te vi mo ve hanh vi cua hogia dinh va nhung lira chon sinh de, dohuu dung bien va cac ducmg cau, lamvice va nghi ngoi (cac ducmg cung laodong), nhu cau sinh con (danh doi giua
so lupng va chat lupng)
Nhung khai niem ve that nghiep va 13ban that nghiep, thi truong tu do, mo
hinh canh tranh, hoc thuyet cuaKeynes ve cong an viec lam, nhunglech lac ve gia yeu to va sir lua choncong nghc, mo hinh kliuyen khfch gia -gia ao
Mo hinh ve nen kinh te kep cua Lewis,
mo hinh di cu Todaro
Khai niem hoac hoc thuyet
Hoc thuyet ve doanh nghiep (nongtrang), nen nbng nghiep toi thieu vahoc thuyet ve su rui ro, phat trien nongthon - nhung phuorng phap dong bo
X.
Hoc thuyet ve von nhan luc va giaodue, kinh te hoc ve giao due, "chaymau chat xam" - trong va ngoai nudeCac hoc thuyet ve thucmg mai quoc te -
mo hinh ve led the so sanh cuaRicardo, mo hinh v6 ty le yeu 16 sanxuat cua Hecksher-Ohlin, cac mo hinh
co dien va tan co dien ve thuong mai
va phat trien
Can can thanh toan, cac luong luanchuyen nguon luc, diing thuc chuyengiao co ban va quan he vm cuoc killinghoang no, hoc thuyet ve on dinh hoacua IMF
Trang 23Chmh sach thumig mai - ly thuyet vh
tliuc hanh, thay the hhng nhap khiiu,
kliuyen khich xuat khau, pha gia dong
tien, tliuc quan, han ngach, , hoc
thuyet ve ti'nh dong bo ve kinh te, hai
quan, cac khu vuc tu do buon ban, cac
tlii truong chung
Cac to hop da quoc gia, cac mo hinh
"hai 16 hong", cac hoc thuyet ve vien
trq nuqc ngoai
Hoc thuyet ve ke hoach hoa, cac mo
hinh ve ke hoach hoa, tang truong, du
bao cho timg khu vuc va cac mo hinh
dau vao-dau ra, tli^m dinh du an va
phan tich chi phf-lqi (ch
Kinh te hoc ve chinh sach - hoc thuyet
ve chi'nh sach tai chinh va tien te, cac
hoc thuyet ve lam phat va time, tu
nhan hoa, tu do hoa va lai suat
Cac can can ve luung thuc va nang
luqng, cac giai phap ve tra no, cac
duong cung nguon luc quoc te, nhung
quan diem ve Trat tu Kinh te Quoc te
Trang 24Leri noi dau Tlnh chat, muc chch va ket cau
cua giao trinh moi nay
Cuon sach nay dirge viel cho sinh vien nam dau
hoc kinh (e hoc 6 cac truemg dai hoc long hgp Iren
kluip chilli Phi, chau A, My Latinh va Trung Dong
Nhieu nam qua, sinh vien or nhihig nude dang phat
trien nay da phiii nghien cun dua Iren nhihig giao
trinh kinh te "phuong Tay" dirge soan thao cho
cac dong nghiep cua ho or Bdc My va Tay Au
Mac du cac cuon sach nay dirge danh gia la mang
linh pho bie'n ve Ifim bao qual, nhung Iren (hue te
chung de cAp tdi cac cau true kinh te, xa hoi va id
chuc dac thii cua cac nen kinh le cong nghiep lien
lien dr Phuong Tay Boi vay, sinh vien dr cac nude
dang phat trien thuong buoc phai tiep Ihu mol dai
rat rong cac khai niem, nguyen ly va ly thuyet kinh
le, dong thcri phai phan ti'ch mol loal cac van de
hien nay ma khong lien quan hoac lien quan rat ft
den thuc lien kinh le va to chuc xa hoi ciia ho
Sinh vien d cac nude ngheo da co mot vai cuon
sach trong do ho diing giin y nguyen cac phuong
phap luan va cac nguyen ly cung nhu nhihig van
de dugc dal ra doi vol cac dong nghiep cua ho dr
nude ngoai Chi cd su khac bict duy nhift la nhung
sua doi rat nho cho phu hgp vdi dieu kien dia
phuong va su thay the doi chut cac tai lieu cua cac
nude lien lien bang cac Un du va cac du lieu mang
tilth dia phuong Nhung giao trinh nhu vay la mot
su lien bo so vdi vice nhap sach tir cac nude phat
trien mol each luy lien ciia cac "nha xuat ban sinh
vien quoc le", nhung thuongla chung cung khong
di xa horn dugc la bao Nhung giao trinh nay
thuong khong thanh cong trong vice sua doi hoac
tach ra trong so cac ly thuyet da dugc "chap nhAn"
nhung gl phii hgp vdi thuc tien cor cau va to chuc
ciia nhieu quoc gia "The gidi thu ba"1 *
144 nude thanhvien LI IQ cr chau Phi, chau A yh My
Li linh thudng lu goi la The gidi Ihu ba Ho Iain nhu
vay chii veil la de phan bict ho vdi cac nude”tu ban" da
phat Irien ve kinh te (The gioi ’11111 nhat) dr Bae My,Tay
Nhung giao trinh nay cung khong de cap den cacvan de phat trien loan dicn nhu la su lang trudngdan so, su ngheo doi, su bat cong, nan that nghiep,nan mil chir va su tri ire kern phat trien d nongthon, mot each ti mi va Iren mot pham vi dia ly dtirong de loi cuon va thach there sinh vien nghiencuu ban chat cua cac van de nay, va de dal dugcmot su suy xet doc lap, dap ung yeu cau doi vdigiai phap kha di ciia ho
Do vay, khi chu yeu phai dua viio cac tai lieunhap tir phuong Tay, cac klioa hoc nhAm gidi thieu
ve kinh te d cac nude dang phat trien thuong trothanh mot dang cai bien khong hem khong kern vemat quy mo va noi dung cua cac klioa hoc d cacnude phat trien Vi the, chung co kliuynh huong lunhien la nhan manh qua nhieu cac mo hinh kinh le
va cac van de nong hoi doi vdi cac nude da phattrien, ma coi nhe cac van de cd the thich hgp hemdoi vdi cac nude dang phat trien Mac dii qua trinh
tu duy va cac khai niem va nguyen ly kinh te coban nao do nen dong nhat doi vdi ca the gidi da va
Au, Nhat Ban Ucva TanTay Lin va cac nude XIICN
trudc day (The gidiTlui hai) la Lien xd va Dong Au.
Mac dii thuat ngu klicri thuy "The gidi Thu ba" la leingliia, nlnnig nd da dugc chap nhan rong rai va duocban than cac nude ngheo sir dung, dac bict la trong caccuoc thuong lugng ciia hovdi cacnude giau ve kinh te.
Mac du khong dugc hay lam la cac con so "thu nhat”,
"thu hai" va "thu ba"doi khi mang yngliia dangtiec ve sir cao lion va kem him de chi cac nhoni nude khac nhau, trong thuc tien thuat ngir "The gidiThu ba" vandugc sir dung rong rai tai cac quoc gia dang phat trien trong mot no luc chung nham tao ra va tieu bieu cho
mot y ngliia nidi ciia linh dong nhat va su nhai tri ve muc lieu Vi vay, cluing tdi se thuimg sir dung nhoni tir
"the gidi thu ba" khi noi den cac nude dang ph.il trien
noi cluing, vdi mot ham y trong sang ngay tir dau la thuat ngii do luon dugc diing vdi y nghia tich cue ciia, nd.
Trang 25dang phat trien" nhung su kluic nhau ve hinh thuc
id chuc, su lira chon quy mo van de vh chinh sach
lien quan den sir hieu dung dan hon ve kinh te hoc
ciia cac nude dang phal trien dam bao mot phuong
phap tiep can moi de giang day kinh te hoc dai
cuong d cac nude nay: mot phuong phap thd hien
mot budc quan trong tir bb each tiep can phuong
lay truyen thong van con duqc sir dung rong rai
lai nhieu nude chau Phi, chau A va My In tinh
Cuon giao trinh nay cd y dinh dua ra mol phuong
phap tiep can mod Nd cd the khac vdi nhung giao
trinh co so ciia cac tac gia nude ngoai va trong
nude dang luu lianh d ciic nude dang phat trien bdi
8 diem sau day:
1 Giao trinh duqc dinh hudng chi de giang day
kinh te hoc trong khudn khb cac van de co ban
ve phal trien va kem phat trien d cac nude
thuoc The gidi Thu ba Cuon sach nay tap trung
vao nhung nude nay vdi tu each la cac quoc gia
doc lap, trong moi quan he giua cac nude do vdi
nhau va trong quan he giua cac nude do vdi cac
nude giau cd
2 Giao trinh Ihua nhan su can thiet phai xet den
cac vail de phal trien va kem phat trien tir mot
goc do the chi* cung nhu la kinh te vdi nhung cai
bien thich hop doi vdi cac nguyen ly, ly thuyet
va chinh sach kinh te "tong quat" da duqc chap
nhan
3 Giao trinh nhin nhan su phat trien va kem phat
trien trong bdi canh moi nude va ca loan cau,
nhan inanh sir phu thuoc lan nhau ngay cang
tang ciia kinh te the gidi trong cac linh virc nhu
luong thuc, nang luqng, tai nguyen , cong nghe
va ngudn tai chinh
‘ Trong chuiffig 3 va 4 chung toi se co gang x.icdinh va
mo t;i cot loi ciia cac khai niem vii nguyen ly kinh te
thich hop vdi c.ic quoc gia dang phiit trien.
Mol dicu co ve lo bich la, tai nhieu khoa kinh te
truing dai hoc ciia the gidi thir ba, mot khoa hoc ve
“kinh te hoc ve phat trien" thubng duqc coi nhu la mot
'men dac biet", hoac tham chi la mot mon "lua chon"
doivdi sinh vien hoc tap tot va chua tot nghiep Iren
thuc id, khoa hoc nhap mon co the la khoa hoc co ban
ve "su phat trien" cung vdi cac khoa hoc khac co dinh
hudng ph.it trien giong nhau. Me do ciic khoa hoc dua
tren c.ic sach nhap mon dac trung phuong lay sc la mot
mon lira chon cho ciic. sinh vien cd quan lain den mon
"kinh te hoc ciia xii hoitu ban lien lien"
4 Giao trinh sir dung each tiep can dinh htrdngtheo van de de’ giang day kinh te vdi gia dinhluong dien rang:
(a) Sinh vien cd the niim vung cac khai niemkinh td quan trong khi nhung khai niem nayduqc trinh bay trong bdi canh cac vail dephat trien "the gidi hien thuc" quen thuoc.(b) Cai dich quan trong cua bat ky khoa kinh
te hoc dai cuong nao cung nlifim phat trienkha niing cua sinh vien hieu duqc cac van dekinh te hien nay va cd duqc nhung y kiendoc lap ve each giai quyel ciic van de do.Cuon sach nay thien ve vice dua ra cac khainiem kinh te truyen thong thich hop de soi sangcac van de phiit trien thuc te, hon la trinh bay ciicnguyen ly kinh te nhu la mot lap hop) cac khainiem triru tuong cd the ap dung cho bat cu xii hoinao4 Neu lam khac di th'i se hoa ra la vice
"chuyen giao cong nghe" khong thich hop giongnhu vice nhap khii’u cac miiy keo khong Id ciia Ikic ban cau cd he thong suoi am duoi ghe ngdiciia lai xe de sir dung tai ciic (rang trai quy mogia dinh nhd o chau Phi nhiet doi
5 Giao trinh tiep can ciic van de ve phiit trien moleach cd he thong bang each tuiin thco mot quytrinh chuan doi vdi vice phiin tfch va giai trinhlung van de Moi chuong dcu biit diiu tir vice neulen tinh chat chung ciia mol van de (tin du: danso', ngheo doi, giao due, phiin pho'i thu nhap, nanthat nghiep, vv.„), nhung net chinh ciia tinh chat
do va nd the hien nhu the niio o ciic nude kemphiit trien khac nhau Giao trinh tiep tuc trinhbay cac muc lieu chinh v.i ciic muc dich khac, vevai tro cua ciic nguyen ly kinh te trong vice lamsiing to van de nay va mot so each lua chonchinh sach vii hau qua cua chung Ghung toi tinriing each tiep can nay se giiip sinh vien suy ngliimot each cd he thong ve ciic van de phiit trien
4 Nhu Giiio su Rcndigs l;cls, nguyen chii lich tty ban
giao due kinh te ciia 1 liep hoi kinh te My, da noi rat dung: "Vice xeni xet co ncn dua vao hoac loai bb mol
khai niem nao do (trong mot cudnsach kinh te so dang) khong phai dua vao him quan trongciia no doi vdi motkinh te gia chuyen nghiep, cung khong phai dua vao
linh tham thuy ciiano hoac vi tri ciia nd trong mot cau true ly luan hao nhoang my mieu Vice xcm xet do la
dua vao tinh hiru ich ciia no do'i vdi thubng dan so vdi llidi gian viicong site phai bb ra de hoc khai niem do”.
Trang 26hicn nay Cd le, quan trong him la no se cung
cap cho ho mol phuimg phap Inin va mot each
thurc lam vice de phan tfch va di den nhung ket
Infill quan trong vd cac van de phat trien khiic
' cua hicn lai va tirong lai ma co the thich hop vdi
dal nude hay khu vuc cua ho
6 Giao trinh dua vao niem tin riing co the phac
lhao va kel can mot cuon sach kinh te hoc cho
nhicu nude khac nhau a chau Phi, chau A, My
I a linh va Trung Dong cung sir dung, bang each
sir dung cac dir lieu chung nhat cho moi nude Ly
lirdng nhat la moi chircmg ndi ve mot van de nao
do can dupe bo sung nhung dir lieu dia phiromg
cho mdi nude hoac khu vuc noi cuon sach dupe
sir dung5 Dii co thira nhan rang nhirng van de co
the se khac nhau ca vc quy mo va lam quan
trong khi ndi ve limg nude rieng nhu An Dp,
Indonexia, Libang, Kenia, Nigicria, Ai Cap,
Brazin, Mehied va Guatemala, thi thuc le vin la
tat ca nhirng nude nay deu phai ddi mat vdi
nhirng van de ve phat trien rat giong nhau Nan
nghco ddi lan Iran va chenh lech ve tai san va
Ihu nhap tang len; dan so tang nhanh; so ngudi
biet doe bie't viet d mire thap va chc dp dinh
duong kern, muc that nghiep va thicu vice lam a
cac thanh pho tang dan; nong nghiep thi tri tre va
thai dp kha thd a ddi vdi nong thon; cac he thong
giao due va y te khong hoan thien va thudng
khong thich hop; cac cau true the chc va hanh
clifnh cung nhiic; su dd bi ton thuomg truoc sue
manh thong tri cua kinh te, cong nghc va van
hoa ben ngoai va su phu thupc; va su lira chon
kho klian khi phai' xet den vice danh doi "hicn
dai hoa" vdi bao ton van hoa: nhirng van de nay
va ca nhirng van de khac la hicn tupng pho bie'n
va, tren thuc te, thudng xac dinh ban chat cua su
chain phat trien ngay ca trong cac quoc gia khac
nhau vd vim hoa va dieu kicn thien nhien thupc
.The gidi Thd ba
5 Thi du, cac giao vien day khoa nhap mon tai cac quoc
gia Phi chau co the bd sung cho cuon sach nay lai lieu
sau day vdi gia re (dung cho sinh vien, thu vien v.'i cac
khoa); "Tong quan cac nen kinh te Phi chau” do Quy
lien te quoc te xuat ban Nhirng ban tong quan nay dupe
bien soan vdi nhung bai mo la va cac so lieu dii dune
cong bd ve killing the che va can true ciia cac nen kinh
te cd lien quan.
7 Giao trinh xcm xet nhieu van de ve kinh te, xahoi va the che cua su cham phat trien va coicluing cd lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau va ddi hoi'.phai giai quyel dong thdi va co su phoi hopnhung van de nay tren qui mo ca quoc gia lanquoc te Giao trinh dua tren lien de la: phat trienkinh te, ngay ca khi dinh nghia theo toe dp tangtruong nhanh va phan phoi cong bang hem thunhap quoc dan va cac ca may, la dieu kicn cannhung chua phai la dieu kicn du de "phat trien".Van de la a chd ngudi ta khong chi don gian ndi
ve kinh te hoc de phat trien ma khong dat dungcac tham so kinh te vao boi canh cua cac hethong chinh tri -xa hpi va cac thuc trang the che.Vice bd qua cac yeu to' "phi kinh te" khi phantfch cac van de dupe gpi la "kinh te” nhu sunghco ddi, that nghiep va bat cong ca trongnude va giua cac quoc gia, cd the lam hai chosinh vien •! oi te horn la nd lam cho sinh vienkhong nghT g'l den buc tranh loan canh khi ma,rot cupc, hp cung dam nhan ntiimg dia vi cdtrach nhiem ddi vdi su phat trien cua dat nudehp.‘
8 Cuoi ciing, quyen sach nay du dinh cung capcho tat ca cac sinh vien,.nhirng ngudi dang theoduoi mot khoa hoc nhap mon ve kinh te, moiklioi lupng kicn thuc day dii khong chi ve nhungvan de phat trien chu yeu d trong nude hp, ma canhung van de tuemg tu a cac nude khac thupcThe gidi Thu ba Hy vpng ring quyen sach nay
se giiip hp tang den toi da gia tri thuc sir cua cacgiao trinh dai hoc khac vc khoa hoc xa hoi, kythuat, y hoc, nong nghiep hay la luat hoc Cuoiciing, nd se giiip hp trer thanh nhung cong dannfim dupe thong tin va cd tinh than trach nhiem.Phan km sinh vien hoc xong giao trinh dau lien
vc kinh te hoc se khong tiep tuc di theo nganhchuyen mon do VI vay, lac gia mot cuon sachnhap mon phai dap ung cac nhu cau ciia hp cungnhu boi duong nhung ngudi muon trd thanh nhakinh te tre, dii cho dieu do cd nghia la phan naotir bo van phong huycn bf de bam lay vd vanhicn thuc ddi thudng (mot su danh ddi vdi "lairung" rat Ion)
Bo cue va dinh hirong
Quyen sach dupe chia linn bon phan Phan mot
Trang 27tap (rung vao link chat vil y nghia cua su kem phat
trien va nhung bieu hieu cua nd a cac quoc gia
thupc lhe gidi Ihu ba Nd con giiii thich cac
nguyen ly va khai niem kinh te chon loc mil to ra
dac biet tien lai de hieu dugc cac van de ve phat
trien quoc te Mdi mot nguyen ly va khai nicm ca
ban dirge mo la trong khung canh nhung van de cd
thuc cua cac quoc gia dang phat trien
Phan hai va ba lao thanh cot loi cua cudii sach
Phan hai tap (rung vao nhihig van de va chinh sach
chinh de cap den phat trien trong nude Con phan
ba th! xet vi tri cua cac quoc gia thupc The giai
Thu ba trong nen kinh te quoc te Cac chu diem
danh cho phan tich va tong quan (a cuoi mdi
chuang) bao gdm: lang truong kinh te, ngheo ddi
va phan phoi thu nhap, dan so, that nghiep, di cu,
nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon, giao due,
mau dich quoc te, dau tu tu nhan nude ngoiii va
vien trg nude ngoai Trong sud't phan hai va ba,
vice trinh bay cac van de dugc hudng vao cac
nguyen ly va khai niem ca ban da dugc neu ra a
phan mot
Cuoi ciing, phan bon diem lai nhirng kha nang va
trien vong phat trien cua The gidi Thu ba Sau khi
ban ve ly thuyet va thuc tien cua vice lap ke hoach
phat trien, va vai tro cung nhu su han che cua cac
cln'nh sach kinh te cong cong, phan bon phan li'ch
nen kinh le lhe gidi dang tien trien trong nhirng
nilm 1990 va vi tri cua cac nude kem phat trien
trong he thong kinh te loan cau ngay cang phu
ihuoc lan nhau nhirng lai nit killing cong biing.Tac
dong cua nhihig cuoc khung hoang gan day ve
nang lugng, luomg thuc va ng nan nen kinh te cua
cac nude dang phat trien dugc xcm xet mol each ti
mi, va nhihig ddi hoi ngay cang lang cua The gidi
Thu ba ve mot "tral tu kinh te quoc le mdi" trong
boi canh tang cuung tu chu tap the dugc diem lai
va phan li'ch
Phan lir vung ma rang cho phep lham khao
nhanh de tim cac dinh nghia va giai thich ve cac *
thuat ngu va khai nicm dugc diing trong suot cuon
sach nay Phan "hinh anh dat nude" ng^n gon mo
la nhihig net chinh ve kinh te cua hai muai tarn
nude dang phat trien ciing vdi ban do va nhirng so
lieu kinh te gan day nam cr phan phu luc cuoi mdi
chuang
Trong ca 4 phan cua cuon sach, chung toi dat ra
nhirng cau hoi cd ban: kieu phat trien nao la tot
nhatr bang each nao cac quoc gia thupc The gidi
Thd ba cd th£ dat dugc nhihig muc tidu kinh td va
xa hoi niiy mot each tot nhift, hoac lii tu minh, hoaclit, lot han, co su hgp tac vdi nhau vii, co the hyvong, co su giup da thich hgp vil co y nghia cuacac nude phat trien trdn the gidi?
Trong phitn trinh ’ hy vii philn tich nhihig van dephat trien khan cap, chung toi dua ra nhihig quandiem da dang va thuong la ddi lap nhau cua cacnhil kinh te hoc ve phat trien, cua cac nha khoahoc xa hoi khac, cua cac nha lap ke hoach vanhihig ngudi thuc su dang dung tren "tuye'n lira"
< trong cac bp va co quan chinh phu a cac nudethuoc The gidi Thu ba Neu chung toi hoc Ip niptkhuynh hudng, thi chile do la vice luon cd gdngneu len nhihig quan diem cua cac nha khoa hoc xahoi cua The gidi Thu ba va cua cac nha (hire hanhphat trien, nhihig ngudi trong nhirng nam 1970 dabiit dau cliftp noi lai nhihig philn hieu biet cua ho
ve y nghia cua sir phat trien6
Vimg anh hudng cua tri thuc ddi vdi tu duy phattricn da nhanh chong chuyen lir The gidi Thu nhat
va Thd hai7 sang The gidi Thu ba Chinh d nhihigquoc gia nay nhung cau Ira lai day du phai dugcInn ra va nhirng chien luge thich hap phai dugchinh thanh Va chinh nhihig ngudi dan d ciic nudenay la nhihig ngudi sc ngay cang gay nhieu anhhudng den hinh thuc va npi dung cua nhihig chienluge nay ('hung toi hy vong riing cuon sach nay
co the gop mot phitn kliiem ton viio vice hinhthanh nhung chien luge nhu vay trong tuong lai vatao dicu kicn de hieu rd han nhihig van de khacnhau cua su kem phat tricn, bring each cung capcho sinh vien thupc The gidi Thu ba phan nhapmon ve kinh te hoc vira thict thuc va cd y nghia
6 Thi du, cd the doc Padma Desai "Hop mat cac nha
khoa hoc xa hoi cua 'Hie gidi Thi? ba tai Santiago" 9/1973; "Tu luc canh sinh va cai each quoc te" 6/1974; Mahbub ul Hag "Killing hoang trong chiGh lupc phat trien" 7/1973; va "Thong bao cua 50 nha kinh te hang
dau thupc cac nude dang phat trien ", 1/1975
7 Su tan vdnhanh chong cac he thong kinh te xa hoi chii
nghia d Lien Xo va Dong Au niim 1991 lam cho thuat
ngu "'Hie gidi 'Iliu hai" trd nen loitluri Tuy vay, ddi lucchung toi van dung thuat ngu do de cho vice dien daldune thuan lieu.
Trang 29Phan Mot:
Trang 30Chuang I: Kinh te hoc: tmh chat
va tam quan trong cua mon hoc nay ddi vol cac nude dang phat trien
* Nhifng lifting ciia cac nhd kinh te hoc vd cac
trici gia chinh tri.du Id diing hay sai den manh
han nhifng gi md ngift'ri la lifting Qua thifc Id the
giiri nay clni yen chin sir chi phdi cua nhifng y
lifting do.
John Maynard Keynes
The giiri Th if ha1 chieni 77'it dan so the gidi.
nhifng chi niang lai 22 r/t thu nhap ciia loan the
gidi; vd ngay cd so thu nhap khiem ion nay cling
difoc phdn phdi rat khong hinh dang trong nidi
nitric khicn cho phdn Ion ngift'ri dan hi lam vdo
canh han han.
Tuyen ho Santiago cua cac nha kinh te thupc The gidri Th it ha
Gift t/iieu
Ngheo doi va phong liiu trong
mot the gidi phu thuoc lan
nhau
'I ren khfip the gie'ri, ngudi la thuc day vdo mdi
budi sang de don mot ngay moi trong nhung hodn
canh het sue khac nhau Mol so ngudi song trong
nhung ngoi nha lien nghi co nhieu phong Ho du
Ihira do an, cd quan ao dep, khoe manh vd cd the
mong doi mot muc do bao dam ve tai chinh kha
chiic chiin Con nhung ngudi khac, vd so' nay
chiein hem 3/4 tong so dan 5,5 ty ngudi cua trai
dat, thl kem may miin hem nhieu Ho cd the thieu
An, khong cd nha d hodc cd mot mai nha nhd be
Sue khoe ciia ho kem, ho khong biet doc biet viet,
ho that nghiep, vd trien vong ve mot cudc song tot
dep horn Id het sue md mil hoac khong chiic chiin
Do vdy, chung la hay biit dau vice nghien cuu kinh
te hoc bang each xein xet dieu kien song eV nhung
mien khac nhau Iren the gidi De tien cho vice
nghien cuu, hay tuerng rdng ta Id nhung du khach
di tren mot chiec phi cer duerc trang bi ky thudt cd
the bay quanh trai dat vd quan sat cudc song eV
nhung mien khac nhau Chung ta se lha'y nhung gi?
Chung ta se cd nhung phan ung nhu the nao?
Ciia sir trade tien, chung ta tap trang quan satmot gia dinh trang binh eV Biic My Cd the do lamot gia dinh 4 ngudi, ven muc thu nhap hang namvdo klioang 30.000 do la Ho song trong mol ngoinhd tien nghi d ngoai 6 md ho mua bdng motkhoan tien kha lem vay ciia ngan hang, goi la "lienvay the chap" va cd the cd hai chiec xe hoi, motchiec cho ngudi chong lam vice thudng xuyen taimot toa cong sd gan do, va mot chiec cho ngudi verlam vice khong Iron ngay tai Ihu vicn dia phuemg.Ngoi nhd ciia ho cd nhieu thu ticn leri, ca hai duacon deu cd phong ngii rieng Nhd cd vd so' do diingnhu may giat, lii lanh, may thu hinh radio vd cac
do dien khac, goi chung la "do lieu diing", trong do
cd nhieu thu duqc san xuat tai cac nude ngoai Biic
My nhu Nam Trieu Tien, Achentina va Dai Loan.Moi ngay gia dinh an 3 bua, mot ngudi cd tir motden hai khiiu phan thit hoac ca, cac loai rau, qua,banh mi vd sun Derail duerc nhap tir nhieu vimgkhac dr 13hc My vd nhieu loai duerc nhap tir nueicngoai, vi du nhu ca phe tir Braxin, Kenia hoacColombia; ca hop vd hoa qua tirPeru, Nhal Kin vd *
De hieu nglua cua tir "lire gidi Thu ba" va ngu canh
md thuat ngu ay duerc diing sud't ca cuon sach nay,xem chu thich 1 ciia led noi dau
Trang 31Kinh te hoc cho Thegidi Thit ba
Australia; chub'i vii cac loai qua nhiet ddi khac ttr
Trung My Tat ca nhung thur nay co le dupe mua
tai mot sieu thi Idn chuyen ban cac loai do diing
gia dinh, do npi trp va quan ao I lai con cua ho deu
khoe manh va deu di hoc Chung co thb hy vong se
dupe hoc dai hoc vii lira chon gan nhu bat cu nghe
nghiep gi hap dan cluing, va huong tho trung b'mh
lii 74 luoi
Nhin be ngoiii, gia dinh nay von lii mot gia dinh
lieu bieu cho cac quoc gia giiiu cd, cd ve dang cd
mot cube song tot dep Cha me deu cd hoc van vii
cd kha nang tun dupe nhung edng vice luong cao,
cd the nuoi nang, chu cap moi thu vii giao due con
cai ho, va moi nam cd the tiel kiem dupe mot so
tien cho tuong lai Nhung doi lai vdi nhung mdn
Ipi "kinh le' nay, bao gib cung cd nhung mdn chi
"phi kinh te" Ap luc canh tranh de thanh dal ve
mat lai chnih la rat manh, cung nhu su ciing thang
than kinh va ve buc bach the chat trong vice cd
gang lao cho gia dinh mot muc song mil xa hoi coi
la dang mong muon cd the doi hoi ca ngudi cha lan
ngudi me phai tra gia ve sue khoe Cung vdi nhung
hoi thuc du dpi cua tien bp ve kinh le, ho nhanh
chdng mat di kha nang dupe nghi ngoi, dupe tan
huong nhung thu vui don gian nhu di dao va hit thb
khong kin trong limit d viing nong thon, uong nude
linh khiet va ngfim canh hoang hon Nhung nhin
chung gia dinh cua lip la mpl mb hlnh kinh te va
mol loi song ma hang Irieu con ngudi khac kern
may man han dudng nhu dang them muon
Bay gid ta hay lap trung quan sal mpt gia dinh
dicn hinh b viing nong thon chau A Gia dinh nay
cd mudi ngudi: cha me ciing 5 dua con, 2 bng ba
va 1 bng bac lip cd mile thu nhap hang nam gdm
ca lien lan hicn vat (ehang han hp lieu thu mpt
phan thuc pham ma ho nuoi trong dupe) la 150 do
la Tat ca deu song dudi mpt mai nhii mpt phbng
tdi tan va lam la dicn cho mpl nong trang Idn, do
mpt dia chu song d mpl thanh pho gan do sb huu
Cha, me, bng bac va nhung dua con Idn deu phai
lam vice ca ngity lai nong trang Khong mpt ngudi
Idn nao bici doc hope bict viel ca, va trong sd 5
dua con dang ddp tudi den Irubng, chi cd mpl dua
duoc di hoc Ihudng xuyen, va nd khd cd the hoc
qua lop bon hoac Jd’p nam Moi ngay ho chi an mpl
bua Bua an hicin khi lhay doi vii Ihudng khong du
de lam diu di nhung con doi Ihudng true cua lu Ire
Ng6i nha cua ho khong co dicn, Ihieu nude sach va
cac dieu kicn vp sinh khac Nhieu ngudi bin dauluon, nhung cac bac sy va dupe sy gibi lai b cacIhiinh pho nil xa Cong vice vai va, thdi lie! nongnuc vii hiiu nhu khong cd hy vong ve cupc songkha hon Vpt Ion vdi cupc song hang ngay de tontai, ngudi dan b' nhung viing niiy chi tun thay niemkhuiiy khoa duy nhal trong nhung Iruyen thongtinh than cua dan toe minh
Chuyen huong sang mot chAu luc khac, la cd thengiim nhin mpl Ihiinh pho tuui dep nfun doc bbbien Nam My Day la mpl khu vuc diii va rung,nhung nhin tir Iren cao, la cd the nhan thay dudngnhu cd hai thanh pho nfim Iren ciing mpl dudngbien gidi Mpl dai dal gdm nhung toil cao oc hicndai vdi cac dai lb rpng rai vii rpp bong cay chaydoc lheo bai bien cat triing lap lanh Nhung chi liii
ra viii tram met vii cho tdi lan sudn mpl ngon doidoc, lii loan nhung can nha 6 chupl lup xup nfunchen chuc nhau Chung la quyet dinh lii cd le se ratthu vi neu ciing mpt luc quan sat hai gia dinh- molgia dinh song trong mpl can hp nhieu phbng b kingcao nhat cua mpt toil nha dep nhin ra bien, con giadinh kia thi song chui rue Irong mpt can leu dungtarn trong mot khu nha 6 chupt n;im Iren qua doisau loa nha nhin ra bien
Ilien dang lii tdi thu bay, vii ca hai gia dinh deudang chuan bi bua tdi Trong can hp nhieu phbng,mpt trong ba ngudi hiiu dang bay ra nhung chiecdia Due diit tien, do an bfmg bac ciia Anh vii khan
an biing vai lanh Ai-len Iren chiec biin an diii.Trung ca mudi Nga, sam banh Phap vii Ihit liiiincuon Tay Ban Nha se la mon khai vi Irong sd 5mdn an Khiich khua sAp den nen ba dua Ire Irongnha dang vpi va thay quiin ao Dua Idn nhal hocdai hoc b Bile My dang b tham nha, con hai duakia hoc trubng npi tru b Phap va Thuy Sy Ihi dang
co ky nghi Ong bb lii mpl nhii phAu thual noi lieiigdupe dao lao b I loa Ky, con khach hang cua bnggdm loan nhung nhii kinh doanh vii cac quan chiicdia phuong vii nude ngoai giau cd Nhung ky nghihiing nam bnude ngoai, b lb hang ngoai sang trongciing vdi do an vii quiin Ao xin nhal lii nhung Ihuthong Ihudng doi vdi gia dinh Iren king cap niiy.(on gia dinh song Iren qua doi Ihi sao? Up cung
cd lhe Irong thay bien, nhung vi le niio do, biendudng nhu khong dep hoac nen thu him Mui hoithdi bdc len tir cong ranh Ip Ihien linn cho niem vuiIhu Iren Irb nen xa vdi Trong can leu Iren doi niiychang co ban an did Mil Ihuc ra ciing cluing co
Trang 32bffa loi I lau het bay dira Ire mil cliff trong nha deu
phai ra pho xin lien, danh gihy, hay thSm chi' doi
luc lim each an cap vi cua nhffng ngudi mat canh
giac di Iren dai 16 Cdch dfiy vai nam, 6ng bo cua
gia dinh da rdi viing nong thou heo lanh de ra
thanh pho nay kiem song, va gan day, ca gia dinh
da chuyen ra lheo ong 'Prong nhffng nam qua, ong
da co mot so vice lam khong Hmong xuyen, nhung
khong co vice gl la on dinh ca 'Phu nhap cua ca
gia dinh la gan 170 dola mot nam Lu Ire da phai
bo hoc nhieu lan do buoc phai giup dd gia dinh
kiem song bang bat ky each nao Doi khi, ngudi
con gai ca con d luoi vi thanh nien dang song vdi
"nhffng ngudi ban" trong khu trung lam dudng nhu
co chut du dat, nhung khong ai hoi la so tien 66 tir
dau ra hoac duqc kiem bang each nao
Ta co the dd dang bi boi roi va lung lung trade
str tuang phan ro ret giffa canh doi sang trong tren
lau cao ben bo bien va cuoc song am dam trong
tup leu tren doi Tuy v3y, neu ta quan sat bat ky
thanh pho Ion nao d chau My La Tinh, chau A va
chau Phi, ta se tluTy nhffng canh tuong phan giong
het nhu vay, cho du muc do khong binh dang ve
thu nhap cd the do hon
Giong nhu trong doan ket cua cuon video ngdn,
quay canh song cua hanh tinh d ben dudi, gid day
ta dang huqng ong kinh camera vuqt dai duong de
quan sat mot vung dat rong Ion va tap trung vao
mot nhdm nho gdm nhung tup leu ty hon nam tren
mot vung dat khd chn Do la mien dong chau Phi,
va chung ta tap trung quan sat rieng mol lang heo
lanh cua mot bo toe du canh du cu Dudng nhu ho
khong song lung gia dinh rieng, ma song thanh
mot nhdm cac gia dinh, tat ca deu ciing lam va
ciing chia san phiirn Khong he cd thu nhap bang
tien d day, boi vi tat ca do an, quan ao, nha cua va
do diing deu do ho tu lam ra va tieu diing, day la
mot nen kinh te "tu cap tu luc" Khong he cd dudng
sa, trudng hoc, benh vien, ngudn cung cap dien,
nude Cuoc song a day dudng nhu khong he bi
thay doi chut nao tir hang nghin nam qua Xet tren
nhieu phuong dien, diiy la mot cuoc song cung khd
khan va am dam nhu cuoc song cua nhung ngudi
My Ixi tinh trong khu nhh 6 chuot ben kia bd dai
duong (a hai deu ciing phai vat Ion dd ton tai
Nhung ngudi dan chau Phi d day khong phai chiu
dung ve mat him ly nhu nhung ngudi dan My La
tinh dong canh, vi d day khong hd co nhung toh
nhh sang trong dC’ 15m noi bat canh tting qufin cua
Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tam quan trong
ngudi ngheo Cuoc song d day dudng nhu sc maimai khong thay doi, nhung nd se khong con phainhu vay lau nffa
Cach do mot tram kilomel, dang xay dung motcon dudng ma sc chay qua gan ngoi lang cua ho.CihSc chan nd sc mang lai nhffng phuong tien lamtang tuoi tho thong qua cong tac y te lot hon.Nhung nd cung sc mang den nhffng thong tin vethd gidi ben ngoiii ciing vdi nhung thanh tuu cuanen van minh hicn dai Kha niing ve "mot cuocsong tot dep hon" se tang len, va nhung co hoi chomol cuoc song nhu vay sc nam trong tam tay Se
cd nhieu khat vong hon, nhung dong thoi, cung se'co nhieu ngudi vo mong Tom lai, qua trinh "phattrien" se duqc khdi dong Khong lau nffa, cd thengudi ta se trong cac loai rau va cay an qua nhictdoi co the xuat khau d khu vuc hicn dang thua dannay Tham chi', cung cd the mot so rau qua do sexuat hicn tren ban an cua gia dinh ngudi Nam Mytren lau cao no Trong khi do, cac loai radio bandSn san xuat tai dau kia cua trai dat la Dong Nam
A va cac may ghi am nghe nhac cua Bdc Au sc trothanh nhung do so huu dang gia tai cai lang chauPhi nay Tren khdp the gidi, nhffng ban lang ngheokhd heo lanh nhu the nay dang duqc timg buocchac chan noi vdi nen van minh hicn dai Quatrinh nay hicn dang lien trien va se duqc day manhhem nffa trong nhffng nam tdi
Sau khi quan sat so qua cuoc song o nhung mienkliac nhau tren the gidi, tu nhien ta cd the bi boi roidoi chut va bat dau dat ra cac cau hoi Lam sao suphong luu 16 16 do cd the ciing ton tai duqc vdi suban ciing nhu vay, khong chi giffa nhffng dai luckhac nhau, ma con ngay trong cung mot nude,hoac tham chi' ngay trong ciing mot thanh pho' haymot ban lang? Nhffng xa hoi va quoc gia nay duqc
to chuc nhu the nao ve mat kinh te de dap lingnhung mong muon va uoc vong cua ngudi dan?Ihm the nao de nhffng mong muon vc kinh te nayduqc bien thanh vice san xuat hang hoa va dichvu? Ai quyct dinh san xuat ra nhung gi? San pham
se duqc phan phoi tren co sd nao? Tai sao moingudi lai khong co tat ca moi thu ho muon? Neudieu nay la khong the, tin tai sao mot so ngudi lai
co qua nhieu, con nhung ngudi khac lai cd qua it?Bang each nao vh trong nhung dieu kien nao cacgia dinh nong then ngheo khd d nhung viing heolanh cua Nigieria, Mehico, Braxin, Ai Cap hayPhilipin lai trd thanh nhung nhff nong thuomg mai,
Trang 33Kinh te hoc cho The gidi Thitba
ban nong san de dbi lay phirong lien mA ho co the
dung de mua hang hoa san xuat ben ngoai khu vuc
cua ho?
Rat nhieu can hoi tuong tu lien quan den nhung
khac bict va tieni nang ve mtfc song giua cac nude
cung nhu ngay trong mot quoc gia Ching han
nhu cac can hoi ve dieu kien y te va dinh duomg,
ve cac co sb- giao due, cor hoi cd cong an vice
lam, ty le tang dan so va tudi tho deu cd the
dupe dal ra tren co sb cua su quan sat tham chi'
rat so bo nay ve cube song Iren trai dat
Tuy vay, khong can phai di tren mot con tau
vu tru de cd the thay duoc hoac de chuan bi va
tun kiem nhung can Ira Ibi cho nhung cau hoi ve
"the gidi hien thuc" nhu vay Nhung hieu bict
quan trong ve epi re, ban chat va nhung giai
phap cho cac van de nay, cung nhu nhieu van de
ve phat trien khac, deu cd the cd duoc nhb mot
khoa hoc gidi thieu ve kinh te hoc Khoa hoc do,
tap (rung vao 3/4 dan so the gidi, noi ma ngheo
khd va muc song thap la nhung net chinh trong
cube song cua ho it ra thi cube du hanh vdng
quanh trai dat da cho cluing la loi the duoc quan
.sat loan the trai dat Dieu ma cube du hanh
khong phat hien duoc la: do trai dat cua cluing
ta dang co lai vdi su phat trien cua cac phuong
lien giao thong lien lac hien dai, tuong lai cua
tat ca cac dan toe tren hanh tinh nhb be nay
dang ngay cang trb nen phu thuoc lan nhau
Nhung gi xay ra doi vdi sue khoe va phiic loi
kinh te cua gia dinh nbng dan ngheo no cung
nhu nhieu gia dinh khac b Nam a se bang each
nay hay each khac, true tiep, hoac gian tiep lac
dong toi sue khoe va phiic loi kinh te cua nhung
gia dinh nbng dan khac b Bac My, va ngupc lai
Nhung cau hoi "tai sao" va "nhu the nao" ve su
phu thuoc lan nhau nay se dupe giai dap b
nhung chuong tiep thco Nhung chinh trong bb'i
canh cua mol tuong lai chung cho loan nhan
loai trong the gidi ngay cang nhanh chdng co
hep lai cua nhung nam 90, ma bay gib chung ta
bat dau nghien cum kinh te hoc
Noi dung cua kinh te hoc
truyen thong: pham vi va
nhufng han che cua no
Vice dinh nghia kinh te hoc mol each chinh xiic
Ih khong de dang, ma cung khong nen nua Nhungkhai niem vA qua trinh tu duy cua kinh 16* hoc dupe
ap dung rpng rai trong rift nhieu khia canh cuacube song Tuy vAy, ve co ban, kinh te hoc la congtrinh nghien ciiu vA thuc hAnh v6 su lira chon.Kinh te hoc quan tarn den each thuc ma thco donhung nhu cau va khat vong cua con ngubi dupebien thanh mot sb' lupng hang hoa vat chat han che(cluing han nhu gao, ngb, radib, xe dap va quiinao) va dich vu (chAng han nhu y te, giao due, anninh, Am nhac va khieu vu) thong qua vice sir dungmot each khon ngoan nhung ngudn lire san xuatkhan liiern (bao gdm dat dai, trang thiet bi, laodong, vat lieu va bi quyet ky thuat, quan tri cungnhu quan ly hanh chinh) Con ngubi ta cd nhieunhu cau co ban nhu doi, khat va nhay cam vdi thbitiet Nhung ham muon nay the hien dudi dang nhucau ve hang hoa, nhu do an, thuc ub'ng, nha cira vaquan ao Trong mot nen kinh te tu cap tu tuc domgian nhat, nhu cai lang chau Phi ma ta da noi btren, nhung nhu cau cor ban dupe dap ung hoirnloan bbi chinh nhung ngubi cd nhung nhu cau do.Ngubi tieu dung va nha san xuat deu la mot.Nhung dung cu dim gian dupe lam ra de dao dalhoac de xay mot ngbi nha Bi quyet ky thuat chuyeu dupe truyen mieng tir dbi nay sang dbi khac.Quan trong horn het, nhan lire la ngudn luc san xuatchinh de lam ra cac loai thuc pham thiet yeu, quiin
ao don gian va nha cira thong thubng
Nhung, ngay cii trong xa hoi hoang so nhat nay,nhung lac nhan cua kinh te hoc van hoal dong Dotinh trang khan hiern lam cho nhung ngudn luc ddlgia, nen phai lien hanh lua chon de xel xem se sanxuat hang hoa gi? mbi loai hang hoa se san xuatbao nhieu, san xuat nhir the nao (tire la kel hopcac ngudn nao) va cho ai Nhung cau hoi nay, nhuchung ta se sdm nhan thay, la nhung van de co bandbi vdi bat ky he thong kinh te nao, tir quoc giacong nghiep giitu cd nhat den xa hoi tu cap, tu tuchoang so va ngheo dbi nlkit Tuy vay, co mot cAuhoi nua dang ngay cang trb nen dac bict quantrong dbi vdi cac nen kinh te trdn thd gidi: nhunghang hod kinh te khan hiem (cluing han nhu cacngudn cung cap lumig thuc cua the gidi) va cac
Trang 34nguon lire san xuat (cluing han nhu dau lira va
nguyen lieu cong nghiep) se dirge phan phoi han
dinh va phAn bo nhir th£ nao giua cac quoc gia
cung nhir ngay trong ban than moi nude?" Hay ndi
each khac, ai se tiep can duoc vdi nhung hang hoa
va nguon lire khan hiem nay va quyen tiep can do
sc duoc xac dinh Iren co so nao?
Thay vi nhoi nhet cho sinh vien o giai doan ban
dau nay nhung dinh nghia phuc tap va thuimg la
gay Ifni Ion, chung ta hay xcm kinh te hoc va
nhung qua trinh tu duy kinh te len loi vao cuoc
song hang ngay a nhung nude kem phat tricn
(Ixss Developed Countries- LDCs) nhu tire nao
I ren cai mat bang ma cac nha kinh te hoc goi la
mat bang ”vi mo" ("kinh te hoc vi mo" nghien cuu
cac dim vi kinh te ca the nhu mot nha nong, mot
chii cua hicu, mot ngudi lieu dung, mot gia dinh
v.v ), ngudi nong dan trong lua o Thai lan va
Nigieria, trong ngo o Mcliico va Kenia, hay trong
Ilia my d Achcntina va An Do, thuimg gap phai
nhieu trong so nhung lua chon kho khan sau day:
1 Du kicn trong mot vu miia nhat dinh ho se san
xuat vdi khoi luimg bao nhieu de ban
2 Cd can phai (hue ngudi lam cong an luemg hay
kliong ;
3 Lieu san luemg thu them d dau ra cua vu mua
cd xung voi so tien bo ra de mua va ap dung
nhung nguyen lieu dau vao nhu giong mdi,
thuoc trir sau va phan bon hay khong;
4 Lieu co nen vay tien cua cac co sd thuemg mai
cho vay (cac ngan hang) hoac , neu kliong duoc
nhu vay, cd nen vay cua cac ca nhan cho vay
nang lai hay kliong; va
5 Lieu cd nen mao hiem thay the nhung giong
lua, ngo hay lua my cu bring nhung giong lai mdi
vdi hai klui nang xay ra: hoac la mat mua, hoilc
la duoc san luong cao
Tat ca nhung lua chon nay deu la nhung van de
kinh te thuc te kho khan ma nong dan va cac nhSt
san xuat khac, du Idn hay nhb, Iren loan the gidi
deu gap phai Cluing bao gom nhung yeu to co ban
cua bat ky quyet dinh kinh te nao: vice lira chon
xem nen sir dung cac nguon lire khan hiem (tuc la
khong ddi dao) mil trong nhung truimg hop nay
"Xem chuimg 2, bihi ve cac van de kinh td quan
trong cua moi xa hoi
Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong
chit yeu la cac nguon tai chinh (tien) va vat chat(dat dai)- nhu the nao, dudi nhung hinh thuc kethop tot nhat cd the duoc de dat duoc san luimg caonhat hoac muc thoa man tot dinh (Iifnh su khanhiem khien cho con ngudi ta phai lua chon, ma luachon thi phai danh doi - tir bo mot thu gi do (hanghoa hoac tien) de duoc mot thu gi khac Mot nongdan trong ngo ngudi Kenia va mot ngudi an Dotrong lua my deu bic't rang, neu nhu anh ta sir dungnhung nguon tai chinh han che cua minh vao conglac tudi lieu dat, anh ta sc khong mua duoc motchiec may keo nhd Neu muc lieu cua anh ta la tangsan luimg, thi anh ta vSn phai lua chon, lieu vice danhddi he thong tudi lieu lay may keo sc dan den sanluong tinh tlico timg hec ta tliap him hay cao him.Neu san luong tang, thi vice danh doi thuimg ladang lam, neu khong tang thi khong nen lam
Vi du tren minh hoa mot khiii niem co ban ddivdi tat ca cac tnrdng phai kinh te hoc- cai goi la
"quy luat" hay dung him la "nguyen ly" kinh te Nguyen ly nay killing dinh rang, khi lua chon trong
sd nhung klia nang khac nhau, mol ca nhan haymot to chuc hanh dong hop ly se phai chon giaiphap lam giam tdi muc tdi thieu chi phi de datduoc muc tieu mong muon, hay ndi each khac lalam tang den tdi da loi fch hoac su thoa man cdduoc tir chi phi do Vi du, mol nong dan cd muctieu la tang tdi da san luemg vu mau cua mmh, canphai chon loai hat giong hay phan bon, vdi mot sdchi phi nhat dinh, chang han 500 rupi ma sc demlai san luong cao nhat tren mot hec ta
Neu anh ta cd mot muc tieu khac, chang han nhu
da dang hoa cay trong va / hoac dap ung nhungnhu cau sinh hoat tdi thidu cua gia dinh minh, thianh ta cd the chi tieu tlico nhung each khac Motgia dinh thu nhap hang thang thap, can phai chonmot loai hoac ket hop mot sd loai do an nao ma segiiip ho it bi ddi nhat, trong khi vdn cung cap dudinh duong Mot ngudi xay mot ngoi nha can phaichon nhung vat lieu nao va sd luimg lao dong sao
3 Nhu chung ta sc som nhan thay, thuc su khong
he cd "nhung quy luat" cua kinh te hoc thco ynghia la chung co the duoc ap dung loan cautrong moi xa hoi va moi thcri dai Thuc ra, trongkinh te hoc chi cd "nhung kliuynh huong de rahuong di va muc do quan trong cd the cd" khidat duoc mot sd dieu kicn nhat dinh
Trang 35Kinh te hoc cho The gidi Thi? ba
cho co th6 giam ten muc toi thieu chi phi cho vice
cd duqc mot mai am chic chin va lien leri can
thiet Mot chfnh phu dung trudc mot quyet dinh
lieu co non dung mot khoan thu tir thue de xay
them trudng hoac benh vien b thanh pho hoAc ceic
viing nong then hay khong , dcu can phai so sanh
nhung "leri ich" co the co (du la duqc xac dinh nhu
the nao) voi nhung "chi phi'" du tinh de dua ra
duqc quyet dinh ma sc dem lai kri ich "xa hoi" Ion
nhat (tuc la kri ich chung cho loan xa hoi), tinh
theo don gia hoac se giam toi muc toi thieu chi phi
du tinh de dat duqc leri ich xa hoi mung muon4
Tat ca nhung trudng herp tren dcu la nhung tin' du
ve nguyen ly kinh te Nguyen ly nay dong vai trd
la mot quy tic chung ve su lua chon trong kinh te
hoc va do vay, tro thanh mol yeu to then cho't de
hieu duqc ky cang vice phan tich kinh te va hoach
dinh chfnh sach Nhung quyet dinh din den vice
toi da hoa kri ich hoac giam thieu chi phi b ca cap
tu nhan kin cap nha nude deu khong don gian va
iron tru nhu tlioat nhin, hay nhu trong hau het cac
sach giao khoa ve kinh te hoc truyen thong
Kliai niem "kinh te" hoac "kinh te hoa", von cd
lien he vdi quyet dinh lua chon sao cho hop ly, la
mot kliai niem xuat phat tir mot loat cac gia dinh ro
rang va tiem an ve hanh vi va nhung dong ca cua
con ngudi Nhung gia dinh nay cd the dung hoac
cung co the khong doi voi tat ca cac xa hoi va moi
then dai Hon nua, dong vai trd la nguyen lAc chi
dao cho nhung quyet dinh kinh te cua ca nhan hay
tap the, khai niem nay cd the phai tuan theo nhung
tieu chuan va / hoac nhung sua doi khien cho nd
mat di phan Idn "su trong sang" ve ly tliuyet cung
nhu tinh dim gian ve tri tue ciia nd De minh hoa
cho diem nay, kliai niem ve kinh te gia dinh rAng,
cac ca nhan va nhung nhdm ca nhan deu co mol y
niem ro rang ve cai ma ho muon, va cd the de
dang bien thanh mot loat nhung "sb thi'ch" duoc
xep theo thu tu ro rang Thi du, ne'u A (tao) duqc
ngudi ta thfch hem B (chuer'i), va B lai duqc ngudi ta
tlii'ch hem C (ca rot), thi A (tao) bao gib cung se
duqc ngudi ta thfch hem C (ca rot) 0 day ngay lap
tuc chung la lai gap phai van de la con ngudi, dac
biCt la cac chfnh phu, khong phai luc nao cung co
4 (j chu«mg 4, chung ta se than Juan chi tiel h<m khai
niem quan trone,- do I;* kri ich va chi phi xa hoi so
v.'ri Iri ich va chi phi ciia "tu nhan
the xep loai nhung uu tidn cua minh theo mot trAt
tu doc nhat, khong co mAu thuAn Do vAy, nhthigquyet dinh phtre tap liCn quan den nhidu muc tieumau thuAn nhau v<) nhung luc luemg dicing dcunhau, thudng phai duqc thong qua bang each kd'lhqp khon ngoan giua true giac va su phong doan.Hon nua, quyet dinh thue su thudng sc bi lac dongbbi sire manh tuemg doi cua incit so cii nhan hoacnhdm co the luc va leri ich chung nhieu hem la bc'ribat ky su tinh loan herp ly nao ve leri ich va chi phixii hoi Trong nhung trudng herp lua chon "demgian", klii ma cac ca nhan hoac cac nhdm deu cdtrong lay tat cei nhung thong tin chfnh xac ce'in thiet(ma hiein khi ho cd duqc), khi ma nhung sb thi'chcua ho la thue su cua rieng ho, chir khong bi e'ip dalbcri nhung luc luqng ben ngoai ,nhu ceic cong lyhay chfnh phu (mot gia dinh kheing may khi xay ra
a ca nude phat then va kern phat trien), va khi manhung quyet dinh cua ho kheing nhung dap ung teitnhat Iqi ich ca nhan cua rieng ho, ma con khongtac deing xau den nhung ngue'ri kheic (meit hicn
luqng khong binh thuimg a ca nhung nude gie'iu kin
nude ngheo), thi trong nhung true'mg herp reft dacbiet nay, cd the noi rAng, nguyen ly kinh te se dongvai trd chi dao trong vice ra quyet dinh ciia ca khuvuc tu nhan va qudc doanh
Tuy vay, hau het cac quyet dinh dei cei nhan hay
do cac nhdm duel ra deu rat phuc tap Thongthudng, ngue'ri tei phai can nhAc nhung quyen kritrai nguqc, va thue'mg la mau thuAn nhau, vdinhung quy tde da dinh de di kri nhung quyet dinh
ma cd the kliac xa ve'ri dinh nghTa "herp ly'1 ciia ceicnha kinh te Mot so' nha kinh te da khong se'rm nhan
ra duqc nhung mau thuAn kha pho bien trong ceitinh cua con ngue'ri, hoac khong nhanh chdng thiranhan rAng, nhung quyet dinh "kinh te" thudng itkhi ra dc'ri thong qua nhung quei tr'inh lei chuc herp
ly ve mat kinh te Cu the la, that bai trong vice ketherp nhung yeu tef nhu rui ro, khong chAc chAn vathieu kien thue hoe'in hao trong khu vuc tu nliAn,cung nhu hicn luqng "quyen luc" (kinh te va chfnhtri) ca a khu vuc tu nliAn lAn khu vuc quo'c doanh
tremg vice phan tich quei tr'inh duel ra quyet dinhciia "the gie'ri hicn thue", del le'im suy gieim deing kdtinh thue liehi ciia phuemg pheip kinh te truyenthong, eijjc biet la trong bo'i ceinh xa hoi va the checiia nhieu quo'c gia dang phe'it trien Vi du, de hieuduqc lai sao ir hiiu het ceic nue'rc Ihuqc the gie'ri thu
ba, king k'rp lieu ne'ing heiac kinh doanh ca the lai
Trang 36thuimg mifin cudng trong vice ap dung cac ky
Ihuat san xuat mdi, hoac tai sao ngudi lieu dung ca
the lai cd the lir choi nhung loai lutmg (hue moi va
re lien han, thi can phai di xa horn nguyfin ly kinh
te, mac du nguyen ly nay van co mot ca cau tri tufi
hiru (ch co the dirge sir dung de phan tfch va danh
gia nhung lac dong "kinh te" cua cac chfnh sach
khac nhau cua Nha nude Tuimg tu nhir vay, chi
rifing nguyfin ly kinh le kliong thoi se kliong giai
Illicit dirge lai sao sir bat blnh dang Irong thu nhap
ca nhan giira ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo da va se
Ira nfin sau sfic han, tai sao nhirng de an cong
nghiep lhanh thi von rat Ion kem va phuc lap ve
cong nghe lai Ihudng dirge kliuyen khich, lhay vi
vice cai thien san xuat nong nghiep a khu vac lieu
nong va hoac kliuyen khich phal trien nong thon
"dinh hudng vi con ngudi", lai sao phan Ian cac
bfinh vicn, trudng hoc tot horn va cac dich vu cung
nha cac ca sa khac cua chfnh phu lai tfip trung d
cac Irung lam lhanh thi , ma thong ihudng chi co
gfin 20% dan a cac nude kem phal trien song dr do,
va cud'i ciing la tai sao hau het nhirng no luc Irong
cai each ruong dal va tai xay dung nong thon lai
kliong dal dugc muc lieu de ra la giiip da dan
ngheo d nong thon
Do vay, cluing la cd the difin dat lai nguyen ly
nay sao cho phu hgp han de co the hieu dugc qua
trinh ra quyet dinh d tat ca cac cap tai nhieu quoc
gia dang phal trien (va di nhifin ca cac quoc gia
phal trien) Thi du, nfi'u chiing ta cong nhan, va
thuc ra la can phai cong nhan, nhung moi lifin he
quan trgng va pho bifi'n giira kinh te hoc va quyen
luc, va dua khai nifim ve quyen luc nay vao
nguyen ly kinh le, thi ngudi ta cd the difin dat lai
nguyfin ly do nhu sau:
Mot ca the’ hanh dong dim lap mot each hgp ly
va cd nhihig thong tin day du va chfnh xac, se co
xu htrdng lira chon hoat dgng nao dem lai muc
thoa man ca nhan (thu nhap) cao nhat vdi mot chi
phi nhat dinh, hoac hoat dong nao lam giam tm
muc toi thieu chi phi de dat dugc muc thoa man
(thu nhap) mong muon; nhung khi mot nhom cac
ca nliAii hofic thuc the co nhung myc lieu va/ hoac
sd thich khac nhau lai cimg thain gia, dii la true
tifip hay giau tiep, vilo mot quyet dinh lac dong
den phuc lgi"xa hoi" cua mol cong dong Ion han,
ho Ihudng se chgn hoat dgng nao mh, vdi hau nhir
bat ky chi phi xa hoi nao co the chap nhan dirge
Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tam quan trong
ve mat chinh tri, se dem lai muc thoa man (hoacthu nhap) cao nhat cho mol so nhom quyen lucquan trong, ma nhirng nhom nay thuc ra se dua rahoac lac dong dfih quyet dinh cuoi ciing
Tom lai, nhung quyet dinh ve kinh te kliong thedugc tach red khdi boi canh chfnh tri, xa hoi, theche vil van hoa cua chung, Nhirng quyet dinh nay
co the va Ihuong bi tac dong bed quyen luc tuongdoi cua nhirng nhom ft ngudi, nhirng lai co tiengndi quan trgng (vf du nhu gidi dia chu giau co,dang cam quyen, cac doanh nghiep Ion dr diaphuong, gidi quan su, cac nha dau tu nude ngoaiv.v ), ma moi quan tam hang dau cua nhung rihdmnay co the la vice tang cuong quyen luc kinh te va
tu ve vc mat chfnh tri hon la moi quan tam chung
ve "Igi ich xa hoi"
Trong suol cuon sach nay, chung toi se dua ra vo
so vf du ve hieu luc cua nguyfin ly kinh te "dugcdoi mod" nay Chang han, chiing ta sc nhan tliayrfing, quyen luc kinh le tuomg doi co tac dgng denmol loat cac yeu to phal trien trfin thuc te, nhu hethong thuomg mai quoc te va quan he vicn trggiira cac nude giau va ngheo, ca cau so hiru dat vatac dong cua nd doi vdi san lugng luang thuc, congtac id chuc va dinh hudng he thong giao due chfnhquy, moi quan he giira vice lua chon cong nghe vanan dial nghiep ciing nhu nhung uu tifin ve mat dia
ly va khu vuc kinh te Irong nhung ke hoach kinh tequoc dan Tuy vay, hien tai, chung toi moi chi cd ydinh nhde nho ngudi hoc phai chu trong den boicanh ve the che va xa hoi rong han, trong do tat
ca cac quye't dinh ve kinh le thuong dugc dua ra,cung nhu phai xem xei den nhieu each khacnhau de cd the dung hoa hien tugng quyen lucvdi nhirng tifiu chufin chat che ve "tfnh hgp ly"cua nguyfin ly kinh te5
Y nghla va tam quan trong cua kinh te hoc "The gidi Thur ba"
5 Muon nghifin cuu nhung phan lich sau sac valoan difin vfi vai trd va tac dong cua quyen luctrong cac lien trinh kinh Id' binh thuong cua cacnude CN phat trifi’n, can xem bai "Quydn luc vanha kinh tfi cd ich" cua Kenneth Galbraith, trongTap chi kinh tfi lloa Ky, Lxiii, 1,3/1973
Trang 37Kijih te hoc cho The gidi Thit ba
Kinh te hoc, theo nghia truyen thong, thi chu
yen lien quan den vice sir dung co hieu qua (hay
vdi chi phi thap nhat) nhung nguon luc san xuiit
khan hiem, cung nhu den vice phat trien loi uu
nhung nguon luc nay de san xuat nghy chng nhieu
hem cac loai hang hoa va dich vu Nguqc lai, kinh
te hoc chinh tri lai vuql ra ngoai kinh te hoc don
thuan de nghien cuu nhieu van de, trong do cd
nhung tien trinh ve the che va xa hoi, qua do, mot
so nhdm nguoi cd quyen luc (chu yeu) ve kinh te
va chinh tri muon phan bo nhung nguon luc san
xuat khan hiem hien nay cung nhu trong tuong lai
de dap ung Iqi ich cua rieng ho, hoac de dap ung
Iqi ich cua ho cong voi loi ich rong lion cua nguoi
khac Do vay, kinh te hoc chinh tri quan tarn den
su tac dong qua lai giua chinh tri va kinh te hoc
Tuy vay, kinh te hoc phat trien, hoac kinh te
hoc" The gidi Thu ba", lai con di xa hon nua
Ngoai vice phan bo cd hieu qua nhung nguon luc
san xuat khan hiem (hoac nhan roi) hien cd, cung
nhu su phat trien ben vung cua nhung nguon luc
nay theo thdi gian va noi dung chinh tri cua nhung
quyet dinh kinh te, nd con quan tarn den nhung co
che ve kinh te, xa hoi va the che (ke ca nha nude
lan tu nhan) can tliiet de mang lai nhung cai thien
nhanh chong (it nhat la theo cac lieu chuan lich
su) va tren quy mo rung ve mire song cho so
dong dan ngheo, suy dinh duong va mil chu a chau
Phi, chau A va chau Mv I a tinh Do vav, d muc do
rong Ion hon kinh te hoc "truyen thong" hay lham
chi ca kinh te hoc chinh tri, kinh te hoc The gidi
thu ha quan tarn den nhung lien trinh kinh te va
chinh tri can thiet de tac dong den nhung chuyen
doi nhanh chong ve the che va co cau cua loan
the xa hoi, sao cho co the mang lai mot each
hieu qua nhat nhung thanh qua cua tien bo kinh
te cho hau het cac tang lop nhan dan trong xa
hoi do Nhu vay, vai tro cua chinh phu va su can
thiet, d mot muc do nhat dinh, cua ke hoach hoa
kinh te tap trung hoac it nhat la cd phoi hap va cac
chinh sach kinh te Iren dien rong de dem lai su
thay doi nhanh chong, nhung cai do da Ird thanh
mot yeu to quan trong trong kinh te hoc The gidi
Thu ba
.Nhirng nguyen tac kinh te la nhung cong cu
phan tich giup ta hieu duqc mot each dun gian
nhung cung rat there (e la tai sao lai cd nhung thay
doi khac nhau ve kinh te - xa hoi, va/lioac lien
doan duqc Ihm thd nao de cd the tao ra nhung thaydoi do qua su dieu tiet khon kheo hoac su thay doidoc lap cua mot hoac nhieu thong so kinh te va/hoac thong so the chd chu yeu- thi du nhu lien tielkiem va lai sufit, muc luorng, gia nong san, hethong so huu dat, plain bd tin dung, cocfiu thue doivoi ca nluln va cong ty
Cuoi cung, cac chinh sach kinh id chinh lanhung quyet dinh va hoal dong chu yeu do cac bp
vh cac quan chuc nha nude thuc hien, vdi chu ynhfim mang lai nhirng cai thien nhanh chong doivdi mot so yeu to chinh trong qua trinh phat triencua The gidi Thu ba- vi du nhu mire do va su phanphoi thu nhap quoc dan, gia ca cac mat hang chuchot, muc do tao cong an vice lam, su hien huu vachat luqng cua y te nong thon, giao due va cacdich vu xa hoi khac, nang suift cua khu vuc nongnghiep quy mo nhd, mire tiel kiem va dfiu lu cungnhu quyen sd huu va phan phoi dat dai va cac laisan vat chat khac co gia tri Mac du nhung chinhsach do co the, va be ngoai cd ve nhu, duqc dua ra
de lam Iqi chu yeu cho nguoi ngheo d ca nong thon
va thanh thi, nhung nhu la da thay, rot cue duqchudng Iqi lai la nhung nguoi dai dien cho nhungnhdm nguoi cd dac quyen kinh te o cac quoc giadang phat trien
Tai sao lai nghien cun kinh te hoc?
C'd mot so' ly do lai sao cd rat nhieu sinh vien dcac nude dang phat trien lai nghien cuu kinh tehoc Ro rang dhy la mon hoc pho bien nhat trong
so cac mon khoa hoc xa hoi (xa hoi hoc, lich sir,tarn ly hoc, khoa hoc chfnh tri va nhan chiing hoc),
va, ngoai Irir chau My Ixi tinh va nhieu nude Arap, nhung nude ma y hoc, lual va ky thuat congtrinh viin con la nhung nghe pho bic'n,- kinh te hocdang nhanh chong trd thanh mon hoc pho biennhat Irong tat ca cac trudng Dai hoc Dieu naykhong khien la ngac nhien, vi nhung van de va khdkhan kinh te luon lac dong mot each true liep vamanh me den cuqc song cua Iung ca nhan va tat camoi ngudi d chau Phi, chau A, Trung Dong vachau My In tinh
Do vay, sinh vien thudng chon hoc mon kinh tehoc vdi hy vqng lim ra chu Ini Idi cho nhirng chuhoi quan trong nhusau:
Trang 381 Khi ndi den "phdt trien", thi la Ihuc sir ham y
cai gl, va lam the nao dd cac nguyen ly va ly
Ihuyet kinh te gop phfin giup la hieu rd hem ve
qua trinh phat trien?
2 Nhung yd'u to nao gop phan vao str tang trudng
kinh te qud'c dan va kinh te loan cau? Ai la
ngudi dirge Igi nhat lir six lang truemg dd va tai
sao? Tai sao mot so nude va nhom ngudi lai
tiep tue giau len trong khi nhung so khde lai
van rat ngheo?
3 Tai sao tlnh trang thill nghiep lai nghiem trorfg
nhu vay, dac bict la o cac thanh pho, va tai sao
ngudi ta viin tiep tue lir nong thon dd ra thanh
thi, mac dii co hoi kiem vice lam cua ho la rat
mong manh ?
4 Lieu co nen danh thue cao hem do'i vdi ngudi
giau, va cac khoan thu tir thue cua chfnh phu
can phai dupe chi lieu nhu the nao de cai Ihien
dupe nitre song cho tat ca moi ngudi?
5 Ke hoach hoa phat trien la gl? Tai sao lai phai
lap ke hoach? Lieu thi truemg tu do cd phai la
giai phap hay hem ke hoach kinh te hay kliong?
6 1 Jeu cd nen khuyen klifch cac cong ty tu nhan
nude ngoai dau tu vao cac quoc gia ngheo, va
neu cd, thi phai thco nhung dieu kien nao?
7 Do'i vdi van de " vien tip nude ngoai" tir phi'a
chinh phu cua cac nude giau thi the nao? Lieu
cd nen tlm kiem su vien trp dd kliong, phai thco
nhung dieu kien vh nhfim muc dich gl?
8 Lieu cd nen thue day vice xuat kluiu cac san
pham nguyen kliai nhu nong san hay khong?
hay la tat ca cac nuoc kern phat trien deu can
phai lien hanh cong nghiep hoa bang each phat
trien cac ngiinh cong nghiep niing cua hp cang
nhanh cang tot?
9 Van de "can can thanh loan" la gl? Van de nay
lidn quan nhu the nao den cai gpi la cupc khung
hoang np cua the gidi thu ba? Nhung ngudn goc
cua cupc khung hoang nay lii gl, va trien vpng
giai quyet nd nhu the nao?
10 Lieu thuimg mai quoc te cd dang mong muon
hay khong xel Iren quan diem phat trien do'i vdi
cac quoc gia ngheo? Ai Ihuc su cd loi nhd
thuimg mai, va nhung Ipi the do dupe phan bo
nhu the nao giua cac quoc gia?
11 Gia dau lira quoc te len xud'ng that thuimg da cd
lac dong gl dCn non kinh te cua cac nude kern
phat trien ?
Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong
12 Dau la each tot nhat de thue day phat triennong nghiep va khu vuc nong thon, noi cd lir 60den 80% dan so dr nhung nude kern phat trienhien dang sinh song?
13 Nan lam phat va that nghiep Iran lan trong nenkinh tc cua cac qud'c gia giau cd tac dong nhuthe nao den muc song cua nhan dan cac nudengheo? Lieu cac nude ngheo cd ngudn nao detrong cay vao kliong , hay hp bupc phai lanhung khan gia thu dong, nhung de bi tonthuerng trong mot cupc dau gianh quyen luckinh te qud'c le ?
14 C.6 cac nhan to kinh te tac dong den ty le sinh
de 6 cac nude ngheo hay kliong ? Dau la nhunghau qua ve kinh te, xa hoi va moi truimg do sugia tang dan so? Phai chang van de dan so chidim gian la van de ve nhung con so, hay nd conlien quan den tac dong cua su sung tuc ngaycang tang dr cac nude cong nghiep phat trien do'ivdi vice vat kiet tai nguyen tren loan the gioi?
15 Lieu sc xay ra nan thicu luong thue kinh nientren toan the gidi hay kliong ? Nc'u cd, thinhung qud'c gia nao bi anh huong xau nhieunhat, va each tot nhat de tranh dupe nan thieuhut do trong tuomg lai la gl?
16 Lieu nhung he thong giao due hien thdi cua thegidi thu ba cd thue su thue day phat trien kinh
te hay khong , hay chung chi’ don thuan la motcong cu han che va sang loc, giup cho mot sonhom ngudi hoac tdng lop dac biet nao dd duytri vinh vien dia vi, su giau sang, quyen luchoac anh hudmg cua mlnh?
17 Ngudn goc va co sdr cua nh8ung yeu cau cuaThe gidi 1 hu ba ve mot "trat tu kinh tc the gidimoi" la gl? Lieu cd the cd mol trat tu the gidimoi hay khong, va neu cd, Ihl nhung dac diemchu yeu cua nd la gl?
Nhung cau hoi tren va nhieu cau hoi khac tuong
tu dupe phan ticli va nghien cuu trong nhungchuong sau Cac cau Ira loi thuimg phuc tap him laban tuong Can phai nhd rfing, muc dich hang daucua bat ky khoa hoc nao ve kinh te hoc cung laday cho hoc vien tu duy mot each co he thong vecac kho khan va cac giai phap kinh te, cung nhudua ra dupe nhung nhan xel va ket luan tren co so
ap dung cac nguyen tdc pluln Itch "phu hop" vacac so lieu thong ke "dang tin cay" VI nhieu kho
Trang 39Kinh tehoc cho Thegidi Thit ba
khan cua cac nude dang phat trien la co mot khong
hai trong the gidi hien dai nay, vii khong dd gi co
the hieu dune bang each sir dung nhung ly thuyet
kinh te truyen thong cua phuimg Tity (xem chuung
3, trong do, co giai thich tinh chat ciia ly thuyet
kinh te truyen thong), nen chung ta co the phai can
den nhung each tiep can khong khong pho bien doi
vol nhung van de kinh te thong thuong nhu that
nghiep, phan phoi thu nhap, lam phat, di dan tir
nong thon ra thanh thi, va phat trien cong nghiep
so voi phat trien nong nghiep Cac nguyen ly kinh
te truyen thong dong mot vai tro quan trong trong
vice giiip ta nang cao hieu biet cua minh ve nhung
van de phat trien cua the gioi, nhung chung khong
nen can trb chiing ta nh'm nhan nhung hien thuc
kinh te dia phuemg Chung thuong can phai duoc
sira doi ca trong nhung gia dinh kin trong nhung
thu tuc trudc khi chiing co the lam sang to nhung
van de ve phat trien rat phuc tap va khong lubng
trudc dupe ve mat kinh te
Mot ly do khac tai sao sinh vien lai theo hoc
kinh te hoc, la bdi vi kinh te hoc la mot linh vuc cd
nhu cau cao, tao ra nhieu co hoi da dang ve nghe
nghiep Cac nha kinh te thuong xuyen dupe tuyen
dung vao cac co quan cua chi'nh phu, nhu: Bp ke
hoach va Bp tai chi'nh, vao cac ngan hang (rung
uong va thuong mai, vao cac ngiinh cong nghiep
qudc doanh kin tu doanh, vao cac trubng dai hoc
va cac vien nghien cuu va cuoi cimg la vao cac to
chuc qudc te nhu Ngan hang qudc te ve tai tliiet va
phat trien (thupc Ngan hang the gioi), To chuc lao
dong qudc te (ILO), Quy lien te qudc te (IMF), cac
Ly ban kinh te cua LIIQ phu trach chau Phi
(ECA), chau A - Thai binh duong (ESCAP) va
chau My I.a tinh (ECLA) Chuimg trinh phat trien
cua LIIQ (UNDP) va cac ngan hang phat trien kliu
vuc khac nhau, cung nhu vb so cac co quan ho trp
qudc te khac6
Hien tai cung nhu trong tuong lai, se cd nhieu co
hoi dang gia va day thach thuc de cho cac nha kinh
te chau A, chau Phi, Trung Dong va chau My La
tinh dong gop dang ke vao vice thuc day phat
trien kinh te va xa hoi b cac nude va cac khu vuc
cua minh Tuy vay, de Ihuc'su dat dupe hieu qua
6 Trong Jihan chu giai or cuoi cuon sach cd mo ta
ngdn gon tinh chat va nhung muc dfch cua cac
co quan qudc te kieu nay
trong cong vice cua minh, cac nha kinh te hoac bat
ky chuyen gia niio thupc ngiinh khac mil cd cimgdoi tupng nghien cuu (bac si, luiit su, cong chuc,
ky su, kien true su h y nhil kinh doanh) hay bat kycong dihi niio co l.pc van, deu phai hieu ro banchat vii nhung ngnyen nhiln cua "tinh (rang kemphat trien", vii phai niim dupe each sir dung cacchi'nh sach vii nguyen ly kinh (e de giiip cac qudcgia vii iihiin dan cac nude niiy thoat klioi canhngheo doi vii cai thien dieu kien song ciia minh.Muc dich cua cuon sach niiy lit nhiini tao ra co sd
de hieu dupe nhu vay
Vai tro quan trong ciia nhung gia tri trong kinh te hoc
Kinh te hoc la mot mon khoa hoc xa hpi Nd lienquan den con ngubi va nhung he thong xa hpi, qua
do, con ngubi to chuc nhung hoat dong ciia minh
de dap ung nhung nhu cau vat chat co ban (luongthuc, nha o, quan ao v.v ) vii nhung nhu cau phivat chat (giao due, kien thuc, giai In', dap ung vemat tinh thiin v.v ) Cac nha kinh te lii nhung nhakhoa hoc xa hpi b trong tinh trang khong binhthuong la vi nhung doi tuong nghien cuu cua hp -con ngubi trong qua trinh kinh doanh binh Ihubng
- va nhung hoat dong ciia cln'nh ho deu bat ngudntir cimg mot bdi canh xa hpi Khong gid'ng nhunhung mon khoa hoc tu nhien, yeu to khoa hoc xahpi trong kinh te hoc khong cho phep dua ra nhung
"quy lual" khoa hoc hay "nhung chan ly loan cau".Trong kinh td hoc chi’ cd cac xu hudng va ngay canhung xu hudng niiy cung bien doi rat nhieu b cacnude khac nhau, cac nen van hoa khac nhau vii tainhung thbi diem khac nhau Nhieu cai gpi la nhung
mo hinh kinh te "chung" va nhung nghien cun
"khach quan" thubng dua Iren mol loat nhung giadinh ngam ve hanh vi cua con ngubi va nhung moiquan he kinh te cd rat it hoac khdng cd lien quan
gi vdi nhung thuc te cua cac nen kinh le dang phattrien 'Prong chung muc niiy, thi "linh khach quan"cua chung cd the mat di linh Ihuc lien, vii nang vegia dinh nhieu hem Nhung nghien cuu vii phan ti'chkinh te khong the dupe tach ra nipt each dim giiinkhbi bdi canh vd the che, xa hpi vii chi'nh tri ciiachung, dac biet la khi ph;ii giai quyel nhung van denan giai ciia con ngubi, nhu nan doi, ngheo khd viibenh Iht, von dang lan trim trong 2/3 diln sd
Trang 40Ihc gidi.
Do vay, ciin phai cong nhan ngay tir dau la
nhung lien de "giii tri" dao diic hay chuan tdc ve
dieu gi dang mong muon va dieu gi khong, chinh
la nhung van de (rung tarn cua mon hoc kinh te ndi
chung va ciia kinh te hoc v6 phal trien noi rieng
Chinh nhihig khai niem ve "phal trien kinh te" va
"hicn dai hoa" da noi len nhihig tien de gia tri ro
rang hoac ngu y vC* nhihig muc lieu dang mong
muon de dat dupe dieu ma Mahatma Gandhi da co
lan goi la "vice hicn thuc hoa tidm nang ciia con
nguoi", Tat ca nhung muc lieu nhu binh dang ve
kinh te va xa hoi, xoa bo ngheo doi, giao due pho
cap, tang muc song, doc lap dan toe, hicn dai hoa
cac the che, tham gia hoat dong chinh tri va kinh
te, dan chu tan goc, tu luc tu cudng va dap ung cac
nhu cau ca nhan, till ca ddu xuat phat tir nhung y
kie'n danh gia chu quan ve cai gi la tot va dang
mong muon va cai gi la khong Nguyen Ific nay
cung dupe ap dung cho nhung y kie'n trai ngupc
-Ihi du nhu tinh bat kha xam pham ciia tai san ca
nhan va quydn cua cac ca nhan dupe ti'ch luy cua
cai ca nhan khong han che', vice duy tri nhung the
che xa hoi truydn thong va nhung co cau giai cap
cung nluic va phi quan binh chu nghia, cung nhu
"quycn tu nhien" gia dinh cua mot so nguoi dupe
lanh dao, con nhihig ngubi khac phai phuc tiing
Khi chung la chuycn sang phan hai va phan ba
voi nhihig van de vil klio khan Ion cua cac nude
dang phat trien nhu ngheo kho, bat binh dang, that
nghiep, tang dan so, tri Ire o nong thon va "su phu
thuoc" quo'c te, chi rieng vice xac dinh nhihig chu
de nay la nhihig "kho khan" cung truydn dat dupe
y kie'n danh gia la vice cai thien tinh hinh hay loai
trir nhung kho khan tren la dang mong muon, va
do do, dupe coi la tot Vice nhieu nhom nguoi khac
nhau nhu cac chinh tri gia, gioi hoc gia va cac
cong dan binh thuong ddu dong tinh riing day la
nhung muc lieu dang mong mub'ir, cung khong lam
thay doi thuc te la chiing phat sinh ra khong chi tir
mot phan ung doi vdi vice phan tich khoa hoc,
khach quan, "thuc chung" ve "nhung gi dang didn
ra", mil con bill nguon tir y kie'n danh gia , "chuan
hie" ve "nhung gi phai didn ra."
Do v;]y, cho du cd dupe nguy Irang kheo the nao
chiing nua, tin cac lien de gia tri van lii mot phan
khong the tach roi ciia ca phan tich kinh te'Em cac
chinh sach kinh te Kinh te hoc khong the "khong
co gia tri" thco cling mot nghia nhu vat ly hay hoa
Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong
hoc chiing han Do vay, tinh hop ly cua vice phantich kinh te cung nhu tinh dung dan ciia cac chutruerng bao gib cung can phai dupe danh gia duatren tinh chat cua nhung gia dinh co ban va/hoacnhung tien de gia tri Mot khi mot quoc gia, hay cuthe hon nua la nhung ai chiu trach nhiem ve vice
ra quye't dinh mang tinh quoc gia, da chap nhannhung y kie'n danh gia chu quan nay roi, thi co thethco duoi tiep cac muc tieu phat trien cu the (vi dunhu phan chia thu nhap binh dang hon) va cacchinh sach tuemg ung ciia Nha nuoc (vi du nhudanh thue cao hon doi voi nguoi co thu nhap cao).Tuy vay, ne'u giua nhung nguoi ra quye't dinh lai conhung bat dong va mau thuan nghiem trong veeach danh gia , thi nhung kha nang co dupe su nhattri ve cac muc lieu dang mong muon hay nhihigchinh sach phu hop se ngay cang giam di nhieu.Trong ca hai trubng hop , nhung tien de gia tri, dacbiet la trong ITnh vuc kinh te hoc phat trien, canphai dupe xac dinh can than va khong dupe an nupsau tarn binh phong cua thu ngon ngir "khoa hoctra hinh" hoac viec loan hoc hoa qua dang nhungkhai niem kinh te don gian
Tom tdt va ket luan
Trong chuong gicri thieu nay, chung la bitt daubing each dat ra mot cau hoi gia dinh la chiing ta
cd the thay dupe nhung gi va se phan ung nhu thenao ne'u chiing ta co the quan sat nhung dieu kiensong da dang tren trai dat nay Ta nhan thay nhungkhac biet ro ret trong muc song, trong do, cd thunhap, muc tieu diing, siic khoe va muc dinh duong,quy mo gia dinh va trinh dp hoc van deu ton taikhong chi giua nhung nude giau va nhung nudengheo tren loan the gioi, ma con giua nhung nhomnguoi giau va nguoi ngheo ngay trong mot nude.Dong thin, vice quan sat tir tren cao con cd thegiiip ta hieu dupe su phu thuoc Ian nhau giua cacquoc gia va cac dan toe tren loan the gioi, makhong mot mo la bang loi nao cd the lam dupe.Tiep theo, chiing toi mo ta tinh chat, quy mb vanhung han che cua kinh te hoc truyen thong Ve coban, kinh te hoc truyen thong tap trung vao van de
7 Muon khao sat ti mi hon ve vai tro ciia gia tri trongkinh te hoc ph.it trien, hay xem Gunnar Myrdal, ‘lirechallenge of world poverty, NewYork, 1970, ch 1