Kinh tế học cho thế giới thứ ba = Economics for a developing world : Giới thiệu những nguyên tắc, vấn đề và chính sách về phát triển / Michael P. Todaro; Trần Đoàn Kim, [và những người khác ...]d.

MICHAEL P TODARO

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Michael P Todaro

for development

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KINH TE HOCCHO THE GIOl THlJBA

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Muc luc

Danh mite cac hinh 13Danli nine cdc bang 15I.bi lira i ho Ian xudt ban clan lien 18

Tom lai nhdng khdi niem co ban va nhilng coso ly ludn 21Lbi ndi dan: Tfnh chat, muc dfch va ket cau

ciia giao trinh moi nay 23Phan Mol: Nhirng nguyen Ide va khai niem

Chitong 1: Kinh le hoc: ti'nh chai va lam quanIrong ciia nd doi vdi cac nude dang phalIrien 33

Gioi ihieit: Ngheo doi va sir phong Itru trong

mot the gioi phu thuoc Ian nhau Noi dungciia kinh te hoc truyen thong: quy mo vanhung han che ciia nd Y nghia vii tarn quantrong ciia kinh te hoc "The gioi Thu ba" Taisao lai nghien cuu kinh le hoc? Vai tro quantrong ciia nhirng gia tri trong kinh te hoc.

Tom tai va ket ludn Nhdng khdi niem denghien edit Cau hoi dethdo I nan Doc them.

Chan dung mol nen kinh te dang phat tridn:Braxin.

Chitong 2: Cac he thong kinh le va cac nen kinhte ciia The gioi Thu ba 49

Gioi thieti: Nhirng van de kinh te trong lamciia tat ca cac xa hoi Ba nhiem vu co ban.Nghien cuu nhirng dinh nghia khac nhau ve• Ihu nhilp vii san luong quoc dan Vong tuanhoim ciia hoat dong kinh te Phan phoi - trongnude vii quoc le Cac he thong kinh te: nhungnguyen milu duoc ly tudng hoa vii nhirng coc;lu (hire sir ciia the gioi Nen kinh te thi

trirfrng hr ban chii nghia triet de Nen kinh lethi Iruong hr ban chii nghia phat trien (haylien lien) Nen kinh le "thi Iruong" xa hoi chunghia Nen kinh te "menh lenh" (hay kehoach hod tap trung) xa hoi chii nghia Nenkinlr le lion herp giua thi truinig (Hr ban chunghia) va ke hoach hoa (xa hoi chii nghia).Mol so ket luan ve cac he thong kinh le (’ocau khac nhau ciia cac nen kinh te thuoc Thegioi Thu ba Quy mo va muc Ihu nhap Bd'icanh lich sir Nhirng thuan kri ve cac ngudnnhan va vat luc 'lam quan trong luong doiciia cac khu vuc nha nude va lu nhan Co caucong nghiep Sir phu thuoc vao ben ngoiii: vekinh te, chinh tri va van hoa Co cau chinhtri, quyen lire va cac nhdm dac quyen dac kri.Cac nen kinh te vdi lucach lii nhung he thongxa hoi: sir can thief phai vuirt ra ngoiii khuonkhd ciia kinh te hoc gian dim Cac he liningxii hoi the gioi nhu mot phan ciia mot hethong xii hoi quoc te phu thuoc lan nhau.

Tom tat Nhibig khdi niem de Hidden edit.Can hoi de ihdo ludn Doc them.

Gian dung mot nen kinh le dang phat trien:Nigieria.

Chitong 3: Nhung khai niem va nguyen tdc quantrong -1 (rO

Gioi thieu: Tfnh chat cua hoc thuyet kinh te.Nhung han che ciia hoc thuyc't kinh te truyenthong "phuemg Tay" Nhung qua trinh tu duypho bie’n cua kinh te hoc Mol so khai niemvii nguyen the co ban: sir khan hiern, vicedinh gia, cau vii cung Sir khan hiern vii vaitro ciia gia ca C ac dudng cau vii cung Sirkhac biet giua khai niem thu nhap "thuc te ’vii thu nhap "bling lien" lie so co dan lheogia ciia cau Sir ap dung khai niem do co danlheo gia vao cac chinh sach phat trien trongnude vii quoc le OPEC, gia tiling luoug viicac loai nguyen vat lieu Cac chinh sach giandng nghiep Clihili sach luong ciia khu vucnha nude Ihue lieu Ihu dac biet Hoc phi vii

nhu cau ve giao due Cac hd so co dan thcothu nhap ciia efiu Cac dudng cung vA he soco dan cua ehung Cac he so co dan cung, laodong "thira" va nhung net cung nhde ve cucau d cac nude chain phat trien Xac dinhcau, cung va gia: ly thuyet vA thuc te Xacdinh muc luimg va gia thco quy dinh nhanude va "phan phoi dinh phan" edng vice valuuiiglhuc d cac thi iruong khong hoan hiiociia The gidi Thu ba.

Nhung khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi dethdo Iuan.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Philipin.

Chuang 4: Nhung khai niem va nguyen the quantrong-II ’ ‘ 95

Gidi thieu: Cac dau vao, diiu ra va nhung"quy luat" cua san xuat Ham san xuat.Nhung ngudn luc va yeu to san xuat Truonghup mot dau ra va mot dau vao bien doi: longsan pham va san pham bien Nguyen trie lotinhuan giam dan chi phi gia tang va toi dahoa lui nhuan Minh hoa bang do thi ve toi dahoa loti nhuan doi vdti mol hang (hay motnong trang) canh tranh hoan hao Hoc thuyetve doc quyen cac doanh nghiep nha nude vahicu qua kinh te Mot dau ra va hai (haynhieu) dau vao bien doi: lua chon phuungthuc san xuat "phu hop" Vuul ra ngoai khuonkhd han hep cua kinh te hoc ve cac ham sanxuat: nhung yeu to "phi kinh te" khong demgian Dau tu, tiet kiem va kina canh tlidi gian.’Tieu dung hien tai va luung lai So sanh cactieu chuan lieu diing npi bp doi vdi cac nhomcd thu nhap khac nhau Nhung lui (ch va chiphi "ca nhan" va "xa hoi" Nhung lac dongngoai sinh mang linh tich cue va lieu cue.Nhung daiih gia khac nhau cua ca nhan va xahoi: mol so anh huung Torn lai va ket luan.

A7//7//I/ khat niem de nghien i uu Can hoi- dethdo luan

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Kenia .

Chuang 5 Nhung dac diem chung cua cac nudedang phat trien 119

Gidi thieu: Cdc muc song thap Thu nhapquoc dan binh quan dau ngudi Toe do tang

Iruong tuong doi cua thu nhap quoc dAn (vabinh quAn diiu ngudi) Phan phoi thu nhapquoc dan Muc dp ngheo doi Y te Giao due •Muc nang sual thAp Toe do lang dAn so caova ganh nang an thco Ty le that nghiep vaban tha'l nghiep cao va righy cang tang Su 1cthuoc dang ke vao san xuat nong nghiep vaxuA't khau cac san phA'm so che Nong nghiepquy mo nho ucac nude chAm phat trien Sir lethuoc vao xuat khau Su thong tri, phu thuocva linh de bi ton thuung trong cac moi quanhe quoc te Ket luan.

Nhihig khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them Phu luc: Xep loqi 15nude thuoc The gidi Thd ha lheo cac chi sokhac nhau ve mdc phat trien 1987.

C’hAn dung mot n6n kinh te dang phat trien:Uganda.

Chitdng 6: Y nghia cua sir phat trien 139

Gidi thieu: Ba phuemg phap chu yeu denghien cun su phat trien "Phat trien" conghia la gi? Nhung bien phap kinh te truyenthong Quan diem kinh te mdi ve sir phattrien Vuut ra ngoai nhung tieu chuan kinh tehan hep Ba gia tri can ban cua su phat trien.Duy tri su song: kha nang dap uiig nhung nhucau can ban ciia con ngudi Tu trong: la motcon ngudi Tu do khong bi le thuoc: cd khanang lua chon Ba muc tieu cua su phat trien.Kcm phat trien va phat trien: mot su do tomliit cd he thong.

Nhihig khai niem de nghien ahi Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung cua nen kinh te dang phat trien:An Do.

Chuang 7: Tang (ruung kinh le: nhung nguyennhan va dac diem 151

Gidi thieu: Tro chui tang truung Nhung khanang san xuat ciia mol xa hoi: md rung hocthuyet dun gian cua chung la ve san xuat.Kinh le hoc ve su tang truung! nhung khainiem va minh hoa ccr ban Su tich luy von Sirtang dan so va luc luung lao dong Tien bo kythuat Tu lieu lich sir: sau dac diem ciia quatrinh tang truung kinh te hien dai Toe dotang clan so va san luung binh quan dau ngudicao 'fdc do tang nang suat cao Toe dochuyen dich cu cau kinh te cao Toe dp

chuycn ddi cao ve xa hoi, chinh tri va he turluemg Kinh Ic vucrn ra the gic'ri Su lan truyenhan che ciia lang Inrang kinh te Iren loan thegic'ri Nhihig kel luan: su phu Ihuoc kin nhauciia cac dac diem lang Iruc’mg.

Nhi7ng khai niem de nghien ci?u Can hoi dethdo hum Doc them.

Chfin dung mol nen kinh te dang phat Irien:Nam Trieu Tien,

ChtMng 8 Tang trirung va phat irien kinh te:nhfrng bai hoc va tranh luan 167

Gii'ri iliieu: Mot so bai hoc va nhirng anhhudng ciia tang truong hien dai doi ve'ri cacnude dang phat Irien Gia tri han che cua kinhnghiem lang truc’mg cua lich sir: nhihig dieukicn ban dfiu khac nhau Tliuan lai ve nguonlire, nhan va vat lire Nhihig muc thu nhapblnh quan dfiu ngtrai tuang doi va GNP.Nhihig khac bict ve klif hau Quy mo dan so,sir phan phoi va tang tracing Vai tro lich sirciia di cu quoc te Tfnh kich ihich tang tracingciia Ihucmg mai quoc te Nhihig klia nangnghien cuu va phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat caban Sir on dinh va lin|i linh hoat cua cac theche chinh tri va xa hoi Tang tracing: nhihiglai (ch va chi phi xa hoi Mol so lai ich ciia sirlang tracing Nhirng chi phi chii yea ciia sirlang tracing Kel luan: sir efin thiei phai cdmol quan diem khong thien lech.

Nhftng khai niem de nghien citu Can hoi deihdo luan Doc them.

(’han dung mill nen kinh te dang phat Irien:Dai Loan.

Phan Hai: Nhumg van de va nhirng chinh sachtrong nir<fc 183

Lou y sinh vien ve ca cau Io chirc va each

tliiic lien hanh phan lich cac van tie khacnhau ve phat trien trong Phan I lai va PhanBa.

ChiMng9 Tang tririmg, ngheo doi va phan phoithu nhap: ly luan va bang chi'mg 187

Gii'ri ihieu: Cuoc tranh luan ve tang tracing.Neu van de va nhihig diem co lien quan: aico dugc bao nhieu cai gi? Nan nghdo doi trenthe gic'ri va linh (rang bat blnh dfing: tom tiltcac bhng chirng Nhihig khai niem ca ban:

vice phSn phoi thu nhap thco chirc nang vatheo doi luemg thu nhap Phan phoi thco doiluemg thu nhap Cac duemg Ixirenzc Cac heso Gini va nhihig kel qua xac dinh muc dobat blnh dfing Phan phoi thco chirc nang Batblnh dfing: sir khac nhau giua cac nude.Ngheo doi "luycl doi": muc do va lam quantrong Nhihig dac diem kinh te ciia cac nhc'imnguc'ri ngheo kho Phu nu va nan ngheo ddi.'lang Inning kinh te va mire do ngheo ddi.

Nhftng khai niem de nghien ci'tu Cau hoi deihdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Bang- la- det.

ChtMiig Th Tan cong vao ngheo ddi va bat cong:nhumg giai phap chinh sach 209

Gicri ihieu: Xac dinh lai nhirng muc lieu va

phuong huemg: tang tracing cung ve'ri cai thientrong phan phoi thu nhap Vai tro ciia phanlich kinh te: tai phan bo tir tang tracing, l angtracing va cong bang: khong ton tai maulliuAn GNP nhu mot chi so khong khachquan ve phat trien va phiic lew quoc gia Kethop kinh te hoc ve tang tracing va phan phoi.Mot loal nhihig giai phap chinh sach: mol so'can nhde ca ban Nhirng linh vac can 'canthiep Vice dieu chinh su phan phoi thu nhaptheo chirc nang thong qua cac chinh sachnhfim thay doi cac muc gia ycu (o' tuang ddi.Dieu chinh phan phoi theo doi tuang thunhap thong qua vice tai phan bo dan quyen seihiru tai san Dieu chinh phan phoi thco ddi

tuang thU nhap a nhirng muc do cao hem

thong qua cac loai thue luy lien danh vao thunhap va cua cai Dieu chinh quy mo phan

phoi a nhirng muc lhap hem thong qua thanh

loan chuycn khoan va vice nha nue'rc cungcap cac loai hang hoa va dich vu Vai tro cuanghien cuu cong nghe Ket luan: su can thieiphai cei mot tap hap cac chinh sach.

Nliitng khai niem de nghien a'fu Can hoi deihdo luan Doc them.

('han dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Sri Irinka.

Chiarng 11: Cuoc tranh luan h'm ve dan so 223Gim ihieu: Nhirng con so va cuoc tranh cai.Van de cer ban: tang dim so va chat luemg

cuoc song I am quan trong ciia van de: kingdan sb - qua khu', hien tai va luong lai Licitsir lang dan so the gidi Co cau dan so cua thegioi Khu vuc dia ly Nhung xu hudng ve ly lesinh de va ly le lir vong Ccr cau tuoi vanhung ganh nang iin theo ( ac ty le sinh delien quan den nlrtrng muc thu nhap Cac ty letang GNP va sir phan phoi thu nhap Da tangdan so an Nhung phuong hudng va muc lieu:mot so quan diem mau thuan nhau 'lang danso khdng phai la mot van de thuc sir "Molvan de kliac" "Mot chuyen gia tao duqc chulam bay dat" "Tang trudng la dieu dangmong muon", lang dan so la mot van de thucsir l.uan diem "dieu hau" ve dan so Vicecung cap cac dich vu ke hoach hoa gia dinh.Cac quyen con ngudi "Phat trien" cong volchuong trinh dan so Cac muc lieu va phuonghudng: lien loi mot sir nhal tn'.

Nhiing khai niem de lighten ci(u Can hoi dethao liian Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Trung Quoc.

Chtarng 12: Kinh te hoc ve dan so

va phat trien 243

Gun ihieu: Phat trien va ty le sinh de Hocthuyet chuyen tiep nhan khau "Cai bay danso" cua Man-tuyt Mb hlnh co ban Nhung loiphe binh ve mo hlnh nay I loc thuyet ve hanhvi ngudi lieu diing va kinh le hoc ho gia dinhve su sinh de Su lira chon cua ngudi tieudiing va nhu cau doi vdi cac loai hang hoa.I2tm vice va nghi ngoi Nhu cau sinh con.Mot so bang chung Jthuc le Nhung anh hudngdoi vdi "sir phat trien" va "ly le sinh de" Motso giai phap chinh sach Cac nude dang phattrien cd the linn gi Cac nude phat trien cd thelam gi d nude mlnh Cac nude phat trien cdthe giup gi cho cac nude dang phat trientrong cac chuong trinh dan so khac nhau ciiaho Nhung mau thuan, danh doi va lira chontrong cac chinh sach khac nhau va nhungmuc lieu canh tranh nhau.

Nhicng khai mem de nghien ci(u Can hoi dethao luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh tc dang phat trien:Pakistan.

Chitirng 13: That nghiep: nhung khia canh ciiamot van de loan can 261

Gun ihieu: Nan Ihii'l nghiep - mot so van deco ban Nhung khia canh cua van de thiftnghiep d cac nude The gidi Thu ba’ Cong anvice lilm vii that nghiep: nhung xu hudng vadu bao Do thi hoa va tang diin so o thanh thi:so dan ngay cilng tang Luc luong lao dong:hien tai va du bao Quy mo va co cau tudicua tinh trang that nghiep o thanh thi Nhungkhia canh cua tinh trang sir dung lao dongkem hicu qua: mot so su khac bicl ve khainiem Nhung moi lien he giua nan thatnghiep, ngheo doi va sir phfln phoi thu nhap.Khoang each giua san luong cong nghiep vamuc lang cong iin vice lam Mot so giai phapkinh le cho van de cong iin vice lam Mo hlnhve thi trudng tu do canh tranh mang tinhtruyen thong (ac mire luong linh hoat vahien tugng loan dung nhan cong Nhung hanche cua mo hlnh canh tranh doi vdi cac nudedang phat trien Mo hlnh Keynes Nhu cauthuc te Ihieu hut va nan that nghiep Nhunghan che cua mo hlnh Keynes o cac nude dangphat trien (Yic mb hlnh ve san luong va langsb luong cong iin vice lam: thuyet nguy hienve nhung muc tieu mau thuan nhau Nhungsu bop mco ve gia yeu to va cong nghe phiihirp: mb hlnh khuyen khich gia.

Nhung khai niem de nghien ci(n Can hoi dethan liian Doc them •

Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phal trien:Ai (ap.

Chtfimg 14: Di cir lir nbng thbn ra thanh thi: lythuyet va chinh sach 285

Gim ihieu: Kinh te hoc ve chuyen giao laodong va di cu tir nong thbn ra thanh thi: haigiai phap Mb hlnh Ixwis-l’ci-Ranis ve sirphat Iricn 'Mot mb hlnh "thu nhap du kien"ve di cu tir nong Ihon ra thanh Ihi Qua trinhdi cu Nhung dac diem ciia ngudi di cu Tienloi mot hoc Ihuycl duqc khai qual hoa vekinh te hoc ve su di cu lir nong thbn ra thanhIhi Tinh chat cua mb hlnh di cu ciia Todaro.Mol sb lac dong ve chinh sach 'Unh Irangmat can doi Irong cac co hoi ve cong vicegiua nong Ihon va lhanh Ihi Vice lao cong anvice linn d thanh Ihi Phal Iricn giao due.

Luong bong va gia cii Phat tricn nong thon.Nhirng ket luan: nhung duung net cua motchicn luge loan dicn ve cong an vice lam.Tao ra mot su ciin bang ve kinh le pliu hopgiua nong thon va.thanh Ihi Vice mdf rungcac nganh san xuat quy mo nhd va six dungnhicu lao dong Vice loai bo nhirng su bopmeo ve gia yen to Lua chon cac phuang theresan xuii't phu hgp, sir dung nhi<*u lao dong.Dieu chinh moi lien he true tie'p giua giaodue va cong an vice lam Mot lai binh luancuoi ciing v6 dan so.

Nliilng khai niem de n^hien eftu Cciu hoi de'thdo IKcin Doc them.

Chan dung mol nen kinh te dang phal tricn:Mehico

Chifcni# 15: Nong nghiep tri Ire va cac ca canruong dal 301

Gic'ri thieu: Nhu cau phat tricn nong thon TriIre va lang trudng nong nghiep: 1950-85 Cacau cua cac he thong ruong dal a The giaiThur ba I lai loai nong nghiep Iren the gic'ri.Nong nghiep nha nong a chau My I^i tinh,chau A va chau Phi Chau My La tinh vachau A Mo hinh dicn trang kin - dicn trangnhd va tinh trang sir dung nguon luc kemhicu qua a chau My I a tinh Tinh trang cat cuva phan tan dat nong nghiep a chau A Nennong nghiep tu cung tu cap va quang canh achau Phi Ke't luan.

Nhitng khiii niem de nghien a'(u Cciu hoi dethdo hum Doc them.

('han dung mot nen kinh le dang phat then:Malawi.

Chirmig 16: Nong nghiep tu cung tu cap va sixphat Irien nong thon 319

Gic'ri thieu: Kinh le hoc ve su phat tricn nongnghiep tren quy mo nhd: su qua do lir tu cungtu cap sang vice chuyen canh Giai doan ICanh lac tu cung tu cap: riii ro, dieu khongchiic chiin va su song con Vai tro quan trongcua phu nu trong nen nong nghiep tu cung tucap Giai doan II Qua trinh chuyen sang hinhthuc canh lac hon hgp vil da dang (iiai doanIII Tur su phan tan tai vice chuyen mon hod:hinh thuc canh lac hien dai mang tinh thuungmai Nhirng giai doan lien tricn cua nongtrang: torn luge Tien toi mot chicn luge phat

triCn nong nghiep va nong thon: mol so ycucau chinh Cai thicn nen nong nghiep quy monhd Cong nghc va su cai lien Cac chinhsach va the che Ba dieu kicn de phat tricnnong thon Cai each ruong dat Cac chinhsach bo (rg Nhung muc tieu phat tricn dongbp.

Nhiing khai niem de nghien cifu Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phat tricn:Gana.

ChiMng 17: Kinh le hoc ve giao due 333

Gidri thieu: Mot birc tranh thong ke ve giaodue a cac kliu vuc thupc The giai Thu ba Chi- lieu cua nha nude cho giao due Tuyen sinh.Tinh trang bd hgc Ty le ngudi biet chu Chiphi doi vdfi lung hoc sinh va cac khoan thunhap tuang doi tu giaa due Mot so van de caban cua giao due tieu hoc va trung hoc Sue yva tinh (rang kem hicu qua Quan ly kem vanhung khuyen khi'ch lech lac Vice dice, chinhsai lam so vdfi nhirng nhu cau xa hoi a captieu hoc Nhung van de ve giao due cao hoc.Nhung you to tac dong den kha nang hoc lap:nguyen nhan va hau qua Kinh te hgc ve giaodue: mot so khai niem ca ban Cung va caudoi vdi giao due: moi quan he giua nhung cahoi ve cong an vice lam va nhu cau doi vdrigiao due Nhung Igi ich va chi phi cua xa hoiso vdfi cua tu nhan Cung va cau doi vdri giaodue: mot so giai phap chinh sach Dieu chinhmuc cung cac ca hoi ve giao cue nhu molbien so chinh sach Ha tliap muc cau thongqua vice loai bd dan nhung khuyen kln'ch giatao doi vdfi vice nhoi nhet kie'n thuc (

Nhftng khai niem de nghien eftu Cau hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Gian dung mot nen kinh le dang phat tricn:Botswana.

Chucrng 18: Giao due va phat tricn: cac van de

va su lira chon 355

Gic'ri thieu: Giao due va xa hoi Giao due vatang trudng kinh te Giao due, bat binh dangva ngheo doi Giao due, di cu va sinh de.Giao due va di cu Giao due vh sinh de Giaodue va phal tricn nong thon Giao due va dicu qudc le: tinh trang le thupc ve tri tuc va

' cluiy mau chai xam" Nhung giai phap chinhsach chu yeu ve giao due Nhung chinh sachnam ngoai cac he thong giao due: tinh (rangmat can bang, nhung dau hieu vh nhungkhuyen khich Han che o muc thap nhat tinhtrang mat can bang, nhung khuyen khich lechlac va nhung han che ve chinh tri-xa hoi.Dieu chinh each phan phoi cong vice thongqua chung nhan ve giao due Ngan chan nanchay mau chat xam Nhung chinh sach ni'imben trong cac he thong giao due: hieu qua,tiet kiem va su phu hop Ngan sach danh chogiao due Cac khoan tro cap ('huong trinhhoc tap o bac tieu hoc doi voi nhung nhu cauciia nong ihon Han ngach Ket luan: bit giaodue phuc vu phat trien.

A7n7/zg khdn niem de nghien cun Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Nam Phi.

Phan Ba: Cac vain de va chinh sach quoc le

Chuang ll): Mau dich quoc le va phat trien kinhle: quan diem truyen thong 375

Gidri thieu: Tam quan trong ciia thuong mai

va tin chinh quoc te Nam cau hoi co ban vethuong mai va phat trien Vai tro cua thuongmai trong su phat trien: nghien cuu cac solieu thong ke Xuat nhap khau: cac xu huongva mo hinh Tam quan trong cua xuat khaudoi vdi cac nude dang phat trien kliac nhau.Ty gia mau dich I Ipc thuyet truyen thong vethuong mai quoc te (.’huycn mon hoa vanguyen the loi the so sanh: mo hinh cd dicnve chi phi lao dong Nhung thuan loi tuongdoi ve yeu to san xuat va su chuyen mon hoaquoc le: mo hinh tan co dien Hoc thuyetthuimg mai va su phat trien: nhung luan diemtruyen thong.

Nhung khdi mem de nghien cdu Can hoi deth do luan Doc them.

(Tan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:1 long Kong.

Chu<mg 20: Mau dich va phat trien: ly thuyet va

thirc lien 295

Gidri thieu: Mot so loi phO phan ve cue hocthuyet truyen thong ve tu do thuong maitrbng boi canh :iia cac nude The gidi Thu ba.Nhung ngudn luc cd dinh, loan dung nhancong va tinh bat co dong ciia von va lao dongcd lay nghe Iren the gidi Thuong mai va tangtrudng ngudn luc Tliift nghiep, tinh trang sirdung ngudn luc kem hieu qua va hoc thuyetthuong mai "loi thoat cho su du thua" Tinhco dong ve yeu to san xuat Iren the gidi va ‘cac tap dohn da quoc gia ( ong nghe on dinh,shn co va quyen loi thuong ciia nguoi lieudiing Tinh co dong ciia yeu to san xuat trongnude va "canh tranh hoan hao" IJicn tuongcac chinh phu khong lham gia vao cac quanhe thuong mai Can bring can can thuong maiva vice gia ca quoc le tu dong dieu chinh.Nhung loi ich tir thuong mai ciia mot nudedoi vdi cong dan nude do Ket luan: thuong‘mai va phat trien kinh te - nhung han che ciia

loan.-Nhung khdi niem de nghien ci?u Can hdi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh le dang phat trien:Achcnlina

ChiMng 22: Chinh sach man dich

vi phat trien 429

Gidi ihieu: (Yic chien luge thirmig mai chocong cuoc phal trien: cuoc Jranh cai giira phc"khuyen khi'ch xuat khau" va phc "lhay thehang nliAp khau" Khuyen khich xuat khau:nhin ra ben ngoai va xem xct nhung hang raothuimg mai Mu rong vice xuat khau hang suche Mu rong vice xuat khau cac mat hangche tao - lieu cae nha kinh doanh ttr do codung hay khong? Thay the hang nhap: nhinvao ben trong nhung van quan he tai chinhvdi ben ngoai Thue quan, cae nganh congnghiep non tre va hoc thuyct ve bao ho.Chien lune cong nghiep hoa IS va ket qua Tygia hoi doai, kiem soal ngoai hoi va quyetdinh pha gia dong lien Tom Ifit va ket luan:cuoc tranh luan giira nhung ngudi lac quan vanhung ngudi bi quan ve thuimg mai Luandiem "lac quan ve thuimg mai" Luan dicm"bi quan ve thuimg mai" Trung hoa giira haitruimg phai: lien tdi mot sir nhat tri Buon banNam-Nam va hoa nhap kinh te: nhin vao bentrong va ra ben ngoai 'lang cuong buon bangiira cac nude dang phal trien Hoa nhap kinhte Cac cln'nh sach thuimg mai cua cac nudephal trien: su can thiet phai cai each Cachang rao thue quan va phi (hue quan cua cacnude giau cd Nhung bicn phap khuyen khi'chxuat khau cua cac nude phal trien Kho khantrong van de tro giup vice dieu chinh Cacchinh sach kinh te trong nude.

Nhftng khdi niem de nghien eftu Can hoi dellnio luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phal Irien:Malaysia.

Chdirn% 23: Dau tir tir nhim va vicn tru cuamrdc ngoai 455

Gidi ihieu: Dong chay cua cac nguon tai lucquoc te Dau tu nude ngoai true tiep cua lunhan va cac lap doan da quoc gia Cac tapdoiin da quoc gia: quy mo, mo hinh va xu the.Dau tu tu nhan cua nude ngoai: mot so khokhan va thuan liri cho su phal trien Nhungluan diem kinh te truyen thong ling ho dau tutu nhan: rut ngiin khoang each tiet kiem,ngoai te, thu nhap va quan ly Nhung luandiem phan doi dau lu tu nhan ciia nude ngoai:

' lam tang them khoang each Trung hoa giira .ung ho va phan doi Vicn tro nude ngoai:cuoc tranh luan ve vicn tru phal trien Tai saocac nude giau lai vicn tro Nhung dong cu vechinh tri Nhung dong co ve kinh te va quyenlui ban than Tai sao cac nude chain phaltrien lai nhan vicn tru Nhung lac dong cuavicn tru "Tinh hinh tang va giiim vicn trophat trien cua OPEC” Nhung ket luan: lienli'ri mot quan diem mdi ve vicn tro nudengoai.

NIu7n% khdi niem de nghien (du Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phal trien:Chi -1c.

Phan Bon: Nhung kha nang va trien vpng

Chifamg 24: Ke hoach hoa phat trien: ly thuyctva thuc hanh 481

Gidi Ihieu: Bi quyet cua vice ke hoach hoa.

Tinh chat cua ke hoach hoa kinh tu v;; vai trokhac nhau cua nd trong cac nen kinh lu ciiathe gidi Ke hoach hoa trong cac nen kinh tethi trudng Ke hoach hoa trong cac nen kinhte menh lenh Ke hoach hoa trong cac nenkinh te him hup cua cac nude dang phat trien.Ly 1c cho vice ke hoach hoa u cac nen kinh tethuoc The gidi Thu ba Luan diem ve su truetrac cua thi truimg Luan diem ve su huydong va phan bo nguon luc Luan diem vethai do va tarn ly Luan diem ve vicn trq nudengoai Tinh chat ciia vice ke hoach hoa phattrieir.nhung loai mo hinh ke hoach hoa cuban Qua trinh ke hoach hoa: sau diic trungco ban Ba loai mo hinh ke hoach hoa Mohinh tang truimg chung Mo hinh du bao cholung khu vuc kinh te Mo hinh ket hup giuacac nganh cong nghiep Nhung can nhacquan trong trong vice lua chon cac mo hinhke hoach hoa Giai doan phat trien Cu cauthe che Tinh shn co va chat luimg cua cacthong tin thong ke Nhung han che ve nguonluc Nhung uu lien va muc lieu Cuoc killinghoang trong cong tac ke hoach hoa: nhungvan de khi thuc hien va nhung true trac trongke hoach Ly thuyct so vdi thuc te lap kehoach (ac loai giii yeu to, su lira chonphuimg thuc va vice tao cong an vice lam.

Tinh (rang mat can bang vA di cu tir nong*then ra thanh tin Nhu can doi vdi giao dueva van de ve cong an vice lam Co can cuanen kinh te Nhung nguyen nhan cua that baitrong vice lap ke hoach Nhung true tractrong cac ke hoach va vice thuc hien cluing.So lieu khong day du va khong dang tin cay.Nhung bien doi ve kinh te khong luong tradeduqc, ke ca trong lan ngoai nuoc Nhungdiem yeu ve the che Vice thieu "y chi' chinhtri" Xu hudng chay theo thi truong va tir boke hoach hoa trong nhung nam 80.

Nhi'cng khdi niem de nghien ci'fii Can hoi deth Jo luan Doc them.

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dans phat trien:Haiti.

Chtfcmg 25: Chinh sach lien te va chinh sachthue 503

Gi(h thieu: Mot so thanh to cua chinh sach'

kinh te vi mo a cac nude The gidi T hur ba.Cac chinh sach tai chinh va tien te: nhunghan che cua cac cong cu vT mo truyenthong Vai tro cua cac ngan hang trunguong Vai tro a cac nude phat trien Vai tro

d cac nude dang phat trien Su xuat hiencua hoat dong ngan hang phat trien Tu dohoa tai chinh, lai suat thuc te, tiet kiem vadau tu Chinh sach tai chinh phuc vu phattrien Thue: true tic'p va gian tiep Thue taisan va thu nhap ca nhan Thue thu nhapcong ty Thue gian tiep danh vao hang hoa.Nhung van de ve quan ly thue Chinh sachtai chinh nhim kiem soat lam phat Tangtruong cong nghiep nhd vao lam phat: quymo va nhung han che Moi quan he qua laigiua nhung khd khan va cac chinh sach.Quan ly hanh chinh cong cong: nguon luckhan hiem nhat Cac doanh nghiep nhanude: ciing cd mor so, tu nhan hoa so conlai Chinh sach phat trien ciing vdi vai tro.va nhung han che ciia nha nude: nhung

nhan xet cd tinh chat ket luan.

Nhung khdi niem de nghien ct(u Can hoi dethdo ludn Doc them t

Chan dung mot nen kinh te dang phat trien:Venezuela.

Chuang 26: Nhirng van de cho thap ky 90: sirphu thuoc Ian nhan ve kinh te, cac nguoncung cap luong thuc tren the gidi, no mrdc' ngoai va cuoc khiing hoang d chan Phi 531

Gidi thieu: Su hu thuoc kin nhau kieu mdi.Nhung kina canh cua su phu thuoc cua Thegidi Thu ba: nghidn cuu theo so do Nhungmuc song thfip Muc tu trong thfip Tu do bihan che Nhung bieu hien cua su le thuoc lannhau dang xuat hien tren loan cau: nangluong, luong thuc va cac nguon tai nguyenthien nhifin Nang luong va nen kinh te thegidi Cac loai nguyen vat lieu va khoang san.Tinh trang thieu luong thuc tren loan the gidi.Nhung yeu to xac dinh nhu cau: dan so vamuc do phong luu Nhung han che doi vdimuc cung: dat dai, nuoc, nang luong va phanbon Vice cung cap luong thuc cho the giditrong nhung nam 90 Cuoc khiing hoang kinhte d mien Nam chfiu Phi Tuong lai van de nocua The gidi Thd ba Tnlt tu kinh te moi cuathe gidi(NIEO) Biing chung cua tinh trangbat cong trien mien Xuat xu va noi dung ciiaNIEO Thuong luong lai cac khoan no ciiacac nude dang phat trien Xac dinh lai ly giamau dich va tiep can thi truong Cuoc caieach cua IM1; Iluong tdi nhung muc lieuvien tro phat trien chinh thuc ciia Lien HopQudc Nhan xet ve NIEO Tom til va ketluan.

Nhung khdi niem de nghien ciitu Can hoi dethdo luan Doc them.

Chin dung cac nen kinh te dang phat trien:A rap Xe-iit va Zaia.

Danh muc cac• 4 4hinh

2.1 Vong luan hoim ciia hoal dong kinh te: nguftilieu dung, nha san xuat vii chinh phu.

3.1 Duong cau di xud'ng.

3.2 ( ac iludng cau hoim loan co dan va khong codan

3.3 Tang Ihu nhap lam cho dirong cau dich chuyensang ben phai.

3.4 Dirong cung ve ngo.

3.5 Cai lien cong nghc lam cho cac duftng cungdich chuyen sang ben phai.

3.6 (ac dirong cung co dan va khong co dan.3.7 Xac dinh mire gia va lucmg ciiu ft diem can

bimg lien cac Ihi truftng canh Iranh.

3.8 Dinh gia khong phai ft diem ciin bang va sircan Ihiel phai phan bo han che.

4.1 Cac duftng-bicu Ihi idng san pham va sanpham can bien.

4.2 ( ac dirong bieu Ihi tong chi phi, chi phi canbien va chi phi Irung binh.

4.3 Toi da hoa lai nhuan doi vfti mot hang (nonghang).

4.4 (iiii doc quyen va nhung quyel dinh ve san lirong.5.1 GNP binh quan diiu ngufti ft mot so nuoc dirge

lira chon, Do la My, 1988.

5.2 Ty le hr vong tie so sinh d mol so nude cd lirachon, 1988 (hen 1000 tre).

6.1 Kem phai trien: sir do minh hoa nhieukhia canh.

7.1 Dirong gidi han kha ntlng san xuat gao va radio.7.2 ’lac dong ciia vice langcirongcac ngudn nhan

lire va val lire doi vdi vi tri ciia duftng gidihan kha nang san xuat ciia xa hoi.

7.3 Nhung chuyen dich khong doi xung cua cacdirong kha ntlng san xuat khi (a) chi cd ngudn

von tang va (b) chi cd dat dai tang ve solucmg va /lioac chat lucmg.

7.4 ( ac giohg lua moi cao san khieii cho dirongP-P chuyen dich doc lheo true "gao".

7.5 Vice phai minh ra dug ban dan khien choduong P-P dich chuyen ra ben ngoiii doc lheotrue "radio".

9.1 Lua chon mat hang san xuat: hang xa’ xi hayhang thiet yeu.

9.2 Duong Lorenz.

9.3 Do cong ciia duong Ixircnz cang Ion baonhieu thi muc do bat binh dang cang gia tangbay nhieu.

11.1 Dan so the gidi tinh theo vimg: 1980 vii 2000(du tinh).

11.2 Moi quan he giua thu nhap va ty le sinh de o12 nude lliupc The gidi Thu ba.

12.1 Qua Ir'inh chuyen tiep nhan khau d Tay Au.12.2 Sir khdi dfiu cua qua trinh chuyen tiep nhan

khau d cac nude The gidi Thu ba 12.3 "Cai bAy dan so" ciia Mantuyt.

12.4 Tien bo ve cong nghc (vii xa hoi) cho phepcac quoc gia tranh ducrc cai bay dan so.

13.1 long so dan thanh thi: cac nude phai trien xadang phai trien, 1950, 1985, 2000 (du tinh).13.2 Mufti linn khu vuc (hanh thi Ion nhat (udc

tinh ciia Lien Hop Quoc cho ninn 1985 vii2000, trieu dan).

13.3 Xac dinh mure lucmg va cong An vice lam theormxc cung va can: phuemg phap thi truemg tudo truyen thong.

14.1 Mo hinh cua Lewis ve tang truemg va cong Anvice lam trong mot nen kinh te du thira laodong.

14.2 Vice tfch luy von mang tfnh tiet kiem sftc laodong lam thay doi nhung anh huemg cua mohinh Lewis doi vch cong an vice lam.

14.3 So do phan tfch quyel dinh di cu.

15.1 San lucmg lucmg (hue b'mh quan dau nguch ofchau Phi, 1971-86.

15.2 Cac chi so ve san luong lucmg (hue 1955-85.16.1 Nhung thai do cua cac nha lieu ncing doi vch

rui ro: tai sao doi klii phan doi cai tien vathay doi lai la dieu hop ly.

17.1 He thong hoc tap: nguyen nhan, hau qua vatac dong qua lai.

17.2 Nhung chi phi va loi ich cua ca nhan so vchcua xa hoi trong giao due: mol thf du minhhoa.

19.1 Gia tri "thuc te” cua hang xuat khau Iren loanthe gich 1965-86.

19.2 Ty gia mau dich cua cac nude dang phat trienkilling san xuat dau mo 1965-88.

19.3 Ducmg gich han kha nang san xuat cua Thegich Thu ba.

19.4 Ducmg kha nang san xuat cua Phan con laiciia the gich.

19.5 Nhung Ich ich ve ly thuyet cua vice tu do maudich giua The gich Thu ba va Phan con laiciia the gich.

19.6 Thuong mai voi nhung ty le yeu to bien doiva nhung thuan leri khac nhau ve yeu to sanxuat \

20.1 Hoc thuyet thuemg mai "Gon ducmg dan tori su

du thira" d cac nude cham phat trien.

21.1 Cache "Quay vong cua dong do la dau mo",21.2 (Tiu chuyen nguon tai chfnh rong tircfic nude

phat trien sang cac nucic kem phat trien hem,1981-86.

22.1 Gia thuc tO\cua cac loai hang hoa khong phaidfiu mo, 1957-87.

22.2 Thay the hiing nhi)p khau vh hoc thuyet ve subao ho.

22.3 Thi trudng tu de vh ty gia hcii doai duc/c kiemsoat.

22.4 Vice mef rong thuemg mai Nam-Nam, 86.'

1970-25.1 Nhung tac dong cua lai suat Inin doi vch vicephfln bd tin dung.

26.1 Tinh trang kem phat trien trong he thong xahcii loan ciiu: mcit so do minh hoa theo giadinh.

Danhmuc cac bang

2.1 Tong san pliii’m quoc noi, (hu nhap quoc danvii nhung cau thanh clni yeu trong kinh phiquoc dan: mol thi du ve mubi nude dune lira■ chon lliuoc The gidi Thu ba, 1987.

2.2 Co cau ngimh a 17 nude dang phat trien so vdi

4.3 Lua chon phucnig thuc san xuat ft ton kem nhatddi vdi vice thi cong moi 10 km dubng d An Dp.5.1 Nhung toe do tang GNP binh quan dau ngudi.

Muc lang trung binh hang nam ($), 1965-88.5.2 Phan loai cheo cac nude dune lua chon then

muc Ihu nhap binh quan dau ngudi va muc dpbat binh dang ve Ihu nhap.

5.3 So dan nam duoi gidi han ngheo ddi d 35 nudedang phal Irien, 1988.

5.4 So dan co muc lieu dung lhap him muc caloctin thiel, 1975.

5.5 Cac ly le sinh de Iren toiin the gidi, 1990.5.6 Cac ty le that nghiep or cac viing thanh Ihi co

lua chon.

5.7 Dan so, luc lupng lao dong vii san luong trongnam 1987: cac viing phal Irien va kem phatIrien lion.

5.8 Thanh phiin cac null hang xuat khiiu Iren the gidi, 1985.

5.9 Phu luc: Xep hang 15 nude Iren the gidi theocac chi so khac nhau ve phat Irien, 1987.

7.1 Cac kliti niing san xuat giua gao vii radio: moltin' du gia dinh.

8.1 Muc di cu (rung binh hang nam tirchau Au ranude ngoai, 1846-1939.

8.2 Muc di cuciia ngudi Italia, 1960-64.

9.1 Cac mo hlnh san xuat va chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm hai ngudi, hai loaihang hoa va Ihu nhap bang nhau.

■9.2 Cac mo hlnh san xuat vii chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm hai ngudi, hai loaihang hoa va hai muc Ihu nhap rat chenh lechnhau.

9.3 ( ac mo hlnh san xuat va chi lieu ddi vdi molnen kinh te giti dinh gdm 5 ngudi, hai loaihang hoa vii muc phiin phoi Ihu nhap ralkhong binh dang.

9.4 Nhung tac dong ciia muc GNP ngtiy mol tangva thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cao himtrong dieu kien phiin phd'i binh dang ddi vdicac mb hlnh ve nhu cau vii san lupng.

9.5 Nhung tac dong ciia muc GNP ngiiy mot tangva thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cao him

trong dieu kien phan phoi thu nhap rift khongbinh dang ddi vdi nhung mo hlnh ve nhu cauva San lupng.

9.6 Phan phoi thu nhap ca nhiin theo gia dinh(nhung rat pho bien) O cac nude chain phattrien theo ty le thu nhap.

9.7 Mol so udc tftih ve phiin phoi thu nhap.

9.8 Phan loai cac nude theo muc thu nhap va binbinh dang.

9.9 Su tang thu nhap vii nan ngheo doi d 36 nudedang phat tridn, 1975 vii 2000 (du tinh).

10.1 Phan phoi thu nhap va lang trudng.

11.1 Muc tang dan so udc tinh cua the gidi tronglich sir.

11.2 Cac toe do tang dan so the gidi vh nhung thdidiem tang gap doi: nhin lai lich sir.

11.3 Mudi lam nude lorn nhat tren the gidi (vephuong dien dan so) va cac muc tang dan sohang nam cua ho, 1990.

11.4 Cac ty le sinh de’, 1950-2000 (tren 1000 dan).11.5 Cac ty le tu vong, 1950-2000 (tren 1000 dan).11.6 Moi quan he giua thu nhap quoc dan binh

quan dau ngudi, toe do lang trudng, phanphoi thu nhap va ty le sinh de: mot so nudeduoc lua chon a 'Hie gidi Thu ba.

11.7 "Da" tang dan so va cac muc tang du tinh cuacac nude duoc lua chon thuoc The gidi Thuba lheo nhung gia dinh lac quan khac nhauve ty le sinh de.

11.8 Muc lieu diing cac ngudn luc chu yeu phanthco vimg, 1984.

12.1 Nhung nude tien hanh cac chuimg trinh kehoach hoa gia dinh nhdm lam giam toe dotang dan sp, 1960-90.

13.1 Tinh hinh cong an vice lam va that nghiep dcac nude dang phat trien, 1960-90.

13.2 Cac ty le that nghiep cong khai d 15 nudecham phat trien, 1986.

13.3 Di cu trong nude nhu mot nguyen nhan tangdan so d thanh thi: mot so nude dang phattrien.

13.4 Muc tang luc luong lao dong, 1970-2000.13.5 Nhung du tinh ve luc luong lao dong, 1970-

15.3 Dan so va san luong nong nghiep d cac nudephat trien va kem phat trien hon, 1960, 1980

15.6 Nhung chi bao ve co cau dfit trong d cac nudechftu My I Ait inh co lua chon.

16.1 Nhung dac diem ndi bat cua ba giai doanphat trien nong trang.

17.1 Ty le tuycn sinh d cac nude dang phat trienduoc lua chon: lieu hoc, trung hoc va dai hoc,

1965 vh 1986 ’

-17.2 Ty le mil chu dmudi nude dang phat trien, 1985.17.3 Ty le tong chi phi cho dau hoc sinh/nam,17.4 Ty le thu nhap trung binh hang nam Ini cho

lao dong lheo cap hoc.

18.1 Ty trong cua cac ngudn luc cong cong danhcho giao due cua cac nhdm ngucri khac nhautrong xa hoi hoac cua cac kliu vuc, 1980.18.2 Cac nhdm ngudi cd nghe nghiep khac nhau d

nong Ihon va nhu cau hoc tap cua ho.

18.3 'long so ngudi cd chuyen mon va lay nghe dicu tir cac nude cham phat trien sang Anhquoc, Canada va My, 1962-77.

19.1 Nhung xuhudng xuat khan cua the gidi,1965-1986.-

19.2 (Yc nude dang phat trien xuat khau nhicuhang cong nghiep.

19.3 Toe de) tang xuat nhap khau trong nhung nam 80.19.4 Cac mat hang xuat khau chu yeu cua cac

nude dang phat trien va cac nude cung capchu yeu.

19.5 Thu nhap tir xuat khau tinh nhu ty le phan tramcua GDP va ty trong cac mat hang che lao va strche trong tong so hang xuat khau: cac nudeduoc lua chon thuoc The gidi Thd ba, 1986.21.1 Minh hoa ve tai khoan can can thanh loan.21.2 Nhung lac dong tich cue va tidu cue doi vdi

die tai khoan can can thanh loan.

21.3 Bang gia thuyet ve can edn thanh loan chomot nude dang phat trien.

21.4 Cac ngudn luan chuyen lai chi'nli va no daihan cua nha nude va tu nhfin d cac nudedang phat tridn, 1981-87.

21.5 So von chuyen ra khdi dal nude thco udc tfnh,1976-85.

21.6 Tai khoan von va tai khoan vang lai cua c£cnude dang phat trien, 1978-84.

21.7 Cac nude dang phat trien: tom til cac so” dullianh loan trong tai khoan vang lai, 1980-89.21.8 Nhung khfa canh cua cuoc khung hoang ng

ciia cdc nude chAm phat trien, 1970-89.21.9 Mudi bay nude co so ng cao, 1987.

22.1 Phan loai 41 nen kinh le dang phat tridn theodinh hudng mau dich, 1963-73 va 1973-85.22.2 Ty gift hoi doai chfnh thuc va ty gia Iren thi

trudng tu do.

23.1 Xep hang cac nude va cac lap doan da quocgia theo quy mo san pham hang nam, 1985.23.2 Bay van de then chot gay tranh luan ve vai

tro va lac dong ciia cac'tap doan da quoc giad cac nude dang phat trien.

23.3 Thong ke thuc te cac ngudn luc do cac nudephat trien va cac tap doan da quoc gia chuyengiao cho cac nude dang phat trien, 1974-85.23.4 Vien trg phat trien chfnh thuc tfnh thco quoc

gia va ty trong trong GNP, 1975 va 1985.23.5 Huong vien tro phat trien chfnh thuc cua Hoa

Ky, 1985.’

23.6 Vien trg nude ngoai cua cac nude OPEC,1970-85; Cac khoan chuyen giao thuc te.23.7 Vien trg nude ngoai cua cac nude OPEC?,

1970-85; cac khoan chuyen giao thuc te tfnhdudi dang ty le phan tram ciia GNP.

23.8 Phan phoi udc tfnh thco dia ly cac khoan vientrg song phuong co dieu kicn tir cac thanhvien A nip cua OPEC, 1975-81.

25.1 Co cifu thue va cac ngudn thu nhap ciia cacnude dang phat trien co lua chon.

25.2 Thu nhap tir thue tfnh theo loai thue va nhdmnude.

25.3 (lie do thue doi vdi nhdm thu nhap, mot sonude co lua chon.

25.4 (Yic xu hudng lam phat, 1969-88.

25.5 Moi quan he qua lai giua cac van de vh chfnhsach: thi du ininh hoa.

25.6 (Yic cong cu chu yeu ve chfnh sach kinh te vhcong dung ciia chiing.

26.1 Su le thuoc ciia My vao vice nhap khau cacnguycn vat lieu cong nghiep chii yc'u cimgvdi du bao den nam 2000.

26.2 Cac mat hang kim loai va khoang san nhapkhau ciia My.

26.3 San lugng ngu coc the gidi, tong so va binhquan dau ngudi, 1950-2000 (du tfnh).

26.4 Suy thoai kinh le d 22 nude d vung IlaSahara, chau Phi, 1980-86.

Ldi tita cho lanxuatbandau tien

Nhihig giao vien day khoa mo dau mon kinhte hoc tai cac trudng dai hoc o khap cac nude dangphat trien tir lau da thay dupe su can thiet phai comot giao trinh gidi thieu loan dien phu hop, hudngvao nhung van de cap bach cua qua trinh phattrien kinh te va xa hoi 0 chau Phi, chau A, chauMy Latinh va Trung Dong, cac giang vien ngudiban xu thudng khong cd su lira chon nao khacngoai vice su dung cai goi la "nhihig tai lieu chosinh vien quoc te" cua cac giao trinh gidi thieu cua"phuong lay" Do vay, cac sinh vien cua hothuong phai nghe nhihig bai giang dai dong vehoat dong cua He thong Du tru Lien bang cua Hoaky, co cau cong nghiep cua nen kinh te Anhva/lioac mot loat nhihig van de kinh te duong thenma cac nen kinh te thi trudng tien tieii gap phai -nhihig chu de khong may phu hop vdi cac quocgia dang phat trien Hon nua, nhihig gia dinh vethe che va nhihig mo lihih ly thuyet trong nhunggiao trinh nay thuong khong phan anh dupe nhihigthuc (rang kinh te va co cau cua the gidi dang.phat trien.

.Mot thi du la, Van de that nghiep, thuongdupe quy cho muc tong cau qua thap (Keynes) valam phat xay ra la bdi vi tong cau qua cao Nhihigkhd khan ve co cau xet tren phuong dien cung haunhu bi bo qua Khu vuc nong nghiep nang suat caovon hoan loan dupe thuong mai hoa va cd ft dancu d hau het cac nude phat trien lai it quan Irpngva do do, it dupe ban den Ay vay ma o cac nudedang phat trien, nong nghiep la boat dong kinh tequan trong nliat va nang suat thap cua nd la moiquan trim chu yeu Tucmg lu, ngoai thucnig thudngchi dupe co; la khong quan trong him, vi hau hetcac quoc gia giau cd deu cd the giai quyei dupecac cuoc killing hoang dinh ky ve can can thankloan bang each linh hoat kel hop nhieu chinh sachnhu tai chinh, tien te va thuong mai Hien lupng 1cthuoc vao kinh te quoc te, von rat quan trong doivdi hau het cac nude dang phat trien, thi lai biem

khi dupe de c;)p deii.

Ngoai ra, hau het cac giao trinh phuong 'l aydeu khong coi vice tang dan so nhanh la mot vande nghiem trong O nhiem moi trudng dupe coi laquan trong hon nhieu Nhung d h;1u het cac nudedang phat trien thi ngupc lai Trong hau het cacgiao trinh chuan muc, tieii bp cong nghe khongngimg va tang trudng kinh te lien tuc dupe xem ladieu duong nhien, trong khi day lai la nhung muctieu uu tien o hau het cac nude dang phat trien.Ngudi ta cung gia dinh su sfin cd cac ngudn nhanluc kinh nghe va nang luc quan ly, trong khi niptnhiem vu to Ion trong qua trinh phat trien la tao ranhung ngudn nhan luc nhu vay va bdi duringnhihig kha nang chuycn mon nhu vay Curi'i ciing,nhihig van de ve nan nghco doi Iran lan va linhtrang bat binh ding ve Ihu nhap ngay cang tang,neu cd chang dupe ban deii trong cac giao trinhchuan muc, thi cung chi dupe xem la nhihig truetrue tuong doi nhd cua mot nen kinh te thi trudngphat trien theo hudng cong nghiep hoa, thong nlia'lcao dp va hoat dong cd hieu qua, chu khong phaila nhihig bieu hien dac hiru ciia mol nen kinh tehai mat va rat rdi rac trong qua trinh chuycn doi lir tu cung lu cap sang hien dai hpa Ta cd the dua ravd van nhihig thi du kliiic ve su thieu phii lurp ciianhung giao trinh chuan muc nay trong vice n:imbdt nhung van de cd nipt khong hai ciia tinh trangkem phat trien ochflu Phi, chau A va My Intinh.

Do vay, xuat hien mol nhu cau cap bach canphai lam ra nhihig cuon sach gidi thieu ve kinh tehoc cd y nghTa va phu hop hon cho sinh vien o cacnude dang phat trien Mac du tir lau ngudi la danhan thuc dupe su can thiet nay, nhung chua maykhi thuc hien dupe y muoii ciia mlnh Cac nhakinh te hang dau ciia The gidi thu ba thudng, vacung la di6u d6 hieu, qua bfln biu vdi hang dongcong vice day hoc, ngliien cuu vii lu van cho chinhphii, va nhung khuyc'n khich, ca ve mat chuycnmon lan tai chi'nli, deu khong dii hap dim ho Dieu

ma hau het cAc nha kinh t£ ban dia thudng lam lathu thfip lai nhirng cuon sAch in ronCo hay nhungbo sun (ftp cAc bai vict ridng re ve nen kinh te cuanude ban dia hay cua vimg do*1 Thong thudng,ngudi ta phAn phAt cAc tAp de cuong bai giang chosinh vien de hd trq cho cAc giao truth chuA’n mure.Mac du nh'in chung, nhung bd sun tAp vA de cuongbai giang nhur vAy la nhirng sir cai thien dang quyso vdi vice nhap khau kliong co chon loc cAc giaotrinh phirong TAy, nhirng thuc te la it khi cd ai, neucd, thanh cong trong vice chuan bi mot giao trinhgidi thieu ve kinh te hoc toAn dien de sir dung rongrai a cAc nude dang phAt trien Can phai cd mot bogiao trinh cd muc dfch cimg mot luc tap trung vAonhung vAn de phAt trien vA nhung van de cd tAmquan trong song con doi vdi quoc gia vA khu vuc,trong khi vAn cung cap cho sinh vien mot cd sovung chdc gdm nhung khAi niem vA nguydn tAckinh te phii hop vA cd y nghTa Cuon sAch nAy radoi 1A nhAm dAp ung cu th£ nhu cau nAy •.

1 Mot tin du tifiu bieu loai sach dau la bo sach v£ Dong

Phi do cac giang vien cua Trudng Dai hoc Makerere d

Uganda thu thap lai trongnhungnam 60 va mot vi du veloai sach saula bosou tap cac bai bao xuat ban trong

nhirng nam 70 ve nen kinhte Philipin do mot sonLa kinhte hang dau cua Philipin viet.

1 Xcm phan Lerinoi dau de nam duoc chi tiet hon phuemg

huerng, quy mo vaketcau cuonsach nay.

Ldicam Un

Cd mot so nguoi, nhieu hon so ma ldi cd theke ra d day, da giup ldi hoac true tiep, hoac giantiep trong qua Ir'mh vie! cuon sach nay Trude lien,la doi vdi cac sinh vien va dong nghiep cua toi,dac biet la 6 chan Phi, ngoai ra, con 6 chan My Dilinh va chan A, toi rat ham on ho vi da khuyenkhich toi thuc hien mot nd luc to Ion nhu vay.Nhung can hoi tham do va nhung loi phe binh daythach thuc cua ho ve giao tr'inh gidi thieu ve kinhte hoc dau va lien tuc khuyen khich toi va KennethW.Thompson, nguoi da khuyen toi nen cd mot cainliin rung hon doi vdi cac van de quoc te Doi vdinhung nguoi ban va dong nghiep d The gidi thuba dac biet la Akilu Hable, Denisard Alves,Romeo Ikiutista, Amado Castro, Claudio Castro,Jorge ( auas, Victor Diejomaoh, Jose Encarnacion,Sunday Essang, Luis Fuenzalida, Dharam Ghai,Joseph Maitha, Philip Ndegwa, Alfonso Ocampo,Harry Oshima, Justinian Rweycmamu, MarcelloSclowsky, William Scnga, Soedjatmoko, GabrielVelasquez, Flavio Versiani, Vinyu Vicit Vadakanva rat nhieu nhieu nguoi khac, toi xin dac bietcam on ho ve nhung cube dam luan da giup toidinh huong tu duy cua minh ve van de giang daykinh te hoc cho sinh vien d cac nude dangphat trien.

Cuoi citng, toi dac biet ham on vg toi laDonna Renee, nguoi dii co vu, dong vien va ho trgca ve tri tuc lan linh than cho toi trong nhung hoancanh khd khan nhal Phai noi rang khong co co ay,toi se khong the nao hoan thanh noi cuoiisach- nay.

Cac nha xuat ban rat biet on nhung ca nhanva 16 chuc sau day ve vice cho phep sir dung banquyen lac gia:

Bang 13.7 dugc phep cua Basil Blackwell,Lid lliay mat cho Hoi kinh Ic Hoang gia; Bang

17.3 vti 17.4 dugc phep cua nha xuifl ban Returnsto Education; cac bang 8.2 va 8.4 - ban quyen

1972 cua Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.;bang 5.6 dugc phep cua Ford Foundation vaColumbia chfnh thong da thuyel phuc toi ve su capthiet phai cd mol phuong phap nidi Trong sonhung sinh vien cua minh, toi xin dac biet ke denJ.M.Obiri va G.S.Mwabu nguoi Kenia, nhungnguoi da nhan xet ve cac ban than dau lien cua toiva dii giup toi chuan bi phfin Thuat ngu Trong socac dong nghiep, toi dac biet biet on PhilipW.Bcll, Edgar O.Edwards va Lloyd G Reynolds,nhung nguoi da ngay lir University Press; bang26.2 dugc phep cua Greenwood Publishing GroupInc., Westport, (T; cac bang 19.3, 2.3.8 va 25.4 -Quy Tien te Quoc te; bang 13.1 - Bao cao Diodong The gidi 1989; cac bang 1.7, 1.9 va 1.12,Ban quyen 1989, To chuc Dio dong quoc te,Geneva; bang 5.4 -’Reutlingen bang 17.2 - Nganhang ’Hie gidi; bang 18.2 - Johns HopkinsUniversity Press; bang 13.6 - David Turnham vaIan Jacgar, OECD; bang 5.8 va 22.1 - Bao caophat trien The gidi; cac bang 5.1, 13.4 va 17.1 -Ngan hang phat trien va tai thiet quoc te; bang11.8 lay lir mol bai bao cua Robert Rcpctto; bang26.1 - Random House Inc.; cac bang 19.1,23.3,23.4 va 23.5 - Rutgers University, NewBrunswick; cac bang 18.1 va 25.3 - World BankResearch Observer, bang 19.4 - Commodity Tradeand Price Trend 1986; cac bang 21.4, 21.9 va 26.4-World Debt Tables 1987-88.

Mac du da cd giing hel stfc nhfim ghi nhancac chit so huu ban quyen, trong mol so trudnghgp, cluing toi khong lhe thuc hien dugc va nhanc<x hoi nay cluing loi xin ngd ldi xin ldi nhungngui/i nao ma ban quyen cua ho da bi vi pham molcftcli khong cd y.

Tom tat nhitng khai niem cot ban

va nhitng cd sd ly luan trong cuon sach nay

Khai niem hoar hoc thuyet ‘ Chtfcfng

Sir khan hiem, cfiu, cung, vice xac dinh 3gia thi truc'mg, cac ducmg can, gia vahe so co dan thu nhap cua cau, cac mathang thong thucmg va loai hai, dichchuyen cac ducmg cau, cac dircmgcung, he so co dan cung, lao dong duthira, chon loc, dinh gia khong theo thitruong.

Hoc thuyet ve san xual, cac nguon luc 4va yeu to san xual, cac ham san xuattAn co dien, thu nhap giam dan doi vchnhung yeu to hien doi, cac loai gia yeuto va cong nghc phii hop, cac duomgchi phi, cung, cau va thu nhap, toi dahoa led nhuan, dinh gia doc quyen vasan lupng, tie! kiem va dfiu tu, tieudiing hien tai so vori tieu diing trongtucmg lai, phAn phoi thu nhap, cac chiphi va Ipi (ch cua ca nhan so vch cuaxa hoi, cac lac dong ngoai sinh trongsan xuat va tieu diing, gia ca va nhungthi truong khong hoan hao.

Thu nhap giam dan, chi phi then va 7cac ducmg cung, cac ducmg gicd hankha nang san xuat va chi phi co hoi,king cuc'mg yeu to san xuat va chi phi',that nghiep va chi phi co hoi cua xahoi, hoc thuyet ve tang truong kinh te,von nhan luc va vat luc, lien bp congnghc - trung gian, tie! kiem von va suelao dong, nhung dich chuyen trong cacduong nang luc san xuat.

Quy mo va phan phoi thu nhap theo 9 & 10chuc nang, ducmg Lorenz, he so Gini,

hoc thuyet ve ty trong yeu to san xuat,cac hoc thuyet ve lang truong so voiphAn phoi, nhung chi so phuc Ipi -GNP, nghed doi va binh dang.

Hoc thuyet ve chuyen doi nhan khau, 12hoc thuyet ve dan so cua Mantuyt, hoc

thuyet kinh te vi mo ve hanh vi cua hogia dinh va nhung lira chon sinh de, dohuu dung bien va cac ducmg cau, lamvice va nghi ngoi (cac ducmg cung laodong), nhu cau sinh con (danh doi giuaso lupng va chat lupng).

Nhung khai niem ve that nghiep va 13ban that nghiep, thi truong tu do, mo

hinh canh tranh, hoc thuyet cuaKeynes ve cong an viec lam, nhunglech lac ve gia yeu to va sir lua choncong nghc, mo hinh kliuyen khfch gia -gia ao.

Mo hinh ve nen kinh te kep cua Lewis,mo hinh di cu Todaro.

Khai niem hoac hoc thuyet

Hoc thuyet ve doanh nghiep (nongtrang), nen nbng nghiep toi thieu vahoc thuyet ve su rui ro, phat trien nongthon - nhung phuorng phap dong bo.

Hoc thuyet ve von nhan luc va giaodue, kinh te hoc ve giao due, "chaymau chat xam" - trong va ngoai nudeCac hoc thuyet ve thucmg mai quoc te -mo hinh ve led the so sanh cuaRicardo, mo hinh v6 ty le yeu 16 sanxuat cua Hecksher-Ohlin, cac mo hinhco dien va tan co dien ve thuong maiva phat trien.

Can can thanh toan, cac luong luanchuyen nguon luc, diing thuc chuyengiao co ban va quan he vm cuoc killinghoang no, hoc thuyet ve on dinh hoacua IMF.

Chmh sach thumig mai - ly thuyet vhtliuc hanh, thay the hhng nhap khiiu,kliuyen khich xuat khau, pha gia dongtien, tliuc quan, han ngach, , hocthuyet ve ti'nh dong bo ve kinh te, haiquan, cac khu vuc tu do buon ban, cactlii truong chung.

Cac to hop da quoc gia, cac mo hinh"hai 16 hong", cac hoc thuyet ve vientrq nuqc ngoai.

Hoc thuyet ve ke hoach hoa, cac mohinh ve ke hoach hoa, tang truong, dubao cho timg khu vuc va cac mo hinhdau vao-dau ra, tli^m dinh du an vaphan tich chi phf-lqi (ch.

Kinh te hoc ve chinh sach - hoc thuyetve chi'nh sach tai chinh va tien te, cachoc thuyet ve lam phat va time, tunhan hoa, tu do hoa va lai suat.

Cac can can ve luung thuc va nangluqng, cac giai phap ve tra no, cacduong cung nguon luc quoc te, nhungquan diem ve Trat tu Kinh te Quoc te.

Leri noi dau Tlnh chat, muc chch va ket caucua giao trinh moi nay

Cuon sach nay dirge viel cho sinh vien nam dauhoc kinh (e hoc 6 cac truemg dai hoc long hgp Irenkluip chilli Phi, chau A, My Latinh va Trung Dong.Nhieu nam qua, sinh vien or nhihig nude dang phattrien nay da phiii nghien cun dua Iren nhihig giaotrinh kinh te "phuong Tay" dirge soan thao chocac dong nghiep cua ho or Bdc My va Tay Au.Mac du cac cuon sach nay dirge danh gia la manglinh pho bie'n ve Ifim bao qual, nhung Iren (hue techung de cAp tdi cac cau true kinh te, xa hoi va idchuc dac thii cua cac nen kinh le cong nghiep lienlien dr Phuong Tay Boi vay, sinh vien dr cac nudedang phat trien thuong buoc phai tiep Ihu mol dairat rong cac khai niem, nguyen ly va ly thuyet kinhle, dong thcri phai phan ti'ch mol loal cac van dehien nay ma khong lien quan hoac lien quan rat ftden thuc lien kinh le va to chuc xa hoi ciia ho.

Sinh vien d cac nude ngheo da co mot vai cuonsach trong do ho diing giin y nguyen cac phuongphap luan va cac nguyen ly cung nhu nhihig vande dugc dal ra doi vol cac dong nghiep cua ho drnude ngoai Chi cd su khac bict duy nhift la nhungsua doi rat nho cho phu hgp vdi dieu kien diaphuong va su thay the doi chut cac tai lieu cua cacnude lien lien bang cac Un du va cac du lieu mangtilth dia phuong Nhung giao trinh nhu vay la motsu lien bo so vdi vice nhap sach tir cac nude phattrien mol each luy lien ciia cac "nha xuat ban sinhvien quoc le", nhung thuongla chung cung khongdi xa horn dugc la bao Nhung giao trinh naythuong khong thanh cong trong vice sua doi hoactach ra trong so cac ly thuyet da dugc "chap nhAn"nhung gl phii hgp vdi thuc tien cor cau va to chucciia nhieu quoc gia "The gidi thu ba"1 *

144 nude thanhvien LI IQ cr chau Phi, chau A yhMyLi linh thudng lu goi la The gidi Ihu ba.HoIain nhuvay chii veil lade phan bict ho vdi cac nude”tu ban" daphat Irien ve kinh te (The gioi’11111nhat)dr Bae My,Tay

Nhung giao trinh nay cung khong de cap den cacvan de phat trien loan dicn nhu la su lang trudngdan so, su ngheo doi, su bat cong, nan that nghiep,nan mil chir va su tri ire kern phat trien d nongthon, mot each ti mi va Iren mot pham vi dia ly dtirong de loi cuon va thach there sinh vien nghiencuu ban chat cua cac van de nay, va de dal dugcmot su suy xet doc lap, dap ung yeu cau doi vdigiai phap kha di ciia ho.

Do vay, khi chu yeu phai dua viio cac tai lieunhap tir phuong Tay, cac klioa hoc nhAm gidi thieuve kinh te d cac nude dang phat trien thuong trothanh mot dang cai bien khong hem khong kern vemat quy mo va noi dung cua cac klioa hoc d cacnude phat trien Vi the, chung co kliuynh huong lunhien la nhan manh qua nhieu cac mo hinh kinh leva cac van de nong hoi doi vdi cac nude da phattrien, ma coi nhe cac van de cd the thich hgp hemdoi vdi cac nude dang phat trien Mac dii qua trinhtu duy va cac khai niem va nguyen ly kinh te coban nao do nen dong nhat doi vdi ca the gidi da va

Au, Nhat Ban Ucva TanTay Lin va cac nude XIICN

trudc day (The gidiTlui hai)la Lien xd va Dong Au.

Mac dii thuat ngu klicrithuy "The gidi Thu ba"la leingliia, nlnnig nd da dugc chap nhan rong rai va duocban than cac nude ngheo sir dung, dac bict la trong caccuoc thuong lugng ciia hovdi cacnude giau ve kinhte.

Mac du khong dugc hay lamla cac con so "thu nhat”,

"thu hai" va "thu ba"doi khi mang yngliia dangtiec vesir cao lionvakem him dechi cac nhoni nude khacnhau, trong thuc tien thuat ngir "The gidiThu ba" vandugc sir dung rong rai tai cac quoc gia dang phattrientrong mot noluc chung nham tao ra vatieu bieu cho

mot y ngliia nidi ciia linh dong nhat vasu nhaitrivemuc lieu Vi vay, cluing tdi se thuimg sir dung nhoni tir"the gidi thu ba" khi noi den cac nude dang ph.iltrien

noi cluing, vdi mothamy trong sang ngaytir dau lathuatngii do luon dugc diing vdi y nghia tich cue ciia,nd.

dang phat trien" nhung su kluic nhau ve hinh thucid chuc, su lira chon quy mo van de vh chinh sachlien quan den sir hieu dung dan hon ve kinh te hocciia cac nude dang phal trien dam bao mot phuongphap tiep can moi de giang day kinh te hoc daicuong d cac nude nay: mot phuong phap thd hienmot budc quan trong tir bb each tiep can phuonglay truyen thong van con duqc sir dung rong railai nhieu nude chau Phi, chau A va My In tinh

Cuon giao trinh nay cd y dinh dua ra mol phuongphap tiep can mod Nd cd the khac vdi nhung giaotrinh co so ciia cac tac gia nude ngoai va trongnude dang luu lianh d ciic nude dang phat trien bdi8 diem sau day:

1 Giao trinh duqc dinh hudng chi de giang daykinh te hoc trong khudn khb cac van de co banve phal trien va kem phat trien d cac nudethuoc The gidi Thu ba Cuon sach nay tap trungvao nhung nude nay vdi tu each la cac quoc giadoc lap, trong moi quan he giua cac nude do vdinhau va trong quan he giua cac nude do vdi cacnude giau cd.

2 Giao trinh Ihua nhan su can thiet phai xet dencac vail de phal trien va kem phat trien tir motgoc do the chi* cung nhu la kinh te vdi nhung caibien thich hop doi vdi cac nguyen ly, ly thuyetva chinh sach kinh te "tong quat" da duqc chapnhan.

3 Giao trinh nhin nhan su phat trien va kem phattrien trong bdi canh moi nude va ca loan cau,nhan inanh sir phu thuoc lan nhau ngay cangtang ciia kinh te the gidi trong cac linh virc nhuluong thuc, nang luqng, tai nguyen , cong ngheva ngudn tai chinh.

‘ Trong chuiffig 3 va 4 chung toi se co gang x.icdinh va

mo t;i cotloiciia cac khai niem vii nguyen ly kinh te

thich hop vdi c.ic quoc gia dang phiit trien.

Mol dicu co ve lo bich la, tai nhieu khoa kinh te

truing dai hocciia the gidi thirba, mot khoa hoc ve

“kinh te hoc ve phat trien" thubng duqc coi nhu la mot'men dac biet", hoac tham chi lamot mon "luachon"

doivdi sinh vien hoctap tot vachua tot nghiep.Iren

thuc id, khoa hoc nhap mon co thela khoa hoc co banve "su phattrien" cung vdi cac khoa hoc khac co dinhhudng ph.it trien giong nhau. Me do ciic khoa hoc duatren c.ic sach nhap mondac trung phuong lay sc la motmon lira chon cho ciic. sinhvien cd quan lain den mon"kinh te hocciia xii hoitu ban lien lien".

4 Giao trinh sir dung each tiep can dinh htrdngtheo van de de’ giang day kinh te vdi gia dinhluong dien rang:

(a) Sinh vien cd the niim vung cac khai niemkinh td quan trong khi nhung khai niem nayduqc trinh bay trong bdi canh cac vail dephat trien "the gidi hien thuc" quen thuoc.(b) Cai dich quan trong cua bat ky khoa kinh

te hoc dai cuong nao cung nlifim phat trienkha niing cua sinh vien hieu duqc cac van dekinh te hien nay va cd duqc nhung y kiendoc lap ve each giai quyel ciic van de do.Cuon sach nay thien ve vice dua ra cac khainiem kinh te truyen thong thich hop de soi sangcac van de phiit trien thuc te, hon la trinh bay ciicnguyen ly kinh te nhu la mot lap hop) cac khainiem triru tuong cd the ap dung cho bat cu xii hoinao4 Neu lam khac di th'i se hoa ra la vice"chuyen giao cong nghe" khong thich hop giongnhu vice nhap khii’u cac miiy keo khong Id ciia Ikic ban cau cd he thong suoi am duoi ghe ngdiciia lai xe de sir dung tai ciic (rang trai quy mogia dinh nhd o chau Phi nhiet doi.

5 Giao trinh tiep can ciic van de ve phiit trien moleach cd he thong bang each tuiin thco mot quytrinh chuan doi vdi vice phiin tfch va giai trinhlung van de Moi chuong dcu biit diiu tir vice neulen tinh chat chung ciia mol van de (tin du: danso', ngheo doi, giao due, phiin pho'i thu nhap, nanthat nghiep, vv.„), nhung net chinh ciia tinh chatdo va nd the hien nhu the niio o ciic nude kemphiit trien khac nhau Giao trinh tiep tuc trinhbay cac muc lieu chinh v.i ciic muc dich khac, vevai tro cua ciic nguyen ly kinh te trong vice lamsiing to van de nay va mot so each lua chonchinh sach vii hau qua cua chung Ghung toi tinriing each tiep can nay se giiip sinh vien suy ngliimot each cd he thong ve ciic van de phiit trien

4 Nhu GiiiosuRcndigs l;cls,nguyenchii lich tty ban

giao due kinh te ciia1liep hoi kinh te My,da noi ratdung: "Vice xenixet co ncn dua vao hoac loai bb mol

khai niem nao do(trong mot cudnsach kinh te so dang)khongphai dua vao him quan trongciia no doivdi motkinh tegia chuyen nghiep, cungkhongphai dua vao

linh tham thuy ciiano hoac vi tri ciia nd trong motcautruely luan hao nhoang my mieu Vicexcm xet do la

dua vao tinh hiru ichciia no do'ivdithubng dan so vdillidigian viicong site phai bbrade hoc khainiem do”.

hicn nay Cd le, quan trong him la no se cungcap cho ho mol phuimg phap Inin va mot eachthurc lam vice de phan tfch va di den nhung ketInfill quan trong vd cac van de phat trien khiic' cua hicn lai va tirong lai ma co the thich hop vdi

dal nude hay khu vuc cua ho.

6 Giao trinh dua vao niem tin riing co the phaclhao va kel can mot cuon sach kinh te hoc chonhicu nude khac nhau a chau Phi, chau A, MyI a linh va Trung Dong cung sir dung, bang eachsir dung cac dir lieu chung nhat cho moi nude Lylirdng nhat la moi chircmg ndi ve mot van de naodo can dupe bo sung nhung dir lieu dia phiromgcho mdi nude hoac khu vuc noi cuon sach dupesir dung5 Dii co thira nhan rang nhirng van de cothe se khac nhau ca vc quy mo va lam quantrong khi ndi ve limg nude rieng nhu An Dp,Indonexia, Libang, Kenia, Nigicria, Ai Cap,Brazin, Mehied va Guatemala, thi thuc le vin latat ca nhirng nude nay deu phai ddi mat vdinhirng van de ve phat trien rat giong nhau Nannghco ddi lan Iran va chenh lech ve tai san vaIhu nhap tang len; dan so tang nhanh; so ngudibiet doe bie't viet d mire thap va chc dp dinh

duong kern, muc that nghiep va thicu vice lam a

cac thanh pho tang dan; nong nghiep thi tri tre vathai dp kha thd a ddi vdi nong thon; cac he thonggiao due va y te khong hoan thien va thudngkhong thich hop; cac cau true the chc va hanhclifnh cung nhiic; su dd bi ton thuomg truoc suemanh thong tri cua kinh te, cong nghc va vanhoa ben ngoai va su phu thupc; va su lira chonkho klian khi phai' xet den vice danh doi "hicndai hoa" vdi bao ton van hoa: nhirng van de nayva ca nhirng van de khac la hicn tupng pho bie'nva, tren thuc te, thudng xac dinh ban chat cua suchain phat trien ngay ca trong cac quoc gia khacnhau vd vim hoa va dieu kicn thien nhien thupc.The gidi Thd ba.

5 Thidu, cac giao vienday khoa nhap montai cac quocgia Phi chau co the bd sung cho cuon sach nay lai lieu

sau day vdi gia re (dung cho sinh vien, thu vienv.'i cac

khoa);"Tong quan cac nen kinh te Phi chau” do Quyliente quoc texuat ban Nhirng ban tong quan naydupebien soan vdi nhung bai mo la va cac so lieu dii dunecong bd ve killingthe che va can true ciia cac nen kinh

te cd lien quan.

7 Giao trinh xcm xet nhieu van de ve kinh te, xahoi va the che cua su cham phat trien va coicluing cd lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau va ddi hoi'.phai giai quyel dong thdi va co su phoi hopnhung van de nay tren qui mo ca quoc gia lanquoc te Giao trinh dua tren lien de la: phat trienkinh te, ngay ca khi dinh nghia theo toe dp tangtruong nhanh va phan phoi cong bang hem thunhap quoc dan va cac ca may, la dieu kicn cannhung chua phai la dieu kicn du de "phat trien".Van de la a chd ngudi ta khong chi don gian ndive kinh te hoc de phat trien ma khong dat dungcac tham so kinh te vao boi canh cua cac hethong chinh tri -xa hpi va cac thuc trang the che.Vice bd qua cac yeu to' "phi kinh te" khi phantfch cac van de dupe gpi la "kinh te” nhu sunghco ddi, that nghiep va bat cong ca trongnude va giua cac quoc gia, cd the lam hai chosinh vien •! oi te horn la nd lam cho sinh vienkhong nghT g'l den buc tranh loan canh khi ma,rot cupc, hp cung dam nhan ntiimg dia vi cdtrach nhiem ddi vdi su phat trien cua dat nudehp.‘

8 Cuoi ciing, quyen sach nay du dinh cung capcho tat ca cac sinh vien,.nhirng ngudi dang theoduoi mot khoa hoc nhap mon ve kinh te, moiklioi lupng kicn thuc day dii khong chi ve nhungvan de phat trien chu yeu d trong nude hp, ma canhung van de tuemg tu a cac nude khac thupcThe gidi Thu ba Hy vpng ring quyen sach nayse giiip hp tang den toi da gia tri thuc sir cua cacgiao trinh dai hoc khac vc khoa hoc xa hoi, kythuat, y hoc, nong nghiep hay la luat hoc Cuoiciing, nd se giiip hp trer thanh nhung cong dannfim dupe thong tin va cd tinh than trach nhiem.Phan km sinh vien hoc xong giao trinh dau lienvc kinh te hoc se khong tiep tuc di theo nganhchuyen mon do VI vay, lac gia mot cuon sachnhap mon phai dap ung cac nhu cau ciia hp cungnhu boi duong nhung ngudi muon trd thanh nhakinh te tre, dii cho dieu do cd nghia la phan naotir bo van phong huycn bf de bam lay vd vanhicn thuc ddi thudng (mot su danh ddi vdi "lairung" rat Ion).

Bo cue va dinh hirong

Quyen sach dupe chia linn bon phan Phan mot

tap (rung vao link chat vil y nghia cua su kem phattrien va nhung bieu hieu cua nd a cac quoc giathupc lhe gidi Ihu ba Nd con giiii thich cacnguyen ly va khai niem kinh te chon loc mil to radac biet tien lai de hieu dugc cac van de ve phattrien quoc te Mdi mot nguyen ly va khai nicm caban dirge mo la trong khung canh nhung van de cdthuc cua cac quoc gia dang phat trien.

Phan hai va ba lao thanh cot loi cua cudii sach.Phan hai tap (rung vao nhihig van de va chinh sachchinh de cap den phat trien trong nude Con phanba th! xet vi tri cua cac quoc gia thupc The giaiThu ba trong nen kinh te quoc te Cac chu diemdanh cho phan tich va tong quan (a cuoi mdichuang) bao gdm: lang truong kinh te, ngheo ddiva phan phoi thu nhap, dan so, that nghiep, di cu,nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon, giao due,mau dich quoc te, dau tu tu nhan nude ngoiii vavien trg nude ngoai Trong sud't phan hai va ba,vice trinh bay cac van de dugc hudng vao cacnguyen ly va khai niem ca ban da dugc neu ra aphan mot.

Cuoi ciing, phan bon diem lai nhirng kha nang vatrien vong phat trien cua The gidi Thu ba Sau khiban ve ly thuyet va thuc tien cua vice lap ke hoachphat trien, va vai tro cung nhu su han che cua caccln'nh sach kinh te cong cong, phan bon phan li'chnen kinh le lhe gidi dang tien trien trong nhirngnilm 1990 va vi tri cua cac nude kem phat trientrong he thong kinh te loan cau ngay cang phuihuoc lan nhau nhirng lai nit killing cong biing.Tacdong cua nhihig cuoc khung hoang gan day venang lugng, luomg thuc va ng nan nen kinh te cuacac nude dang phat trien dugc xcm xet mol each timi, va nhihig ddi hoi ngay cang lang cua The gidiThu ba ve mot "tral tu kinh te quoc le mdi" trongboi canh tang cuung tu chu tap the dugc diem laiva phan li'ch.

Phan lir vung ma rang cho phep lham khaonhanh de tim cac dinh nghia va giai thich ve cac *thuat ngu va khai nicm dugc diing trong suot cuonsach nay Phan "hinh anh dat nude" ng^n gon mola nhihig net chinh ve kinh te cua hai muai tarnnude dang phat trien ciing vdi ban do va nhirng solieu kinh te gan day nam cr phan phu luc cuoi mdichuang.

Trong ca 4 phan cua cuon sach, chung toi dat ranhirng cau hoi cd ban: kieu phat trien nao la totnhatr bang each nao cac quoc gia thupc The gidi

Thd ba cd th£ dat dugc nhihig muc tidu kinh td vaxa hoi niiy mot each tot nhift, hoac lii tu minh, hoaclit, lot han, co su hgp tac vdi nhau vii, co the hyvong, co su giup da thich hgp vil co y nghia cuacac nude phat trien trdn the gidi?

Trong phitn trinh ’ hy vii philn tich nhihig van dephat trien khan cap, chung toi dua ra nhihig quandiem da dang va thuong la ddi lap nhau cua cacnhil kinh te hoc ve phat trien, cua cac nha khoahoc xa hoi khac, cua cac nha lap ke hoach vanhihig ngudi thuc su dang dung tren "tuye'n lira"< trong cac bp va co quan chinh phu a cac nudethuoc The gidi Thu ba Neu chung toi hoc Ip niptkhuynh hudng, thi chile do la vice luon cd gdngneu len nhihig quan diem cua cac nha khoa hoc xahoi cua The gidi Thu ba va cua cac nha (hire hanhphat trien, nhihig ngudi trong nhirng nam 1970 dabiit dau cliftp noi lai nhihig philn hieu biet cua hove y nghia cua sir phat trien6.

Vimg anh hudng cua tri thuc ddi vdi tu duy phattricn da nhanh chong chuyen lir The gidi Thu nhatva Thd hai7 sang The gidi Thu ba Chinh d nhihigquoc gia nay nhung cau Ira lai day du phai dugcInn ra va nhirng chien luge thich hap phai dugchinh thanh Va chinh nhihig ngudi dan d ciic nudenay la nhihig ngudi sc ngay cang gay nhieu anhhudng den hinh thuc va npi dung cua nhihig chienluge nay ('hung toi hy vong riing cuon sach nayco the gop mot phitn kliiem ton viio vice hinhthanh nhung chien luge nhu vay trong tuong lai vatao dicu kicn de hieu rd han nhihig van de khacnhau cua su kem phat tricn, bring each cung capcho sinh vien thupc The gidi Thu ba phan nhapmon ve kinh te hoc vira thict thuc va cd y nghia.

6 Thi du, cdthe doc Padma Desai"Hopmat cac nha

khoa hoc xa hoi cua 'Hie gidi Thi? ba tai Santiago"9/1973; "Tuluc canh sinh va cai each quoc te"6/1974;Mahbub ul Hag "Killing hoang trong chiGh lupcphattrien"7/1973;va "Thong bao cua50 nha kinh te hang

dau thupc cac nude dang phat trien ", 1/1975.

7 Su tan vdnhanh chong cac hethong kinh te xa hoi chii

nghia dLienXo va Dong Au niim1991 lam cho thuat

ngu "'Hiegidi'Iliuhai"trd nen loitluri Tuy vay, ddi lucchung toi van dung thuat ngu do de cho vice dien daldune thuanlieu.

PhanMot:

Chuang I: Kinh te hoc: tmh chat

va tam quan trong cua mon hoc nayddi vol cac nude dang phat trien

* Nhifnglifting ciia cacnhd kinh te hoc vd cac

trici gia chinhtri.du Id diinghay sai den manh

han nhifng gi md ngift'rila lifting Qua thifc Id the

giiri nay clniyen chin sir chi phdi cua nhifng ylifting do.

John Maynard Keynes

The giiri Thif ha1chieni77'it dan sothe gidi.nhifngchi nianglai 22r/t thu nhap ciia loan the

gidi; vdngay cd so thu nhapkhiem ion nay cling

difoc phdn phdirat khong hinh dangtrongnidi

nitric khicn cho phdn Ion ngift'ri dan hi lam vdo

canh hanhan.

Tuyen ho Santiago cua cac nhakinh te thupc Thegidri Th it ha

Gift t/iieu

Ngheo doi va phong liiu trong

motthegidi phu thuoc lannhau

'I ren khfip the gie'ri, ngudi la thuc day vdo mdibudi sang de don mot ngay moi trong nhung hodncanh het sue khac nhau Mol so ngudi song trongnhung ngoi nha lien nghi co nhieu phong Ho duIhira do an, cd quan ao dep, khoe manh vd cd themong doi mot muc do bao dam ve tai chinh khachiic chiin Con nhung ngudi khac, vd so' naychiein hem 3/4 tong so dan 5,5 ty ngudi cua traidat, thl kem may miin hem nhieu Ho cd the thieuAn, khong cd nha d hodc cd mot mai nha nhd be.Sue khoe ciia ho kem, ho khong biet doc biet viet,ho that nghiep, vd trien vong ve mot cudc song totdep horn Id het sue md mil hoac khong chiic chiin.Do vdy, chung la hay biit dau vice nghien cuu kinhte hoc bang each xein xet dieu kien song eV nhungmien khac nhau Iren the gidi De tien cho vicenghien cuu, hay tuerng rdng ta Id nhung du khachdi tren mot chiec phi cer duerc trang bi ky thudt cdthe bay quanh trai dat vd quan sat cudc song eVnhung mien khac nhau Chung ta se lha'y nhung gi?

Chung ta se cd nhung phan ung nhu the nao?Ciia sir trade tien, chung ta tap trang quan satmot gia dinh trang binh eV Biic My Cd the do lamot gia dinh 4 ngudi, ven muc thu nhap hang namvdo klioang 30.000 do la Ho song trong mol ngoinhd tien nghi d ngoai 6 md ho mua bdng motkhoan tien kha lem vay ciia ngan hang, goi la "lienvay the chap" va cd the cd hai chiec xe hoi, motchiec cho ngudi chong lam vice thudng xuyen taimot toa cong sd gan do, va mot chiec cho ngudi verlam vice khong Iron ngay tai Ihu vicn dia phuemg.Ngoi nhd ciia ho cd nhieu thu ticn leri, ca hai duacon deu cd phong ngii rieng Nhd cd vd so' do diingnhu may giat, lii lanh, may thu hinh radio vd cacdo dien khac, goi chung la "do lieu diing", trong docd nhieu thu duqc san xuat tai cac nude ngoai BiicMy nhu Nam Trieu Tien, Achentina va Dai Loan.Moi ngay gia dinh an 3 bua, mot ngudi cd tir motden hai khiiu phan thit hoac ca, cac loai rau, qua,banh mi vd sun Derail duerc nhap tir nhieu vimgkhac dr 13hc My vd nhieu loai duerc nhap tir nueicngoai, vi du nhu ca phe tir Braxin, Kenia hoacColombia; ca hop vd hoa qua tirPeru, Nhal Kin vd *

De hieu nglua cua tir "lire gidi Thu ba" va ngu canhmd thuat ngu ay duerc diing sud't ca cuon sach nay,xem chu thich 1 ciia led noi dau.

Kinh te hoc cho Thegidi Thit ba

Australia; chub'i vii cac loai qua nhiet ddi khac ttrTrung My Tat ca nhung thur nay co le dupe muatai mot sieu thi Idn chuyen ban cac loai do diinggia dinh, do npi trp va quan ao I lai con cua ho deukhoe manh va deu di hoc Chung co thb hy vong sedupe hoc dai hoc vii lira chon gan nhu bat cu nghenghiep gi hap dan cluing, va huong tho trung b'mhlii 74 luoi.

Nhin be ngoiii, gia dinh nay von lii mot gia dinhlieu bieu cho cac quoc gia giiiu cd, cd ve dang cdmot cube song tot dep Cha me deu cd hoc van viicd kha nang tun dupe nhung edng vice luong cao,cd the nuoi nang, chu cap moi thu vii giao due concai ho, va moi nam cd the tiel kiem dupe mot sotien cho tuong lai Nhung doi lai vdi nhung mdnIpi "kinh le' nay, bao gib cung cd nhung mdn chi"phi kinh te" Ap luc canh tranh de thanh dal vemat lai chnih la rat manh, cung nhu su ciing thangthan kinh va ve buc bach the chat trong vice cdgang lao cho gia dinh mot muc song mil xa hoi coila dang mong muon cd the doi hoi ca ngudi cha lanngudi me phai tra gia ve sue khoe Cung vdi nhunghoi thuc du dpi cua tien bp ve kinh le, ho nhanhchdng mat di kha nang dupe nghi ngoi, dupe tanhuong nhung thu vui don gian nhu di dao va hit thbkhong kin trong limit d viing nong thon, uong nudelinh khiet va ngfim canh hoang hon Nhung nhinchung gia dinh cua lip la mpl mb hlnh kinh te vamol loi song ma hang Irieu con ngudi khac kernmay man han dudng nhu dang them muon.

Bay gid ta hay lap trung quan sal mpt gia dinhdicn hinh b viing nong thon chau A Gia dinh naycd mudi ngudi: cha me ciing 5 dua con, 2 bng bava 1 bng bac lip cd mile thu nhap hang nam gdmca lien lan hicn vat (ehang han hp lieu thu mptphan thuc pham ma ho nuoi trong dupe) la 150 dola Tat ca deu song dudi mpt mai nhii mpt phbngtdi tan va lam la dicn cho mpl nong trang Idn, dompt dia chu song d mpl thanh pho gan do sb huu.Cha, me, bng bac va nhung dua con Idn deu phailam vice ca ngity lai nong trang Khong mpt ngudiIdn nao bici doc hope bict viel ca, va trong sd 5dua con dang ddp tudi den Irubng, chi cd mpl duaduoc di hoc Ihudng xuyen, va nd khd cd the hocqua lop bon hoac Jd’p nam Moi ngay ho chi an mplbua Bua an hicin khi lhay doi vii Ihudng khong dude lam diu di nhung con doi Ihudng true cua lu Ire.Ng6i nha cua ho khong co dicn, Ihieu nude sach va

cac dieu kicn vp sinh khac Nhieu ngudi bin dauluon, nhung cac bac sy va dupe sy gibi lai b cacIhiinh pho nil xa Cong vice vai va, thdi lie! nongnuc vii hiiu nhu khong cd hy vong ve cupc songkha hon Vpt Ion vdi cupc song hang ngay de tontai, ngudi dan b' nhung viing niiy chi tun thay niemkhuiiy khoa duy nhal trong nhung Iruyen thongtinh than cua dan toe minh.

Chuyen huong sang mot chAu luc khac, la cd thengiim nhin mpl Ihiinh pho tuui dep nfun doc bbbien Nam My Day la mpl khu vuc diii va rung,nhung nhin tir Iren cao, la cd the nhan thay dudngnhu cd hai thanh pho nfim Iren ciing mpl dudngbien gidi Mpl dai dal gdm nhung toil cao oc hicndai vdi cac dai lb rpng rai vii rpp bong cay chaydoc lheo bai bien cat triing lap lanh Nhung chi liiira viii tram met vii cho tdi lan sudn mpl ngon doidoc, lii loan nhung can nha 6 chupl lup xup nfunchen chuc nhau Chung la quyet dinh lii cd le se ratthu vi neu ciing mpt luc quan sat hai gia dinh- molgia dinh song trong mpl can hp nhieu phbng b kingcao nhat cua mpt toil nha dep nhin ra bien, con giadinh kia thi song chui rue Irong mpt can leu dungtarn trong mot khu nha 6 chupt n;im Iren qua doisau loa nha nhin ra bien.

Ilien dang lii tdi thu bay, vii ca hai gia dinh deudang chuan bi bua tdi Trong can hp nhieu phbng,mpt trong ba ngudi hiiu dang bay ra nhung chiecdia Due diit tien, do an bfmg bac ciia Anh vii khanan biing vai lanh Ai-len Iren chiec biin an diii.Trung ca mudi Nga, sam banh Phap vii Ihit liiiincuon Tay Ban Nha se la mon khai vi Irong sd 5mdn an Khiich khua sAp den nen ba dua Ire Irongnha dang vpi va thay quiin ao Dua Idn nhal hocdai hoc b Bile My dang b tham nha, con hai duakia hoc trubng npi tru b Phap va Thuy Sy Ihi dangco ky nghi Ong bb lii mpl nhii phAu thual noi lieiigdupe dao lao b I loa Ky, con khach hang cua bnggdm loan nhung nhii kinh doanh vii cac quan chiicdia phuong vii nude ngoai giau cd Nhung ky nghihiing nam bnude ngoai, b lb hang ngoai sang trongciing vdi do an vii quiin Ao xin nhal lii nhung Ihuthong Ihudng doi vdi gia dinh Iren king cap niiy.

(on gia dinh song Iren qua doi Ihi sao? Up cungcd lhe Irong thay bien, nhung vi le niio do, biendudng nhu khong dep hoac nen thu him Mui hoithdi bdc len tir cong ranh Ip Ihien linn cho niem vuiIhu Iren Irb nen xa vdi Trong can leu Iren doi niiychang co ban an did Mil Ihuc ra ciing cluing co

bffa loi I lau het bay dira Ire mil cliff trong nha deuphai ra pho xin lien, danh gihy, hay thSm chi' doiluc lim each an cap vi cua nhffng ngudi mat canhgiac di Iren dai 16 Cdch dfiy vai nam, 6ng bo cuagia dinh da rdi viing nong thou heo lanh de rathanh pho nay kiem song, va gan day, ca gia dinhda chuyen ra lheo ong 'Prong nhffng nam qua, ongda co mot so vice lam khong Hmong xuyen, nhungkhong co vice gl la on dinh ca 'Phu nhap cua cagia dinh la gan 170 dola mot nam Lu Ire da phaibo hoc nhieu lan do buoc phai giup dd gia dinhkiem song bang bat ky each nao Doi khi, ngudicon gai ca con d luoi vi thanh nien dang song vdi"nhffng ngudi ban" trong khu trung lam dudng nhuco chut du dat, nhung khong ai hoi la so tien 66 tirdau ra hoac duqc kiem bang each nao.

Ta co the dd dang bi boi roi va lung lung tradestr tuang phan ro ret giffa canh doi sang trong trenlau cao ben bo bien va cuoc song am dam trongtup leu tren doi Tuy v3y, neu ta quan sat bat kythanh pho Ion nao d chau My La Tinh, chau A vachau Phi, ta se tluTy nhffng canh tuong phan gionghet nhu vay, cho du muc do khong binh dang vethu nhap cd the do hon.

Giong nhu trong doan ket cua cuon video ngdn,quay canh song cua hanh tinh d ben dudi, gid dayta dang huqng ong kinh camera vuqt dai duong dequan sat mot vung dat rong Ion va tap trung vaomot nhdm nho gdm nhung tup leu ty hon nam trenmot vung dat khd chn Do la mien dong chau Phi,va chung ta tap trung quan sat rieng mol lang heolanh cua mot bo toe du canh du cu Dudng nhu hokhong song lung gia dinh rieng, ma song thanhmot nhdm cac gia dinh, tat ca deu ciing lam vaciing chia san phiirn Khong he cd thu nhap bangtien d day, boi vi tat ca do an, quan ao, nha cua vado diing deu do ho tu lam ra va tieu diing, day lamot nen kinh te "tu cap tu luc" Khong he cd dudngsa, trudng hoc, benh vien, ngudn cung cap dien,nude Cuoc song a day dudng nhu khong he bithay doi chut nao tir hang nghin nam qua Xet trennhieu phuong dien, diiy la mot cuoc song cung khdkhan va am dam nhu cuoc song cua nhung ngudiMy Ixi tinh trong khu nhh 6 chuot ben kia bd daiduong (a hai deu ciing phai vat Ion dd ton tai.Nhung ngudi dan chau Phi d day khong phai chiudung ve mat him ly nhu nhung ngudi dan My Latinh dong canh, vi d day khong hd co nhung tohnhh sang trong dC’ 15m noi bat canh tting qufin cua

Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tam quan trong

ngudi ngheo Cuoc song d day dudng nhu sc maimai khong thay doi, nhung nd se khong con phainhu vay lau nffa.

Cach do mot tram kilomel, dang xay dung motcon dudng ma sc chay qua gan ngoi lang cua ho.CihSc chan nd sc mang lai nhffng phuong tien lamtang tuoi tho thong qua cong tac y te lot hon.Nhung nd cung sc mang den nhffng thong tin vethd gidi ben ngoiii ciing vdi nhung thanh tuu cuanen van minh hicn dai Kha niing ve "mot cuocsong tot dep hon" se tang len, va nhung co hoi chomol cuoc song nhu vay sc nam trong tam tay Secd nhieu khat vong hon, nhung dong thoi, cung se'co nhieu ngudi vo mong Tom lai, qua trinh "phattrien" se duqc khdi dong Khong lau nffa, cd thengudi ta se trong cac loai rau va cay an qua nhictdoi co the xuat khau d khu vuc hicn dang thua dannay Tham chi', cung cd the mot so rau qua do sexuat hicn tren ban an cua gia dinh ngudi Nam Mytren lau cao no Trong khi do, cac loai radio bandSn san xuat tai dau kia cua trai dat la Dong NamA va cac may ghi am nghe nhac cua Bdc Au sc trothanh nhung do so huu dang gia tai cai lang chauPhi nay Tren khdp the gidi, nhffng ban lang ngheokhd heo lanh nhu the nay dang duqc timg buocchac chan noi vdi nen van minh hicn dai Quatrinh nay hicn dang lien trien va se duqc day manhhem nffa trong nhffng nam tdi.

Sau khi quan sat so qua cuoc song o nhung mienkliac nhau tren the gidi, tu nhien ta cd the bi boi roidoi chut va bat dau dat ra cac cau hoi Lam sao suphong luu 16 16 do cd the ciing ton tai duqc vdi suban ciing nhu vay, khong chi giffa nhffng dai luckhac nhau, ma con ngay trong cung mot nude,hoac tham chi' ngay trong ciing mot thanh pho' haymot ban lang? Nhffng xa hoi va quoc gia nay duqcto chuc nhu the nao ve mat kinh te de dap lingnhung mong muon va uoc vong cua ngudi dan?Ihm the nao de nhffng mong muon vc kinh te nayduqc bien thanh vice san xuat hang hoa va dichvu? Ai quyct dinh san xuat ra nhung gi? San phamse duqc phan phoi tren co sd nao? Tai sao moingudi lai khong co tat ca moi thu ho muon? Neudieu nay la khong the, tin tai sao mot so ngudi laico qua nhieu, con nhung ngudi khac lai cd qua it?Bang each nao vh trong nhung dieu kien nao cacgia dinh nong then ngheo khd d nhung viing heolanh cua Nigieria, Mehico, Braxin, Ai Cap hayPhilipin lai trd thanh nhung nhff nong thuomg mai,

Kinh te hoc cho The gidi Thitba

ban nong san de dbi lay phirong lien mA ho co thedung de mua hang hoa san xuat ben ngoai khu vuccua ho?

Rat nhieu can hoi tuong tu lien quan den nhungkhac bict va tieni nang ve mtfc song giua cac nudecung nhu ngay trong mot quoc gia Ching hannhu cac can hoi ve dieu kien y te va dinh duomg,ve cac co sb- giao due, cor hoi cd cong an vicelam, ty le tang dan so va tudi tho deu cd thedupe dal ra tren co sb cua su quan sat tham chi'rat so bo nay ve cube song Iren trai dat.

Tuy vay, khong can phai di tren mot con tauvu tru de cd the thay duoc hoac de chuan bi vatun kiem nhung can Ira Ibi cho nhung cau hoi ve"the gidi hien thuc" nhu vay Nhung hieu bictquan trong ve epi re, ban chat va nhung giaiphap cho cac van de nay, cung nhu nhieu van deve phat trien khac, deu cd the cd duoc nhb motkhoa hoc gidi thieu ve kinh te hoc Khoa hoc do,tap (rung vao 3/4 dan so the gidi, noi ma ngheokhd va muc song thap la nhung net chinh trongcube song cua ho it ra thi cube du hanh vdngquanh trai dat da cho cluing la loi the duoc quan.sat loan the trai dat Dieu ma cube du hanhkhong phat hien duoc la: do trai dat cua cluingta dang co lai vdi su phat trien cua cac phuonglien giao thong lien lac hien dai, tuong lai cuatat ca cac dan toe tren hanh tinh nhb be naydang ngay cang trb nen phu thuoc lan nhau.Nhung gi xay ra doi vdi sue khoe va phiic loikinh te cua gia dinh nbng dan ngheo no cungnhu nhieu gia dinh khac b Nam a se bang eachnay hay each khac, true tiep, hoac gian tiep lacdong toi sue khoe va phiic loi kinh te cua nhunggia dinh nbng dan khac b Bac My, va ngupc lai.Nhung cau hoi "tai sao" va "nhu the nao" ve suphu thuoc lan nhau nay se dupe giai dap bnhung chuong tiep thco Nhung chinh trong bb'icanh cua mol tuong lai chung cho loan nhanloai trong the gidi ngay cang nhanh chdng cohep lai cua nhung nam 90, ma bay gib chung tabat dau nghien cum kinh te hoc.

Noi dung cua kinh te hoc

truyen thong:phamvi vanhufnghan che cua no

Vice dinh nghia kinh te hoc mol each chinh xiic

Ih khong de dang, ma cung khong nen nua Nhungkhai niem vA qua trinh tu duy cua kinh 16* hoc dupeap dung rpng rai trong rift nhieu khia canh cuacube song Tuy vAy, ve co ban, kinh te hoc la congtrinh nghien ciiu vA thuc hAnh v6 su lira chon.Kinh te hoc quan tarn den each thuc ma thco donhung nhu cau va khat vong cua con ngubi dupebien thanh mot sb' lupng hang hoa vat chat han che(cluing han nhu gao, ngb, radib, xe dap va quiinao) va dich vu (chAng han nhu y te, giao due, anninh, Am nhac va khieu vu) thong qua vice sir dungmot each khon ngoan nhung ngudn lire san xuatkhan liiern (bao gdm dat dai, trang thiet bi, laodong, vat lieu va bi quyet ky thuat, quan tri cungnhu quan ly hanh chinh) Con ngubi ta cd nhieunhu cau co ban nhu doi, khat va nhay cam vdi thbitiet Nhung ham muon nay the hien dudi dang nhucau ve hang hoa, nhu do an, thuc ub'ng, nha cira vaquan ao Trong mot nen kinh te tu cap tu tuc domgian nhat, nhu cai lang chau Phi ma ta da noi btren, nhung nhu cau cor ban dupe dap ung hoirnloan bbi chinh nhung ngubi cd nhung nhu cau do.Ngubi tieu dung va nha san xuat deu la mot.Nhung dung cu dim gian dupe lam ra de dao dalhoac de xay mot ngbi nha Bi quyet ky thuat chuyeu dupe truyen mieng tir dbi nay sang dbi khac.Quan trong horn het, nhan lire la ngudn luc san xuatchinh de lam ra cac loai thuc pham thiet yeu, quiinao don gian va nha cira thong thubng.

Nhung, ngay cii trong xa hoi hoang so nhat nay,nhung lac nhan cua kinh te hoc van hoal dong Dotinh trang khan hiern lam cho nhung ngudn luc ddlgia, nen phai lien hanh lua chon de xel xem se sanxuat hang hoa gi? mbi loai hang hoa se san xuatbao nhieu, san xuat nhir the nao (tire la kel hopcac ngudn nao) va cho ai Nhung cau hoi nay, nhuchung ta se sdm nhan thay, la nhung van de co bandbi vdi bat ky he thong kinh te nao, tir quoc giacong nghiep giitu cd nhat den xa hoi tu cap, tu tuchoang so va ngheo dbi nlkit Tuy vay, co mot cAuhoi nua dang ngay cang trb nen dac bict quantrong dbi vdi cac nen kinh te trdn thd gidi: nhunghang hod kinh te khan hiem (cluing han nhu cacngudn cung cap lumig thuc cua the gidi) va cac

nguon lire san xuat (cluing han nhu dau lira vanguyen lieu cong nghiep) se dirge phan phoi handinh va phAn bo nhir th£ nao giua cac quoc giacung nhir ngay trong ban than moi nude?" Hay ndieach khac, ai se tiep can duoc vdi nhung hang hoava nguon lire khan hiem nay va quyen tiep can dosc duoc xac dinh Iren co so nao?

Thay vi nhoi nhet cho sinh vien o giai doan bandau nay nhung dinh nghia phuc tap va thuimg lagay Ifni Ion, chung ta hay xcm kinh te hoc vanhung qua trinh tu duy kinh te len loi vao cuocsong hang ngay a nhung nude kem phat tricn(Ixss Developed Countries- LDCs) nhu tire nao.I ren cai mat bang ma cac nha kinh te hoc goi lamat bang ”vi mo" ("kinh te hoc vi mo" nghien cuucac dim vi kinh te ca the nhu mot nha nong, motchii cua hicu, mot ngudi lieu dung, mot gia dinhv.v ), ngudi nong dan trong lua o Thai lan vaNigieria, trong ngo o Mcliico va Kenia, hay trongIlia my d Achcntina va An Do, thuimg gap phainhieu trong so nhung lua chon kho khan sau day:

1 Du kicn trong mot vu miia nhat dinh ho se sanxuat vdi khoi luimg bao nhieu de ban.

2 Cd can phai (hue ngudi lam cong an luemg haykliong ;

3 Lieu san luemg thu them d dau ra cua vu muacd xung voi so tien bo ra de mua va ap dungnhung nguyen lieu dau vao nhu giong mdi,thuoc trir sau va phan bon hay khong;

4 Lieu co nen vay tien cua cac co sd thuemg maicho vay (cac ngan hang) hoac , neu kliong duocnhu vay, cd nen vay cua cac ca nhan cho vaynang lai hay kliong; va

5 Lieu cd nen mao hiem thay the nhung gionglua, ngo hay lua my cu bring nhung giong lai mdivdi hai klui nang xay ra: hoac la mat mua, hoilcla duoc san luong cao.

Tat ca nhung lua chon nay deu la nhung van dekinh te thuc te kho khan ma nong dan va cac nhStsan xuat khac, du Idn hay nhb, Iren loan the gidideu gap phai Cluing bao gom nhung yeu to co bancua bat ky quyet dinh kinh te nao: vice lira chonxem nen sir dung cac nguon lire khan hiem (tuc lakhong ddi dao) mil trong nhung truimg hop nay"Xem chuimg 2, bihi ve cac van de kinh td quantrong cua moi xa hoi.

Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong

chit yeu la cac nguon tai chinh (tien) va vat chat(dat dai)- nhu the nao, dudi nhung hinh thuc kethop tot nhat cd the duoc de dat duoc san luimg caonhat hoac muc thoa man tot dinh (Iifnh su khanhiem khien cho con ngudi ta phai lua chon, ma luachon thi phai danh doi - tir bo mot thu gi do (hanghoa hoac tien) de duoc mot thu gi khac Mot nongdan trong ngo ngudi Kenia va mot ngudi an Dotrong lua my deu bic't rang, neu nhu anh ta sir dungnhung nguon tai chinh han che cua minh vao conglac tudi lieu dat, anh ta sc khong mua duoc motchiec may keo nhd Neu muc lieu cua anh ta la tangsan luimg, thi anh ta vSn phai lua chon, lieu vice danhddi he thong tudi lieu lay may keo sc dan den sanluong tinh tlico timg hec ta tliap him hay cao him.Neu san luong tang, thi vice danh doi thuimg ladang lam, neu khong tang thi khong nen lam.

Vi du tren minh hoa mot khiii niem co ban ddivdi tat ca cac tnrdng phai kinh te hoc- cai goi la"quy luat" hay dung him la "nguyen ly" kinh te Nguyen ly nay killing dinh rang, khi lua chon trongsd nhung klia nang khac nhau, mol ca nhan haymot to chuc hanh dong hop ly se phai chon giaiphap lam giam tdi muc tdi thieu chi phi de datduoc muc tieu mong muon, hay ndi each khac lalam tang den tdi da loi fch hoac su thoa man cdduoc tir chi phi do Vi du, mol nong dan cd muctieu la tang tdi da san luemg vu mau cua mmh, canphai chon loai hat giong hay phan bon, vdi mot sdchi phi nhat dinh, chang han 500 rupi ma sc demlai san luong cao nhat tren mot hec ta.

Neu anh ta cd mot muc tieu khac, chang han nhuda dang hoa cay trong va / hoac dap ung nhungnhu cau sinh hoat tdi thidu cua gia dinh minh, thianh ta cd the chi tieu tlico nhung each khac Motgia dinh thu nhap hang thang thap, can phai chonmot loai hoac ket hop mot sd loai do an nao ma segiiip ho it bi ddi nhat, trong khi vdn cung cap dudinh duong Mot ngudi xay mot ngoi nha can phaichon nhung vat lieu nao va sd luimg lao dong sao3 Nhu chung ta sc som nhan thay, thuc su khonghe cd "nhung quy luat" cua kinh te hoc thco ynghia la chung co the duoc ap dung loan cautrong moi xa hoi va moi thcri dai Thuc ra, trongkinh te hoc chi cd "nhung kliuynh huong de rahuong di va muc do quan trong cd the cd" khidat duoc mot sd dieu kicn nhat dinh

Kinh te hoc cho The gidi Thi? ba

cho co th6 giam ten muc toi thieu chi phi cho vicecd duqc mot mai am chic chin va lien leri canthiet Mot chfnh phu dung trudc mot quyet dinhlieu co non dung mot khoan thu tir thue de xaythem trudng hoac benh vien b thanh pho hoAc ceicviing nong then hay khong , dcu can phai so sanhnhung "leri ich" co the co (du la duqc xac dinh nhuthe nao) voi nhung "chi phi'" du tinh de dua raduqc quyet dinh ma sc dem lai kri ich "xa hoi" Ionnhat (tuc la kri ich chung cho loan xa hoi), tinhtheo don gia hoac se giam toi muc toi thieu chi phidu tinh de dat duqc leri ich xa hoi mung muon4.

Tat ca nhung trudng herp tren dcu la nhung tin' duve nguyen ly kinh te Nguyen ly nay dong vai trdla mot quy tic chung ve su lua chon trong kinh tehoc va do vay, tro thanh mol yeu to then cho't dehieu duqc ky cang vice phan tich kinh te va hoachdinh chfnh sach Nhung quyet dinh din den vicetoi da hoa kri ich hoac giam thieu chi phi b ca captu nhan kin cap nha nude deu khong don gian vairon tru nhu tlioat nhin, hay nhu trong hau het cacsach giao khoa ve kinh te hoc truyen thong.

Kliai niem "kinh te" hoac "kinh te hoa", von cdlien he vdi quyet dinh lua chon sao cho hop ly, lamot kliai niem xuat phat tir mot loat cac gia dinh rorang va tiem an ve hanh vi va nhung dong ca cuacon ngudi Nhung gia dinh nay cd the dung hoaccung co the khong doi voi tat ca cac xa hoi va moithen dai Hon nua, dong vai trd la nguyen lAc chidao cho nhung quyet dinh kinh te cua ca nhan haytap the, khai niem nay cd the phai tuan theo nhungtieu chuan va / hoac nhung sua doi khien cho ndmat di phan Idn "su trong sang" ve ly tliuyet cungnhu tinh dim gian ve tri tue ciia nd De minh hoacho diem nay, kliai niem ve kinh te gia dinh rAng,cac ca nhan va nhung nhdm ca nhan deu co mol yniem ro rang ve cai ma ho muon, va cd the dedang bien thanh mot loat nhung "sb thi'ch" duocxep theo thu tu ro rang Thi du, ne'u A (tao) duqcngudi ta thfch hem B (chuer'i), va B lai duqc ngudi tatlii'ch hem C (ca rot), thi A (tao) bao gib cung seduqc ngudi ta thfch hem C (ca rot) 0 day ngay laptuc chung la lai gap phai van de la con ngudi, dacbiCt la cac chfnh phu, khong phai luc nao cung co

4 (j chu«mg 4, chung ta se than Juan chi tiel h<m khainiem quan trone,- do I;* kri ich va chi phi xa hoi sov.'ri Iri ich va chi phi ciia "tu nhan

the xep loai nhung uu tidn cua minh theo mot trAttu doc nhat, khong co mAu thuAn Do vAy, nhthigquyet dinh phtre tap liCn quan den nhidu muc tieumau thuAn nhau v<) nhung luc luemg dicing dcunhau, thudng phai duqc thong qua bang each kd'lhqp khon ngoan giua true giac va su phong doan.Hon nua, quyet dinh thue su thudng sc bi lac dongbbi sire manh tuemg doi cua incit so cii nhan hoacnhdm co the luc va leri ich chung nhieu hem la bc'ribat ky su tinh loan herp ly nao ve leri ich va chi phixii hoi Trong nhung trudng herp lua chon "demgian", klii ma cac ca nhan hoac cac nhdm deu cdtrong lay tat cei nhung thong tin chfnh xac ce'in thiet(ma hiein khi ho cd duqc), khi ma nhung sb thi'chcua ho la thue su cua rieng ho, chir khong bi e'ip dalbcri nhung luc luqng ben ngoai ,nhu ceic cong lyhay chfnh phu (mot gia dinh kheing may khi xay ra

a ca nude phat then va kern phat trien), va khi manhung quyet dinh cua ho kheing nhung dap ung teitnhat Iqi ich ca nhan cua rieng ho, ma con khongtac deing xau den nhung ngue'ri kheic (meit hicn

luqng khong binh thuimg a ca nhung nude gie'iu kin

nude ngheo), thi trong nhung true'mg herp reft dacbiet nay, cd the noi rAng, nguyen ly kinh te se dongvai trd chi dao trong vice ra quyet dinh ciia ca khuvuc tu nhan va qudc doanh

Tuy vay, hau het cac quyet dinh dei cei nhan haydo cac nhdm duel ra deu rat phuc tap Thongthudng, ngue'ri tei phai can nhAc nhung quyen kritrai nguqc, va thue'mg la mau thuAn nhau, vdinhung quy tde da dinh de di kri nhung quyet dinhma cd the kliac xa ve'ri dinh nghTa "herp ly'1 ciia ceicnha kinh te Mot so' nha kinh te da khong se'rm nhanra duqc nhung mau thuAn kha pho bien trong ceitinh cua con ngue'ri, hoac khong nhanh chdng thiranhan rAng, nhung quyet dinh "kinh te" thudng itkhi ra dc'ri thong qua nhung quei tr'inh lei chuc herply ve mat kinh te Cu the la, that bai trong vice ketherp nhung yeu tef nhu rui ro, khong chAc chAn vathieu kien thue hoe'in hao trong khu vuc tu nliAn,cung nhu hicn luqng "quyen luc" (kinh te va chfnhtri) ca a khu vuc tu nliAn lAn khu vuc quo'c doanh

tremg vice phan tich quei tr'inh duel ra quyet dinhciia "the gie'ri hicn thue", del le'im suy gieim deing kdtinh thue liehi ciia phuemg pheip kinh te truyenthong, eijjc biet la trong bo'i ceinh xa hoi va the checiia nhieu quo'c gia dang phe'it trien Vi du, de hieuduqc lai sao ir hiiu het ceic nue'rc Ihuqc the gie'ri thuba, king k'rp lieu ne'ing heiac kinh doanh ca the lai

thuimg mifin cudng trong vice ap dung cac kyIhuat san xuat mdi, hoac tai sao ngudi lieu dung cathe lai cd the lir choi nhung loai lutmg (hue moi vare lien han, thi can phai di xa horn nguyfin ly kinhte, mac du nguyen ly nay van co mot ca cau tri tufihiru (ch co the dirge sir dung de phan tfch va danhgia nhung lac dong "kinh te" cua cac chfnh sachkhac nhau cua Nha nude Tuimg tu nhir vay, chirifing nguyfin ly kinh le kliong thoi se kliong giaiIllicit dirge lai sao sir bat blnh dang Irong thu nhapca nhan giira ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo da va seIra nfin sau sfic han, tai sao nhirng de an congnghiep lhanh thi von rat Ion kem va phuc lap vecong nghe lai Ihudng dirge kliuyen khich, lhay vivice cai thien san xuat nong nghiep a khu vac lieunong va hoac kliuyen khich phal trien nong thon"dinh hudng vi con ngudi", lai sao phan Ian cacbfinh vicn, trudng hoc tot horn va cac dich vu cungnha cac ca sa khac cua chfnh phu lai tfip trung dcac Irung lam lhanh thi , ma thong ihudng chi cogfin 20% dan a cac nude kem phal trien song dr do,va cud'i ciing la tai sao hau het nhirng no luc Irongcai each ruong dal va tai xay dung nong thon laikliong dal dugc muc lieu de ra la giiip da danngheo d nong thon.

Do vay, cluing la cd the difin dat lai nguyen lynay sao cho phu hgp han de co the hieu dugc quatrinh ra quyet dinh d tat ca cac cap tai nhieu quocgia dang phal trien (va di nhifin ca cac quoc giaphal trien) Thi du, nfi'u chiing ta cong nhan, vathuc ra la can phai cong nhan, nhung moi lifin hequan trgng va pho bifi'n giira kinh te hoc va quyenluc, va dua khai nifim ve quyen luc nay vaonguyen ly kinh le, thi ngudi ta cd the difin dat lainguyfin ly do nhu sau:

Mot ca the’ hanh dong dim lap mot each hgp lyva cd nhihig thong tin day du va chfnh xac, se coxu htrdng lira chon hoat dgng nao dem lai mucthoa man ca nhan (thu nhap) cao nhat vdi mot chiphi nhat dinh, hoac hoat dong nao lam giam tmmuc toi thieu chi phi de dat dugc muc thoa man(thu nhap) mong muon; nhung khi mot nhom cacca nliAii hofic thuc the co nhung myc lieu va/ hoacsd thich khac nhau lai cimg thain gia, dii la truetifip hay giau tiep, vilo mot quyet dinh lac dongden phuc lgi"xa hoi" cua mol cong dong Ion han,ho Ihudng se chgn hoat dgng nao mh, vdi hau nhirbat ky chi phi xa hoi nao co the chap nhan dirge

Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tam quan trong

ve mat chinh tri, se dem lai muc thoa man (hoacthu nhap) cao nhat cho mol so nhom quyen lucquan trong, ma nhirng nhom nay thuc ra se dua rahoac lac dong dfih quyet dinh cuoi ciing.

Tom lai, nhung quyet dinh ve kinh te kliong thedugc tach red khdi boi canh chfnh tri, xa hoi, theche vil van hoa cua chung, Nhirng quyet dinh nayco the va Ihuong bi tac dong bed quyen luc tuongdoi cua nhirng nhom ft ngudi, nhirng lai co tiengndi quan trgng (vf du nhu gidi dia chu giau co,dang cam quyen, cac doanh nghiep Ion dr diaphuong, gidi quan su, cac nha dau tu nude ngoaiv.v ), ma moi quan tam hang dau cua nhung rihdmnay co the la vice tang cuong quyen luc kinh te vatu ve vc mat chfnh tri hon la moi quan tam chungve "Igi ich xa hoi".

Trong suol cuon sach nay, chung toi se dua ra voso vf du ve hieu luc cua nguyfin ly kinh te "dugcdoi mod" nay Chang han, chiing ta sc nhan tliayrfing, quyen luc kinh le tuomg doi co tac dgng denmol loat cac yeu to phal trien trfin thuc te, nhu hethong thuomg mai quoc te va quan he vicn trggiira cac nude giau va ngheo, ca cau so hiru dat vatac dong cua nd doi vdi san lugng luang thuc, congtac id chuc va dinh hudng he thong giao due chfnhquy, moi quan he giira vice lua chon cong nghe vanan dial nghiep ciing nhu nhung uu tifin ve mat dialy va khu vuc kinh te Irong nhung ke hoach kinh tequoc dan Tuy vay, hien tai, chung toi moi chi cd ydinh nhde nho ngudi hoc phai chu trong den boicanh ve the che va xa hoi rong han, trong do tatca cac quye't dinh ve kinh le thuong dugc dua ra,cung nhu phai xem xei den nhieu each khacnhau de cd the dung hoa hien tugng quyen lucvdi nhirng tifiu chufin chat che ve "tfnh hgp ly"cua nguyfin ly kinh te5.

Y nghla va tam quan trong cua kinh tehoc "The gidi Thur ba"

5 Muon nghifin cuu nhung phan lich sau sac valoan difin vfi vai trd va tac dong cua quyen luctrong cac lien trinh kinh Id' binh thuong cua cacnude CN phat trifi’n, can xem bai "Quydn luc vanha kinh tfi cd ich" cua Kenneth Galbraith, trongTap chi kinh tfi lloa Ky, Lxiii, 1,3/1973.

Kijih te hoc cho The gidi Thit ba

Kinh te hoc, theo nghia truyen thong, thi chuyen lien quan den vice sir dung co hieu qua (hayvdi chi phi thap nhat) nhung nguon luc san xuiitkhan hiem, cung nhu den vice phat trien loi uunhung nguon luc nay de san xuat nghy chng nhieuhem cac loai hang hoa va dich vu Nguqc lai, kinhte hoc chinh tri lai vuql ra ngoai kinh te hoc donthuan de nghien cuu nhieu van de, trong do cdnhung tien trinh ve the che va xa hoi, qua do, motso nhdm nguoi cd quyen luc (chu yeu) ve kinh teva chinh tri muon phan bo nhung nguon luc sanxuat khan hiem hien nay cung nhu trong tuong laide dap ung Iqi ich cua rieng ho, hoac de dap ungIqi ich cua ho cong voi loi ich rong lion cua nguoikhac Do vay, kinh te hoc chinh tri quan tarn densu tac dong qua lai giua chinh tri va kinh te hoc.

Tuy vay, kinh te hoc phat trien, hoac kinh tehoc" The gidi Thu ba", lai con di xa hon nua.Ngoai vice phan bo cd hieu qua nhung nguon lucsan xuat khan hiem (hoac nhan roi) hien cd, cungnhu su phat trien ben vung cua nhung nguon lucnay theo thdi gian va noi dung chinh tri cua nhungquyet dinh kinh te, nd con quan tarn den nhung coche ve kinh te, xa hoi va the che (ke ca nha nudelan tu nhan) can tliiet de mang lai nhung cai thiennhanh chong (it nhat la theo cac lieu chuan lichsu) va tren quy mo rung ve mire song cho sodong dan ngheo, suy dinh duong va mil chu a chauPhi, chau A va chau Mv I a tinh Do vav, d muc dorong Ion hon kinh te hoc "truyen thong" hay lhamchi ca kinh te hoc chinh tri, kinh te hoc The gidithu ha quan tarn den nhung lien trinh kinh te vachinh tri can thiet de tac dong den nhung chuyendoi nhanh chong ve the che va co cau cua loanthe xa hoi, sao cho co the mang lai mot eachhieu qua nhat nhung thanh qua cua tien bo kinhte cho hau het cac tang lop nhan dan trong xahoi do Nhu vay, vai tro cua chinh phu va su canthiet, d mot muc do nhat dinh, cua ke hoach hoakinh te tap trung hoac it nhat la cd phoi hap va cacchinh sach kinh te Iren dien rong de dem lai suthay doi nhanh chong, nhung cai do da Ird thanhmot yeu to quan trong trong kinh te hoc The gidiThu ba.

.Nhirng nguyen tac kinh te la nhung cong cuphan tich giup ta hieu duqc mot each dun giannhung cung rat there (e la tai sao lai cd nhung thaydoi khac nhau ve kinh te - xa hoi, va/lioac lien

doan duqc Ihm thd nao de cd the tao ra nhung thaydoi do qua su dieu tiet khon kheo hoac su thay doidoc lap cua mot hoac nhieu thong so kinh te va/hoac thong so the chd chu yeu- thi du nhu lien tielkiem va lai sufit, muc luorng, gia nong san, hethong so huu dat, plain bd tin dung, cocfiu thue doivoi ca nluln va cong ty.

Cuoi cung, cac chinh sach kinh id chinh lanhung quyet dinh va hoal dong chu yeu do cac bpvh cac quan chuc nha nude thuc hien, vdi chu ynhfim mang lai nhirng cai thien nhanh chong doivdi mot so yeu to chinh trong qua trinh phat triencua The gidi Thu ba- vi du nhu mire do va su phanphoi thu nhap quoc dan, gia ca cac mat hang chuchot, muc do tao cong an vice lam, su hien huu vachat luqng cua y te nong thon, giao due va cacdich vu xa hoi khac, nang suift cua khu vuc nongnghiep quy mo nhd, mire tiel kiem va dfiu lu cungnhu quyen sd huu va phan phoi dat dai va cac laisan vat chat khac co gia tri Mac du nhung chinhsach do co the, va be ngoai cd ve nhu, duqc dua rade lam Iqi chu yeu cho nguoi ngheo d ca nong thonva thanh thi, nhung nhu la da thay, rot cue duqchudng Iqi lai la nhung nguoi dai dien cho nhungnhdm nguoi cd dac quyen kinh te o cac quoc giadang phat trien.

Tai sao lai nghien cun kinh te hoc?

C'd mot so' ly do lai sao cd rat nhieu sinh vien dcac nude dang phat trien lai nghien cuu kinh tehoc Ro rang dhy la mon hoc pho bien nhat trongso cac mon khoa hoc xa hoi (xa hoi hoc, lich sir,tarn ly hoc, khoa hoc chfnh tri va nhan chiing hoc),va, ngoai Irir chau My Ixi tinh va nhieu nude Arap, nhung nude ma y hoc, lual va ky thuat congtrinh viin con la nhung nghe pho bic'n,- kinh te hocdang nhanh chong trd thanh mon hoc pho biennhat Irong tat ca cac trudng Dai hoc Dieu naykhong khien la ngac nhien, vi nhung van de va khdkhan kinh te luon lac dong mot each true liep vamanh me den cuqc song cua Iung ca nhan va tat camoi ngudi d chau Phi, chau A, Trung Dong vachau My In tinh.

Do vay, sinh vien thudng chon hoc mon kinh tehoc vdi hy vqng lim ra chu Ini Idi cho nhirng chuhoi quan trong nhusau:

1 Khi ndi den "phdt trien", thi la Ihuc sir ham ycai gl, va lam the nao dd cac nguyen ly va lyIhuyet kinh te gop phfin giup la hieu rd hem vequa trinh phat trien?

2 Nhung yd'u to nao gop phan vao str tang trudngkinh te qud'c dan va kinh te loan cau? Ai langudi dirge Igi nhat lir six lang truemg dd va taisao? Tai sao mot so nude va nhom ngudi laitiep tue giau len trong khi nhung so khde laivan rat ngheo?

3 Tai sao tlnh trang thill nghiep lai nghiem trorfgnhu vay, dac bict la o cac thanh pho, va tai saongudi ta viin tiep tue lir nong thon dd ra thanhthi, mac dii co hoi kiem vice lam cua ho la ratmong manh ?

4 Lieu co nen danh thue cao hem do'i vdi ngudigiau, va cac khoan thu tir thue cua chfnh phucan phai dupe chi lieu nhu the nao de cai Ihiendupe nitre song cho tat ca moi ngudi?

5 Ke hoach hoa phat trien la gl? Tai sao lai phailap ke hoach? Lieu thi truemg tu do cd phai lagiai phap hay hem ke hoach kinh te hay kliong?6 1 Jeu cd nen khuyen klifch cac cong ty tu nhan

nude ngoai dau tu vao cac quoc gia ngheo, vaneu cd, thi phai thco nhung dieu kien nao?7 Do'i vdi van de " vien tip nude ngoai" tir phi'a

chinh phu cua cac nude giau thi the nao? Lieucd nen tlm kiem su vien trp dd kliong, phai thconhung dieu kien vh nhfim muc dich gl?

8 Lieu cd nen thue day vice xuat kluiu cac sanpham nguyen kliai nhu nong san hay khong?hay la tat ca cac nuoc kern phat trien deu canphai lien hanh cong nghiep hoa bang each phat trien cac ngiinh cong nghiep niing cua hp cang

nhanh cang tot?

9 Van de "can can thanh loan" la gl? Van de naylidn quan nhu the nao den cai gpi la cupc khunghoang np cua the gidi thu ba? Nhung ngudn goccua cupc khung hoang nay lii gl, va trien vpnggiai quyet nd nhu the nao?

10 Lieu thuimg mai quoc te cd dang mong muonhay khong xel Iren quan diem phat trien do'i vdicac quoc gia ngheo? Ai Ihuc su cd loi nhdthuimg mai, va nhung Ipi the do dupe phan bonhu the nao giua cac quoc gia?

11 Gia dau lira quoc te len xud'ng that thuimg da cdlac dong gl dCn non kinh te cua cac nude kernphat trien ?

Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong

12 Dau la each tot nhat de thue day phat triennong nghiep va khu vuc nong thon, noi cd lir 60den 80% dan so dr nhung nude kern phat trienhien dang sinh song?

13 Nan lam phat va that nghiep Iran lan trong nenkinh tc cua cac qud'c gia giau cd tac dong nhuthe nao den muc song cua nhan dan cac nudengheo? Lieu cac nude ngheo cd ngudn nao detrong cay vao kliong , hay hp bupc phai lanhung khan gia thu dong, nhung de bi tonthuerng trong mot cupc dau gianh quyen luckinh te qud'c le ?

14 C.6 cac nhan to kinh te tac dong den ty le sinh

de 6 cac nude ngheo hay kliong ? Dau la nhunghau qua ve kinh te, xa hoi va moi truimg do sugia tang dan so? Phai chang van de dan so chidim gian la van de ve nhung con so, hay nd conlien quan den tac dong cua su sung tuc ngaycang tang dr cac nude cong nghiep phat trien do'ivdi vice vat kiet tai nguyen tren loan the gioi?15 Lieu sc xay ra nan thicu luong thue kinh nien

tren toan the gidi hay kliong ? Nc'u cd, thinhung qud'c gia nao bi anh huong xau nhieunhat, va each tot nhat de tranh dupe nan thieuhut do trong tuomg lai la gl?

16 Lieu nhung he thong giao due hien thdi cua thegidi thu ba cd thue su thue day phat trien kinhte hay khong , hay chung chi’ don thuan la motcong cu han che va sang loc, giup cho mot sonhom ngudi hoac tdng lop dac biet nao dd duytri vinh vien dia vi, su giau sang, quyen luchoac anh hudmg cua mlnh?

17 Ngudn goc va co sdr cua nh8ung yeu cau cuaThe gidi 1 hu ba ve mot "trat tu kinh tc the gidimoi" la gl? Lieu cd the cd mol trat tu the gidimoi hay khong, va neu cd, Ihl nhung dac diemchu yeu cua nd la gl?.

Nhung cau hoi tren va nhieu cau hoi khac tuongtu dupe phan ticli va nghien cuu trong nhungchuong sau Cac cau Ira loi thuimg phuc tap him laban tuong Can phai nhd rfing, muc dich hang daucua bat ky khoa hoc nao ve kinh te hoc cung laday cho hoc vien tu duy mot each co he thong vecac kho khan va cac giai phap kinh te, cung nhudua ra dupe nhung nhan xel va ket luan tren co soap dung cac nguyen tdc pluln Itch "phu hop" vacac so lieu thong ke "dang tin cay" VI nhieu kho

Kinh tehoc cho Thegidi Thit ba

khan cua cac nude dang phat trien la co mot khonghai trong the gidi hien dai nay, vii khong dd gi cothe hieu dune bang each sir dung nhung ly thuyetkinh te truyen thong cua phuimg Tity (xem chuung

3, trong do, co giai thich tinh chat ciia ly thuyetkinh te truyen thong), nen chung ta co the phai canden nhung each tiep can khong khong pho bien doivol nhung van de kinh te thong thuong nhu thatnghiep, phan phoi thu nhap, lam phat, di dan tirnong thon ra thanh thi, va phat trien cong nghiepso voi phat trien nong nghiep Cac nguyen ly kinhte truyen thong dong mot vai tro quan trong trongvice giiip ta nang cao hieu biet cua minh ve nhungvan de phat trien cua the gioi, nhung chung khongnen can trb chiing ta nh'm nhan nhung hien thuckinh te dia phuemg Chung thuong can phai duocsira doi ca trong nhung gia dinh kin trong nhungthu tuc trudc khi chiing co the lam sang to nhungvan de ve phat trien rat phuc tap va khong lubngtrudc dupe ve mat kinh te.

Mot ly do khac tai sao sinh vien lai theo hockinh te hoc, la bdi vi kinh te hoc la mot linh vuc cdnhu cau cao, tao ra nhieu co hoi da dang ve nghenghiep Cac nha kinh te thuong xuyen dupe tuyendung vao cac co quan cua chi'nh phu, nhu: Bp kehoach va Bp tai chi'nh, vao cac ngan hang (runguong va thuong mai, vao cac ngiinh cong nghiepqudc doanh kin tu doanh, vao cac trubng dai hocva cac vien nghien cuu va cuoi cimg la vao cac tochuc qudc te nhu Ngan hang qudc te ve tai tliiet vaphat trien (thupc Ngan hang the gioi), To chuc laodong qudc te (ILO), Quy lien te qudc te (IMF), cacLy ban kinh te cua LIIQ phu trach chau Phi(ECA), chau A - Thai binh duong (ESCAP) vachau My I.a tinh (ECLA) Chuimg trinh phat triencua LIIQ (UNDP) va cac ngan hang phat trien kliuvuc khac nhau, cung nhu vb so cac co quan ho trpqudc te khac6.

Hien tai cung nhu trong tuong lai, se cd nhieu cohoi dang gia va day thach thuc de cho cac nha kinhte chau A, chau Phi, Trung Dong va chau My Latinh dong gop dang ke vao vice thuc day phattrien kinh te va xa hoi b cac nude va cac khu vuccua minh Tuy vay, de Ihuc'su dat dupe hieu qua

6 Trong Jihan chu giai or cuoi cuon sach cd mo tangdn gon tinh chat va nhung muc dfch cua cacco quan qudc te kieu nay.

trong cong vice cua minh, cac nha kinh te hoac batky chuyen gia niio thupc ngiinh khac mil cd cimgdoi tupng nghien cuu (bac si, luiit su, cong chuc,ky su, kien true su h y nhil kinh doanh) hay bat kycong dihi niio co l.pc van, deu phai hieu ro banchat vii nhung ngnyen nhiln cua "tinh (rang kemphat trien", vii phai niim dupe each sir dung cacchi'nh sach vii nguyen ly kinh (e de giiip cac qudcgia vii iihiin dan cac nude niiy thoat klioi canhngheo doi vii cai thien dieu kien song ciia minh.Muc dich cua cuon sach niiy lit nhiini tao ra co sdde hieu dupe nhu vay.

Vai tro quan trong ciia nhung gia tritrong kinh te hoc

Kinh te hoc la mot mon khoa hoc xa hpi Nd lienquan den con ngubi va nhung he thong xa hpi, quado, con ngubi to chuc nhung hoat dong ciia minhde dap ung nhung nhu cau vat chat co ban (luongthuc, nha o, quan ao v.v ) vii nhung nhu cau phivat chat (giao due, kien thuc, giai In', dap ung vemat tinh thiin v.v ) Cac nha kinh te lii nhung nhakhoa hoc xa hpi b trong tinh trang khong binhthuong la vi nhung doi tuong nghien cuu cua hp -con ngubi trong qua trinh kinh doanh binh Ihubng- va nhung hoat dong ciia cln'nh ho deu bat ngudntir cimg mot bdi canh xa hpi Khong gid'ng nhunhung mon khoa hoc tu nhien, yeu to khoa hoc xahpi trong kinh te hoc khong cho phep dua ra nhung"quy lual" khoa hoc hay "nhung chan ly loan cau".Trong kinh td hoc chi’ cd cac xu hudng va ngay canhung xu hudng niiy cung bien doi rat nhieu b cacnude khac nhau, cac nen van hoa khac nhau vii tainhung thbi diem khac nhau Nhieu cai gpi la nhungmo hinh kinh te "chung" va nhung nghien cun"khach quan" thubng dua Iren mol loat nhung giadinh ngam ve hanh vi cua con ngubi va nhung moiquan he kinh te cd rat it hoac khdng cd lien quangi vdi nhung thuc te cua cac nen kinh le dang phattrien 'Prong chung muc niiy, thi "linh khach quan"cua chung cd the mat di linh Ihuc lien, vii nang vegia dinh nhieu hem Nhung nghien cuu vii phan ti'chkinh te khong the dupe tach ra nipt each dim giiinkhbi bdi canh vd the che, xa hpi vii chi'nh tri ciiachung, dac biet la khi ph;ii giai quyel nhung van denan giai ciia con ngubi, nhu nan doi, ngheo khd viibenh Iht, von dang lan trim trong 2/3 diln sd

Ihc gidi.

Do vay, ciin phai cong nhan ngay tir dau lanhung lien de "giii tri" dao diic hay chuan tdc vedieu gi dang mong muon va dieu gi khong, chinhla nhung van de (rung tarn cua mon hoc kinh te ndichung va ciia kinh te hoc v6 phal trien noi rieng.Chinh nhihig khai niem ve "phal trien kinh te" va"hicn dai hoa" da noi len nhihig tien de gia tri rorang hoac ngu y vC* nhihig muc lieu dang mongmuon de dat dupe dieu ma Mahatma Gandhi da colan goi la "vice hicn thuc hoa tidm nang ciia connguoi", Tat ca nhung muc lieu nhu binh dang vekinh te va xa hoi, xoa bo ngheo doi, giao due phocap, tang muc song, doc lap dan toe, hicn dai hoacac the che, tham gia hoat dong chinh tri va kinhte, dan chu tan goc, tu luc tu cudng va dap ung cacnhu cau ca nhan, till ca ddu xuat phat tir nhung ykie'n danh gia chu quan ve cai gi la tot va dangmong muon va cai gi la khong Nguyen Ific naycung dupe ap dung cho nhung y kie'n trai ngupc -Ihi du nhu tinh bat kha xam pham ciia tai san canhan va quydn cua cac ca nhan dupe ti'ch luy cuacai ca nhan khong han che', vice duy tri nhung theche xa hoi truydn thong va nhung co cau giai capcung nluic va phi quan binh chu nghia, cung nhu"quycn tu nhien" gia dinh cua mot so nguoi dupelanh dao, con nhihig ngubi khac phai phuc tiing.

Khi chung la chuycn sang phan hai va phan bavoi nhihig van de vil klio khan Ion cua cac nudedang phat trien nhu ngheo kho, bat binh dang, thatnghiep, tang dan so, tri Ire o nong thon va "su phuthuoc" quo'c te, chi rieng vice xac dinh nhihig chude nay la nhihig "kho khan" cung truydn dat dupey kie'n danh gia la vice cai thien tinh hinh hay loaitrir nhung kho khan tren la dang mong muon, vado do, dupe coi la tot Vice nhieu nhom nguoi khacnhau nhu cac chinh tri gia, gioi hoc gia va caccong dan binh thuong ddu dong tinh riing day lanhung muc lieu dang mong mub'ir, cung khong lamthay doi thuc te la chiing phat sinh ra khong chi tirmot phan ung doi vdi vice phan tich khoa hoc,khach quan, "thuc chung" ve "nhung gi dang didnra", mil con bill nguon tir y kie'n danh gia , "chuanhie" ve "nhung gi phai didn ra."

Do v;]y, cho du cd dupe nguy Irang kheo the naochiing nua, tin cac lien de gia tri van lii mot phankhong the tach roi ciia ca phan tich kinh te'Em cacchinh sach kinh te Kinh te hoc khong the "khongco gia tri" thco cling mot nghia nhu vat ly hay hoa

Kinh te hoc: tinh chat va tarn quan trong

hoc chiing han Do vay, tinh hop ly cua vice phantich kinh te cung nhu tinh dung dan ciia cac chutruerng bao gib cung can phai dupe danh gia duatren tinh chat cua nhung gia dinh co ban va/hoacnhung tien de gia tri Mot khi mot quoc gia, hay cuthe hon nua la nhung ai chiu trach nhiem ve vicera quye't dinh mang tinh quoc gia, da chap nhannhung y kie'n danh gia chu quan nay roi, thi co thethco duoi tiep cac muc tieu phat trien cu the (vi dunhu phan chia thu nhap binh dang hon) va cacchinh sach tuemg ung ciia Nha nuoc (vi du nhudanh thue cao hon doi voi nguoi co thu nhap cao).Tuy vay, ne'u giua nhung nguoi ra quye't dinh lai conhung bat dong va mau thuan nghiem trong veeach danh gia , thi nhung kha nang co dupe su nhattri ve cac muc lieu dang mong muon hay nhihigchinh sach phu hop se ngay cang giam di nhieu.Trong ca hai trubng hop , nhung tien de gia tri, dacbiet la trong ITnh vuc kinh te hoc phat trien, canphai dupe xac dinh can than va khong dupe an nupsau tarn binh phong cua thu ngon ngir "khoa hoctra hinh" hoac viec loan hoc hoa qua dang nhungkhai niem kinh te don gian.

Tom tdt va ket luan

Trong chuong gicri thieu nay, chung la bitt daubing each dat ra mot cau hoi gia dinh la chiing tacd the thay dupe nhung gi va se phan ung nhu thenao ne'u chiing ta co the quan sat nhung dieu kiensong da dang tren trai dat nay Ta nhan thay nhungkhac biet ro ret trong muc song, trong do, cd thunhap, muc tieu diing, siic khoe va muc dinh duong,quy mo gia dinh va trinh dp hoc van deu ton taikhong chi giua nhung nude giau va nhung nudengheo tren loan the gioi, ma con giua nhung nhomnguoi giau va nguoi ngheo ngay trong mot nude.Dong thin, vice quan sat tir tren cao con cd thegiiip ta hieu dupe su phu thuoc Ian nhau giua cacquoc gia va cac dan toe tren loan the gioi, makhong mot mo la bang loi nao cd the lam dupe.

Tiep theo, chiing toi mo ta tinh chat, quy mb vanhung han che cua kinh te hoc truyen thong Ve coban, kinh te hoc truyen thong tap trung vao van de7 Muon khao sat ti mi hon ve vai tro ciia gia tri trongkinh te hoc ph.it trien, hay xem Gunnar Myrdal, ‘lirechallenge of world poverty, NewYork, 1970, ch 1