Giáo trình những quy định chung về luật dân sự - Chế Mỹ Phương Đài

Tir tuang nay da dirge the hienro trong BLDS tai Dieu 6 voi noi dung theo do “truang hop phatsinh quan he thuoc pham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat dan sir macac ben khong co thoa thuan, ph

G1A0 TRINH

BQ GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO TRUING DAI HOC LUATTHANH PH6 h6 CHf MINH

Dung cho chuung trinh dao tao cu" nhan dai hoc luat

Da phat hanh

Giao trinh

01 Bau cutrong nha nude phap quyen (Dung cho ca sau DH)

02 Cong phap quoc te Quyen 1

03 Cong phap quoc te - Quyen 2

04 Ky nang nghien cuu va lap luan

05 Ky thuat scan thao van ban

06 Nhufng quy dinh chung ve luat dan sU

07 Luat Hinh sUViet Nam - Phan chung

08 Luat Hinh sifViet Nam - Phan cac toi pham - Quyen 1

09 Luat Hinh SUViet Nam - Phan cac toi pham - Quyen 2

10 Luat Hon nhan & gia dinh Viet Nam

11 LuatDat dai

12 Luat Lao dong

13 LuatThue

14 Luat Ngan hang

15 LuatSa huu tri tue

16 Luat To tung dan sUViet Nam

17 Luat To tung hanh chinh Viet Nam

18 LuatTo tung hinh sUViet Nam

19 Luat Hanh chinh Viet Nam

20 Luat Hien phap Viet Nam

21 Luat Thuong mai quoc te - Phan I

22 Luat Thuong mai quoc te - Phan II

23 Lich sCr nha nude va phap luat the gidi

24 Lich sir nha nude va phap luat Viet Nam

25 Phap luat dai cuong

26 Phap luat ve hop dong va boi thudng thiet

hai ngoai hop dong

27 Phap luat ve tai san, quyen sd huru tai san

va quyen thira ke

28 Phap luat ve thuong mai hang hoa va dich vu

29 Phap luat ve canh tranh va giai quyet tranh chap thuong mai

30 Phap luat ve chu the kinh doanh

31 Tam ly hoc dai cUOng

32 Toi pham hoc

33.TU phap quoc te

34 Xa hoi hoc dai cuong

Tap bai giang

01 Dai cuong van hoa Viet Nam

02 Giam dinh phap y

03 Logic hoc

04 Ly luan ve nha nude

05 Ly luan ve ph£p luat

06 Lich sir van minh the gidi

07 Lich sdnha nude va phap luat Viet Nam

Sap phat hanh :

- GT Luat moi trudng

08 Lich sir nha nude va phap luat the gidi

09 Phap luat ve cong chOng luat sU

10 Phap luat thanh tra, khieu nai va to cao

11 Tin hoc dai cuong MOS - WORD

12 Tam ly hoc qu^n ly

A T line U AT TP HO CHI MINH

TRVONG DAI HOC LU Al

Chu bien:

ThS GVC Che My Phuong Dai va TS Nguyen Xuan Quang

Bien soan

Chuang IPGS TS Do Van Dai

Chuang IIThS GVC Che My Phuong Dai

Chuang III

TS Nguyen Xuan Quang

Chuang IV

TS Le Minh HungChuang V

TS Nguyen Ho Bich Hang

Chuang VI

TS Nguyen Ho Bich Hang va ThS Nguyen Truong Tin

Chuang VIIThS Nguyen Thanh Thu va ThS Nguyen Nhat Thanh

LCH NOI DAU

Nham muc dich nang cao chat luomg dao tao va cai tienphuong phap giang day doi voi chuong trinh dao tao cur nhanLuat tai Truong Dai hoc Luat TP Ho Chi Minh, Nha truongcho chinh ly va tai ban Giao trinh Nhung quy dinh chung ve luat dan sir.

Noi dung co ban cua Giao trinh bao gom: khai luan phapluat dan su Viet Nam; khai quat quan he phap luat dan su; canhan, phap nhan va cac chu the khac cua quan he phap luat dansu; dai dien; giao dich dan su; thoi han va thoi hieu

Giao trinh Nhung quy dinh chung ve luat dan su co the van

con khiem khuyet; mong ban doc gop y de lan xuat ban tai, Giaotrinh duoc hoan thien han

r ™ _

Thu tu, y kien dong gop xin duoc gui tai: Phong Dao tao,Truong Dai hoc Luat TP Ho Chi Minh, So 2, Nguyen TatThanh, Quan 4, TP Ho Chi Minh; Dien thoai: 028.39400.723 -028.37266.333

TRUONG DAI HOC LUAT TP HO CHI MINH• • •

MUC LUC

Chuang I: Khai luan phap luat dan su Viet Nam 5

Chuang 2: Khai quat quan he phap luat dan su 35

Chuang 3: Ca nhan - chu the cua quan he phap luat dan su 86

Chuang 4: Phap nhan va cac chu the khac trong quan he phap luat dan su 145

Chuang 5: Dai dien 238

Chuang 6: Giao dich dan su 275

Chuong 7: Thai han va thoi hieu 361

Tai lieu tham khao 398

CHU0NG 1

KHAI LU AN • • • •PHAP LUAT DAN SU VIET NAM

Phap luat dan sir Viet Nam thuoc he thong phap luat cuaViet Nam No la tong the cac quy dinh co tinh thong nhat, co moiquan he chat che va bo sung lan nhau trong linh vuc dan sir Cacquy dinh nay dieu chinh ung xu cua cac chu the va dieu naydugc the hien ro trong Dieu dau tien cua Bo luat Dan su (sau dayviet tat la BLDS) theo do “Bo luat nay quy dinh dia vi phap ly,chuan mire phap ly ve each ung xir cua ca nhan, phap nhan” Cacquy dinh cua phap luat dan su con dieu chinh “quyen, nghia vu

1 ) *

ve nhan than va tai san cua ca nhan, phap nhan trong cac quanhe” dan sir (Dieu 1 BLDS) Vi du, trong truerng hop A thoa thuanban cho B mot tai san thi phap luat dan su cho biet quyen va

nghia vu cua A doi vai B (nhir nghia vu giao tai san, quyen dugcnhan tien ban tai san) cung nhir quyen va nghia vu cua B doi vai

A (nhir quyen dirac nhan tai san, nghia vu thanh toan tien)

VIET NAM

F >

Doi tiromg dieu chinh cua phap luat noi chung la nhirng gitrong xa hoi cd the va can phai dugc dieu chinh bang phap luat.Nhu vay, doi tugng di£u chinh cua phap luat dan sir Viet Nam lanhirng gi trong xa hoi Viet Nam co the va c£n phai dugc di6uchinh bai phap luat dan su Viet Nam BLDS la bo phan quantrong nhSt cua phap luat dan sir Viet Nam, va tai Di£u 1, BLDSkhing dinh “Bq luat nay quy dinh dia vi phap ly, chuin muc

phap ly ve each ung xu cua ca nhan, phap nhan; quyen, nghia vu

ve nhan than va tai san cua ca nhan, phap nhan trong cac quan hedugc hinh thanh tren ca sa binh dang, tu do y chi, doc lap ve taisan va tu chiu trach nhiem (sau day goi chung la quan he dansu)” Tir quy dinh nay, chung ta thay phap luat dan su khong chidieu chinh nhung ung xu cua cac chu the ma con dieu chinh

1.1 Quan he tai san

Quan he tai san, doi tuong dieu chinh cua phap luat dan suViet Nam, la quan he giua cac chu the gan lien vai tai san, tuc laquan he giua cac chu the gan lien vai “vat, tien, giay ta co gia va

he ve dich chuyen tai san cua nguai chet sang chu the khac, quan 1

1 Nguyen Minh Tuan (chu bien), Binh luan khoa hoc BLDS, Nxb Tu phap

2014, tr.9.

he hop dong va quan he nghia vu ngoai hap dong nhu quan he

can cu phap luat, quan he lien quan den dugc led ve tai san khong

co can cu phap luat

Ve ban chat, quan he thuoc sir dieu chinh cua phap luat dansir dugc hinh thanh tren ca sa binh dang giua cac chu the Do do,

dat va yeu cau UBND cap chung nhan quyen su dung dat Quan

he giua ong A va UBND la mot quan he gan lien voi tai sannhung quan he nay khong chiu sir dieu chinh cua phap luat dan

X

su vi do la quan he quyen luc giua ca qu^n nha nuac va ong A

hinh anh cua mot ca nhan la mot dang quan he nay Vi du, theo

khoan 1 Dieu 32 BLDS, “ca nhan co quyen doi voi hinh anh cuaminh” va “viec su dung hinh anh cua nguoi khac vi muc dichthuong mai thi phai tra thu lao cho nguoi co hinh anh” (5 day,hinh anh cua mot ca nhan la mot yeu to nhan than nhung neu canhan co hinh anh dong y cho nguoi khac khai thac hinh anh cuaminh thi day la mot quan he chi gan voi yeu to nhan than cuamot chu the

Quan he nhan than co the la quan he khong lien quan toi taisan nhu quan he vo chong, quan he cha con Tuy nhien, quan henhan than co the lien quan den tai san Vi du, mot nguoi tao ra

1.3 Dac trung cua quan he tai san va quan he nhan than

Quan he nhan than va quan he tai san thuoc doi tuong dieuchinh cua phap luat dan su co nhung dac trung rieng cua no

Ve phia minh, quan he tai san la quan he ve led ich co the

tinh ra dirge bang tien, va ve nguyen tac, co the dirge chuyengiao tir chu the nay sang chu the khac Chang han, A ban cho Bmot tai san va day la mot quan he tai san chiu sir dieu chinh cua

•» * *

phap luat dan sir Quan he nay co the tri gia dirge bang tien va cothe chuyen giao cho nguoi khac

Tuy nhien, sir khac biet tren cung can dugc tuong doi hoa

vi co nhung quan he mang tinh tai san khong dugc chuyen giao

9 9 9 9 9 ?

quyen cong bo tac pham co the dugc chuyen giao Cu the, theokhoan 3 Dieu 19 va Dieu 41 Luat So huu tri tue, “Quyen nhanthan bao gom cac quyen sau day: Cong bo tac phim hoac chophep nguoi khac cong bo tac pham” va “To chuc, ca nhan dugcchuyen giao mot, mot so hoac toan bo cac quyen quy dinh taiDieu 20 va khoan 3 Dieu 19 cua Luat nay theo thoa thuan tronghgp dong la chu so huu quyen tac gia”

2 PHUONG PHAP DIEU CHINH CUA PHAP LUAT DAN

Phuong phap dieu chinh la each thuc ma phap luat su dung

2.2 Noi dung phuong phap dieu chinh cua phap luat dan su

Phuong phap dieu chinh dac trung cua phap luat dan su la

Tuang tu, theo khoan 1 Dieu 433 BLDS, “gia, phuangthuc thanh toan do cac ben thoa thuan hoac do nguai thu ba xacdinh theo yeu can cua cac ben” 6 day, trong quan he mua ban,

phap luat dua ra cac quy dinh mang tinh bat buoc de bao dam

“cong bang, trat tu an toan phap luat cua doi song dan su”2

Chang han, “Ca nhan co quyen lap di chuc de dinh doat tai

X „ *san cua minh” (Dieu 609 BLDS) Dieu do co nghia la ca nhan cothe lam di chuc de chuyen giao tai san cua minh cho nguai khactheo y chi cua ho, ho dugc dinh doat mot phan hay toan bo taisan cua ho cho nguai khac, ho dugc lua chgn nguai ma hgmuon Tuy nhien, tu do y chi nay cua ca nhan khong tuyet doi.Bod le, theo Dieu 644 BLDS, ca nhan khong the chuyen toan bo

2 H qc vien Tir phap, Giao trinh Luqt dan s\r, Nxb Cong an nhan dan, 2007,

tr 48.

tai san cua minh cho ngudi khac thong qua di chuc neu ho co

“con chua thanh nien, cha, me, vo, chong” va “con da thanh nien

ma khong co kha nang lao dong” Nhung nguoi nay phai dugchudmg mot phan di san va dieu nay do phap luat dan su ap dat va

3 “Doi tuong dieu chinh cua Luat Hinh su co dac trung la quan he phat sinh

giua Nha nude va nguai pham toi khi co viec thuc hi?n tpi pham Day la moi

quan he giua hai chu the co su bat binh dang ve dia vi phap ly nen phuong phap dieu chinh cua Luat Hinh su cung phan anh dac trung cua moi quan he

ay Do la phuong phap quyen uy ” (Truong Dai hpc Luat TP Ho Chi Minh,

Gido trinh da ddn, tr 17).

Vi la cac nguyen tic xu sir co ban co hieu luc bao trum nendoi vai nhung thuoc pham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat dan sunhimg chira co quy dinh cu the thi cac nguyen tac ca ban cuaphap luat dan sir se dugc ap dung Tir tuang nay da dirge the hien

ro trong BLDS tai Dieu 6 voi noi dung theo do “truang hop phatsinh quan he thuoc pham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat dan sir macac ben khong co thoa thuan, phap luat khong co quy dinh vakhong co tap quan dugc ap dung thi ap dung quy dinh cua phap

<9

luat dieu chinh quan he dan sir tuang tir Truong hap khong the

ap dung tuang tu phap luat theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu naythi ap dung cac nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat dan su”

Vi the cua nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat dan su da dugccung cd trong BLDS Cu the, Dieu 3 BLDS co tieu de Cac

nguyen tac ca ban cua phap luat dan sir va Dieu 4 BLDS da

khang dinh “luat khac co lien quan dieu chinh quan he dan sirtrong cac ITnh vuc cu the khong dugc trai voi cac nguyen tic coban cua phap luat dan sir quy dinh tai Dieu 3 cua Bo luat nay”(khoan 2) va “truang hgp luat khac co lien quan khong quy dinhhoac co quy dinh nhung vi pham khoan 2 Dieu nay thi quy dinhcua Bo luat nay dugc ap dung” (khoan 3)

Viet Nam

* Nguyen tac binh dang: Binh dang la mot nguyen tac hiendinh dugc the hien tai khoan 1 Dieu 16 Hiiri phap nam 2013 voinoi dung “Moi ngudi deu binh ding truac phap luat” Phap luatdan sir cung ghi nhan binh dang nhu mot nguyen tic quan tronghang dau va tai khoan dau tien cua dieu luat vl Cac nguyen tdc

ca ban cua phap luat dan sir, chung ta da thay BLDS khang dinh

“moi ca nhan phap nhan deu binh dang, khong dugc lay bat ky

ly do nao de phan biet doi xu; dugc phap luat bao ho nhu nhau

ve cac quyen nhan than va tai san” (khoan 1 Dieu 3)

Voi nguyen tac neu tren, cac chu the binh dang trong viec

co quyen va co nghia vu Vi du, khi quyen dan su cua ca nhan,phap nhan bi xam pham thi chu the do co quyen tu bao ve hoac

yeu cau co quan, to chuc co tham quyen bao ve (Dieu 11 BLDS)

O day, quyen dugc bao ve dugc ghi nhan cho cac chu the la nhunhau Tuong tu nhu vay ve nghia vu Chang han, theo khoan 1

Thue te, nguyen tac binh dang da dugc cu the hoa trongnhiSu quy dinh cua BLDS Ngoai quy dinh neu tren, chung ta cothe vien dan them quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 651 BLDS voi noi

591 BLDS, “nguoi chiu trach nhiem boi thuong trong truonghgp tinh mang cua nguoi khac bi xam pham phai boi thuongthiet hai theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Di£u nay va mot khoan tienkhac de bu dip ton that vi tinh thin cho nhung nguoi than thich

thuoc hang thira ke thu* nhat cua nguai bi thiet hai” 6 day,

BLDS chi cho biet nhung ngirai than thich thuoc hang thira kethu nhat dirge boi thuang ton that tinh than nhung khong noi romuc boi thuemg cho timg ngirai la bao nhieu Do do, khi khong

hgp vai phuang phap dieu chinh dac tnmg cua phap luat dan sir la

de cac chu the tu quyet dinh, tu dinh doat trong ung xu, quan he

cua minh Cu the, theo khoan 2 Dieu 3 BLDS, “ca nhan, phapnhan xac lap, thuc hien, cham dirt quyen, nghia vu dan su cua

F

minh tren ca sa tu do, tu nguyen cam ket, thoa thuan”

So voi BLDS nam 2005, BLDS nam 2015 da cung co

ket, tu do thoa thuan cua cac chu the bang each thay cum tir

“dieu cam cua phap luat” bang “dieu cam cua luat” Nhu vay, chi

co Bq luat va Luat (van ban do Qu6c hoi ban hanh) moi gioi handugc tu do cam ket, tu do thoa thuan cua cac chu thi

Nguyen tac tren con the hien o cho mot khi cam ket, thoathuan duoc hinh thanh tren co so tu do va hop phap thi cac cam

F

* Nguyen tac thien chi, trung thuc: Trong quan he dan su,

cac chu the phai thien chi, trung thuc va day la mot nguyen tac

co ban cua phap luat dan su Cu the, theo khoan 3 Dieu 3 BLDS

%

duoc ap dung cho “xac lap, thuc hien” quyen, nghTa vu dan su,con trong BLDS nam 2015, chung ta thay nguyen tac nay ap

F *

dung cho ca giai doan “cham dut” quyen, nghTa vu dan su

Trong qua trinh xay dung phap luat, nguyen tac thien chi,trung thuc duoc cu the hoa o nhieu quy dinh cua phap luat dan

su Vi du, khi nguoi co nghTa vu vi pham nghTa vu, BLDS khang

362) va day chinh la quy dinh the hien nguyen tac thien chi trongmoi quan he giua nguoi co quyen va nguoi co nghia vu tronggiai doan nghia vu khong duoc thuc hien dung Tuomg tu, theoDieu 127 BLDS, “khi mot ben tham gia giao dich dan su do bilira doi thi co quyen yeu cau Toa an tuyen bo giao dich dan su do

la vo hieu” Quy dinh nay la mot dang cu the hoa nguyen tactrung thuc trong giao dich dan su

z

Trong thuc te, thien chi va trung thuc thuorng xuyen duocvan dung de dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi thuoc pham vi dieuchinh cua phap luat dan su Chang han, khi mot ben trong hopdong sua doi noi dung cua du thao hop dong thi phai noi cho

doi tac cua minh truoc khi cimg nhau xac lap hop dong chinhthuc Neu ben thay doi noi dung khong thong bao cho doi tacthi bi coi la khong thien chi, trung thuc Tuomg tu, khi A thue Btrong coi tai san trong mot thoi han nhung khi het thoi han ma

A khong den lay tai san thi nguyen tac thien chi huong B tai

viec tiep tuc trong coi tai san cua A de tai san nay khong bi hu

9

hong hay bi mat

* Nguyen tac ton trong loi ich hap phap cua nguoi khac:Ben canh cac nguyen tac neu tren, BLDS con ghi nhan them

Nguyen tac tren dugc cu the hoa trong nhieu quy dinh cua

ddi, tang cho tai san the chap”

Tuorng tu nhu vay, theo khoan 2 Dieu 124 BLDS, “trudmghgp xac lap giao dich dan su gia tao nham tron tranh nghTa vuvai nguai thu ba thi giao dich dan su do vo hieu” Day cung

*nhieu quy dinh cua phap luat dan su Vi du, theo khoan 1 Dieu

351 BLDS, “ben co nghia vu ma vi pham nghTa vu thi phai chiutrach nhiem dan su ddi vai ben co quyen” trong do co trachnhiem “tidp tuc thuc hien nghTa vu” (Dieu 352 BLDS), “tra laiddi vai sd tidn cham tra tuorng ung vai thai gian cham tra”(khoan 1 Dieu 357 BLDS)

4 nguOn dieu chinh cua phap luat dan sir VIET NAM

Phap luat la nhung quy dinh va cau hoi “nhung quy dinhnay duoc tim thay o dau” chinh la van de nguon cua phap luat Tu

do, chung ta co the hieu nguon cua phap luat dan su Viet Nam la

9

noi chung ta tim thay quy pham phap luat dan sir Viet Nam

Nhin mot each tong the, cac quy dinh trong he thong phap

(ca nhan, phap nhan), ve dai dien, ve tai san, ve giao dich dan su,

ve thoi han, thoi hieu va nhom thu hai la cac quy dinh cu the (ap

d goc do noi dung, trong he thong phap luat dan su Viet

Che dinh Ian thu hai trong he thong phap luat dan sir VietNam la nghia vu va hap dong Trong che dinh nay, co cac quydinh ve nghia vu (can cu phat sinh, thuc hien va trach nhiem do

vi pham nghia vu), cac quy dinh ve hap dong trong do co quydinh chung va quy dinh cho cac hop dong thong dung va cac quydinh ve boi thuang thiet hai ngoai hap dong Ngoai ra, ch6 dinhnay con co quy dinh ve thuc hien cong viec khong co uy quyen,chiem huu tai san va dugc led ve tai san khong co can cu phapluat, hua thuang

F

Che dinh lan thu ba trong phap luat dan su Viet Nam la

thua ke Che dinh nay bao gom cac qui pham dieu chinh cac van

de phat sinh trong qua trinh chuyen dich tai san cua nguoi chetcho nhung chu the khac theo di chuc hoac theo quy dinh cua

phap luat Tung che dinh trong phap luat dan su Viet Nam laidugc chia thanh cac phan nhd, cac che dinh nhd Vi du, trongphap luat dan su Viet Nam, chung ta co che dinh Ion la Hopdong (tuc “la su thoa thuan giua cac ben ve viec.xac lap, thay doi

f

tai san Tuang tu, trong phap luat dan su, chung ta co che dinhThua ke va trong chd dinh nay lai co cac nhdm nhd cac quy dinhnhu quy dinh ve di chuc, quy dinh ve thua ke theo phap luat

Nhu da neu d tren, ngudn cua phap luat dan su la naichung ta tim thay quy pham phap luat dan su Ngay nay, nguon

cua phap luat dan sir Viet Nam da dang, khong chi dan thuan lacac van ban quy pham phap luat va noi dung duai day se trinh

*

bay khai quat nhung loai nguon cua phdp luat dan sir Viet Nam

4.1 Nguon van ban

Viet Nam la nirac theo truyen thong phap luat thanh van vachung ta da co nhung van ban phap luat noi tieng nhir Bo luatHong Due (the ky thu 15) O nude ta, co the khang dinh “vanban quy pham phap luat la nguon pho bien nhat cua phap luathien nay, chung dieu chinh da phan cac quan he xa hoi”4 Tren

Hien phap la dao luat ca ban nhat cua he thong phap luat

va la nguon quan trong nhat trong he thong phap luat noi chung.Trong thuc te, Hien phap co nhieu quy dinh lien quan den phap

F

luat dan sir, tac dong rat Ion tai phap luat dan sir

Chang han, theo khoan 2 Dieu 14 Hien phap nam 2013,

“quyen con nguai, quyen cong dan chi co the bi han che theo quy

4 Pham Hong Thai va Dinh Van Mau, Ly luqn nha nirac va phap luat, Nxb.

Giao thong van tai 2009, tr.3 10.

dinh nay phai nam trong luat, tuc phai do van ban cua Quoc hoiquy dinh Vi du, theo khoan 2 Dieu 122 BLDS nam 2005, “Hinhthuc giao dich dan su la dieu kien co hieu luc cua giao dich trong

tricang hap phap luat cd quy dinh” Vai quy dinh nay, hinh thuc

cua giao dich do “phap luat” quy dinh nen do c6 the la van banduai luat Tuy nhien, BLDS nam 2015 da theo huang yeu cauhinh thuc bat buoc cho giao dich la gioi han tu do cua cac chuthe nen chi co luat (van ban cua Quoc hoi) mai dugc ap dat hinh

r

thuc bat buoc nen quy dinh tren da dugc sua thanh “Hinh thuccua giao dich dan su la dieu kien co hieu luc cua giao dich dan

su trong truang hap luat cd quy dinh” (khoan 2 Dieu 117).

Khoan 5 Dieu 31 Hien phap nam 2013 cung co the dugccoi la quy dinh quan trong trong linh vuc dan su Bai le, dieukhoan nay quy dinh “nguai bi bat, tarn giu, tarn giam, khoi to,dieu tra, truy to, xet xu, thi hanh an trai phap luat co quyen dugcboi thuong thiet hai ve vat chat, tinh than va phuc hoi danh du”

VS bo cue, BLDS nam 2005 co 07 phan con BLDS nam

2015 chi con 06 phln Cu the, nhung phdn dugc giu lai la Phan

thu nhat ve Nhicng quy dinh chung (tra thanh Quy dinh chungtrong BLDS nam 2015), Phan thu hai ve Tai san va Quyen sa

dan su (tra thanh Nghia vu va Hap dong trong BLDS nam 2015),

Phan thu tu ve Thica ke (dugc giu nguyen trong BLDS nam

dan su co yeu to nuac ngoai) Hai phan sau day cua BLDS nam

2005 khong dugc giu lai trong BLDS nam 2015 la Phan thu nam

trong mot nghi quyet rieng cua Quoc hoi)

Ve do anh huang, BLDS dugc coi “la luat chung dieu

phap ly ve each ung xu cua ca nhan, phap nhan; quyen, nghia vu

ve nhan than va tai san cua ca nhan, phap nhan” (Dieu 1 BLDS)

X

Ve pham vi, BLDS dugc ap dung khong chi cho quan he dan su

thuan tuy nhu thua ke, hon nhan va gia dinh ma con ap dung cho

ca cac quan he lao dong, quan he kinh doanh, thuong mai, hanghai, hang khong (Dieu 1 BLDS)

Ben canh BLDS, chung ta con nhieu van ban khac cuaQuoc hgi chua dung quy dinh cua phap luat dan su Do la Luat

Dat dai voi nhung quy dinh ve quyen su dung dat, tai san gan

Van ban duoi luat co the la van ban do Uy ban thuong vuQu6c hoi ban hanh va Phap lenh v£ quan ly ngoai hoi la mot vi

du ve van ban duoi luat - Phap lenh co quy dinh dieu chinh van

de dan su ChSng han, theo Di£u 22 Phap lenh v8 quan ly ngoai

hoi (sua doi nam 2013), “tren lanh tho Viet Nam, moi giao dich,thanh toan, niem yet, quang cao, bao gia, dinh gia, ghi gia tronghop dong, thoa thuan va cac hinh thuc tuong tu khac cua nguoicur tru, nguoi khong cur tru khong dirge thuc hien bang ngoai hoi,trir cac truong hop dirge phep theo quy dinh cua Ngan hang Nhanude Viet Nam”.

F X

Ben canh phap lenh, chung ta con thay nhieu nghi dinh,thong tu lien nganh, nghi quyet cua Hoi dong tham phan Toa annhan dan toi cao huong dan ap dung BLDS nam 1995, BLDSnam 2015 Tuy nhien, tu khi co BLDS nam 2015, chung ta chua

uoc quoc te, BLDS nam 2015 da cd quy dinh kha cu the la

“truong hgp cd sir khac nhau giua quy dinh cua Bo luat nay vadieu uoc quoc te ma Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la

thanh vien ve cung mot van de thi ap dung quy dinh cua dieu uoc

quoc te” (khoan 4 Dieu 4) va “truang hap dieu uac quoc te maCong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam la thanh vien co quy dinh

ve quyen va nghia vu cua cac ben tham gia quan he dan sir co

Ngu6n thuc tien dAu tien dang luu y la tap quan Rat nhieuluat ghi nhan vai tro cua tap quan nhung khong dua ra khai niem

tap quan va Nghi quyet so 04/2005/NQ-HDTP ngay 17-9-2005cua Hoi dong Tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao xac dinh “tapquan la thoi quen da thanh nep trong doi song xa hoi, trong san

xuat va sinh hoat thuong ngay, duoc cong dong nod co tap quan

do thua nhan va lam theo nhu mot quy uoc chung cua congdong” Ke thua quy dinh vua neu, khoan 1 Dieu 5 BLDS nam

2015 dinh nghia “Tap quan la quy tac xu su co noi dung ro rang

de xac dinh quyen, nghia vu cua ca nhan, phap nhan trong quan

he dan su cu the, duoc hinh thanh va lap di lap lai nhieu lan trongmot thoi gian dai, duoc thua nhan va ap dung rong rai trong motvung, mien, dan toe, cong dong dan cu hoac trong mot linh vucdan su”

Trong qua khu, tap quan la nguon quan trong dieu chinhcac van de phat sinh trong doi song va duoc coi la “hinh thucphap luat co dien nhat”5 nhung, truoc su phat trien cua nguon

do co nghia la tap quan chi tro thanh tap quan phap khi dap ungduoc mot so dieu kien nhat dinh va khong phai tap quan naocung duoc su dung de dieu chinh cac van de phat sinh trong doisong dan su

5 Tnrorng Dai hpc Luat Ha Noi, Giao trinh Ly luan nha nirac va phap luat,

Nxb Cong an nhan dan 2013, tr 115.

Nhu vay, dieu luat tren da ghi nhan vai tro cua tap quan va

khong dugc coi la chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong, trirtruang hgp co thoa thuan hoac theo thoi quen da duac xac lap giua cac ben'\

Nhu vay, cung nhu tap quan, thoi quen dugc hinh thanh

tu thuc tien va co the la nguon dieu chinh mot so van de thuocpham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat dan su Tuy nhien, can luu y

la thoi quen va tap quan co dieu kien ap dung khac nhau (theo

6 Nguyen Minh Tuan (chu bien), Binh luan khoa hoc BLDS, Nxb Tir phap

2014, tr.5.

cac quy dinh tren) va thoi quen, tap quan la hai khai niemkhong dirge nham lan: So vai tap quan, thoi quen co diem

chung la deu xuat phat tir thuc tien nhung thoi quen khac tapquan a cho thoi quen chi ton tai “giua cac ben” con tap quanton tai trong “cong dong”

Tuy nhien, phai thira nhan rang pham vi dieu chinh cuadao due xa hoi tuong doi hep Trong BLDS, chung ta thay dao

7 Vi du, trong Quyet dinh so 459/2009/DS-GDT ngay 25-9-2009, Toa dan sir Toa an nhan dan toi cao da xet rang “cac ben deu thira nhan di san cua cu

Con, cu Bay de lai cho 6 dong thira ke dirge huong, nhung ong Hon da cd tinh

khong moi ba Gai va cac thira k£ the vj cua ong Trir tham gia, nhung lai xac

dinh chi co 4 nguai dugc thira ke di san la viec lam gian doi, da vi pham nghiem trgng dao dire xa hgi, vi pham phap luat".

due xa hoi chi dugc su dung trong mot so hoan canh nhu dugc

su dung lam khung phap ly khong cho phep giao dich dugcvugt qua: Theo khoan 2 Dieu 3 BLDS, “moi cam k£t, thoa

x F

thuan khong vi pham dieu cam cua luat, khong trai dao due xahoi co hieu lire thuc hien doi voi cac ben va phai dugc chu thekhac ton trgng”

2015 co giai thich them khai niem an le theo huong “an le dugc

f

Toa an nghien cuu, ap dung trong giai quyet vu viec dan su khi

da dugc Hoi dong Tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao lira chgn

va dugc Chanh an Toa an nhan dan toi cao cong bo” (khoan 3Dieu 45) Nhu vay, an le da tro thanh nguon cua phap luat dan su(tat nhien chi la nguon bo sung) va day la mot su tien bo8

Vi du, khi nguoi Viet Nam dinh cu o nuoc ngoai (Viet

theo do, neu gia tri bat dong san hien nay 1dm horn so tien Viet

* *

kieu dau tu, khoan gia tri chenh lenh nay dirge chia cho nguoinho dung ten gium va nguoi dung ten gium theo cong sue dongg6p (khong xac dinh dugc cong sue dong gop thi chia doi).Huong giai quyet dugc hinh thanh trong thuc tien xet xu nhu vuaneu dan dan dugc ghi nhan o Viet Nam Trong thuc te, huomggiai quyet trong thuc tien xet xu dugc quan tarn nhieu va da tro

Ap dung tuomg tu quy dinh cua phap luat co the dugc coi

la mot loai nguon dieu chinh cac van de phap ly Do la viec vandung quy dinh cua phap luat dugc xac lap doi voi mot hoan canh

cu the cho mot hoan canh tuomg tu nhung chua co giai phap rorang Ky thuat ap dung quy dinh tuomg tu cua phap luat la canthiet vi phap luat khong the du lieu dugc het moi tinh huong xay

9 Cu the, lien quan den viec ba Thanh (Viet kieu) nho nguoi trong nude la dng Tam dung ten gium mot bat dong san, An le s6 02/2016/AL da khing dinh

“Tuy ba Thanh la nguoi bo 21,99 chi vang de chuyen nhuang ddt (tuomg duang khoang 27.047.700 dong) Nhung gidy to chuyen nhuang dung ten dng Tam va sau khi nhan chuyen nhirang dng Tam quan ly dat, sau do chuydn nhuang cho nguoi khac Nhu vqy, le ra phai xac dinh dng Tam co cong sue

trong viec bdo quan, giu gin, ton tao lam tang gid tri dat nen phai xac dinh sd tien tren (sau khi trie tidn goc tirang duang 21,99 chi vang ciia ba Thanh) la

lai nhuan chung ciia ba Thanh va dng Tam Dong thai xac dinh cong sue cua dng Tam de chia cho dng Tam mot phan tuang irng vai cong sue ciia dng mai diing va dam bdo quyen l<ji ciia cac duang su (Truong'hap khong xac dinh

dugc chinh xac cong sue cua dng Tam thi phai xac dinh ba Thanh, dng Tam

co cong sue ngang nhau de chia).H

ra trong doi song va nhung hoan canh tuong tu nhau phai dirge

X

dieu chinh nhn nhau Chinh vi le do ma viec ap dung quy dinh

X F F

tuong tu cua phap luat kha pho bien tren the gioi

O Viet Nam, viec ap dung quy dinh tuong tu cua phap luat

Ngoai nhung truong hgp dac thu nhu vua neu, BLDS con

co quy dinh o pham vi dieu chinh rong horn Do la Dieu 3 BLDSnam 2005 theo do “trong truong hgp phap luat khong quy dinh

va cac ben khong cd thoa thuan thi co the ap dung tap quan; neukhong co tap quan thi ap dung quy dinh tuong tu cua phap luat.Tap quan va quy dinh tuong tu cua phap luat khong dugc trai voi

F

nhung nguyen tac quy dinh trong Bo luat nay” BLDS nam 2015

da ke thira quy dinh vira neu tai khoan 1 Dieu 6 von noi dung

X

“truong hgp phat sinh quan he thuoc pham vi dieu chinh cuaphap luat dan su ma cac ben khong co thoa thuan, phap luatkhong co quy dinh va khong co tap quan dugc ap dung thi apdung quy dinh cua phap luat dieu chinh quan he dan su tuongtu” Voi quy dinh vira neu, chung ta phai xac dinh dugc mot

hoan canh cu the (chua co quy dinh dieu chinh) la tuong tu voihoan canh da co quy dinh dieu chinh va viec xac dinh tuong tunay phu thuoc vao hoan canh thuc te Thue ra, xac dinh mot hoancanh cu the co tuong tu nhu hoan canh da duoc quy dinh doi khi

co tranh chap va neu co tranh chap ve van de tuong tu (haykhong tuong tu), co quan tai phan se ra quyet dinh

O mot so he thong phap luat, “le cong bang” hay thuyet

“cong binh” (equite trong tiSng Phap va equity trong tieng Anh)duoc ghi nhan de dieu chinh mot so van de phat sinh trong doi

song dan su (tuc nhu mot loai nguon cua phap luat) Chang han,

b Phap, le cong bang duoc su dung de bo sung, de dieu chinhquan he hop dong Trong to tung trong tai va to tung Toa an,

quy dinh cua phap luat bang le cong bang

6 Viet Nam, le cong bang da chinh thuc duoc ghi nhan voivai trb la mot nguon dieu chinh van de dan su Cu the, theokhoan 1 Dieu 6 BLDS, “trubng hop khong the ap dung tuong tuphap luat theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu nay thi ap dung cac

nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat dan su quy dinh tai Dieu 3 cua

Bo luat nay, an le, le cong bang” Thuc te, BLTTDS 2015 da lam

ro noi ham nay tai khoan 3 Dieu 45 voi noi dung “le cong bangduoc xac dinh tren co so le phai duoc moi ngubi trong xa hoithira nhan, phu hop voi nguyen tac nhan dao, khong thien vi va

binh dang ve quyen va nghia vu cua cac duong sir trong vu viecdan su do” Vi du, nguoi cha chet de lai mot can nha cho banguoi con va can nha nay khong the dune chia nhd nen se co motnguoi nhan bang hien vat va hai nguoi con lai nhan bang gia tri.

CAU HOI ON TAP

Cau 1: Cho biet cau true cua phap luat dan su Viet Nam

Cau 2: Cho biet cac doi tuong duoc phap luat dan su Viet Nam

X

dieu chinh

Cau 3: Cho biet phuong phap dieu chinh cua phap luat dan suViet Nam

Cau 4: Nguyen tic co ban cua phap luat dan su Viet Nam.

Cau 5: Cho biet cac loai ngudn cua phap luat dan su Viet Nam

CHtfONG 2

Trong dai song xa hoi, con nguai luon tham gia vao nhung

9 ■ >

chuc den phong tuc, tap quan, cac tin dieu ton giao Moi loaiquy pham xa hoi deu co hieu qua khac nhau khi tac dong den cacquan he xa hoi, nhung trong so do cac quy pham phap luat co 1

1 Mdc-Angghen loan tqp, tap 2, Nxb S\r th£t, 04/1971,trang 492.

hieu qua dac biet Hieu qua dac biet cua quy pham phap luat

f

nghia vu phap ly nhat dinh cung nhu trach nhiem ap dung chomoi ben khi co hanh vi vi pham quyen va Igi ich hgp phap cuaben kia Tuy nhien, cac quyen va nghia vu phap ly nay chi dugc

2 Giao trinh Ly luan nha nicac vaphap luat - DH Luat Ha Noi, Nxb Cong an nhan dan, nam 2015, tr 125.

duai tac dong dieu chinh cua cac quy pham phap luat”3 nen khiquan he phap luat dan sir phat sinh, cac quan he tai san va quan

he nhan than khong “mat” di ma cac quan he nay ton tai duaihinh thuc la cac quan he phap luat dan sir Cac quy pham phapluat dan su quy dinh cho cac chu the tham gia quan he tai san vaquan he nhan than dugc huong quyen dan su, dugc thuc hien

che cua nguai lam luat dan den viec khong du lieu dugc het

3 Gido trinh Ly luqn chung ve nha nuac va phap luat - Khoa Luat Truong DH

Tong hgp Ha Noi, nam 1993, tr 389.

cac quan he xa hoi can thiet phai dieu chinh bang phap luat dan

su Tinh trang nay da tao ra nhung “16 hong” trong phap luat

trong vong “mot sum, mot chieu” Trong khi do, phap luat dan

su lai quy dinh ro: “(7 nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam, cac quyen dan su duorc cong nhan, ton trong, bao ve vd bao dam theo Hien phap vd phap luat ” (Dieu 2 BLDS nam

» X

2015), “Tda an, ca quan cd tham quyen khac co trach nhiem ton trong, bao ve quyen dan su cua cd nhan, phap nhan ” vakhang dinh “Tda an khong dugc tic choi giai quyet vu, viec dan

su vi ly do chua co dieu luat de dp dung; ” (Dieu 14 BLDS nam

2015) Giai phap de giai quyet tinh trang nay da dugc BLDSnam 2015 huong dan giai quyet tai cac Dieu 5 (ap dung tap

X

quan) va Dieu 6 (ap dung tuung tu phap luat)

Nhu vay, cac quan he dan su khong chi dugc cac quy pham

bang viec ap dung quy dinh cua phap luat dieu chinh quan he dan

su tuung tu, ap dung cac nguyen tac co ban cua phap luat dan su,

ap dung an le va le cong bing Vi vay, khai niem quan he phap

X X

luat dan su co the duoc hieu nhu sau:• • •

Quan he phap luat dan su la nhung quan he xa hoi phatsinh tu nhung Igi fch vat chit, Igi ich nhan than dugc cac quy

X x

pham phap luat dan su va cac loai nguon khac dieu chinh, trong

do cac ben tham gia binh ding vi mat phap ly, quyen va nghia