JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) VIETNAM RAILWAYS (VR) STUDY FOR THE FORMULATION OF HIGH SPEED RAILWAY PROJECTS ON HANOI – VINH AND HO CHI MINH – NHA TRANG SECTION FINAL REPORT VOLUME I DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAYS JUNE 2013 REPORT

Kinh Tế - Quản Lý - Công Nghệ Thông Tin, it, phầm mềm, website, web, mobile app, trí tuệ nhân tạo, blockchain, AI, machine learning - Điện - Điện tử - Viễn thông JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) VIETNAM RAILWAYS (VR) STUDY FOR THE FORMULATION OF HIGH SPEED RAILWAY PROJECTS ON HANOI – VINH AND HO CHI MINH – NHA TRANG SECTION FINAL REPORT VOLUME I DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAYS June 2013 ALMEC CORPORATION JAPAN INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS FOR TRANSPORTATION CO., LTD. ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. JAPAN TRANSPORTATION CONSULTANTS, INC. Exchange rate used in the Report USD 1 = JPY 78 = VND 21,000 (Based on rate on November 2011) PREFACE In response to the request from the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Study for the Formulation of High Speed Railway Projects on Hanoi – Vinh and Ho Chi Minh – Nha Trang Section and entrusted the program to the Japan International cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA dispatched a team to Vietnam between April 2011 and June 2013, which was headed by Mr. IWATA Shizuo of ALMEC Corporation and consisted of ALMEC Corporation, Japan International Consultants for Transportation Co., Ltd., Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd., Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. and Japan Transportation Consultants, Inc. In the cooperation with the Vietnamese Counterpart Team including the Ministry of Transport and Vietnam Railways, the JICA Study Team conducted the study which includes traffic demand analysis, natural and socio-economic conditions, alignment planning, consideration of various options including the upgrading of existing railway, technical standards for high speed railway, implementation schedule and institutions, and human resource development. It also held a series of discussions with the relevant officials of the Government of Vietnam. Upon returning to Japan, the Team duly finalized the study and delivered this report in June 2013. Reflecting on the history of railway development in Japan, it is noted that Japan has indeed a great deal of experience in the planning, construction, operation, etc., and it is deemed that such experiences will greatly contribute to the railway development in Vietnam. JICA is willing to provide further cooperation to Vietnam to achieve sustainable development of railway sector and to enhance friendly relationship between the two countries. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the sustainable development of transport system in Vietnam and to the enhancement of friendly relations between the two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials of the Government of Vietnam for their close cooperation. June 2013 Kazuki Miura Director, Economic Infrastructure Department Japan International Cooperation Agency iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Study Implementation........................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3 Structure of the Final Report ................................................................................................ 1-9 2 REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUAION AND FUTURE TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT DIRECTION FOR NORTH – SOUTH CORRIDOR 2.1 Natural Conditions ............................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Socio-economic Conditions.................................................................................................. 2-6 2.3 Current Transportation Network and Services along North-South Corridor........................ 2-12 2.4 Overall Traffic Demand and Characteristics ....................................................................... 2-21 2.5 Current Government Policy and Plan ................................................................................. 2-33 3 CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE EXISTING NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAY LINE 3.1 Existing Conditions of the North-South Railway ................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Main Bottlenecks in Existing Railway ................................................................................... 3-7 3.3 Opportunities and Constraints to Improvement of Existing Line ......................................... 3-14 3.4 Alternative Improvements for the North-South Railway Line .............................................. 3-22 4 ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO FOR NORTH-SOUTH RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT 4.1 Review of Alternative Scenarios discussed in National Assembly ........................................ 4-1 4.2 Traffic Demand Analysis....................................................................................................... 4-5 4.3 Preliminary Economic Evaluation of North-South Railway Development ........................... 4-26 5 ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF HSR SYSTEM AND TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Review of High-Speed Railway Technologies in the World .................................................. 5-1 5.2 Comparison of High-Speed Railway Technologies and Subsystem ................................... 5-29 5.3 Selection of Appropriate System Technologies for HSR in Vietnam ................................... 5-87 6 IMPLEMENTATION DIRECTIONS AND KEY AREAS FOR CONSIDERATIONS 6.1 Proposed Overall Roadmap for HSR Development ............................................................. 6-1 6.2 HSR Initial Section ............................................................................................................... 6-4 6.3 Operation and Management Organization ......................................................................... 6-13 6.4 Human Resource Development ......................................................................................... 6-39 6.5 Funding Options ................................................................................................................. 6-59 6.6 Necessary Institutions and Legislation for Introducing High Speed Railway ...................... 6-71 6.7 The Nature of Railway Industry and How to Raise Supporting Industries .......................... 6-78 6.8 Environmental and Social Considerations .......................................................................... 6-79 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS iv APPENDIX APPENDIX 5A Life Cycle for Each Track Structure APPENDIX 5B Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) Report APPENDIX 6A Existing Law and Standard Concerning to Railway Construction APPENDIX 6B Institutional Framework for Construction and Operation of Japan’s HSR APPENDIX 6C Current Institutional Situation of Vietnam Railway Project Implementation v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.2.1 Main Meetings held ..................................................................................................... 1-5 Table 1.2.2 List of Organizations Attended Stakeholder Meeting .................................................. 1-6 Table 1.2.3 Activities of Counterpart Study Tour ............................................................................ 1-8 Table 2.1.1 Characteristics of Climate Zones in Vietnam .............................................................. 2-2 Table 2.2.1 Historical Demographic Change in Vietnam ............................................................... 2-6 Table 2.2.2 Historical Demographic Change in Vietnam ............................................................... 2-6 Table 2.2.3 Development Indicators for Provinces along North – South Corridor ......................... 2-9 Table 2.2.4 Future Growth of Provinces ........................................................................................ 2-9 Table 2.2.5 Future Growth of Cities ............................................................................................. 2-11 Table 2.3.1 Transport Infrastructure of North-South Corridor ...................................................... 2-12 Table 2.3.2 Average Fare to Terminals ........................................................................................ 2-15 Table 2.3.3 Average Access Time to Terminal (minutes) ............................................................. 2-15 Table 2.3.4 List of Expressway Projects in the MOT Master Plan ............................................... 2-17 Table 2.3.5 CommittedOn-going Projects of Aviation Sector ...................................................... 2-19 Table 2.3.6 Proposed Projects of Aviation Sector........................................................................ 2-19 Table 2.4.1 Forecast Increase in Passenger and Freight Traffic ................................................. 2-21 Table 2.4.2 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (Baseline Scenario) 2030 ... 2-24 Table 2.4.3 Railway Traffic Demand by Line ............................................................................... 2-25 Table 2.4.4 Major OD Pairs of Railway Passenger Traffic (Hanoi–Saigon Line) ......................... 2-26 Table 2.4.5 Cross Section Passenger Traffic Volume of Hanoi–Saigon Line .............................. 2-28 Table 2.4.6 Freight Traffic Demand by Line ................................................................................. 2-28 Table 2.4.7 Major OD Pairs of Railway Cargo Traffic .................................................................. 2-29 Table 2.4.8 Cross Sectional Cargo Traffic Volume of Hanoi–Saigon Line .................................. 2-30 Table 2.4.9 Traffic Volume at Major Airports in Vietnam .............................................................. 2-30 Table 2.4.10 Summary of the Cargo Throughput of Ports in Vietnam (2007-2010) ...................... 2-32 Table 2.5.1 Transport Development Orientation up to 2020 ........................................................ 2-36 Table 2.5.2 Summary of Railway Transport Master Plan ............................................................ 2-37 Table 3.1.1 Profile of Existing Line ................................................................................................ 3-1 Table 3.2.1 Identified Main Problems of Existing Railways ........................................................... 3-7 Table 3.2.2 Distance between Stations and Characteristics of Curvature ................................... 3-13 Table 3.3.1 International Practices of Mixed Operation of Passenger and Freight Transport ..... 3-17 Table 3.4.1 Estimated Investment Cost of Alternative A2 ............................................................ 3-25 Table 3.4.2 Cost Breakdown of Alternative A2............................................................................. 3-25 Table 3.4.3 Estimated Investment Cost of Alternative B1............................................................ 3-28 Table 3.4.4 Cost Breakdown of Alternative B1 ............................................................................ 3-28 Table 3.4.5 Estimated Investment Cost of Alternative B2............................................................ 3-31 Table 3.4.6 Cost Breakdown of Alternative B2 ............................................................................ 3-31 Table 3.4.7 Summary of Four Alternatives (A1, A2, B1 and B2).................................................. 3-34 Table 3.4.8 Investment Cost of Improvement Plans of Existing Railway .................................... 3-35 Table 3.4.9 Passenger Demand related to Hue – Danang Section ............................................. 3-37 Table 4.1.1 Steps for Review and Reorganization of Alternative Scenario ................................... 4-2 Table 4.2.1 Load Factor of Car and Bus ........................................................................................ 4-7 Table 4.2.2 Assumed Gasoline Price for Car................................................................................. 4-8 Table 4.2.3 Assumed Fare for Public Transporation ..................................................................... 4-9 Table 4.2.4 Expressway Toll (per Passenger-distance) ................................................................. 4-9 Table 4.2.5 Waiting Time Obtained from Traffic Survey ................................................................ 4-9 vi Table 4.2.6 Assumed Time at Terminal ....................................................................................... 4-10 Table 4.2.7 Assumed Operating Condition by Mode ................................................................... 4-10 Table 4.2.8 Estimated Capacities of Transport Infrastructures .................................................... 4-11 Table 4.2.9 Estimated Capacities on North-South Corridor ......................................................... 4-11 Table 4.2.10 Modal Shares of Freight Transportation, 2008 and 2030 ......................................... 4-12 Table 4.2.11 Cross Sectional Freight Traffic Demand in 2030 ...................................................... 4-13 Table 4.2.12 Scenarios for Analysis ............................................................................................... 4-13 Table 4.2.13 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (A1, A2), 2030 .................... 4-15 Table 4.2.14 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (B1, B2), 2030 .................... 4-17 Table 4.2.15 Estimated Traffic Demand of Existing Railways ....................................................... 4-19 Table 4.2.16 Alternative Cases for Analysis .................................................................................. 4-20 Table 4.2.17 Impact of HSR on Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Corridor (A2 Case), 2030 .......................................................................................................................... 4-21 Table 4.2.18 Impact of HSR on Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Corridor (B1 Case), 2030 .......................................................................................................................... 4-23 Table 4.2.19 Estimated Railway Traffic Demand along the North-South Corridor, 2030............... 4-24 Table 4.3.1 Project Cost for Upgrading Existing Railway (for whole section)1........................... 4-27 Table 4.3.2 Assumed Cost for Rolling Stock................................................................................ 4-27 Table 4.3.3 Applied OM Costs ................................................................................................... 4-27 Table 4.3.4 Assumed Passenger Time Costs .............................................................................. 4-28 Table 4.3.5 Vehicle Operating Cost (US1000 km) .................................................................... 4-29 Table 4.3.6 Operating Cost by Air Transport................................................................................ 4-29 Table 4.3.7 Operating Cost by Transportation Mode (Economic Cost) ....................................... 4-29 Table 4.3.8 Assumed Investment Schedule for Railway Projects ............................................... 4-30 Table 5.1.1 High-Speed Railways in the World.............................................................................. 5-1 Table 5.1.2 Japan’s Shinkansen (High-Speed New Lines) ............................................................ 5-3 Table 5.1.3 Main Characteristics of TGV ....................................................................................... 5-8 Table 5.1.4 Main Characteristics of TGV Rolling Stock ............................................................... 5-10 Table 5.1.5 Main Characteristics of High-Speed Lines in Germany ............................................ 5-12 Table 5.1.6 Main Characteristics of ICE Rolling Stock ................................................................ 5-14 Table 5.1.7 Main Characteristics of Dirrettisima in Italy ............................................................... 5-15 Table 5.1.8 Main Characteristics of High-speed Train in Italy ..................................................... 5-16 Table 5.1.9 Main Characteristics of High-Speed Lines in Spain .................................................. 5-18 Table 5.1.10 Main Characteristics of AVE Avant Alvia Rolling Stock ......................................... 5-19 Table 5.1.11 KTX Construction Specifications ............................................................................... 5-21 Table 5.1.12 Outline of Electric Facility.......................................................................................... 5-21 Table 5.1.13 Basic Specifications of KTX ...................................................................................... 5-21 Table 5.1.14 Route Planning Data ................................................................................................. 5-23 Table 5.1.15 Outline of Electric Facility.......................................................................................... 5-24 Table 5.1.16 Basic Specifications of 700T ..................................................................................... 5-24 Table 5.1.17 High-Speed Railways Opened in China.................................................................... 5-25 Table 5.1.18 Design Standards for High-Speed Railways in China ............................................... 5-25 Table 5.1.19 List of Rolling Stock Performance used for Chinese High-Speed Railways ............. 5-28 Table 5.2.1 Traffic Volumes of High-Speed Rail .......................................................................... 5-30 Table 5.2.2 Comparison of Tunnel Fire Protection ...................................................................... 5-32 Table 5.2.3 Construction Specifications of TGV and Shinkansen ............................................... 5-34 Table 5.2.4 Construction Specification of Taiwan HSR, Korea HSR, TGV Atlantique, and ICE, and Italy ETR .................................................................................................................................... 5-35 vii Table 5.2.5 Maximum Rolling Stock’s Width in Typical HSR ....................................................... 5-38 Table 5.2.6 Comparison of HSR civil Structures .......................................................................... 5-39 Table 5.2.7 Main Technical Characteristics of Tracks for High Speed Railway in the World ....... 5-42 Table 5.2.8 New Stations in Top 5 Countries of HSR Infrastructure ............................................ 5-46 Table 5.2.9 Interchange HSR Station in Japan ............................................................................ 5-52 Table 5.2.10 A Comparison between Different Types of Cards .................................................... 5-53 Table 5.2.11 Merits and Demerits of Articulated Bogie System ..................................................... 5-58 Table 5.2.12 Merits and Demerits of Power Concentrated System and Power Distributed System . 5- 59 Table 5.2.13 Comparison of World High Speed Rolling Stock ....................................................... 5-60 Table 5.2.14 Signal Systems of Major High-Speed Railways in the World ................................... 5-61 Table 5.2.15 Train Radio Systems ................................................................................................. 5-67 Table 5.2.16 Level and Interval of Inspection of Rolling Stock in Germany (ICE), France (TGV) and Japan ........................................................................................................................ 5-75 Table 5.2.17 Maintenance of High Speed Rail Line in the World .................................................. 5-76 Table 5.2.18 Trend of Train Number in the Tokaido-Sanyo Shinkansen ....................................... 5-80 Table 5.2.19 Function Comparisons of the Operation Controlling System .................................... 5-86 Table 5.3.1 A Variety of Train Series of Shinkansen .................................................................... 5-90 Table 5.3.2 Comparison of Tunnel Fire Protection ...................................................................... 5-91 Table 5.3.3 Specifications for the Construction Standard of Vietnam High-Speed Railway ........ 5-93 Table 5.3.4 Number of BoardingAlighting Passengers at Different Stations in the Ngoc Hoi–Vinh Section ...................................................................................................................... 5-94 Table 5.3.5 Number of BoardingAlighting Passengers at Different Stations in the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section ........................................................................................................... 5-94 Table 5.3.6 StoppagePassage Patterns, Tohoku Shinkansen .................................................... 5-94 Table 5.3.7 Principle of StoppagePassage Patterns .................................................................. 5-95 Table 5.3.8 Stoppage Type B ....................................................................................................... 5-95 Table 5.3.9 Composition of a Shinkansen Train Set1 ................................................................. 5-95 Table 5.3.10 Brake Deceleration ................................................................................................... 5-96 Table 5.3.11 Passage Patterns throughout the Ngoc Hoi–Vinh Section ....................................... 5-96 Table 5.3.12 Two-Station Stoppage Patterns in the Ngoc Hoi–Vinh Section................................. 5-97 Table 5.3.13 Four-Station Stoppage Patterns in the Ngoc Hoi–Vinh Section ................................ 5-97 Table 5.3.14 Passage Patterns throughout the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section ........................... 5-97 Table 5.3.15 One-station Stoppage Patterns in the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section ..................... 5-97 Table 5.3.16 Two-station Stoppage Patterns in the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section ..................... 5-98 Table 5.3.17 Three-station Stoppage Patterns in the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section .................. 5-98 Table 5.3.18 Four-station Stoppage Patterns in the Nha Trang–Thu Thiem Section .................... 5-98 Table 5.3.19 Types and Performances of Slope-Protection Works for Embankments ................ 5-102 Table 5.3.20 Types and Performances of Slope-Protection Works for Cuttings ......................... 5-103 Table 5.3.21 Design Limit Values for Girder Deflection Based on Running Safety under Normal Conditions ................................................................................................................ 5-106 Table 5.3.22 Design Limit Values of Vertical Unevenness of Track Surface Based on Running Safety under Normal Conditions ............................................................................. 5-106 Table 5.3.23 Design Limit Values for Angular Rotation of Track Surface Based on Running Safety under Normal Conditions ........................................................................................ 5-106 Table 5.3.24 Limit Values for Differential Displacement of Track Surface during Earthquake .... 5-106 Table 5.3.25 Comparison of Tunnel Cross-Sectional Areas in Various Countries ....................... 5-109 Table 5.3.26 Features of Main Track Structures and Life Cycle Cost in Vietnam ........................ 5-111 viii Table 5.3.27 Management of Disadvantages of Ballast Track ..................................................... 5-111 Table 5.3.28 Proposed Track Structures for Various Type of Civil Structures ............................. 5-115 Table 5.3.29 Proposed Track Structure and Material Specifications ........................................... 5-118 Table 5.3.30 Characteristics of Main Turnouts and Their Proposed Application in Vietnam HSR5-119 Table 5.3.31 Basic Concepts, Requirements and Solutions of Vietnam High Speed Rolling Stock ................................................................................................................................ 5-124 Table 5.3.32 Basic Specification of Vietnam High Speed Rolling Stock ...................................... 5-124 Table 5.3.33 Maintenance System of Vietnam High Speed Rolling Stock .................................. 5-129 Table 5.3.34 Design Conditions for Optical Carrier Circuits ........................................................ 5-134 Table 5.3.35 Objects of the Centralized Monitoring System ........................................................ 5-136 Table 5.3.36 Voltage of the Overhead Contact Wire ................................................................... 5-139 Table 5.3.37 Unbalance Ratio and Fluctuation of Voltage ........................................................... 5-141 Table 5.3.38 Kind and Standard Tension of Messenger Wire and Contact Wire ......................... 5-143 Table 5.3.39 Kind and Standard Tension of Feeder..................................................................... 5-143 Table 5.3.40 Standard Spans ....................................................................................................... 5-144 Table 5.3.41 Level and Interval of Rolling Stock Inspection ........................................................ 5-147 Table 6.2.1 Length of Initial Section by Target Running Speed ..................................................... 6-6 Table 6.2.2 Outline of Candidate Initial Sections ........................................................................... 6-9 Table 6.2.3 Approximate Project Costs for Candidate Initial Sections (US million)................... 6-10 Table 6.2.4 Passenger Demand between Hanoi and Ha Nam .................................................... 6-11 Table 6.2.5 Estimate of Long Thanh Airport Traffic Demand, 2030 ............................................. 6-11 Table 6.3.1 Tokaido Shinkansen Personnel at Its Inauguration................................................... 6-21 Table 6.4.1 Main Technology Introduced to the Shinkansen and Needed Expertise .................. 6-41 Table 6.4.2 Number of Employees for Tests and Training ........................................................... 6-49 Table 6.4.3 Overseas Training Tours and Technological Training in Japan................................. 6-54 Table 6.4.4 Acquisition of Urban Railway (UMRT Line 1) Technologies and Initial Section Construction .............................................................................................................. 6-54 Table 6.4.5 Training at the Initial Section Training Center ........................................................... 6-54 Table 6.4.6 Training after HSR Initial Section .............................................................................. 6-54 Table 6.4.7 Formulation of Rules for Different Fields in the Shinkansen in Japan ...................... 6-56 Table 6.5.1 Responsibilities of Private and Public Sector in HSR Management ......................... 6-59 Table 6.5.3 Responsibilities in HSR Management ...................................................................... 6-68 Table 6.5.4 Risk Shares Before Completion ................................................................................ 6-69 Table 6.5.5 Risk Shares After Completion ................................................................................... 6-69 Table 6.5.6 Common Risk Shares ............................................................................................... 6-70 Table 6.6.1 Desirable Period of Institution Preparation ............................................................... 6-77 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1.1 Location of the NSHSR Project Sections and Neighboring Cities .............................. 1-2 Figure 1.2.1 Study Organization ...................................................................................................... 1-3 Figure 1.2.2 Overall Work Flow of the Study................................................................................... 1-4 Figure 2.1.1 Topographic Conditions of the North – South Corridor ............................................... 2-1 Figure 2.1.1 Annual Rainfall Distribution in Vietnam ....................................................................... 2-3 Figure 2.1.2 Proportion of Reported................................................................................................ 2-3 Figure 2.1.3 Distribution of Environmentally Sensitive Areas ......................................................... 2-5 Figure 2.2.1 Change in Population, Urbanization and GRDP ......................................................... 2-7 Figure 2.2.2 Distribution of Main Cities along North-South Corridor ............................................. 2-10 Figure 2.3.1 Spatial Structure and Transportation along the North – South Corridor ................... 2-13 Figure 2.3.2 Access Mode to Transportation Terminals ................................................................ 2-14 Figure 2.3.3 Comparative Evaluation of All Travel Modes ............................................................ 2-15 Figure 2.3.4 Identified Road and Road Transportation Projects up to 2030 (Expressway) .......... 2-16 Figure 2.3.5 Identified Air Transportation Projects up to 2030 ...................................................... 2-18 Figure 2.4.1 Passenger Traffic Demand Distribution, 2010 and 2030 .......................................... 2-22 Figure 2.4.2 Freight Traffic Demand Distribution, 2010 and 2030 ................................................ 2-22 Figure 2.4.3 Passenger Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Coastal Corridor, 2010 ..... 2-23 Figure 2.4.4 Freight Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Coastal Corridor, 2010 ........... 2-24 Figure 2.4.5 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (Baseline Scenario) 2030 ... 2-25 Figure 2.4.6 Trend of Top 5 Major Pasenger OD Pairs (Hanoi–Saigon Line) ............................... 2-26 Figure 2.4.7 No. of Passengers by Railway Station on Hanoi–Saigon Line, 2010 ....................... 2-27 Figure 2.4.8 Distribution of Passenger Trip Length on Hanoi – Saigon Line in 2010 ................... 2-27 Figure 2.4.9 Railway Cargo Handling Tonnage by Station, 2010.................................................. 2-29 Figure 2.4.10 Distribution of Railway Cargo Haulage (all Lines), 2010 .......................................... 2-30 Figure 2.4.11 Traffic Volume at Major Airports in Vietnam .............................................................. 2-31 Figure 2.4.12 No. of Annual Domestic Air Passenger by Operating Company............................... 2-31 Figure 3.1.1 Examples of Current Situation of Existing Railway ..................................................... 3-5 Figure 3.2.1 Locations of Bottlenecks ............................................................................................. 3-8 Figure 3.2.2 Realignment Plan Map of Hai Van Pass ................................................................... 3-10 Figure 3.2.3 Realignment Sketch Plan of Hai Van Pass ............................................................... 3-10 Figure 3.2.4 Realignment Plan of Khe Net Pass........................................................................... 3-11 Figure 3.2.5 Hoa Duyet – Thanh Luyen Section Upgrade Project ................................................ 3-12 Figure 3.2.6 Switchback Sections in Danang and Nha Trang ....................................................... 3-13 Figure 3.3.1 Dual Gauge (Photo) .................................................................................................. 3-15 Figure 3.3.2 Japanese Experiences of Gauge Conversion .......................................................... 3-15 Figure 3.3.3 Track Layout of Dual Gauge ..................................................................................... 3-16 Figure 3.3.4 Passenger and Freight Train Operation Diagram ..................................................... 3-21 Figure 3.4.1 Image of Option A1 ................................................................................................... 3-23 Figure 3.4.2 Image of Option A2 ................................................................................................... 3-26 Figure 3.4.3 Image of Option B1 ................................................................................................... 3-29 Figure 3.4.4 Image of Option B2 ................................................................................................... 3-33 Figure 4.2.1 Flow of Traffic Demand Analysis (Passenger) ............................................................ 4-5 Figure 4.2.2 New Zones for Target Area ......................................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4.2.3 “Do Something” Network............................................................................................. 4-8 Figure 4.2.4 Cross Sectional Freight Demand on North South Corridor (2010) ........................... 4-12 Figure 4.2.5 Cross Sectional Freight Demand on North South Corridor (2030) ........................... 4-12 x Figure 4.2.6 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (A1, A2), 2030 .................... 4-16 Figure 4.2.7 Estimated Traffic Demand along North South Corridor (B1, B2), 2030 .................... 4-18 Figure 4.2.8 Demand Supply Gap of Existing Railway (no. of trainsdayboth directions): Passener and Freight (Service Level of Existing Railway is A2)............................................... 4-19 Figure 4.2.9 Impact of HSR on Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Corridor (A2 Case), 2030 .......................................................................................................................... 4-22 Figure 4.2.10 Impact of HSR on Traffic Demand by Mode along North-South Corridor (B1 Case), 2030 .......................................................................................................................... 4-23 Figure 4.3.1 Basic Framework of Economic Evaluation ............................................................... 4-26 Figure 5.1.1 Network of Japan’s Shinkansen .................................................................................. 5-3 Figure 5.1.2 High-Speed Railway Network in France ..................................................................... 5-7 Figure 5.1.3 High-Speed Railway Network in Germany................................................................ 5-11 Figure 5.1.4 High-Speed Lines in Italy .......................................................................................... 5-15 Figure 5.1.5 High-Speed Railway Network in Spain ..................................................................... 5-17 Figure 5.1.6 High-Speed Railway Network in South Korea .......................................................... 5-20 Figure 5.1.7 High-Speed Railway Network in Taiwan ................................................................... 5-23 Figure 5.1.8 High-Speed Railway Network in China ..................................................................... 5-26 Figure 5.2.1 Earthwork Section and Ballast Track in Japan ......................................................... 5-42 Figure 5.2.2 Slab Track in Viaduct Section of Taiwan High Speed Railway.................................. 5-42 Figure 5.2.3 Earthwork Section and Ballast Track in TGV Sud-Est Line ...................................... 5-43 Figure 5.2.4 Typical Cross Section of Earthwork Section of TGV................................................. 5-43 Figure 5.2.5 RHEDA2000.............................................................................................................. 5-43 Figure 5.2.6 Photos on Rail Fastenings ........................................................................................ 5-45 Figure 5.2.7 New Stations on Bejing-Shanghai HSR, China ........................................................ 5-47 Figure 5.2.8 New Stations on Kyushu Shinkansen, Japan ........................................................... 5-48 Figure 5.2.9 New Stations on Madrid–ValenciaAlbacete, Spain .................................................. 5-49 Figure 5.2.10 New Stations on the LGV Est, France ...................................................................... 5-50 Figure 5.2.11 New Stations on Nurenberg-Ingolstadt, German ...................................................... 5-51 Figure 5.2.12 Series E5................................................................................................................... 5-54 Figure 5.2.13 Series N700 .............................................................................................................. 5-55 Figure 5.2.14 TGV-POS .................................................................................................................. 5-55 Figure 5.2.15 AGV ........................................................................................................................... 5-56 Figure 5.2.16 ICE3 .......................................................................................................................... 5-57 Figure 5.2.17 CRH3C ...................................................................................................................... 5-57 .Figure 5.2.18 Articulated Bogie of TGV .......................................................................................... 5-58 Figure 5.2.19 Train Control by DS-ATC (An Example of Midway Stopping) ................................... 5-62 Figure 5.2.20 Train Control by DS-ATC (An Example of Stopping at a Station) ............................. 5-62 Figure 5.2.21 TGV Signal System (TVM430).................................................................................. 5-63 Figure 5.2.22 German ICE Signal System (LZB) ............................................................................ 5-64 Figure 5.2.23 The Signal System for the Italian High-Speed Railways........................................... 5-65 Figure 5.2.24 A Comparison of the Levels 1, 2 and 3 of ETCS ...................................................... 5-66 Figure 5.2.25 Cyclic Single-Phase Power Receiving System ......................................................... 5-68 Figure 5.2.26 Three Phase Power Receiving System .................................................................... 5-68 Figure 5.2.27 Booster Transformer Feeding System ...................................................................... 5-70 Figure 5.2.28 Auto Transformer Feeding System ........................................................................... 5-70 Figure 5.2.29 Dead section in France TGV ..................................................................................... 5-71 Figure 5.2.30 Configuration of Changeover Section ....................................................................... 5-72 Figure 5.2.31 Simple Catenary System .......................................................................................... 5-73 xi Figure 5.2.32 Stitched Simple Catenary System............................................................................. 5-73 Figure 5.2.33 1 Track Layout on the Lines for High-Speed Operation ............................................ 5-77 Figure 5.2.34 2 Lines....................................................................................................................... 5-78 Figure 5.2.35 Progress of Train Operation Methods ....................................................................... 5-79 Figure 5.2.36 Autonomous and Decentralized System................................................................... 5-81 Figure 5.2.37 Advantage of Autonomous and Decentralized System............................................. 5-81 Figure 5.2.38 8 Sub-Systems of COSMOS..................................................................................... 5-82 Figure 5.2.39 The Reason Why COCMOS Adapted Forecast Operation Schedule for the Train Controlling ................................................................................................................. 5-82 Figure 5.2.40 Maintenance Work Control System .......................................................................... 5-83 Figure 5.2.41 Change of the Dispatchers’ Roles............................................................................. 5-84 Figure 5.2.42 ATP Methods in Europa ............................................................................................ 5-85 Figure 5.2.43 ERTMS Worldwide Situations ................................................................................... 5-85 Figure 5.3.1 Train Performance Curve in the Ngoc Hoi–Vinh Section .......................................... 5-99 Figure 5.3.2 Train Performance Curve in the Thu Thiem–Nha Trang Section .............................. 5-99 Figure 5.3.3 Track Layouts in Different Station Yard ................................................................... 5-100 Figure 5.3.4 Track Layouts in Different Station Yard ................................................................... 5-100 Figure 5.3.5 Typical Embankment (H=3m) ................................................................................. 5-104 Figure 5.3.6 Typical Embankment (H=6m) ................................................................................. 5-104 Figure 5.3.7 Typical Embankment (H=9m) ................................................................................. 5-104 Figure 5.3.8 Typical Cutting (H=3m) ........................................................................................... 5-104 Figure 5.3.9 Typical Cutting (H=6m) ........................................................................................... 5-104 Figure 5.3.10 Typical Cutting (H=9m) ........................................................................................... 5-104 Figure 5.3.11 Typical Girder Type of Viaduct -1 ............................................................................ 5-105 Figure 5.3.12 Typical Girder Type of Viaduct -2 ............................................................................ 5-105 Figure 5.3.13 Continuous PC Girder ............................................................................................. 5-107 Figure 5.3.14 Steel Truss Bridge ................................................................................................... 5-107 Figure 5.3.15 3-Layer Structure .................................................................................................... 5-108 Figure 5.3.16 2-Layer Structure .................................................................................................... 5-108 Figure 5.3.17 1-Layer Structure .................................................................................................... 5-108 Figure 5.3.18 Canal Structure ....................................................................................................... 5-108 Figure 5.3.19 Typical Drawing of Box Culvert ............................................................................... 5-109 Figure 5.3.20 Typical Cross-Section of Tunnel ............................................................................. 5-110 Figure 5.3.21 Earthwork Section with Ballast Track ...................................................................... 5-112 Figure 5.3.22 Features of Slab Track ............................................................................................ 5-114 Figure 5.3.23 Viaduct Section with Frame Type Slab Track in Taiwan High Speed Railway ........ 5-115 Figure 5.3.24 Tunnel Section with Frame-Shaped Slab Track...................................................... 5-115 Figure 5.3.25 Bridge Sleeper Track between Hanoi and Ninh Binh.............................................. 5-116 Figure 5.3.26 Directly Fastened Track on Steel Girder at Kubo River Bridge in Saga prefecture, Japan ...................................................................................................................... 5-116 Figure 5.3.27 Elastic PC Sleeper for Ballast Track with Sleeper Pads ......................................... 5-117 Figure 5.3.28 Construction of Slab Track ...................................................................................... 5-118 Figure 5.3.29 Example of Interoperable AFC System for Hanoi Area........................................... 5-120 Figure 5.3.30 Example of Interoperable AFC System for Hanoi Area........................................... 5-121 Figure 5.3.31 Automatic Passenger Gate ..................................................................................... 5-122 Figure 5.3.32 Processing at an Automatic Passenger Gate when a User Passes ....................... 5-122 Figure 5.3.33 Further Development of the Application of Interoperable AFC System .................. 5-123 Figure 5.3.34 Series E5................................................................................................................. 5-123 xii Figure 5.3.35 Economy Class Car of Series E5............................................................................ 5-125 Figure 5.3.36 Executive Class Car of Series E5 ........................................................................... 5-125 Figure 5.3.37 Aluminum Double Skin Extruded Structure............................................................. 5-126 Figure 5.3.38 Long Nose Shape of Series E5............................................................................... 5-127 Figure 5.3.39 Low-noise Pantograph and Noise Reduction Plates .............................................. 5-127 Figure 5.3.40 Smooth Cover between Cars .................................................................................. 5-128 Figure 5.3.41 Full Bogie Cover and Sound-Absorbing Panels ..................................................... 5-128 Figure 5.3.42 Full-Active Suspension System .............................................................................. 5-129 Figure 5.3.43 Composition of the Interlocking-cum-ATC System ................................................. 5-131 Figure 5.3.44 Composition of the Network for Station PRC Control (Hanoi–Vinh) ....................... 5-132 Figure 5.3.45 Composition of the Train Radio System ................................................................. 5-135 Figure 5.3.46 An Example of the Installation of LCX (tunnel sections) ......................................... 5-135 Figure 5.3.47 Configuration of AC Feeding Circuit........................................................................ 5-138 Figure 5.3.48 Simple Catenary System ........................................................................................ 5-139 Figure 5.3.49 Modified Wood-Bridge Connected Transformer ..................................................... 5-140 Figure 5.3.50 Roof-Delta Connected Transformer ........................................................................ 5-141 Figure 5.3.51 Configuration of Catenary System .......................................................................... 5-143 Figure 5.3.52 Fixed Beam ............................................................................................................. 5-144 Figure 5.3.53 Free Bracket............................................................................................................ 5-145 Figure 5.3.54 Drop Arm ................................................................................................................. 5-145 Figure 5.3.55 Interval of Inspection ............................................................................................... 5-147 Figure 5.3.56 Track Arrangement of Depot ................................................................................... 5-149 Figure 5.3.57 Typical Track Layout of Maintenance Base ............................................................ 5-150 Figure 5.3.58 Images of Maintenance Vehicles ............................................................................ 5-152 Figure 6.1.1 Preliminary Roadmap for High-Speed Railway Development .................................... 6-3 Figure 6.2.1 Locations of Initial Sections ........................................................................................ 6-7 Figure 6.3. VR’s Old Organizational Chart .................................................................................. 6-14 Figure 6.3.2 VR’s Current Organization Chart .............................................................................. 6-15 Figure 6.3.3 Changes in No. of Personnel of Japan National Railway and JR 7 Companies ...... 6-17 Figure 6.3.4 Railway Accidents in JR East.................................................................................... 6-19 Figure 6.3.5 Organizational Chart of the Tokaido Shinkansen Branch Office at Its Inauguration16-22 Figure 6.3.6 Current Organizational Chart of the Tokaido Shinkansen Operations Division, ....... 6-23 Figure 6.3.7 Organizational Chart of the Central Dispatching Office for Tohoku Joetsu Shinkansen .................................................................................................................................. 6-24 Figure 6.3.8 Organizational Chart of Taiwan High-speed Railway................................................ 6-25 Figure 6.3.9 Organizational Chart of JR East ............................................................................... 6-29 Figure 6.3.10 Organizational Chart of the Vietnamese HSR Managing Company ......................... 6-33 Figure 6.3.11 Interrelationship of HSR-related Organizations ........................................................ 6-36 Figure 6.3.12 Organization for HSR Initial section during Construction ......................................... 6-37 Figure 6.3.13 Organizational Chart of Initial Section Control Office ............................................... 6-38 Figure 6.3.14 Organizational Chart for Partial Commercial Operations of Initial Section ............... 6-38 Figure 6.4.1 Acquisition of Railway Technology for HSR Construction......................................... 6-42 Figure 6.4.2 Organizational Chart of Railway Vocational College ................................................ 6-45 Figure 6.4.3 Equipment and Facilities in the Training Center ....................................................... 6-50 Figure 6.4.4 Electrical Facilities and Equipment in the Training Center ....................................... 6-51 Figure 6.5.1 Division of Responsibilities in Japanese HSR .......................................................... 6-60 Figure 6.5.2 Revenue Sources of JRTT ........................................................................................ 6-60 Figure 6.5.3 Implementing Structure (Initial Section Operation) ................................................... 6-62 xiii Figure 6.5.4 Implementing Structure ............................................................................................. 6-63 Figure 6.5.5 Export Loan of JBIC .................................................................................................. 6-67 Figure 6.6.1 Working Schedule ..................................................................................................... 6-77 LIST OF BOX Box 3.4.1 Improvement of Danang – Hue Section through the Future Introduction of HSR .... 3-37 Box 5.3.1 Comparison of Life Cycle for Slab and Ballast Track (000 US) ............................ 5-113 Box 6.2.1 Test Tracks Constructed Used in Japan and Taiwan ................................................. 6-5 xiv ABBREVIATIONS ABS Ausbaustecke AC Alternating Current AC-DC Alternating Current – Direct Current ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Asian Development Fund AFA Agriculture-Forestry-Aquaculture AFC Automatic Fare Collection AGR Average Growth Rate AGV Automotrice A Grande Vitesse ARC Automatic Route Control AT Auto Transformer ATACS Advanced Train Administration and Communications System ATC Automatic Train Control system ATOS Autonomous decentralized Transport Operation control System ATP Automatic Train Protection ATPs Automatic Transformer Posts ATS Automatic Train Stop ATWL Agility Trans West Line Limited AVE Alta Velocidad Española BMRCL Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited BOT Build-Operate-Transfer BT Booster Transformer CAI Computer-Aided Instruction CBTC Communication Based Train Control CCTV Closed Circuit Television CFEZ Central Focal Economic Zone CMS Centralized Monitoring System COMTRAC Computer Aided Traffic Controlling System COSMOS Computerized Safety, Maintenance and Operation Systems of Shinkansen CS Copper Steel CSR Compensation, Support and Resettlement CTC Centralized Train Control CTC Centralized Traffic Controlling System DB Deutsche Bahn (Germany) DFR Draft Final Report DL Diesel Locomotives DMU Diesel Multiple Unit DoLISA Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment DS-ATC High-speed railway signal system in Japan DS-PC Regulation of VNR (implementation criteria of companies) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMU Electric Multiple Units EPIC Etablissement Public à Caractère Industriel et Commercial EPZ Export Processing Zone ERRI European Railway Research Institute ERTMS European Railway Traffic Management System ETCS European Train Control System ETR Elettro Treno Rapido EU European Union EVN Vietnam Electricity EZ Economic Zone xv FR Final Report FS Feasibility Study FDI Foreign Direct Investment FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GDP Gross Domestic Product GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GOV Government Of Vietnam GPS Global Positioning System GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product GRIPS National Graduate Institute For Policy Studies GSM-R Global System For Mobile Communications - Railway GSO General Statistics Office HCMC Ho Chi Minh City HPMU HSR Project Management Unit HQ Headquarters HSR High Speed Railway IC Integrated Circuit ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICD Inland Container Depot ICR Inception Report ICE Inter City Express IFC International Financial Corporation IMO Infrastructure Maintenance IP Industrial Park IPPBX Internet Protocol-Private Branch Exchange IRR Internal Rate of Return IT Information Technology ITS Intelligent Transport System JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JPY Japanese Yen JR East East Japan Railway Company JNR Japan National Railroad JNR Japanese National Railways JORSA Japan Overseas Rolling Stock Association JRTT Japan Railway Construction Transport and Technology Km Kilometer KOICA Korean International Cooperation Agency Korail Korea Railroad Corporation KR Korea Rail Network Authority KTX Korean Train Express KVA Kilovolt Ampere KV Kilovolt kW Kilo watt L Length LAN Local Area Network LCC Low Cost Carriers LCX Leaky...