This exercise earns Pass points in arduino programming. This exercise demonstrates an IoT device that measures heart rate and blood oxygen levels. Use HTTPS protocol to display data on the website. Website uses PHP language
Introduction
In an era defined by digital innovation and connectivity, the Internet of Things, often abbreviated as IoT, has emerged as a revolutionary technological paradigm that is reshaping the way we interact with the world around us This transformative concept represents the interconnection of everyday physical objects, devices, and machines, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data over the internet With its profound impact on industries, homes, and the way we live our lives, IoT stands at the forefront of the fourth industrial revolution, promising a future of unprecedented convenience, efficiency, and intelligence
Within the healthcare sector, IoT has emerged as a beacon of innovation, enhancing the way medical professionals monitor, diagnose, and treat patients IoT in healthcare leverages a wide array of interconnected devices and sensors, including heart rate monitors and blood oxygen level measurement tools These devices have redefined patient care, enabling real-time tracking of crucial physiological parameters Heart rate sensors offer continuous insights into a patient's cardiovascular health, allowing for early detection of irregularities or anomalies Simultaneously, the capability to measure blood oxygen levels, a vital indicator of respiratory and circulatory health, enhances the precision of diagnoses and treatment decisions
In this assignment, I will discuss IoT, specifically how I apply IoT and deploy architecture, software, hardware, and framework to create a complete product applicable to healthcare.
Task 1: Review and evaluate about IoT aspects
Review IoT functionality, standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs (P1-P2)
1 Explore various forms of IoT functionality (P1)
The Internet of Things, often abbreviated as IoT, represents a network of interconnected devices that communicate and share information with other IoT devices and the cloud These IoT devices typically come equipped with technology like sensors and software, encompassing both mechanical and digital machines as well as everyday consumer items (Gillis, 2023)
Figure 1: Internet of things (IoT)
In various industries, there is a growing trend of utilizing IoT to enhance operational efficiency, provide better customer service, support informed decision-making, and enhance overall business value IoT enables data transfer across networks without the need for direct human-to-human or human-to-computer interactions
In the context of IoT, a "thing" could be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal fitted with a biochip transponder, an automobile equipped with sensors that alert the driver about low tire pressure, or any other natural or human-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol address and is capable of transmitting data across a network (Gillis, 2023)
Figure 2: IoT characteristics (i-scoop.eu, 2023)
There are seven essential characteristics of IoT:
• Connectivity: This is self-explanatory IoT devices, hardware, sensors, electronics, and control systems all require connections at various levels to function effectively (i-scoop.eu, 2023)
• Things: Anything that can be identified or designed to connect falls under this category This encompasses a wide range of objects, from sensors and household appliances to tagged livestock Devices may include built-in sensors, or sensing materials can be attached to them
• Data: Data serves as the fundamental component of the Internet of Things, acting as the initial step toward enabling action and intelligence
• Communication: Devices are interconnected to facilitate the exchange of data, which can then be analyzed Communication can take place over short distances or extend to long and very long ranges Examples include Wi-Fi and LPWA network technologies such as LoRa or NB-IoT
• Intelligence: This aspect involves the sensing capabilities of IoT devices and the intelligence derived from extensive data analytics, often incorporating artificial intelligence
• Action: This pertains to the outcome of intelligence It can encompass manual actions, decisions based on data analysis (as seen in scenarios like smart factory operations), and automation, which is often a critical component
• Ecosystem: This characteristic focuses on IoT's place within the context of other technologies, communities, objectives, and the broader framework in which IoT operates It encompasses dimensions like the Internet of Everything, the platform dimension, and the importance of establishing strong partnerships
An IoT ecosystem comprises internet-connected smart devices equipped with embedded systems, including processors, sensors, and communication hardware These devices gather, transmit, and respond to data acquired from their surroundings (Gillis, 2023)
IoT devices communicate their sensor data by linking to an IoT gateway, which serves as a central hub for receiving data from IoT devices Prior to sharing, this data may also be routed to an edge device for local analysis Local analysis helps reduce the amount of data sent to the cloud, thereby minimizing bandwidth consumption
At times, these devices communicate with other interconnected devices and act based on the information they exchange Most of these tasks are performed autonomously, although users can interact with the devices to set them up, provide instructions, or access data
The specific connectivity, networking, and communication protocols employed by these internet-enabled devices vary depending on the particular IoT applications in use
Additionally, IoT can leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to simplify and enhance data collection processes
Figure 3: Examples of an IoT System (Gillis, 2023)
The Internet of Things (IoT) finds numerous practical applications in the real world, spanning various domains like consumer IoT, enterprise IoT, manufacturing, and Industrial IoT (IIoT) IoT applications are diverse, encompassing industries such as automotive, telecommunications, and energy (Gillis, 2023)
For instance, in the consumer sector, smart homes equipped with intelligent thermostats, appliances, and connected lighting and electronics can be remotely controlled through computers and smartphones Wearable devices, featuring sensors and software, gather and analyze user data, sending information to other technologies to enhance users' convenience and comfort These wearables also contribute to public safety by improving response times for first responders during emergencies or tracking vital signs of workers in high-risk situations, like construction sites or firefighting scenarios
In healthcare, IoT empowers providers to closely monitor patients by analyzing generated data Hospitals utilize IoT systems for tasks like managing pharmaceutical inventory and tracking medical instruments
Smart buildings employ IoT technology to reduce energy consumption Sensors detect the occupancy of rooms, enabling automatic adjustments in temperature and lighting For instance, if a conference room is full, the air conditioner activates, and if everyone leaves the office, the heating decreases
In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems utilize connected sensors to monitor variables such as light, temperature, humidity, and soil moisture in crop fields IoT also plays a pivotal role in automating irrigation systems
In the context of smart cities, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart streetlights and meters, contribute to traffic management, energy conservation, environmental monitoring, sanitation improvement, and various urban enhancements
1.5 Some examples for real world application of IoT a IoT Applications – Wearables
Figure 5: IoT applications – wearables (Upasana, 2022)
Evaluate a common IoT platform (M1-M2)
1 Evaluate the impact of common IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs in the software development lifecycle (M1)
The internet has become increasingly decentralized, with numerous devices collaborating for various purposes Edge computing, for example, leverages IoT devices to distribute computational tasks effectively
In contrast, cloud computing consolidates multiple servers into a single network, with the involvement of more servers leading to faster data processing (Romford, 2022)
Amazon, as an example, boasts a vast infrastructure of over a million servers for its cloud computing services However, it's worth noting that such an extensive server count is not necessary to efficiently distribute data processing tasks Many businesses opt for IoT devices to establish what are known as edge networks, which serve as alternatives to IoT technologies by using servers to achieve similar outcomes Consequently, IoT software development is striving to align with the trend of decentralization
It's essential to continuously assess the effectiveness of your software and promptly address any issues that arise Cloud computing provides a range of valuable tools for this purpose, and application performance monitoring offers unique insights to help pinpoint key metrics (Romford, 2022)
In today's landscape, most IoT development services revolve around applications and monitoring solutions Software programs designed to evaluate the performance of other software have their own codebases, leveraging both strengths and weaknesses This dynamic creates opportunities for various startups to play vital roles in the IoT market by offering solutions that cover interfaces between diverse devices and platforms, as well as monitoring capabilities
Additionally, there are organizational protocols and security measures that contribute to the widespread adoption of IoT technology globally To establish a strong presence in the market, an IoT software development company should remain attuned to the evolving trends and opportunities
IoT represents a groundbreaking technology that continually raises the bar for web development Clearly, working with IoT devices demands a deep knowledge of coding, programming, and database management Web designers must extend their expertise beyond traditional boundaries, and professionals in the IoT development field must stay abreast of the rapidly evolving web technologies (Romford, 2022)
IoT devices introduce complexity into various aspects, including user interface design in web development, database interactions, task distribution, project management, and more This intricacy often impacts the development process For businesses seeking IoT application developers, it's advisable to adopt a hybrid approach that integrates application, website, and platform development Collaboration between smaller corporate projects and larger initiatives might also be beneficial
These devices necessitate dynamic user interfaces capable of catering to diverse user profiles Consequently, the role of web developers in designing user interfaces and optimizing the user experience (UX) is becoming increasingly influential in development trends Combining IoT devices with robust web programming should offer users a wide range of choices and ensure reliability
In the realm of live websites, a significant challenge lies in gathering user feedback IoT devices have the capacity to collect user data, placing substantial responsibility on IoT application developer teams for data collection, transmission to servers, error rectification, feature additions, and ongoing enhancements to the user interface as needed
Security is a paramount concern in today's society, and modern IoT devices must implement measures for user identification, ID verification, and access management Staying at the forefront of advanced technology necessitates the development of commercial IoT technologies, but it's crucial to comprehend the implications Innovations coupled with strategic adoption of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning have the potential to propel us to new heights
1.4 Increasing demand for decentralized solutions
Companies engaged in IoT software development are compelled to respond to the increasing demand for decentralized solutions Tablets, smartphones, laptops, smart cars, and connected homes all fall under the IoT umbrella However, not all of them were originally designed with a combination of both hardware and software (Romford, 2022)
Emulation applications have broadened the functionalities of smartphones, as exemplified by the case of Nintendo 64 emulation Nowadays, through the installation of emulation software, users can enjoy games from the same system on their smartphones, unlike the restrictions imposed by Nintendo's official offerings
Furthermore, many of these emulation options are typically available for free, although this may vary depending on the specific game IoT applications often prioritize creating solutions that facilitate programming across different devices, a paradigm shift from the past Naturally, IoT software developers are striving to produce software that is compatible with multiple platforms
Nevertheless, errors and glitches can still occur Even the most well-crafted program may contain code flaws or encounter compatibility issues with other programming languages While beta testing is a crucial step in rectifying such issues, it is often insufficient to address all potential problems
IoT technology is undoubtedly a game-changer in the contemporary world Its influence on various aspects of life is irrefutable, as it has the capacity to streamline workflows, enhance working conditions, improve user experiences across different domains, and even contribute to the monitoring and enhancement of human health IoT technology, especially in healthcare, has been instrumental in saving lives (Romford,
Software development is no exception to this transformative impact, as IoT has made significant inroads into this sphere, continuously shaping its landscape Development teams are tasked with adapting to these rapid changes, and if everyone comprehends the necessity of doing so, the outcomes can be truly remarkable
2 Evaluate the impact of common IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs in IoT security (M2)
2.1 Issues and concerns with IoT security
Figure 17: IoT security and challenges
Task 2: Plan an appropriate IoT application
Determine a prolem and IoT solution (P3-P4)
1 Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques available to develop IoT applications (P3)
1.1 IoT architecture development (IoT Architecture with three Layers (Tiers))
While an extensive array of components contributes to constructing a comprehensive end-to-end IoT framework, this architecture streamlines it into three essential foundational elements:
• Perception layer: Comprising sensors, actuators, and edge devices that engage with the surroundings
• Network Layer: Responsible for identifying, linking, and converting devices across a network, working in tandem with the application layer
• Application Layer: Focused on data processing and storage, featuring specialized services and capabilities to serve users
Figure 18: IoT Architecture with Three Layers (Tiers) (Calihman, 2019)
A physical or perceptual layer within the IoT consists of devices, which commonly include sensors, actuators, and other intelligent devices These entities are the fundamental components in the Internet of Things ecosystem These devices, in turn, establish connections and interact with the cloud via wired or localized Radio Frequency (RF) networks, typically facilitated by gateways IoT devices are often positioned at the 'edge' of the IoT network and are commonly referred to as 'edge nodes.' When selecting a device, it's important to consider specific requirements such as I/O protocols, potential latency, wired or RF connectivity, power consumption, durability, and overall sensitivity It's crucial to determine the level of device adaptability your architecture necessitates (Calihman, 2019)
IoT Gateways play a crucial intermediary role by acting as messengers and interpreters between the cloud and clusters of intelligent devices These gateways can either be physical devices or software applications typically situated in the field, close to the edge sensors and other devices In extensive IoT setups, numerous gateways may be employed to manage a large number of edge nodes efficiently While they offer a range of functionalities, their primary role is to standardize, establish connections, and facilitate the transfer of data between the physical device layer and the cloud In essence, all data traffic between the cloud and the physical device layer passes through a gateway Occasionally, IoT gateways are referred to as 'intelligent gateways' or 'control tiers (Calihman, 2019)
The application layer, often referred to as the Cloud, establishes communication with the gateway, typically through wired or cellular internet connections This 'Cloud' can encompass a variety of elements, including services like AWS or Google Cloud, server farms, or even an organization's remote on-premises server Within this layer, there are powerful servers and databases that facilitate robust IoT applications and offer integration capabilities such as data storage, big data processing, data filtering, analytics, access to third- party APIs, execution of business logic, generation of alerts, monitoring, and user interfaces In a Three Layer IoT Architecture, the 'Cloud' also serves the purpose of controlling, configuring, and triggering events at the gateway and, subsequently, at the edge devices (Calihman, 2019)
1.2 Framework (Google Cloud Platform – Internet of Things framework)
Figure 19: Google Cloud Platform (Riseuplabs, 2023)
Google possesses the capability to perform tasks effectively Among the top-tier IoT systems available today, Google Cloud stands out with its comprehensive platform Google's distinguishing feature lies in its capacity to handle massive volumes of data through Cloud IoT Core (Riseuplabs, 2023)
However, it's a well-established fact that businesses often prefer the IoT products of their competitors over those offered by Google Part of this preference may be attributed to Amazon and Microsoft having larger customer bases for their cloud services, while another factor is that Google is not as widely recognized in corporate circles Instead, many businesses view Google primarily as a social media company, a perception that aligns with its revenue profile
While Google's IoT technical tools are of high quality, the packaging of their IoT services differs significantly from that of competitors, making it challenging for potential buyers to discern their precise requirements and how to effectively utilize them
Google Cloud Platform introduced the Edge TPU, a custom ASIC designed to enhance AI processing for latency- sensitive applications While this ASIC is accessible to device manufacturers, Google has collaborated with Coral to develop a range of edge controllers that leverage this chip Other edge components can also be employed for local event processing, either by utilizing one of the device-linked IoT protocols or by establishing a unique connection to Google's message/event ingestion service, Cloud Pub/Sub (Riseuplabs, 2023)
Cloud Pub/Sub serves as the entry point for all event processing within Google's IoT framework It allows the conversion of messages and events into a publish/subscribe format, enabling Google Cloud or Cloud IoT applications to subscribe to event streams and receive IoT notifications tailored to specific requirements
Cloud Pub/Sub is a Google Cloud service that connects devices via the controlled Protocol Bridge element of the Cloud IoT Core service Consequently, IoT applications not utilizing Cloud IoT Core can still access other IoT- friendly cloud services provided by Google, including analytics Furthermore, there is a Pub/Sub Lite version available for those seeking cost-effective solutions with reduced processing capabilities
The Cloud Pub/Sub interface acts as the conduit that links events to Google's array of analytics tools, encompassing Cloud Dataflow, BigQuery, Cloud Bigtable, machine learning services, and Google Data Studio Additionally, it connects to third-party metrics and AI applications Google also provides a diverse set of machine learning and artificial intelligence tools and applications that IoT applications can tap into, even if they are not directly integrated with Google's IoT products (Riseuplabs, 2023)
While Google offers software capabilities for corporate processes, such as its recent Supply Chain Digital Twin, it does not currently offer digital twinning solutions tailored specifically for IoT applications or infrastructure Instead, Google may rely on partnerships with third-party entities to deliver a more comprehensive digital twin IoT application architecture, following a similar approach as it does with edge computing However, specific details about this approach have not been publicly disclosed
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform characterized by user-friendly hardware and software components Arduino boards possess the capability to receive various inputs, such as light detected by a sensor, a button press, or even a message from Twitter, and translate them into corresponding outputs, like activating a motor, illuminating an LED, or posting something online You instruct the board by sending a set of commands to the microcontroller embedded on it This is achieved using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino Software (IDE), which is built upon the Processing programming environment (Arduino, 2022)
Over time, Arduino has served as the foundation for numerous projects, spanning from everyday objects to intricate scientific instruments A global community of creators, including students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals, has coalesced around this open-source platform Their collective contributions have amassed a wealth of accessible knowledge that proves invaluable to both beginners and experts
Arduino originated at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute with the aim of providing an uncomplicated prototyping tool for students lacking a background in electronics and programming As it gained wider recognition, Arduino evolved to meet new demands and challenges, diversifying its offerings from basic 8- bit boards to products suited for IoT applications, wearables, 3D printing, and embedded environments Compared to other microcontroller systems, Arduino boards are notably cost-effective The most budget- friendly Arduino module can be assembled manually, and even pre-assembled Arduino modules are priced below $50
Cross-platform Compatibility: The Arduino Software (IDE) is accessible on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux, setting it apart from many microcontroller systems that are solely compatible with Windows
User-Friendly Programming Environment: The Arduino Software (IDE) strikes a balance between simplicity for beginners and versatility for advanced users It is particularly advantageous for educators since it shares its foundation with the Processing programming environment, making it familiar to students who have prior experience with that environment
Plan to create an IoT application (M3-M4)
1 Select the most appropriate IoT architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques to include in an application to solve this problem (M3)
Blynk asserts that its new platform can address 90-100% of the scenarios a company might encounter during the initial stages of its IoT operations The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant attention lately, with an increasing number of devices connecting to the internet daily The security risks have also risen significantly due to these remarkable technological advancements
Some of the key challenges in the IoT space include ensuring that IoT devices can securely transmit data to the internet, which necessitates closed and encrypted communication, a feat only achievable with a dedicated and tightly controlled server, albeit a challenging one to manage Additionally, IoT devices require responsiveness, which can only be achieved with a low-latency and highly responsive server
In the realm of the Internet of Things, a platform must be capable of interoperability with a wide array of hardware architectures and devices, rather than confining its customers to a single type of hardware with limited capabilities Blynk emerges as the optimal solution to these challenges Therefore, Blynk is chosen due to the platform's robustness and the ease of setting up devices It offers a multitude of features that fully harness the potential of IoT devices Blynk has developed exceptionally user-friendly software and boasts an extensive list of supported endpoints, making it a popular and easily accessible component of the IoT ecosystem
• The Blynk app functions as a concealed app editor
• Each project can incorporate visual elements like simulated LEDs, buttons, data displays, and even text terminals, and it provides the capability to communicate with one or more devices Using the Blynk library, you can directly program the ESP8266 from your mobile device without the need for coding
• Moreover, it enables you to share projects with friends or clients, allowing them to view the connections without making modifications Consequently, we developed a smartwatch application that enables individuals to measure heart rate and blood oxygen levels and present this data on their mobile screens using Blynk
• I can have the capability to operate a private instance of the complete Blynk server and establish a connection between my smartphone's Blynk app and it This sets Blynk apart from IoT platforms such as IFTTT, Twilio, and even Adafruit IO
• The Blynk Cloud server is typically a suitable choice for most applications, as it is consistently accessible and ready for use To assist you in getting started swiftly with the initial experiments in this course, we will rely on the Cloud server
• There is also a limitation regarding the number of widgets you can use on the Cloud server Blynk is introducing a pricing structure for its widgets based on the concept of 'energy.' You can initiate a new project on the Cloud server with an allocation of 1000 energy units
Eventually, the other significant reason why blynk is chosen is that it has a lot of additional benefits:
• Energy units are virtually limitless, allowing us to create any Blynk application we can imagine
• Minimal latency, which is beneficial when our program is utilized in a small geographic region and responsiveness is crucial
• Our data is completely within our control We may make our own backups of our Private server, move it to a new host, add any security features we want, and fine-tune our user management
The following are the reasons why the ESP8266 is appropriate:
• Yes, it's incredibly affordable As this article highlights, the $3 ESP8266 is even more budget-friendly than sensors launched from cannons, suggesting that these cannon-deployed sensors are typically constructed using cost-effective methods since they become obsolete after being launched Nonetheless, the ESP8266 remains significantly more economical than these sensors
• This cost-effectiveness represents a substantial advancement Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired, delivered a TED talk in 2010 titled "Technology's Long Tail," in which he discussed four key aspects of technology market development, one of which is pricing DVDs serve as a good example; when their price dropped below the mental barrier, the market experienced a significant boost
• The affordability of the ESP8266 encourages people to give it a try Even if it breaks, the financial investment is minimal, so it doesn't feel like a significant waste of money This marks the initial step in the ESP8266's path to success
• The next stage involves innovation Even if the chip is damaged, the sense of monetary loss is minimal As a result, some individuals began experimenting with applying the chip in
"unconventional" ways Typically, Wi-Fi transmission covers distances of 60 to 140 meters, but certain individuals extended this range to 366 meters using a PCB antenna and even 479 meters with an external antenna They documented their experiments in videos uploaded to YouTube in 2014, attracting a wider audience to become acquainted with the ESP8266
• As the awareness and adoption of the ESP8266 grew, individuals began to identify its limitations and worked on enhancements For instance, the initial development of the ESP8266 required a deep understanding of FreeRTOS and proficiency in coding with the professional C language However, developers later created an Arduino IDE plug-in, simplifying the development process by allowing developers to use the Arduino IDE to write ESP8266 command code
• The achievement of compatibility with Arduino development marked a significant milestone Subsequently, several software engineers introduced alternative approaches to develop the ESP8266 These included using the eLua language in the NodeMCU project, implementing JavaScript in the Smart.js project, transitioning the project to Mongoose IoT Firmware, and utilizing Python in the MicroPython project
Design Flexibility and Enhanced Function
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Internet of Things (IoT) has embarked on a transformative journey that extends its influence across diverse sectors, with healthcare standing at the forefront of innovation The integration of IoT devices, particularly heart rate sensors and blood oxygen level measurement tools, has ushered in a new era of precision and patient-centric care As we have explored, these technologies offer continuous monitoring and real-time insights into vital physiological parameters, empowering both healthcare professionals and individuals to make informed decisions In the interconnected world of healthcare IoT, patients are provided with personalized and proactive health management, while healthcare providers gain valuable data-driven tools for diagnosis and treatment The possibilities for improving healthcare outcomes are vast, and as IoT continues to evolve, it holds the potential to revolutionize healthcare by making it more accessible, efficient, and responsive to individual needs The journey has only just begun, and the future promises even greater innovations, ushering in an era of more effective, data-driven, and patient-focused healthcare
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