Report
Overview of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a diverse range of technologies and applications, lacking a singular definition A practical perspective defines IoT as the integration of network-connected devices within the physical environment, enhancing existing processes and facilitating new possibilities that were previously unattainable.
IoT devices connect to networks to gather environmental data through sensors and enable actions via actuators These devices can range from familiar smart objects to innovative, purpose-built tools, and can be personal, residential, or integrated into industrial equipment and urban infrastructure They transform real-world information into digital data, enhancing visibility into user interactions with products and services The potential applications across various industries are vast, indicating that the IoT landscape is still in its early stages However, IoT projects face unique complexities that differentiate them from traditional cloud-centric technologies, revealing common challenges and patterns.
• Diverse operating systems and software on the devices
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and facilitates real-time decision-making across various sectors Understanding the implications of IoT is crucial for professionals in computing, as it plays a significant role in modern technology landscapes As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges that require innovative solutions and robust security measures Engaging with IoT concepts is essential for students and practitioners in the field of computing to stay relevant and competitive.
The history of the internet of things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and drives innovation across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding the principles and applications of IoT is crucial for professionals in the computing field, as it opens up new opportunities for development and problem-solving Engaging with IoT concepts prepares students for future challenges and equips them with the necessary skills to thrive in a technology-driven world.
While many articles delve into the comprehensive history of the Internet and its associated technologies, it's essential to focus on the Internet of Things (IoT) specifically The IoT relies on a global computer network, which serves as the foundation for connecting various devices Therefore, let's concentrate on the intriguing history of IoT itself, bypassing the broader context of the Internet's development.
In the early 1980s, a pioneering example of the Internet of Things (IoT) emerged at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a Coca-Cola vending machine Student David Nichols grew frustrated with the long trek from his office to the machine, only to discover it often empty or containing warm bottles This innovative machine predated the formal naming of IoT by over a decade, showcasing early advancements in connected technology.
Nichols recalled the tales of the Prancing Pony, the first computer-controlled vending machine at Stanford, which inspired him and his friends to leverage existing technology They developed a system to connect to the vending machine via APRANET, a precursor to the modern internet, allowing them to remotely check its status, including drink availability and temperature, before making the trip This innovation is often regarded as the first true IoT-enabled device.
In 1999, Kevin Ashton, co-founder of MIT's Auto-ID Center, coined the term "Internet of Things" during a presentation for Procter & Gamble while he was a brand manager Tasked with launching a new line of cosmetics, Ashton noticed a persistent stock issue with a specific shade of brown lipstick at his local store Despite assurances from P&G's supply chain that the product was available in the warehouse, Ashton sought clarity on its whereabouts and the reasons behind the stock shortages, but he received no satisfactory answers.
Around the same period, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags were being innovated, featuring small radio-enabled chips capable of wirelessly transmitting data.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This connectivity enhances efficiency and automation across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, such as data privacy concerns and the need for robust cybersecurity measures Understanding the implications of IoT is crucial for leveraging its full potential while addressing its associated risks.
In his Internet of Things presentation, Ashton suggested utilizing RFID tags on P&G products to enhance the identification and tracking of items within the supply chain This innovation would enable better and more efficient monitoring of stock locations.
Ashton strategically incorporated the term "Internet" into his presentation title to capture the attention of executives who recognized its significance, despite being unaware of his specific message He believed that by highlighting this buzzword, he could effectively engage the board and emphasize the importance of the Internet in his pitch.
Ashton delivered numerous presentations to corporate leaders, highlighting the capabilities of RFID technology and its wireless communication with machines By 2003, the Auto-ID Center boasted 103 sponsors and global branches, establishing standards for smart packages to connect with supplier and retailer networks As the market evolved, investments surged, leading to advancements in RFID chips that became increasingly efficient and cost-effective.
Figure 3: The Internet of Things was "born" between 2008 and 2009
By the late 2000s to early 2010s, global corporations became increasingly enthusiastic about the Internet of Things (IoT), similar to the current excitement surrounding artificial intelligence and machine learning During this period, IBM launched its Smarter Planet campaign, while McKinsey produced reports analyzing the state of IoT technology Cisco notably declared in 2011 that IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, marking the moment when the number of connected devices began to surge.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing how we interact with technology and our environment This assignment explores the fundamental concepts of IoT, including its applications, benefits, and challenges By understanding the integration of devices and systems, we can appreciate the impact of IoT on various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities The analysis emphasizes the importance of data security and privacy, as well as the need for robust infrastructure to support IoT innovations Overall, this assignment highlights the transformative potential of IoT in enhancing efficiency and improving quality of life.
In the same year, there were more devices connected to the internet than the total number of people living on the planet This emerging phenomenon was recognized by Gartner, which included it in its renowned Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies for the first time.
Since the emergence of IoT startups like Nest Labs in 2010, which created innovative products such as Wi-Fi-enabled, self-learning thermostats and smoke detectors, the Internet of Things has gained significant attention Google's acquisition of Nest Labs for $3.2 billion in 2014 marked a pivotal moment for the industry, further propelled by the launch of smart home devices like Amazon Alexa and Google Home This surge in interest has led to a rapid expansion of the IoT market, which continues to grow exponentially.
Final Thoughts and a Look into the Future of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing business operations, daily living, and societal interactions Companies are recognizing the significant potential of IoT technology to enhance efficiency and engage customers through a growing network of interconnected smart devices.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly evolving into a significant industry, impacting various sectors, governments, and everyday consumer lives According to Carrie MacGillivray from IDC, the adoption of IoT is enhancing business efficiency and enabling real-time decision-making through data from connected devices For consumers, this access to data transforms how they monitor their homes, vehicles, family members, and personal health As we move forward, the IoT landscape is shifting towards automating and enriching human experiences within a connected environment.
According to IDC, worldwide spending on the Internet of Things is forecast to reach $745 billion in
In 2019, spending on the Internet of Things (IoT) reached $746 billion, marking a 15.4% increase from $646 billion in 2018, with projections indicating it will exceed $1 trillion by 2022 The sectors anticipated to experience the highest annual compound growth rates from 2017 to 2022 include insurance at 17.1%, federal/central government at 16.1%, and healthcare at 15.4% The largest investments in 2019 were seen in manufacturing operations ($100 billion), production asset management ($44.2 billion), smart home technology ($44.1 billion), and freight monitoring ($41.7 billion) During the forecast period, specific IoT use cases are expected to yield the fastest returns.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency, improves decision-making, and fosters innovation across various sectors Understanding IoT is crucial for higher national computing education, as it prepares students for future technological advancements By integrating IoT concepts into the curriculum, students gain valuable skills that are essential in today’s digital landscape The implications of IoT extend beyond mere convenience, impacting industries such as healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities, thereby driving significant economic growth.
P a g e | 11 spending growth are airport facility automation (transportation), electric vehicle charging (utilities), agriculture field monitoring (resource), bedside telemetry (healthcare), and in-store contextualized marketing (retail)
Figure 4: The future of IoT
Types of popular technologies in IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology stack is architecturally structured into three key subsystems: the sensor subsystem, the gateway subsystem, and the cloud subsystem, all interconnected through essential network connectivity The sensor subsystem communicates with the gateway subsystem using local sensor networks, while the gateway subsystem links to the cloud subsystem via a wide area network, such as the Internet Each of these subsystems plays a crucial role in the overall functionality of IoT systems, as outlined by Pal and Purushothaman (2016).
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling seamless data exchange In the context of higher national qualifications in computing, particularly Unit 43, students explore the principles and applications of IoT This unit emphasizes the importance of understanding IoT architecture, protocols, and security measures By engaging with real-world scenarios, learners develop practical skills essential for designing and implementing IoT solutions Ultimately, this assignment aims to equip students with the knowledge needed to thrive in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.
Figure 5: Overview of IoT technology a Local Sensor Networks:
Figure 6: Local sensor networks example
Local sensor networks facilitate the transmission of sensor data to a gateway device for processing and transport to the cloud via the Internet or public networks These networks can utilize fixed topologies such as star, ring, bus, tree, or mesh configurations, or they can be established in an ad hoc manner To ensure seamless data transport, shared media access protocols like time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) are employed The most widely used wireless sensor network technologies include Bluetooth and Zigbee, with Wi-Fi applicable in certain scenarios Additionally, sensors can be interconnected through wired networks depending on the specific use case.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data This connectivity enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including smart homes, healthcare, and industrial applications Understanding the implications of IoT is essential for leveraging its potential in driving innovation and improving operational processes As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges that require careful consideration and strategic planning.
P a g e | 13 or can be connected point-to-point to the gateway using serial interfaces like universal serial bus (USB) (Pal and Purushothaman, 2016.) b Gateway Subsystem:
Figure 7: IoT devices connect to network through gateway subsystem
Gateway subsystems serve as crucial connections between local sensor networks and public networks like the Internet, functioning as routers, gateways, or switches that bridge different physical network types and protocol stacks While public networks are generally Internet Protocol (IP) enabled, local sensor networks often are not A sensor node within the local network can act as a gateway, or dedicated gateway devices can be utilized These gateway devices typically possess greater memory and computing power, allowing them to perform high sampling rate sensor signal processing and noise cancellation algorithms, ultimately sending cleaner data at a reduced rate to the cloud.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency, automation, and decision-making across various sectors Understanding the principles and applications of IoT is crucial for students in higher national computing programs Assignment 1 for Unit 43 focuses on exploring these concepts, emphasizing the importance of IoT in modern computing and its potential to drive innovation Students will analyze real-world applications and develop insights into how IoT impacts everyday life and industries.
Figure 8: Cloud connectivity network diagram
Cloud connectivity networks, primarily based on IP, often utilize the Internet for IoT systems, though private networks and clouds may be employed based on specific use case needs Key factors such as bandwidth, latency, reliability, and security are essential for the successful implementation of these systems.
IoT is a software development
The rapid expansion of Internet-connected devices, known as the Internet of Things (IoT), is significantly transforming our lives and work environments As IoT continues to evolve, its influence on various aspects of daily life is becoming more pronounced, prompting us to explore its future trajectory.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and opens new opportunities across various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and smart cities Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its potential As industries increasingly adopt IoT solutions, knowledge of security and privacy concerns becomes essential to protect sensitive information Ultimately, the integration of IoT into everyday life is poised to revolutionize how we interact with technology, making it a vital area of study in higher national computing education.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of everyday devices and machines to the Internet, enabling data processing and communication with other electronic devices This vast network encompasses not only mechanical and digital objects but also individuals with medical identifiers and livestock equipped with chip sensors Current forecasts suggest that by 2020, the IoT market will encompass approximately 24 billion devices globally.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly becoming essential for businesses aiming to enhance their digital presence across operations, services, and products Essentially, any device equipped with an on/off switch can connect to the Internet or interact with other devices, ranging from mobile phones and coffee makers to washing machines, headphones, lamps, and wearable technology.
Most IoT devices consist of tags, sensors, embedded computers, and actuators integrated into various objects While some IoT applications are industry-specific, such as specialty valves for industrial devices, others, like grid-controlled smart bulbs, have versatile uses across multiple sectors.
Some IoT devices, such as tags and iBeacons, operate on a "deploy and forget" basis, while others continuously transmit data that can be monitored and managed through a web interface This functionality is often provided by companies offering IoT-as-a-service solutions, such as Thingspeak.
The main driving forces behind IoT, and therefore shaping its future, are commoditisation and interoperability, which in turn depend on:
• The development of embedded devices (low-power, reduced cost computers, most frequently based on the ARM architecture)
• Improved communications protocols (GSM, WiFi, Bluetooth variants and more specialized Zigbee, 6LowPAN, Sigfox and so on.)
• Software platforms like Thingworx, ioBridge, Sense and others
Influential companies like Amazon, Google, Apple, IBM, and Microsoft are also playing a part as drivers of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the way we interact with technology, enabling seamless connectivity between devices This assignment explores the fundamental concepts of IoT, its applications across various sectors, and the implications for future technological advancements Understanding IoT is crucial for higher national qualifications in computing, as it plays a significant role in enhancing efficiency and innovation in industries By examining the challenges and opportunities presented by IoT, we can better prepare for the evolving digital landscape.
IoT is one of the most exciting developments in recent times It will impact all our lives and revolutionize the way we interact with the world
As advancements in hardware and communication protocols continue, the success of IoT devices will increasingly depend on the quality of software applications The rise of IoT hacking is concerning, as manufacturers often prioritize cost over cybersecurity, leading to a proliferation of inexpensive connected devices Consumers are eager to adopt these technologies, heightening the risk of malicious control, data breaches, and unauthorized surveillance Therefore, ensuring robust software quality is essential to mitigate these threats and protect users.
Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT
Every emerging technology encounters numerous challenges during its early stages, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is no exception Despite the significant issues that must be addressed to harness its full potential, this article will focus on the positive aspects of IoT To appreciate the transformative impact of IoT on our daily lives, it's essential to examine both its advantages and disadvantages.
Figure 10: Advantages and disadvantages of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency, improves decision-making, and fosters innovation across various sectors Understanding the principles and applications of IoT is crucial for students in higher national computing programs, particularly in Unit 43 Assignments in this unit focus on exploring IoT's impact on industries, security considerations, and the development of smart solutions By engaging with these topics, students will gain valuable insights into the future of technology and its implications for society.
The Internet of Things (IoT) facilitates seamless communication between devices, commonly referred to as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication This connectivity enhances transparency, reduces inefficiencies, and improves overall quality in operations.
The integration of wireless infrastructure allows physical objects to be connected and controlled digitally, resulting in significant automation and centralized control This technology enables machines to communicate autonomously, enhancing efficiency and delivering faster, timely outputs without the need for human intervention.
Access to more information enhances decision-making, whether for everyday choices like grocery shopping or for business needs such as inventory management Knowledge is indeed power, and having an abundance of it leads to better outcomes.
The Internet of Things (IoT) offers significant cost savings, as the investment in tagging and monitoring equipment is often outweighed by the savings generated By enabling seamless communication between appliances, IoT enhances daily routines, leading to improved energy conservation and reduced expenses The ability to share and translate data between devices increases system efficiency, making IoT an essential tool for modern living.
Machine-to-machine interaction enhances efficiency, leading to quicker and more accurate results This advancement saves valuable time, allowing individuals to shift from repetitive tasks to more creative endeavors.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its potential As industries increasingly adopt IoT solutions, the importance of cybersecurity and data privacy becomes paramount Therefore, exploring the implications and applications of IoT is essential for future technological advancements and societal impact.
The increasing transmission of IoT data heightens privacy concerns, particularly regarding the encryption of sensitive information Individuals may not want their neighbors or employers to access personal details such as their medication history or financial status.
Imagine a scenario where a hacker alters your prescription or a retailer mistakenly sends you an item you're allergic to, a flavor you dislike, or even an expired product This highlights the critical importance of consumer vigilance, as safety relies heavily on individuals to verify the accuracy of automated processes.
With the increasing connectivity of household appliances, industrial machinery, and public services such as water supply and transportation to the Internet, vast amounts of data are generated and shared However, this wealth of information is vulnerable to cyberattacks, posing significant risks Unauthorized access to private and confidential information by hackers can lead to disastrous consequences.
As various manufacturers connect their devices, compatibility challenges in tagging and monitoring crops emerge While a unified standard could mitigate this disadvantage, technical issues are likely to remain For instance, even with Bluetooth-enabled devices, compatibility problems are prevalent Such issues may drive consumers to purchase appliances from a single manufacturer, potentially leading to market monopolies.
- Lesser Employment of Menial Staff
The rise of automation in daily activities poses a significant threat to unskilled workers and helpers, potentially leading to increased unemployment rates in society As technology advances, the demand for human resources, particularly among less educated staff, diminishes However, this challenge can be addressed through education, equipping workers with the skills needed to adapt to the changing job landscape.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and facilitates smarter decision-making across various sectors As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, including security concerns and the need for robust infrastructure Understanding these dynamics is crucial for leveraging IoT effectively in computing and technology fields.
- Technology Takes Control of Life
As technology continues to permeate our daily lives, we must evaluate our growing dependence on it, especially among the younger generation, who often exhibit an addiction to digital devices for even the simplest tasks It is crucial to determine the extent to which we are willing to allow technology to dictate our routines and control our lives.
IoT Architecture
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a powerful yet complex concept that requires a cohesive structure for its various elements to work seamlessly together Central to this is IoT architecture, which plays a crucial role in effective IoT device management Transitioning from the hype surrounding IoT to its practical implementation necessitates a well-defined architectural framework.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing how devices communicate and interact, creating a more interconnected world This technology enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes Understanding the principles of IoT is essential for students in higher nationals in computing, particularly in Unit 43 Through this assignment, learners will explore the fundamental concepts, applications, and implications of IoT, preparing them for future challenges in the tech industry Emphasizing practical examples and real-world applications will help solidify their knowledge and skills in this rapidly evolving field.
When most people hear the term "Internet of Things," they often envision smart devices like a coffee maker that can anticipate their morning brew or an autonomous car navigating streets without human intervention.
The Internet of Things (IoT) extends beyond home and urban automation, representing a significant shift in how we live and work It has the potential to enhance our daily lives and societal functions while also revolutionizing business operations and our overall perception of the world.
Every Internet of Things (IoT) architecture shares a common structure and data flow It begins with "Things," which are internet-connected objects equipped with sensors and actuators to sense their environment and collect data This data is then sent to IoT gateways, where data acquisition systems process the raw information into digital streams, filtering and pre-processing it for analysis The next layer involves edge devices that enhance data processing and analysis, often utilizing visualization and machine learning technologies Finally, the refined data is transferred to data centers, either cloud-based or on-premises, where it is stored, managed, and analyzed for actionable insights.
These are the four layers of IoT architecture described in detail:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a pivotal topic in the Higher Nationals in Computing curriculum, specifically in Unit 43 This unit explores the integration of devices and systems through the internet, enabling seamless communication and data exchange Understanding the principles of IoT is essential for students, as it prepares them for the evolving tech landscape The assignment encourages critical thinking about IoT applications, security challenges, and potential impacts on various industries By engaging with this material, students will develop the skills necessary to innovate and contribute to the future of interconnected technology.
Figure 12: IoT key building blocks a Sensor
The front end of IoT devices, known as the "Things," plays a crucial role in the system by collecting data from their environment through sensors and delivering data to their surroundings via actuators.
- These have to be uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP address so that they can be easily identifiable over a large network
- These have to be active in nature which means that they should be able to collect real-time data -
- These can either work on their own (autonomous in nature) or can be made to work by the user depending on their needs (user-controlled)
- Examples of sensors are gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture sensor, etc
Figure 13: Things, sensors, and controllers
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and creates new opportunities across various industries Understanding the principles and applications of IoT is essential for students in higher national computing programs Assignment 1 in Unit 43 focuses on exploring these concepts, encouraging learners to analyze real-world IoT implementations and their impact on society Through this assignment, students will develop critical skills in IoT technologies, preparing them for future careers in this rapidly evolving field.
- Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send it to proper locations for its (data) proper utilization
A gateway facilitates bidirectional data communication, ensuring essential network connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) systems to effectively exchange information.
- LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are examples of network gateways
Figure 14: Gateways and data acquisition c Processors
Processors serve as the brain of IoT systems, playing a crucial role in processing data gathered by sensors Their primary function is to analyze this vast amount of raw data, extracting valuable insights and enhancing the overall intelligence of the information collected.
Processors operate in real-time and are easily managed by applications, playing a crucial role in data security through encryption and decryption processes.
- Embedded hardware devices, microcontroller, etc are the ones that process the data because they have processors attached to it
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency, automation, and decision-making across various sectors Understanding the implications of IoT is crucial for professionals in computing, as it shapes the future of technology Higher National qualifications in computing, particularly in Unit 43, emphasize the importance of IoT, providing students with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate this evolving landscape Through assignments and practical applications, learners can explore the vast potential of IoT and its impact on society.
- Applications form another end of an IoT system Applications are essential for proper utilization of all the data collected
- These cloud-based applications which are responsible for rendering the effective meaning to the data collected Applications are controlled by users and are a delivery point of particular services
- Examples of applications are home automation apps, security systems, industrial control hub, etc
Figure 16: Data centre / Cloud platform
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This integration enhances automation, improves efficiency, and provides valuable insights across various sectors Understanding the fundamental concepts and applications of IoT is essential for professionals in the computing field Moreover, the growing reliance on IoT solutions emphasizes the need for robust security measures to protect sensitive data and ensure user privacy As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges that require careful consideration and innovative strategies.
1.3 Example Internet of Things architecture
The healthcare industry has emerged as a frontrunner in adopting Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, primarily because these systems enhance patient care while also offering significant long-term cost savings.
Key IoT applications in healthcare focus on improving patient and personnel safety, minimizing unnecessary costs, and delivering timely support through smart medical and emergency systems.
IoT Frameworks
Figure 18: Open source IoT framework
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that transfer and sense data with minimal human intervention The IoT framework encompasses all necessary capabilities for cloud support and other requirements essential for IoT technology Commonly used IoT frameworks include KAA IoT, Cisco IoT Cloud Connect, ZETTA IoT, SAP IoT, IBM Watson, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.
2.2 What is the IoT Framework?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a crucial component of a vast ecosystem that connects and enhances various elements within the framework It facilitates effective device management, oversees communication protocols across both software and hardware, and gathers and analyzes data to optimize information flow and the functionality of intelligent applications.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the way we interact with technology, enabling devices to communicate and share data seamlessly This transformation is essential in various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and smart homes, enhancing efficiency and connectivity Understanding the principles of IoT is crucial for professionals in the computing field, as it opens up new opportunities for innovation and problem-solving As we explore the implications of IoT, it becomes evident that mastering this technology is vital for future success in the digital landscape.
2.3 List of IoT Framework a DeviceHive IoT
DeviceHive is an open-source IoT cloud service management platform, licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0, with a particular focus on big data analytics This function-rich technology can:
➢ support Python, Node.js, Java and other client libraries
➢ provide scalable public, private or hybrid cloud resources
➢ support Docker and Kubernetes deployment options
➢ handle single and multiple production volumes at scale
➢ deprive of minor technical peculiarities
➢ connect any devices with REST API, WebSockets or MQTT protocols
Harness the power of Apache Kafka, Spark, and Cassandra for effective big data analytics DeviceHive stands out for its largely free usage and customizable features, complemented by fixed-price services The platform is supported by both professional developers and consultants, ensuring robust implementation and assistance.
DeviceHive offers robust tools to set up communication between smart IoT devices It fills the gap between cloud development, embedded, and mobile app development (Ilchenko, 2021)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its full potential As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in terms of security and data privacy Engaging with these aspects is essential for anyone studying or working in the field of computing.
ThingSpeak is a relatively young IoT platform that tightly collaborates with MathWorks This gives the possibility to leverage from timely MATLAB data analysis from numberless sensors The platform comprises (Ilchenko, 2021)
➢ live data streams aggregation and analytics;
➢ data recording from public channels to be further used in newly created private channels;
➢ assignment of public channels to share data;
➢ updates of channel feed via the REST and MQTT APIs;
➢ MATLAB® online analytical tools for exploring patterns and relationships;
➢ TimeControl function that enables event-triggered alerts
To sum up, this framework9s biggest advantage is that it really makes things communicate with you
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and productivity across various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and smart cities Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its potential Moreover, security and privacy concerns must be addressed to ensure safe and reliable IoT implementations As industries increasingly adopt IoT solutions, professionals in computing must stay informed about emerging trends and best practices to remain competitive in this evolving landscape.
Mainflux is a versatile, open-source IoT platform that offers a wide array of tools for efficient data collection, management, core analytics, and event scheduling, making it suitable for various industries.
➢ connectivity of things and users via HTTP, MQTT, WebSocket, CoAP protocols;
➢ container-based deployment by Docker;
➢ enhanced data security with customizable API keys and scoped JWT;
➢ low OPEX (operating expense) benefits;
➢ Both protocol and device agnostic
This platform, developed in Golang, offers flexible deployment options including on-premises, hybrid, and cloud-based models Pricing is diverse, ranging from free installation and support plans to fully-managed business solutions and custom configurations.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday objects to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This connectivity enhances efficiency, improves decision-making, and fosters innovation across various sectors In the context of higher national computing studies, understanding IoT is essential for preparing students to engage with emerging technologies The integration of IoT in computing curricula equips learners with the skills needed to develop and manage smart devices and systems As IoT continues to evolve, its implications for industries, security, and data management become increasingly significant Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of IoT within higher education is crucial for cultivating a skilled workforce ready to tackle future challenges.
OpenRemote is a concise 100% open source solution to create Internet Of Things applications It has already proven itself in larger commercial IoT applications (Ilchenko, 2021)
➢ Generic protocol agents like HTTP REST or MQTT, to connect your IoT devices, gateways, or data services or build a missing vendor-specific API
➢ Rules engine with a Flow editor, a WHEN-THEN, and a Groovy UI
➢ Dashboard for provisioning, automating, controlling, and monitoring your application as well as Web UI components to build project-specific apps
➢ Mobile app for Android and iOS, including the option to use geofencing and push notifications
➢ Edge Gateway solution to connect multiple instances with a central management instance
➢ Ability to use multi-realms combined with account management and identity service
The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in a vast ecosystem, facilitating connections among various components Numerous IoT platforms are available, allowing users to select options that best meet their specific needs These platforms are designed to enhance functionality and support the overall IoT framework, providing significant benefits to users.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes Understanding the principles of IoT is crucial for students in higher national computing programs, as it prepares them for careers in a rapidly evolving digital landscape Assignment 1 in Unit 43 focuses on the fundamental concepts and applications of IoT, encouraging learners to explore its impact on society and future innovations By engaging with this material, students will develop essential skills for leveraging IoT technologies in real-world scenarios.
IoT Tools
The Internet has long served as a fertile ground for technological advancement, and this trend continues with the Internet of Things (IoT) Over the past ten years, the IoT landscape has witnessed a significant increase in the availability of open-source tools, fostering innovation and development in this dynamic field.
The Internet of Things (IoT) thrives on diverse and innovative solutions, significantly benefiting from the prevalence of open-source technologies These open-source options are accessible to all, allowing users to modify source code to tailor solutions to their specific business needs and use cases.
Smart technology is rapidly advancing due to significant developments in information technology, microelectronics, and telecommunications This transformation towards a smarter future relies heavily on the voluntary contributions of developers, providers, and industry insiders who conceptualize, finance, and distribute open-source IoT tools to those in need.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is fundamentally shaped by the principles of diversity, openness, and independence across various technical domains, including development tools, hardware, operating systems, platforms, integration tools, middleware, protocols, and software This foundational approach mirrors the core of the Internet, which relies on open-source hardware, software, and protocols.
Here9s a quick run-down of some great open-source frameworks that are free to use and reuse
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This connectivity enhances efficiency and provides valuable insights across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities Understanding IoT's architecture, protocols, and applications is essential for leveraging its full potential As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly concerning security and data privacy Embracing IoT technology can lead to innovative solutions and improved quality of life.
3.2 List of IoT tools a Node-RED
Node-RED is an innovative IoT programming platform designed for seamless integration of APIs, smart devices, and online services This flow-based development engine allows users to create visual flows through an intuitive web-based editor It enables the creation of JavaScript functions and stores these flows in the widely used JSON file format, facilitating easy sharing and reuse Additionally, Node-RED is available as a commercial solution under the name BeagleBone (Avsystem, 2021)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and convenience in various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its potential Additionally, addressing security and privacy concerns is essential for the safe implementation of IoT solutions As industries continue to adopt IoT technologies, staying informed about emerging trends and best practices will be vital for success in this rapidly evolving field.
RIOT is an open-source microkernel operating system designed for low-power, memory-constrained smart devices, supporting 32-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit microcontroller architectures It serves as an alternative to Linux, enabling efficient operation with minimal processing, power, and memory usage RIOT is compatible with multiple chip architectures and supports essential IoT protocols such as 6LoWPAN, IPv6, RPL, and UDP, making it ideal for networks of small sensors and low-power microcontrollers.
DeviceHub.net is a vital open-source IoT tool that provides a cloud solution for real-time tracking, monitoring, and controlling of devices Its accessible data is ideal for applications where immediate access is essential, including healthcare monitoring, vehicle and asset location, and weather telemetry collection.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data This connectivity enhances efficiency and automation across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT is essential for students in higher national computing programs, as it prepares them for future careers in technology The assignment focuses on the implications of IoT, its applications, and the challenges it presents, such as security and privacy concerns By exploring these topics, students will gain valuable insights into the evolving landscape of technology and its impact on society.
The Thing System is a comprehensive suite of software components and network protocols designed to seamlessly connect and manage all Internet-enabled home devices This innovative system provides users with complete control over their smart home assets, supporting a wide array of devices such as air conditioners, LED bulbs, Nest thermostats, Google Chromecast, and IoT-enabled locks, among others.
Figure 27: Deploying Anjay for Raspberry Pi
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data This connectivity enhances automation, efficiency, and data-driven decision-making across various sectors Understanding the principles and applications of IoT is essential for students in higher national computing programs, particularly in Unit 43 This assignment focuses on exploring the implications of IoT in modern society, its technological frameworks, and potential future developments By analyzing real-world applications, students will gain insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by IoT, preparing them for careers in this rapidly evolving field.
Anjay, developed by AVSystem, is a comprehensive Software Development Kit (SDK) that utilizes the Lightweight M2M protocol, serving as a global reference implementation for IoT tool providers and device manufacturers It is optimized for resource-constrained devices, ensuring minimal RAM, Flash, and CPU usage As an open-source solution, Anjay's software and documentation are freely accessible on GitHub For those seeking commercial support, AVSystem offers extensive assistance, including access to a test server for their Coiote IoT Device Management platform, additional APIs, and SMS binding.
Anjay9's role in advancing IoT standards is crucial for the widespread adoption of the LwM2M protocol, addressing significant challenges in security and interoperability within the Internet of Things As the demand for multi-million device deployments grows, the importance of standards-based solutions becomes essential for manufacturers, service providers, and end users.
The Internet of Things offers a dynamic landscape for business development, yet there are no one-size-fits-all solutions for every smart project Although the open-source IoT tools mentioned can serve as foundational elements for nearly any smart system, customization is essential for success.
IoT Hardware
The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a diverse range of hardware, including processors that power smartphones, sensors that gather data from the physical environment, and edge devices that analyze and process this information Central to any IoT initiative is the essential role of IoT hardware and the technology that supports it.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data This connectivity enhances efficiency and productivity across various sectors, including healthcare, manufacturing, and smart cities Understanding the fundamental principles of IoT is essential for leveraging its potential, as it involves the integration of sensors, software, and network connectivity As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in areas such as data security and privacy Embracing IoT technology can lead to innovative solutions and improved decision-making processes in numerous industries.
The growing significance of design boards and modules has been amplified by the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) However, the vast array of available IoT hardware can make selecting the appropriate components for a project overwhelming This article explores various facets of IoT hardware and examines how these devices transmit data to the internet.
IoT devices share common foundational elements, regardless of whether they are used in wearable technology, integrated lighting systems, or complex machinery like jet engines A wireless sensor node primarily comprises three key hardware components: sensors, microcontrollers, and communication mediums Sensors play a crucial role in the functionality of IoT systems.
Sensors play a vital role in IoT applications by collecting data from the environment These systems consist of essential components, including power management, RF, energy, and sensing modules The RF module facilitates communication through various technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, transceivers, BAW, and duplexers An example of sensor integration can be seen in Arduino systems.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly This integration enhances efficiency and innovation across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart cities Understanding IoT's architecture, protocols, and security challenges is crucial for leveraging its full potential As industries increasingly adopt IoT solutions, professionals in computing must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to navigate this evolving landscape Emphasizing practical applications and real-world case studies can significantly enrich the learning experience in higher national computing programs.
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to perform a specific task and run applications, featuring programmable peripherals, memory, and a CPU Primarily used in embedded systems, microcontrollers are integral to various remote electronic devices, including mobile phones, washing machines, microwaves, and cameras.
Smart wearable devices, including smart memory, glasses, rings, and shoes, exemplify IoT hardware, enhancing our access to beloved content and fostering innovative collaboration within IoT networks While desktops, mobile phones, and tablets serve as essential command centers for IoT applications, network distribution devices like switches, hubs, and routers play a crucial role as connectors in the IoT ecosystem.
This article explores the essential components of IoT devices, emphasizing that the hardware is the crucial element that facilitates communication between devices and the Internet.
We have further looked at a few of the IoT hardware providers in today9s market and evaluated them individually (Educba, 2021)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data This connectivity enhances efficiency, improves decision-making, and fosters innovation across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart cities As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, such as data security and privacy concerns Understanding the implications of IoT is crucial for leveraging its potential while addressing these challenges effectively.
IoT APIs
An application programming interface (API) serves as a crucial link in the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitating communication between IoT devices and the internet, as well as other components within the network.
APIs play a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) by enabling the secure exposure of connected devices to customers, market channels, and various applications, according to Axway, an API management company.
APIs, or application program interfaces, are essential for businesses across various industries as they enable seamless communication between different software applications By allowing one program's capabilities to be utilized by another, APIs enhance functionality and streamline processes, making them crucial tools in today's technology-driven landscape.
IBM called IoT APIs one of its top IoT trends for this year
APIs are essential for the functionality of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, as they facilitate connectivity and data exchange between devices and the internet Chris O'Connor, IBM's GM for IoT, emphasizes that APIs unlock new possibilities by acting as an interface that connects various devices In the coming year, the significance of APIs will be a key topic in discussions about enhancing and monetizing the Internet of Things.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT is crucial for professionals in computing, as it represents a significant shift in how technology interacts with our daily lives By exploring IoT applications and their implications, students can better prepare for a future where smart devices play a pivotal role in innovation and problem-solving.
5.3 APIs for Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming homes, cities, vehicles, businesses, and workplaces into smarter environments Developers interested in building IoT applications and integrating with IoT-enabled devices can explore ProgrammableWeb, which offers a wide range of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to facilitate their projects.
IoT APIs enable applications to access sensor data and analyze information from smart cities and campuses, automate home appliances, utilize voice commands, manage proximity beacons, and control smart cars Additionally, they facilitate edge computing and the management of manufacturing and industrial equipment, among other functionalities.
The Internet of Things category on ProgrammableWeb has over three hundred APIs Here we highlight ten popular ones, based on website traffic (Culbertson, 2021) b Google Assistant API
Google Assistant can be integrated into various devices to facilitate voice control, hotword detection, and natural language understanding The Google Assistant API allows users to manage and interact with these devices seamlessly With this technology, users can control applications on smartphones, speakers, smart displays, vehicles, watches, laptops, TVs, and Google Home devices like Nest The API and SDKs enable users to perform Google searches for weather, sports, traffic, and news, manage tasks, set reminders, and control smart home devices, enhancing overall convenience and functionality.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly In the context of higher national computing qualifications, understanding IoT is essential for developing smart solutions across various industries This assignment explores the fundamental concepts of IoT, its applications, and the implications for future technological advancements By analyzing real-world examples, students will gain insights into how IoT enhances efficiency, productivity, and innovation Ultimately, this knowledge prepares students for careers in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.
Withings specializes in creating connected health devices, including scales and blood pressure monitors, which transmit health data directly to the internet Their Body Metrics Services API (WBS API) offers developers and third parties controlled access to users' health information, encompassing activity levels, heart ECG (or EKG), sleep cycles, and more (Culbertson, 2021).
Figure 34: Unofficial Tesla Model S API
The Tesla Model S JSON API, while unofficial, serves as a valuable resource for developers in the automotive industry by providing documentation utilized by iOS and Android applications This API allows users to manage multiple vehicles simultaneously, offering functionalities akin to a mobile remote control Users can charge their cars, flash lights, honk the horn, and receive status updates on battery charge and door status.
The assignment for Unit 43 in the Higher Nationals in Computing program focuses on the Internet of Things (IoT) It explores the fundamental concepts, applications, and implications of IoT technology in various sectors Students are encouraged to analyze real-world IoT solutions, assess their effectiveness, and understand the challenges associated with their implementation The assignment aims to enhance students' understanding of how IoT can transform industries and improve everyday life through interconnected devices and systems.
Apple's HomeKit offers a seamless platform for smart devices, apps, and services to interact With Siri, iPhone users can effortlessly manage compatible home devices, including lights, thermostats, and garage doors, using voice commands The Apple HomeKit API is available through the Apple iOS 8 SDK, enabling developers to create integrated smart home solutions.
Figure 36: Amazon Alexa Home API
The Amazon Alexa Smart Home Skills API empowers developers to facilitate voice interactions with Alexa and communicate with cloud-connected devices This API enables the creation of skills that allow users to control various smart home devices, including TVs, alarms, door locks, and lights.
The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative technology that connects various devices and systems, enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and provides valuable insights across multiple sectors Understanding the implications and applications of IoT is crucial for advancing technological innovation As businesses and individuals increasingly rely on IoT solutions, it is essential to explore its potential benefits and challenges By leveraging IoT, organizations can optimize operations, improve decision-making, and foster a more connected world.
Scenario
In today's modern households, electronic devices increasingly operate independently or can be remotely controlled via mobile applications, a concept known as the Internet of Things (IoT) As technology advances, these IoT devices are expected to gain popularity and become integral to everyday life in the future.
Introducing a smart IoT device designed to enhance home safety and convenience, our innovative smart household light allows residents to navigate dark spaces effortlessly without searching for light switches.
Solution
We will explain about this smart device for home use
This innovative smart lamp features LED indoor lighting combined with advanced motion sensors that automatically illuminate when users move within its range The device efficiently conserves energy by turning off the lights when no motion is detected, eliminating the need for users to search for light switches in the dark.
You can easily manage indoor lighting by setting timestamps and monitoring real-time lamp consumption through a mobile app using Wi-Fi or 4G/5G For optimal energy savings, we recommend keeping the "auto-detect" mode activated, allowing lights to turn on automatically when someone passes by and off when the area is unoccupied.
This is a revolutionary product in the future when convenience is a priority among households You
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to send and receive data This interconnectedness enhances efficiency and convenience in various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding the implications of IoT is crucial for future innovations and addressing challenges such as security and privacy As IoT continues to evolve, it presents significant opportunities for businesses and individuals alike, driving advancements in automation and data analytics.
P a g e | 44 may consider choosing and buy this product in your family.
Needed Devices
Figure 38: Motion sensor in lamp/ LED
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology that connects everyday devices to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data This connectivity enhances efficiency and convenience across various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and smart homes Understanding IoT's architecture, including sensors, connectivity, and data processing, is crucial for leveraging its full potential As IoT continues to evolve, it presents both opportunities and challenges, such as security concerns and data privacy issues Embracing IoT innovations can lead to significant advancements in how we interact with technology in our daily lives.