Assignment 1 Internet of Things (1690 Distinction)

Học phần này giới thiệu cho sinh viên nền tảng kỹ thuật và kiến trúc của hệ sinh thái IoT, nền tảng và khuôn khổ trong thiết kế hệ thống IoT, khuyến khích trải nghiệm thực hành với thực hành trong phòng thí nghiệm và lập trình ứng dụng IoT.

ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Unit number and title Unit 43: Internet of Things

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Contents

TASK 1 Review and evaluation of IoT aspects 4

I Exploring and reviewing IoT 4

1 Concepts about IoT (P1) 4

2 IoT Standard and Framework, Tools and harware (P2) 6

II Evaluation of a common IoT platform 13

1 Impact on Software Development Lifecycle (M1) 13

2 Impact on IoT Security (M2) 14

Task 2 Appropriate IoT application plan 15

I Problem and its IoT solution 15

1 Exploring IoT Development Components (P3) 15

2 Determining a specific problem to solve using IoT 18

II IoT application plan 19

1 Selecting appropriate IoT options (M3) 19

2 Feasibility and plan for IoT application (M4) 21

Task 3 Advanced Evaluating and Justifying 23

I Evaluating and Justifying IoT architecture (D1) 23

1 Identification of IoT architecture forms 23

2 Evaluating each architecture forms 25

3 Justifying usage and their roles 26

II Enhance IoT application security iteratively (D2) 26

1 Identifying weaknesses 26

2 Setting iteration goals 27

3 Implementation of upgrades 27

Table Of Figures 28

REFERENCE LIST 29

TASK 1 Review and evaluation of IoT aspects

I Exploring and reviewing IoT

1 Concepts about IoT (P1)

With IoT, data can be sent between devices without people directly interacting

In the Internet of Things, a "thing" can be anything from a person with a heart monitor, a farm animal with a biochip, to a car with sensors that warn the driver about low tire pressure Essentially, any object, natural or man-made, that can have an Internet Protocol address and share data over a network can be part of the Internet of Things

Figure 1 Internet Of Things illustration

1.2 How IoT work

IoT works through a system of smart devices connected to the internet These devices have built-in technology like processors, sensors, and communication hardware to gather, send, and respond to data from their surroundings

The collected data from IoT devices is shared by connecting to an IoT gateway, acting as a central hub Before sharing, the data can be analyzed locally on an edge device, reducing the amount of data sent to the cloud and saving bandwidth

Sometimes, these devices talk to each other and act on the shared information Most of the time, they operate without human involvement, but people can interact with them to set them up, give

instructions, or access data

The way these devices connect, network, and communicate depends on the specific IoT applications in use Additionally, IoT can leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to make data collection processes easier and more adaptable

Figure 2 How IoT works illustration

1.3 IoT characteristics

Understanding the capabilities and impact of IoT in various industries involves recognizing these key characteristics:

Scalability:

 IoT systems can handle a large number of devices without compromising performance

 Whether in a smart home, city, or industry, IoT networks can expand as more devices join Interoperability:

 Devices from different brands or types can communicate seamlessly in an IoT environment

 This ensures effective information exchange and collaboration, irrespective of individual

specifications

Real-time Data:

 IoT involves continuous real-time data collection and analysis

 Devices transmit information promptly, enabling informed decision-making based on up-to-date data

Automation

 IoT devices can perform tasks autonomously without human intervention

 Through programming and artificial intelligence, devices can execute predefined actions based

on conditions or triggers

1.4 Real-world examples

Smart Home Automation:

 Utilizes IoT devices like smart thermostats, lighting controls, and security cameras

 Example: A smart thermostat learns your heating and cooling preferences, optimizing energy usage, while smart security cameras enable remote monitoring and alerts for suspicious

activities

Remote Patient Monitoring and Healthcare:

 Wearable IoT devices like fitness trackers and smartwatches collect health data

 Example: Real-time monitoring allows early identification of health conditions, and IoT-enabled medical devices integrate patient data with electronic health records for informed healthcare decisions

Connected Vehicles and Transportation:

 Enables connected cars and intelligent transportation systems with real-time tracking of vehicle performance and diagnostics

 Example: Smart traffic management systems optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance road safety Networked cars provide alternate routes and real-time traffic data

Smart Cities:

 Transforms cities into smart cities using IoT sensors to collect data on energy use, waste

management, traffic flow, and environmental factors

 Example: Data-driven decision-making helps city officials allocate resources efficiently, enhance public services, and improve the overall quality of life for citizens

2 IoT Standard and Framework, Tools and harware (P2)

2.1 IoT Standard and Framework

Organizations Involved in IoT Standards:

 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

 Industrial Internet Consortium

 Open Connectivity Foundation

 Thread Group

 Connectivity Standards Alliance

Examples of IoT Standards:

IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN):

 Standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

 Enables low-power radios (e.g., 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy, Z-Wave) to communicate with the internet

 Used in home automation, industrial monitoring, and agriculture

Figure 3 LoWPAN logo

Zigbee:

 A low-power, low-data rate wireless network standard based on IEEE 802.15.4

 Zigbee Alliance created Dotdot, a universal language for secure IoT communication

Figure 4 Zigbee logo

Data Distribution Service (DDS):

 Developed by the Object Management Group

 An industrial IoT (IIoT) standard for real-time, scalable, and high-performance machine (M2M) communication

machine-to-Figure 5 DDS logo

IoT Protocols:

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP):

 IETF-designed protocol for low-power, compute-constrained IoT devices

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP):

 Open-source standard for asynchronous messaging in IoT device management

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN):

 Designed for WANs to support large networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices

MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT):

 Lightweight protocol for control and remote monitoring applications, suitable for devices with limited resources

IoT Frameworks:

Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT:

 A cloud computing platform for IoT by Amazon, facilitating secure interactions between smart devices and the AWS cloud

Figure 6 Amazon Web Services IoT logo

Arm Mbed IoT:

 An open-source platform for developing IoT apps based on Arm microcontrollers, providing a scalable and secure environment

Figure 7 Arm Mbed IoT logo

Microsoft Azure IoT Suite:

 A set of services for interacting with and analyzing data from IoT devices, offering

multidimensional analysis, transformation, and aggregation

Figure 8 Microsoft Azure IoT Suite logo

2.2 Top tools and devices

Arduino:

 Hardware Offerings: Microcontroller boards, modules, shields, and kits

 Software:

 Arduino IDE: Open-source prototyping platform for coding compatible with Arduino boards

 Arduino Cloud: Enables wireless communication, remote control, and data collection for IoT devices

 IoT Cloud Remote: Application for creating dashboards to control cloud-connected devices

 Web Editor: Browser-based application for coding

Flutter:

 Programmable processor core based on Arduino with an ARM processor, built-in battery charging, and a security chip

 Offers basic and pro control modules, complete kits, accessory boards, and 3D-printed parts

 Ideal for wireless sensor networks

Tessel 2:

 Programmable microcontroller supporting JavaScript, Node.js libraries, and other languages

 Runs Linux and provides access to NPM modules

 Extendable with external hardware (sensors, peripherals) and features Wi-Fi, Ethernet

connectivity, MediaTek router, 64MB of RAM, and 32MB of Flash

 Convenient command-line tools for prototyping

M2MLabs Mainspring:

 Open-source Java-based framework for developing machine-to-machine applications

 Widely used for fleet management apps and remote monitoring projects

 Enables flexible device configuration and supports reliable machine-to-machine connections

 Quick app prototyping and long-term data storage with a scalable Apache Cassandra database Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian):

 Official operating system for Raspberry Pi hardware

 Free, Debian-based system with a 32-bit version available and a 64-bit version in active

development

 Includes basic programs and utilities for hardware functionality

 Compiles thousands of packages and pre-compiled software for easy installation

2.3 IoT hardware

The hardware in IoT systems includes devices like a remote dashboard, control devices, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors These devices handle important tasks such as turning on the system, specifying actions, ensuring security, communication, and detection to support specific goals

In IoT, sensors are crucial hardware They include energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules RF modules manage communication through signal processing, using technologies like WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW

Standard devices like desktops, tablets, and cell phones are essential in IoT The desktop gives the user

a high level of control, the tablet provides access to key features, and the cellphone allows for some settings modification and remote functionality

2.4 Popular APIs for IoT

APIs play a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) by securely exposing connected devices to

customers and other apps in the IT infrastructure This is particularly important as APIs connect

essential things like medical devices, cars, thermostats, and energy grids to the broader ecosystem Deploying scalable, flexible, and secure API management becomes crucial in facilitating this connection

In our everyday lives, many of us use smartwatches and fitness trackers connected to mobile phones, linking these devices to the internet and accessing services from providers APIs play a key role in connecting applications to these providers

Different Types of APIs in IoT:

SOAP:

 Protocol defining communication between server and client in XML format

 Web services publish their interface definition in a machine-readable document

JSON and XML:

 Older methods compared to SOAP, using simpler approaches for calling and utilizing less

bandwidth

REST:

 Representation State Transfer for establishing communication with electronic devices

 Architectural principles, not just a protocol, with features like interface simplicity and resource identification

Top IoT APIs:

Google Assistant API:

 Manages and converses with devices, providing voice control, language understanding, hot word detection, and other services

Figure 11 Google Assistant API logo

Garmin Health API:

 Allows mobile app developers to use health-related data collected from Garmin wearables, monitoring steps, calories, sleep, heart rate, stress, intensity, and more

Figure 12 Garmin Health API logo

Withings API:

 Developed by Withings for IoT app development, focusing on measuring devices like blood pressure monitors and scales

 Allows third parties to access users' activity data, supporting nearly thirty activity types

Figure 13 Withings API logo

II Evaluation of a common IoT platform

1 Impact on Software Development Lifecycle (M1)

Software Specification

The customer and the engineer work together to figure out what services the software needs to

provide and the limitations on how it can operate and be developed The agreed-upon requirements are written down in a document called the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) This whole

process is also known as software requirements and is divided into four stages:

 Feasibility Study: This is an analysis to see if it makes financial and technical sense to develop the software The study should be relatively quick and cost-effective

 Requirement Elicitation and Analysis: This involves figuring out the system's requirements to understand what it needs It might include creating system models and prototypes

 Requirement Specification: This step is about turning the system's requirements into written documents (user and system requirements) to move on to the next phase

 Requirement Validation: This involves checking if the system requirements are complete and consistent Any mistakes in the document from the previous step are found and corrected Software development

Software development is the process of turning the specifications decided in the previous stage into a working system that can be executed It involves both designing and programming the software During the design process, the structure of the software is decided, and a data model is created to build a system architecture, specify the database, and outline interfaces and components This involves the following activities:

 Architectural Design: In this phase, designers decide on the overall structure of the system, including its components They define the modules and subsystems along with their

arrangements and relationships

 Interface Design: This phase focuses on creating interfaces for the system and its components, ensuring they work seamlessly

 Component Design: Each part of the system is individually designed to determine what it does and how it operates This also considers reusing existing components

 Database Design: Here, the database is designed, including the structure of the system's data and how it's represented in the database This also considers reusing existing databases

Software validation

Software validation is a crucial phase that involves confirming that the designed software meets the customer's specified requirements and expectations This includes both validating the development process and the final product

Component Testing:

 Every component of the system is tested separately and independently

 The system is tested using real data provided by the customer in acceptance testing

 This ensures the system meets the customer's requirements, and they accept it for operational use

2 Impact on IoT Security (M2)

Even though IoT technology has many advantages and is well-regarded, it comes with several

difficulties and potential risks for users Below are these challenges:

Privacy Concerns:

Due to the vast amount of data collected by IoT, including information about everyday objects and potentially private details like users' locations or health records, people worry that this data could be accessed by unauthorized parties Ensuring and addressing these privacy concerns is crucial

Security Issues:

Connected to privacy, security challenges arise in safeguarding user data from unauthorized access, especially considering the reliance of IoT systems on networks Researchers are actively working on achieving high levels of security to mitigate these risks

Compatibility Challenges:

When devices from different manufacturers are linked through a network, ensuring compatibility is essential for the entire system to function properly While a common standard among manufacturers could address this, technical issues may persist

Data Authentication:

Verifying that IoT data comes from the correct sender to the intended receiver involves correctly identifying every object on the network These challenges highlight the complexities associated with IoT technology