Trang 1 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LA DAI THANH DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: LEXICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SOME ENGLISH SONG LYRICS TO EXPRESS LOVE M.A THESIS Field: English
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
While traditional linguistics was interested in analyzing single sentence structures, Zellig Harris published her research under the title "discourse analysis" (Harris, 1952) Harris is interested in the distribution of linguistic elements in texts and the relationship between the text and its social context Although Harris's discursive analysis is far from today's discursive analysis, authoritative is seen as a pioneer in this area The appearance of semiotics and the French structural method in narrative analysis was also important in the early years for the development of discursive analysis Unfortunately, often the author of a word does not explain to the reader which are used to denote word combinations made at their own discretion In this regard, word combinations must be used in place of formation, which is only completed in history to become a given language unit that the speaker had to accept as it was When for the first time a certain native person invented a combination that is not in the vocabulary, it was an innovation that could not be called a word, that is, a component of the vocabulary By the time it had been accepted into the verbal speech of native speakers to be included in the dictionary, then word formation became available onward
Most linguists respect native speakers' knowledge of their native language They know that it is impossible for a foreigner, even after studying for a lifetime, to know a foreign language like a native speaker unless he is a bilingual person Perhaps because they have learned more relevant foreign letters than native speakers, they need to state their "unsatisfactory" native language uses
However, ideas are not just syntactic and semantic forms The concept of pragmatics is something that comes from context, not from syntax and semantics
(Hatch, 1992) In order to understand a text, it is necessary to understand the concept that the creator wants to express in a particular context and how that context affects what is mentioned That means not only the shell of the language but also the situation in which the language is used needs to be taken into account The situation here includes the person who created the text and who perceived the text, their relationship, the situation, and the time Understanding the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those linguistic forms helps us to understand the intended meaning, assumptions, purposes, and types of actions to be performed under the expression of user's language Equally important in helping to deeply understand and truly understand a text is to consider and learn how the text creator uses to organize what needs to represent to the subject Additionally, readers or persons who receive the message need to understand the communicating context on the language form which is used by the text creator Example: Studying the language used in a letter written to a stranger or a single word, we see a kind of formal, and cliché style in comparison to the style of a letter written to family or a close friend
Firstly, discourse is primarily concerned with the social interaction expressed through conversation, analyzed by the unit of meaning Second, discourse is a series of linguistic behaviors in the form of spoken or written Discourse studies linguistic structures by inter - sentence - connectives (Rahman, 2015) and cohesion of linguistic structures at the level of mixed sentences Third, discourse is used to study informational functions or communication purposes According to Tadd Trimble and Trimble (1977), scientific discourse, including trade, has the characteristics of function of announcing, describing, defining and classifying; uses notification techniques based on temporal, spatial, and causal order According to those who hold the view of perception, a text does not contain a fixed idea but on the contrary, the communication of ideas is a three-way mutual process between ideas in the writer's head, where language used to express ideas of the text and concepts in the reader's mind Of course, generally speaking, these concepts are related and the writer as well as the reader tries to keep their ideas as close together as possible However, each reader will perceive a particular text and understand it differently because they rely
3 on organized arrangements of different schemas Reading any context in form of written expression such as novel, song, or poem, therefore includes two important processes: the process of responding information from the book to the reader, that is, the language from the text and the process of bouncing from the top, that is, what comes from the human brain to read down the text They may include knowledge of a text topic, reading strategies, skills, and experience with a particular type of text For example: The lack of background knowledge about the reader's culture or country of study can cause them to misunderstand and misinterpret information even though they know each word and structure in the text The genre of unfamiliar text, the content is too difficult, or the lack of proper reading technique also hinders the reading process Therefore, in order to fully understand a text, the reader also needs to understand all cultural elements, the country of study present in the text as well as have knowledge of the type of text and find a way to read effective context through different written means such as song lyrics, poem, and so on
Contemporary musical discourse is of greatest interest in research because of the global status of the English language, which has been embraced as a modern lingua franca in the field of contemporary musical art, working across national boundaries and becoming profoundly multicultural and international In all its complexity, musical discourse provides endless possibilities for multidimensional study, financial, cultural, psychological, visual, gestural, ceremonial, technical, historical and musicological integration Until now, however, very little attention has been given to discourse theoretical investigations into the usage and social dimensions of global language in various musical discourse genres Love is always a topic chosen by musicians in any stage of social life Maybe happy, maybe sad, but songs about love are always beautiful melodies with many moods and colors
Therefore, this thesis aims to address the field that was not explored in previous linguistic studies, focusing on components of musical discourse in mentioned love songs such as semiosis, social agents, social roles, social context and text, and their role in the analysis of musical discourse, in particular the paper
4 addresses the question of how the lexical characteristics in love songs can express love.
Aims of study
Research question: To express love, what are the lexical characteristics in some
In theory, the thesis hopes to contribute to clarify the concept of communication in general and in song lyrics in particular in which showcases some of the most common characteristics of language discourse On the other hand, the thesis also pays more attention to the functions of discourse through the materials being examined: ideological functions, interpersonal functions and textual functions
- issues that have been mentioned so far but has not been fully explained; thereby contributing to the completion of research results on communications, especially in song lyrics, in general and the social impact function of lyrics in resistance songs in particular
In practice, the dissertation's research results can contribute to solving many problems about using English and serve as the basis for compiling content, determining methods of teaching English for foreigners to learn English In particular, in the current trend of integration and globalization, the research results of the thesis also contribute significantly to improving the function of the use of lyrics when the composer composes new accompanied songs messages you want to send to listeners; Since then, it is more convenient to communicate and demonstrate their communication purposes.
Scope of the study
In recent years, the direction of research on language has gained remarkable results, helping us to understand more deeply the nature of language as a tool for social and interpersonal interaction Romance language is a research direction that is interested in many people However, in English linguistics, this research is not much and in depth Before the present time, English grammar researchers mainly discussed the song written texts in an inclusive and comprehensive way
Thesis conducted research based on the point of view of functional grammar and pragmatics The study of speech in its act or in a particular context In the process of thesis research, we have used descriptive methods and methods: meaning analysis, and contextual analysis
The research studies according to the method going from concrete to general, from analysis to synthesis, from form to content, from structure to meaning, from medium to purpose, to find out the characteristics of pragmatism as well as functions of social impact through the materials were studied
The study will be limited within the range of 7 famous English love songs representing the golden era of love songs from 1950s to the first decade of 2000s:
- My Heart Will Go On – Celine Dion
- When A Man Loves A Woman – Percy Sledge
- Way back into love – Hugh Grant and Haley Bennett
- Nothing’s Gonna Change My Love for You – George Benson
- I want to hold your hand – Beatles
These are very popular love songs released during the time of 1950s to the beginning of 2010s, using the same motif of lyric for expressing love from one to another.
Significance of the study
This research aims to a few purposes:
- Areference for further research of speech act, illocutionary act, or any study related with a song lyrics as their object of study The results of this study can help people understand the meaning of a song by understanding the lyrics, because if we only listen and read the lyrics without understanding it, we will only get the literal meaning of the song Through understanding by analyzing it, we get the real meaning, the
6 intention of the writer that he wants to share with the listener through the forms of speech act as well as the Implicature he uses
- Applying research on lexical meaning to English teaching and learning, especially in terms of semantics and vocabulary, through very common learning methods such as listening to music This is a fairly common method of many generations of foreign language learners, but often not really focused.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Musical discourse as a topic of linguistic study
Despite the increasing interest in researching popular music and analyzing musical discourses, contact in the field of music was not subjected to a rigorous linguistic examination Discourse analysis has been applied in three ways to popular music: in the study of song lyrics as a performance language, in the description of discourses on or about music, and in the analysis of music as a discourse (Bradby 2003: 67) Therefore, there is no common meaning or even no standardized version of the term itself: either "musical discourse" (Tagg,2003), "music discourse" (Moore
2001), "discourse of music," (Murphey, 1992) or "discourse about music" (Blacking,
It is commonly accepted, however, that musical discourse can not be reduced to music itself (Roy 2010: 15) In the study of music discourses various academic researchers suggest considering specific extramusical elements, such as psychological, personal influences, social and historical setting, stylistic norms, creative aims Overall , the study of musical discourse is without doubt an interdisciplinary matter: it cannot be completed without consideration of social, linguistic, psychological, visual , gestural, ceremonial, technological, historical and musicological aspects (Tagg, 2003 pg 74)
In this thesis, the author wants to delve into the love songs in English, then find out the vocabulary expression of love by using the method of discourse analysis - linguistics – vocabulary in particular
Definition of “Discourse”
Discourse is a technical term which refers to the whole of the exchanges between people and to discrete communication instances Discourse applies both to the "content of that exchange and the form in which that exchange takes place" (Kotarba & Vannini, 2009) Discourse interpretation is the study of the language in use As such, it "cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions which these forms are designed to serve in human affairs
" (Brown & Yule 1983: 1) The discourse analyst treats everyday human interaction as the “result of a process in which language was used as an instrument of communication in a context by a speaker or a writer to express meanings and achieve intentions” (Brown & Yule,1983: 26)
Discourse research has long been interested in many linguists and this is a language area with great potential for exploitation and application in language and foreign language teaching in schools Since the object of discursive studies is text, and since language learners when studying Reading and Writing subjects are also related to word processing, it is hypothesized that discursive studies such as equinox theory genre analysis, discourse analysis or critical discourse analysis, discourse structure, and so on (Gee, 2014) If it is deliberately taught foreign language learners, it can help them master the genre and text structure, thereby improving the effectiveness of reading and writing skills in an academic environment
It has found by Steen (1999) that there are at least five groups of concepts about discourse in linguistics The first group uses the concepts of discourse and text to be synonymous, or to distinguish the two by attaching them to one of the two existential forms of language The second group thinks that discourse belongs to the unit of semantics, while text is in the unit of grammar The third group of concepts of discourse is subject to the judgment of pragmatism, while text becomes the object of textual linguistics The fourth group suggests using the name discourse to refer to the communication process, the communication event is holistic and purposeful; also, the text term used to refer to the product of the communication process, that
9 communication event The fifth group includes functionalism which advocates to put discourse in socio-cultural contexts, and the structuralism tends to describe the independent structure of discourse
Linguists generally use the term discourse as reference to the analysis of structure and meaning which goes beyond the level of the sentence, according to Eckert & McConnell-Ginet (2003: 75) The discourse research therefore focuses on the use of linguistic tools in the construction of a word (phonology, morphology, gender in grammar, lyrics, syntax, etc.) The words are sequenced and linked to a constantly evolving text (spoken or written, individual or collaborative) While views such as Schiffrin's (1994) opposing text (decontextualized material) and discourse (contextualized communication) exist, they cannot be isolated since every linguistic text is perceived as part of the ongoing discourse Beaugrande (2000: 243) points out that “if a text could be interpreted formally without a context, it would no longer be a text” Likewise, for systemic-functional linguists like Martin (2000), text is by definition contextualized Martin insists on the use of the two terms, not in opposition to each other, but in a relationship of inclusion, in the sense that “discourse analysis includes text analysis”, (2000: 234) The study of discourse “can include the study of the gender of agents in a group of textbooks or it can be expanded to take in the use of language in the building of a relationship over a lifetime The discourse context, therefore, expands indefinitely in time and social space” (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 2003: 75)
Our language is put to work in conversation, forming our words to have an impact on our interlocutors Our interlocutor 's responses, in effect, are part of the shaping of our next comment That's how Brown & Yule (1983: ix) actually approach discourse They discuss how people use language to communicate and how addressees create language messages for addressees who work on linguistic messages to understand them In this way, we use language to build relationships, engage in activities and create ideas For Eckert & McConnell-Ginet (2003), people can also deploy linguistic resources in contexts where linguistic interaction is not expected,
10 but virtual audiences are presupposed: song lyrics, books, post ads on billboards or
TV Also, in situations like this, where there is no back-and-forth conversational contact, the effect of a person's words does not depend solely on the words themselves and how they are spoken, but on the reactions to that utterance The language creator is often presenting words to the audience, as explained later on The response of the audience is critical, although it may never be linguistically articulated Failure to enter any sufficient audience essentially makes the words spoken meaningless Discourse is an intrinsic and irreducible feature of all social phenomena and of social change
"(Fairclough, 1992) Analysis of social events and social transition without discourse analysis and discourse / non-discourse relationship is still incomplete Fairclough
(2000) also argues that the dialectical approach stated above suggests that discourse research requires study of the relationship between language and its social context
Analyzing genre and discursive structure are two of many concepts commonly mentioned in discourse studies These two concepts are certain related because the genre is also the structure of each specific type of document (Van Leeuwen, 1993) The concept of genre in recent years has received a lot of attention in the field of discourse research and foreign language teaching and learning Many authors have studied on different types of writing and the application of genre analysis in language and foreign language teaching Likewise, the study of discursive structure is also the investigation of the internal structure of the text, or the study of the genre of written text (Flowerdew, 2004)
The concept of discourse was introduced in us earliest in the field of language Some of the works: The system of linking Vietnamese documents of Tran Ngoc Them (1985); Text and links in Vietnamese, Discourse communication and textual structure by Diep Quang Ban (1998, 2009), Outline of Linguistics, Volume 2 by Do Huu Chau
(2001), Vietnamese Language Learning by Nguyen Thien Giap (2000), Analysis of discourse - some theoretical issues and methods of Nguyen Hoa (2003), Dictionary of rhetoric - style - poetics by Nguyen Thai Hoa (2005),
Swales (1990; 58) defines genre as "communicative sequences of events for which each has different communicative purposes" Other researchers have argued that genres are purposeful communication activities, broken down into phases that a speaker or writer uses when participating in the community (Byram, 2004; 235; Martin, 1992) In the definitions, Martin (1992) is the one who emphasizes more than the "organizational structure" element of the text and the purposeful special expression that the text maker uses to communicate with plus copper These studies also imply that before writing, the writer needs to carefully consider the communication situations in order to be able to anticipate the linguistic characteristics of his writing From here, it can be seen that genre analysis is the study of how language in each particular text is used in each specific situation The purpose of genre analysis is to determine what textual features the textual creator has chosen to represent his or her communication purposes Therefore, the goal of a genre-based language teaching program is to raise learners' awareness of the textual organization structure as well as the specific linguistic features of each specie
Johns (2008) studied types of cognitive exercises about genres and concluded that they have the ability to help students develop flexible skills when applying knowledge and thinking about genre in diverse communication situations in real life And Hyland (2003) argues that this knowledge allows students to write texts more easily because students are forced to focus on 'creating' a text as a real communicative text, and not just focusing on the content expressed
The genre-based approach (GBA) teaching method helps learners understand and understand the textual structure of the required genre (Hyland, 2007) The GBA also helps students identify strategies needed to achieve their communication goals successfully (Swami, 2008) For example, the purpose of writing a letter to a sales company (because they failed to provide the buyer with an item as advertised) is to complain and claim compensation Thus, the learners of effective writing are the ones who understand what the structure of the complaining letter type includes and what the principles of complaining language are followed From there, the true letter will
12 be the written expression that fully meets the principles and requirements of the aforementioned genre, and it is also the letter that learners will later apply to write in real communication situations The same happens with the study by Swales (1990) pointed out the important role of teaching textual structure or genre to students to help them improve their writing skills and see it as writer's presupposition of communicative content In summary, the benefits of having compressive understanding on writing skills with the integration of genre awareness and genre analysis have been confirmed by many researchers in the history of researching foreign language teaching in particular and language teaching in general
Discursive structures are coherent organizing modes of information in a written text, the connection between that information to evoke a message for the reader, or the main content of the text with the linking means to make the text coherent (Meyer and Rice, 1982; Ornstein, 1994; Jiang and Grabe, 2007) According to Meyer (1975), writers often organize their ideas in certain types of structures to convey their own messages Therefore, written text / discourse is often organized in a number of structures such as comparison - comparison, cause - effect, problem - problem solving, definition, classification, description, process , storytelling, and so on (Mohan, 1986; Singer, 1990; Hoey, 2001)
In studies of reading comprehension skills, researchers refer to the concept of
"the knowledge of (structure) discourse" as a tool that increases the comprehensiveness of the reader (Pearson and Fielding, 1991; Trabasso and Bouchard, 2002) They believe that readers can use their knowledge of discursive structures to develop effective reading strategies that help them read better, faster, and understand more accurately (Pearson and Duke, 2002) These studies also show that in a language or foreign language teaching environment, specifically teaching reading comprehension skills, if the teacher intentionally introduces specific text structure patterns to students, including knowledge of topic sentences, means of association, deductive signs, etc Then the effect of increasing students' reading comprehension is very clear (Pearson and Duke, 2002) Next, Vacca (2002) and
Discourse in lyrics for the songs
Language is the thinking of the human cortex But that does not mean that discourse must be an expressive instrument but the essence of thought, an expression of an ideology Language represents thoughts, opinions, power, and status of people in relation to society For writers, discourse is the expression of artistic thought, stance, style, talent in using language, and so on Therefore, discourse is a phenomenon of hypertext, inter-text, or cultural inter-text in unity, systematic, and
18 holistic by gathering, and creating (Worton, and Still, 1991) That is, a word in a literary work is the interaction of author - reader - character, or in case of specific events Thereby, we see, the views of Foucault and that of Bakhtin are similar in that they emphasize the practicality of discourse In another angle, the discourse in the French language is discourse, which means words, speech, is the verbal action that produces text of listeners equal to the speaker diverse powers in life Discourse is also a way of creating knowledge and social practices, forms of subject and power relationships
According to Van Dijk (1996), since the mid-1980s, analysis - discourse entered the stage of development in the direction of specialization within the profession Specialized discourse theories began to appear, such as ideological discourse theory, ethnographic discourse theory, discursive theory of social minority groups, discursive theory of distinction One of the broadest and most branched trends in discourse is analysis - discourse In the last years of his life, Van Dijk himself also focused on the field of discourse research Ideology J Torfing generalized, discursive theory appeared as the meeting of the sciences in the intention of linking the core views of linguistics and hermeneutics with key ideas of the associated social sciences and political science That intention has been encouraged by the growing connection between linguistics and politics in the process of social change
In verbal communication and expression of linguistics, music is a type of communication that can be analyzed by other studies, and a kind of media text In such a globalizing genre as music, Wallis & Malm (1992) argued that patterns of cultural diffusion can be divided into four types: 'cultural exchange,' 'economic dominance,' 'cultural imperialism' and 'transculturation' Two or more cultures or subcultures communicate and share features in cultural exchange under relatively loose forms and on more or less equal terms In cultural dominance a dominant group imposes one type of culture on a weaker one
But the discourse is not a subject, topic, argument, text, not a specialized subject or subject area Writers, works, bibliographies, subjects or song lyrics are all the object of discourse, but do not constitute the discourse itself Both are aesthetics, but
Eastern and Western aesthetics make up two completely different discourses, so is literary theory, discourse systematic, historical, continuity, and unity Therefore, discursive lyric in songs are essentially a gathering of constructivism Discourse in songs is not spontaneously conceived, Foucault said, but the result of a constructivist Obviously, the subject, narrative, reason and so on belong to discourse, but they are not discourse themselves Foucault says that we call a discourse that forms, replacing another discourse does not mean a whole that chooses a completely new argument about the object, narrative, concept, suddenly fully equipped and well-organized appearing in a written text The song makes a fine arrangement which means a relational change will arise, but that change does not mean change all ingredients That is to say, narrative obeys some new rules of formation, does not mean that all objects or concepts of all narrative or all logic have disappeared (Hook, 2007) Discourse in music expression is a kind of nest function, mechanism, structure, holistic and functional, different discourse systems can use the same concepts, the object mentioned can be similar For Foucault discourse and text have a very different relationship to linguistics According to Bakhtin, the text has length, author, structure, genre, and discourse is not, it is just a mechanism, unconscious structure that governs all verbal activities of society Pure discourse is an ideological fact The purpose of discourse research is to expose the power mechanism through literal struggles of all kinds of ideologies, organizations and texts Such research tasks in fact have transcended literary history research but entered the field of cultural criticism This is why discourse in songs being commonly used
It is necessary to realize that in the confines of life sometimes when we cannot fully tell our mood, it will lie asleep deep in our heart, deep in our soul, then, music, thanks to the lyrics, music awakens our own soul A song, or simply a song for the words one wants to say, can make one satisfied, moreover they can help others understand yourself, people’s own feelings without language, or any words can be described (Tuan, 1991) So, the key question is where that power of music come from There is an opinion that the language of music is the best language because it is the most abstract language In other languages on stage such as film or painting, we all see
20 clearly what people want to express, but for musical music, the feeling of music is the personal feeling of each person No principles, no rules, no strings attached, so the expression is even more immense and endless A pianist, when he wants to express something, immediately sits on the piano and expresses himself They think that these are very precious moments for themselves They are sometimes very flashy, but sometimes they are very emotional and cooing (Cooke, 2013)
Sometimes we love a song not because the song is finely elaborated about the language but because we love the melody itself, love the peaceful feelings and emotions that the song has brought Once understood a thousand times to be sympathized, it seems that music can fully understand our own life stories, sometimes without anyone having to tell Just finding the right melody, the heart and music seem to be in the same beat, blending together, understanding each other (Trehub, and Trainor, 1998) Some believe that music has the ability to heal heart wounds, arouse emotions and nostalgia, color pictures of memories, add on paintings with all the colors of life Then each color gamut is a highlight in everyone's life Invisible music leads people to think positively, is a miraculous encouragement to become happier and happier with our own lives Music can quietly bring us simple things, those simple things created by music always shine bright in each of us
If it is said that language separates mankind from other animals, music is the cradle of language and forever a common language of all humanity Ever since we were children, we have heard the quiet lullabies of our mothers to have a good and peaceful sleep Although there are hundreds of thousands of languages in the world, music is still the common language of mankind Music can connect even the smallest things A peaceful destination does not mean a place free of noise, no difficulty, no hard work Peace means righteousness when we are in a stormy storm we still feel peace in our hearts That is the true meaning of peace And it is music that helps people find tranquility when our hearts are in turmoil Kotarba & Vannini (2009: 92) point out that music can be used as an important tool in social organization, socialization and community forming to monitor, shape and dominate groups As
Kotarba & Vannini (2009) notes, politics is entering music — and music is entering politics — in many ways, one of them being protest songs (see Section 1.6.2) Cultural superiority in cultural imperialism is reinforced by the redistribution of money and wealth from the oppressed to the dominant cultural community Transculturation is the result of the transnational companies being founded worldwide in the field of culture, the dissemination of technology and the growth of marketing networks Wall (2003: 21) indicated that we would accept the concept of 'pop culture discourses' rather than talking about whether bands have musical influences We are forces that constitute whole ways to play, listen, travel, talk and think about music Walser (1993: 28-29) pointed out that it is possible to think of music as acting like verbal discourse By approaching musical genres as discourses, it is therefore possible to specify not only certain characteristics of genres but also a range of understandings shared between musicians and fans about the interpretation of those characteristics According to Machin (2010), one of the basic qualities of Discourse Analysis is that it should allow us to reveal qualities in texts and how they make sense that would usually not be obvious to the casual reader, such as pitch , tone, phrasing, etc Although these features are not unique to DA, DA gives them special significance because it links them to a social context and power Verbal and visual interconnections in communication are a rapidly growing research area in linguistics They show how we could systematically analyze how, through photographs, pictures and visual designs, discourses were realized visually Kress & van Leeuwen (1996) concluded that most contact is 'multimodal' rather than 'monomodal' and stressed the interplay between what is being said and what is being seen Therefore, "discourses can be connoted by both textual and visual choices along with their beliefs, members, acts, settings and so forth" (Machin, 2010: 7) As a result, multimodal analysis has become a "very exciting research frontier in functional linguistics" (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001), partly influenced by emerging electronic communication and computational technology modalities (Baldry, 1999)
It is worth remembering at this point that this study is basically based on the verbal language of songs and on how a sentence generates meaning in a way that
22 people might not be aware of (i.e through lexico-grammatic choices) This study does not provide a multimodal examination of the songs suggested by Kress & van Leeuwen (2001; 2002) (records covers, video clips, booklets, etc.), because it is beyond the reach of the research The value of the artists' visual and physical appearance (image) in the music scene, however, is still being checked Image is a powerful tool and people, especially the younger generations, are liable to be exploited through verbal and non-verbal language, which appeals to create loving relationships in different ways.
Functions of discourse
Modern functionalism was started in the 1970s when linguistics was heavily influenced by biochemistry After structuralism, a lot of hope was expected in Noam Chomsky because in the biophysical theory, for the first time, the reproductive mechanism of language was explained quite thoroughly and convincingly: the production of language it is endless to respond to the infinite variety of communication needs of human society (Piaget, 2015) And, essentially, human languages have a lot in common In contrast, the linguistic world was quickly disappointed with fertility because, besides linguistic psychology, language is also an entity affected by many factors in the social environment as well as social characteristics (Tomasello, 1992) That is why it is easy to understand why functionalism had to come into being without going on the path that creationism had explored
From the 1970s onward, in the linguistic world, there appeared many studies on the nature of communication in human society and emphasized the functional aspect of language (Romaine, 2000) That was the period of the appearance of M.A.K.'s functional grammatical tendencies, or Halliday, J Lyons; pragmatics of Austin, Seark, Levinson; social linguistics of Hymes, Trudgill, Lakoff, and so on (Schmid, and Schmid, 2020)
Modern linguistic research feature is the expansion of space and time as well as the communication conditions of a verbal behavior According to Fairclough (1985),
23 due to the tendency to naturalize human communication, the language object does not stop at individual speech, but different standards of speech in a discourse in order to fulfill the purposes and intentions of the speaker (Trappes-Lomax, 2004) The space to embed these chains of statements in reality is no longer spaces assumed by the linguist (a speaker, a listener, a communication code) but a space with full realism called the social-communication scene, including different considered aspects of the speaker's gender, psychological, occupational, and marriage characteristics; conditions for smooth and unfavorable communication; conditions for verbal communication turn into social actions and social behaviors Therefore, since the 1970s there has been a movement of writing research and discourse research (Kaplan and Grabe, 2002)
This approach cannot be done without the help of Systemic Functional Grammar or Linguistics, first introduced by Michael Halliday (1985), refers to a new approach to the study of grammar that is radically different from the traditional view in which language is a set of rules for specifying grammatical structures In this view, language is a resource for making meanings and hence grammar is a resource for creating meaning by means of wording Halliday & Matthiessen (1999, p.3)
Previous studies
In this study, researcher used previous related study as a reference to solve it Previous related study makes it easier for researcher to determine systematic steps for the preparation of research in terms of theory and concept The previous research is used as a reference to help and facilitate researcher in making this study Here are the previous studies related to this writing:
A study entitled: Illocutionary Act in Song lyrics of Taylor Swift’s Single ‘Love Story’
(2020) by Anita Sitanggang In this study, this researcher aims to analyze illocutionary act and function of illocutionary act in song lyric of Taylor Swift single
‘Love Story’ This study is conducted by using a descriptive qualitative method The data is collected, after being collected, the data is analyzed based on the theory of illocutionary act by Searle (1996) and function of illocutionary act by Leech (1983)
This study shows that there are four categories of illocutionary act found in the song lyric They are Representative, Directive, Commissive, and Expressive Representative act was found as the most dominant categories of illocutionary act with 12 data (52,17 %), followed by Directive with 7 data (30,43 %), Commissive with 3 data (13,04 %), Expressive with 1 data (4,34%) Moreover, there are three types of function of illocutionary act found in the song lyric There are Collaborative, Competitive, and Convivial Collaborative function is found as the most dominant function with 11 data (47,82%),followed by Competitive function with 8 data (34,78%), and Convivial function with 5 data (17,39%) Collaborative function becomes the most dominant function because it is intended to tell the truth committed by Taylor Swift
A study entitled: Implicatures Found In Various Selected English Song Lyrics And The Listener’s Responses Of The Songs (2021) by Nur Hidayah In this study, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data The descriptive study in the textual analysis was applied in this thesis to analyze the utterance/song lyrics of the selected song lyrics The data were collected by first searching the song lyrics from various artists on Google and then searching the listener's responses in the comment section of the selected song's music video on Youtube The song lyrics were then analyzed by identifying the implicatures of each utterance in the song lyrics The analysis continued by analyzing the Implicature and categorizing the types of Implicature of the listener's responses And the last, the analysis continued by identifying the types of Implicature of the selected song lyrics This study results that all of the types of Implicature are found in the selected song lyrics and also in the listener's responses The most frequent types that found after analyzed the song lyrics and the listener's responses are Generalized conversational Implicature and Particularized conversational Implicature
METHODOLOGY
Language analysis methodology
In this chapter, the systemic-functional study is introduced through seven English songs, as well as the detailed explanation of the methodology employed to analyses the lyrics with Pragmatics as the primary method In the first place, the leading subject of the research, ‘love’, is introduced and justified, whilst the second
26 part is dedicated to the data and corpus description The third section details the procedure and the selection of variables, whereas the fourth part includes the documentary sources as well as the difficulties that arose during the data gathering Finally, the criteria for the transitivity analysis of the songs are highlighted and expounded
The value of the artists' visual and physical appearance (image) in the music scene, however, is still being checked Image is a powerful tool and people, especially the younger generations, are liable to be exploited through verbal and non-verbal language, which appeals to create loving relationships in different ways According to Al- Khalili (2012), love is mainly natural chemistry:
Biologically, love is a powerful neurological condition like hunger or thirst, only more permanent We talk about love being blind or unconditional, in the sense that we have no control over it But then, that is not so surprising since love is basically chemistry While lust is a temporary passionate sexual desire involving the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and oestrogen, in true love, or attachment and bonding, the brain can release a whole set of chemicals (…) However, from an evolutionary perspective, love can be viewed as a survival tool – a mechanism we have evolved to promote long-term relationships, mutual defence and parental support of children and to promote feelings of safety and security (Al-Khalili, 2012).
Pragmatics
The study of pragmatic becomes important in language and communication As the language user, a listener or speaker have to understand the reference meaning and identify the context of utterance in order to prevent misunderstanding in communication Context is the main aspect to interpret utterances and expression (Cruse,2006) Several scopes of pragmatics include the study of deixis, presupposition, implicature, reference speech acts and so on As the result, it is important to study pragmatic Therefore, this research, a pragmatic approach is used to analyze implicatures in song lyrics
Pragmatics is not just a process of decoding language to find ideas in syntax and semantics To read and fully comprehend a text, it is necessary to understand the concept that the creator wants to express in a particular context and how that context affects what is mentioned (Tono, 2012) That means not only the shell of the language but also the situation in which the language is used must be taken into account Helping learners read and understand deeply, have a deep sense of the language used in the text, make them ready to approach the text as well as have an effective reading comprehension method are the must-do tasks of applying foreign language
Pragmatics provides students majoring in linguistics with basic knowledge of pragmatics (object, task, purpose, or research method, etc.); provide basic concepts and problems in applied research such as: concepts of reference, directive, index, polyphonic, types of implicit meanings in language (presupposition, conversational implication and sense) (Leech, 2016), behavioral linguistic theory (John L Austin's theory, or John R Rowle's theory) communication factors and communication rules (context problems, discourse, rules principles of useful value conservation, politeness, collaborative conversation and so on) (Budd, 2011) At the same time, the subject also equips students with skills of analyzing method, describing learning problems in the research Besides, the subject also suggests pragmatic approaches to studying English in particular
In terms of etymology, the term pragmatique is derived from the Greek language The etymology in Greek means: action, performance (an action), completion (an action), mode of action, consequence of an action, and so on Charles W Morris was the first to propose a definition of pragmatism, in 1938 (pg 34) : “Apprenticeship is a part of semiotic dealing with the relationship between signs and its users" The above definition goes beyond linguistics and falls under the scope of semantics It is understandable if we know that Charles W Morris is a philosopher and semioticist (Mead et al., 1967) The person who gave the most explicit definition of pragmatism is perhaps Francis Jacques (1998), a French linguist: “Pragmatism refers to language
28 as a phenomenon that is both logical and rational, both social and social " Defining pragmatics as a science of language has always been a problem As we all know, the definitions of pragmatics have origins and are related to very different fields: logic, philosophy, semiotics, or linguistics
The main content and purpose of the subject "using learning" is how to get the most out of communication use contextual language to achieve specific goals) and interactions between communication and language With the emergence of the speech act theory initiated by JLAustin (1962), pragmatics began to enter a period of strong growth, deep research and answers many problems of linguistics From here, linguistics has been expanded the scope of interest, covering each specific word, each specific human communication (Rosaldo, 1982)
Basic thought is linguistic activity, in its most typical sense, is a form of social interaction based on reason (and purpose), governed by the principle of co-operation, in what can now be seen as Grice's classical formulation of this principle Grice recognizes several forms of cooperative principals, which he grouped under the headings of quantity, quality, relation, and manner (Grice, 1975) Each of these headings is a collection of one or more sub-principles, which Grice formulates as the behavior maxims, which are often followed by conversation participants, but can sometimes be considered often or violated It can be said that meaning always occupies an important position in language studies But the way of determining the definition of linguistic units (words, phrases, and sentences) according to different schools is very different The overall methodological concept initially provides for a detailed literary analysis of the given song lyrics and then - on the basis of the knowledge gained - also wants to draw conclusions about non-literary questions (pragmatics) Before a scientific description and interpretation can be carried out, preparatory analyzes must be carried out, summarized here under the term ằconstitution of the text: Questions critical to the text have to be clarified (edition philology), a scientifically based working interpretation has to be created, the song lyrics is classified according to utterance units To structure and use pragmatics, with
29 biblical texts the question of literary criticism is also often very important, that is, the question of secondary revisions of a given lyric version of the song for love expression in English
According to Pragmatics, the song lyrics (the text) are interpreted and analyzed in following subdivision for understanding of love expression in English:
The first subdivision: Text grammar still remains with the literal sense, but now examines indicators that are context-forming (see pronominalization, conjunctions, modal clauses that are related to other clauses with non-modal content, etc.)
The second subdivision: Text Linguistics also gets rid of the second restriction of semantics The given sense of the word is critically analyzed in a variety of ways, which usually means that what the text means has to be reformulated The difference between the literal meaning and the intended meaning that one can see in this way can be evaluated in terms of stylistic effects
The third section, text pragmatics, is now able, on the basis of the literary description that has taken place, to reconstruct what the text does not formulate, but what it evidently implies So, the spaces in the text are now being found A further stage consists in describing what seems to be problem-free for both authors and text recipients, i.e., the presuppositions Up to this point the analysis has been literary, and the structure of the text has been assessed very carefully From now on the investigation goes into the non-literary area and tries to draw conclusions about the intention of the author as well as about the presumed effects on the recipient of the text
We commonly draw a distinction between what person’s words literally mean and what a person’s words more than literally mean In a series of lecturers at Harvard University in 1967, Herbert Paul Grice offered a theory of the latter short of meaning, which he called conversational implicature, how hearers or readers
30 manage to work out the complete message when the speaker or the writer means more than they say or write Brown and Yule (1983:31) said that “the term of implicature is used by Grice to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest or mean as distinct from what the speaker literally says” Furthermore, Grice as quoted by Levinson (1992:127) explained that “the term of implicature is a general cover term to stand in contrast to what is said or expressed by the truth condition of expression and to conclude all kinds of pragmatic (non- truth conditional) inference discernible”
Levinson (1992: 97) further stated that “the notion of conversational implicature is one of the important ideas in pragmatics It is said since the conversational implicature give some contributions to the pragmatics First, implicature stands as paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena A second important contribution by the notion of implicature is that it provides some explicit account of how it is possible to mean (in some general sense) more than what is actually said Third, the notion of implicature seems likely to effect substantial simplifications in both the structure and the context of semantic description”
The next contribution of implicature is that implicature seems to be simply essential if various basic facts about language are to be account for properly Finally, the principles that generate implicature have a very general explanatory power: a few basic principles provide explanation for a large array of apparently unrelated facts In every kind of implicature can be divided into the basic characteristics as follow: cancel ability (defeasibility), detachability, calculability, and conventionally (Cummings, 2005, as cited in Astutik, 2010) The implicatures can be cancellable (cancelability), whether it is particularized or generalized conversational implicature but not in conventional implicature The implicatures can be cancelled when the speaker gives additional information on his utterance It means that when the speakers produce an implicature in the utterances then next he gives information of the first utterance that is implicate the delay or cancel, so the implicature is cancelled For example:
A: Are you coming to Nana’s party tonight?
B: My brothers are visiting this afternoon, but I will call you later
Based on the example above, the italic sentence has implicature of another activity in the same time that implicates the cancelability
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Findings and recommendations
Romance is understood as a form of artistic inspiration determined by the following criteria: reality, dream, ideal, and at the same time preserving a close relationship with romanticism from the world perspective with artistic features In addition to philosophical themes with nuances of romantic feelings, characters with many familiar features from romantic literature, music is an artistic image, one of many factors that increase For instance, romantic substance for English love songs, the musical discourse in English songs demonstrates the romance in his creative thinking, understood as a form of constructivism, an organization, a mechanism, a structure, a holistic, and an organization function, a mode of expression of thought The layout or structure of the chosen songs:
First of all, the author observes and finds out how writing a song is different from writing a poem, although both of them have the same point in terms of topic and expression, i.e the receiver of the message The listener wants first of all to know exactly what the author wants to say A poem and a song have very close features How many songs that people remember from the past to now are nothing, but valuable poems inserted into them by talented musicians, that make those poems lying still among the pages of the book like wings and fluttering all over the streets There are also songs that their authors write on the beautiful lyrics that are no different from poems
A poem has owls, and rhymes where a song, in some slightly different forms, but there are also a few sentences to deal with a key special requirement for it being how people can easily remember, easy to memorize so that they can sing or after listening to them can stay in their mind If an individual sings a song, each song cannot last more than a breath Writing has its punctuation, writing a song must respect punctuation in its own way, because other than writing, one can punctuate the wrong place or forget punctuation, write a song without arrangement of punctuation shown at the intervals to take breath tightly, where the singer cannot sing Singers who have learned to sing to a great extent all know that one of the first basic lessons is to practice breathing and breathing
According to Hymes (1972) style is used to create the tone, way or spirit in which an act is performed In English, people often think of the tone in contrast, for example: joking with seriousness, sincerity with jokes, friendship with aggression, sympathy for threats, gentle with pity Style often goes hand in hand with genre, for example, jokes often have a joke, condolences - sympathy But they do not have to be related In many cases, jokes are sarcastic, stinging, or condoling, and there is a threatening voice A particular voice can be associated first of all with a particular function of the language used, with the role relation of the arguments, or the form and content of the message Therefore, through the style of using lexical characters with word choice and expression of chosen love song, it is showing the difference of culture in language The US or UK native English speakers when expressing their emotions, are showing their cultural characteristics, being frank, earnest, clear in their felling While, being contrary to the words of the thoughtful, indirect, and more iconic Eastern culture
That is why a person who does not have the so-called "poetic" in him or her but has learned the basics of poeticism turns out to be difficult to write a poem - even mediocre - compared to someone who does not having "music" in people but knowing how to use a certain instrument and learning through speakers about
"solfege" to record notation makes it easier to compose a song, even if it's a love song
40 to live with people for many years It is easier because, according to the inspiration, according to the rhythm of the melody that he grafted to the sentence, according to the natural reflex of the lung, he will know the way to rest, that is, a very natural method to sentence division, or sentence break
We once heard of immortal novels besides immortal movies, as the background for immortal songs when lovers tell each other pain, struggle through ups and downs to come together, regardless of skin color, race, culture, family, sex, race, etc and time And one of them is "Twilight" with his love for thousands of years, the vampire marshal Edward and the mortal marshal Bella The film is highly appreciated and received a response from a large number of viewers, not simply because of the sharp image and vivid sound with majestic scenes but because of the psychological depth of the character, eyes Welcoming the sad tears of actress Bella along with the lewd notes of "A thousand years" - something that easily makes you fall in love, fall in love, fall in love, bored, and lack of love The common words are repeating in these lyrics including “love” and “heart” whereby expression, listeners can easily and frankly know the context and meaning of the song about love story
The song is a girl's confession to her lover that the love has lasted for a thousand years and will continue to exist for a thousand years, an enduring love However, life is not simply love and live together forever, "time has brought you to me" but there will be challenges for both of them That's why it took a thousand years to fall in love with someone Love is not an overnight, perhaps the song should be best placed when the two are temporarily separated The expression is frank and direct to listeners with felling of love
Entering the first sentences was the pounding of the guitar that sounded like a heartbeat That's why, Christina Perri sang:
" heart beats fast, colors and promises"
Love each other, the heart is beating fast is clear, but why is the phrase "colors and promises" sour here? Is it possible that the author wants to imply the levels and colors of
41 love always go hand in hand with the promises of a loving couple? To achieve these promises, of course, it is not a simple effort that requires "Be brave" Even the question
"How to be brave" is like a rhetorical question that few people notice
"I have die every day waiting for you"
In order to mitigate such errors, a cooperative principle has been put in place that the speakers must provide accurate and adequate information compared to the question, not more, the answer should be authentic, usable, and clear In this sentence, speakers find themselves in a situation where they are not sure about the information they are giving Example ‘I have die every day waiting for you’ Then, when saying this sentence, the speaker who has obtained that information is not very formal and may not be accurate This is called a hedge In addition to the case of inaccurate responses, the hurdle has, in some cases, a different quality Such barriers violate the principle of serious dialogue cooperation, but thus open a different perspective - conversational implicature The word itself meant more than what was said For example, “But watching you stand alone” and “All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow’ This dialogue showed that an object that was not mentioned was taken as a matter of course not being carried With the implication of a love song context, the respondent has shortened his sentence and divided into two separate parts
Reminds of a sentence in a love poem of "love is to die in your heart a little" Remember so much but not be weak, do not bother the person one loves because that person is also very strong, and more importantly will also go with listeners for a thousand years
All questions without the answer that are emphasized by the speaker can be understood as a rhetorical question It means asking to leave it without answering, similar to the sentence "How can I love when I'm afraid to fall" Two rhetorical questions run together like the question of a girl's conscience when in love, often anxiously trying to get out of her cover of safety “How can I be strong? How do I love when I'm afraid of falling?" Perhaps the distant couples will understand this article the most such as the corpse of:
“How can I love when I'm afraid to fall??”
The simplest solution is to look at all the “colors and promises”, then the image of “you stand alone”, love is not about being able to do anything, love is nostalgic to be stronger, to make people love themselves for a thousand years
And of course, girls, wondering is just an excuse, but when you have a crush, you cannot love, the harder it is to love
"But watching you stand alone
All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow"
Lexical cohesion shows in the above sentence where the sentence “All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow” appears right after the main clause of “"But watching you stand alone” Clearly, this connection between two separated sentences in the song lyric is expressing the strong feeling toward the lover where the appearance of the love can ease and erase all doubts of one
4.1.2 My Heart Will Go On
Data findings
No Title of song Categories Frequency Number of data
2 My heart will go on Representative 10 18
4 Way back into love Representative 16 19
5 Nothing’s gonna change my love for you
=> 61 acts of representative, 61 acts of commisive, 26 acts of directive, 4 acts of expressive Overall, the act of representative and commisive for love expression dominate this list of research
The result in findings were shown that the conversational (generalized and particularized) is the most frequent type found in the song lyrics and the listener’s responses followed by the conventional and then scalar implicature
=> Love is described with implicit meanings in those songs
Discussions
The utterance produced in different context of situation, the meaning of implicature and speech acts will also different and it will be very hard to understand the meaning because the hearer needs additional knowledge and in this case the hearer has to know what miss congeniality is It means that in the different situation and condition will make the different interpretation of the utterances
However, in this study the writer also finds there are some utterances in research findings tend to have both types of implicature Because those utterances have both characteristics such as the use of indefinite article which is identified as generalized conversational implicature beside, to understand the utterances the context can not be separated and the hearer need prior knowledge to catch what is the implicit meaning of the utterance as particularized conversational implicature’s characteristics
Moreover, this research is aimed at identifying and analyzing Illocutionary acts and the functions of illocutionary acts that exist in the song This chapter provides the results of this research, discussing and explaining each categories and functions of Illocutionary Acts found in the song lyrics Meanwhile, the data finding shows the appearance of the data which is divided into two parts: the categories of Illocutionary Acts and the Function of Illocutionary Acts.
CONCLUSION
Lexical characteristics of love songs
Overall, from the above findings using Pragmatics as the primary method, words have an important role in language life and human life The expression of the word is the expression of the existence of language The more words a language has, the more diverse the language's ability to express, the easier it is to express human perception and emotions With the above important role, the words are interested by researchers from very early Words are the obvious, readily available unit of language, the central unit of the entire linguistic structure, which is the basic material used to create messages In the language system, the lexical units are not separate from each other, but always have certain relationships in terms of form and meaning
Music makes people's life happier, so it's indispensable in life and this is a very interesting topic If ones are also a majority of music lovers, they will surely be interested in these English vocabulary and lexical characteristics synthesis of music Everyone loves to listen to music, wants to become an enthusiastic audience, enjoy going to concerts, enjoying spectacular stages, and listening to live music Good (live music) likes to listen to the recordings of their favorite artists "I love you" is a timeless confession, used often when we want to show our love to loved ones However, we cannot just use that dull and boring statement in all cases Therefore, the lexical characteristics used in love English as indicated can be variable depending on the given context and circumstances Lyons (1977) distinguished a lexical field - a set of lexical units covering a particular conceptual field from a conceptual field - a conceptual structure at the semantic level, that is, a structured conceptual area Lyons
(1977) also distinguishes between the lexical field and the semantic field If a field consists of a set of expressions that overlay the concept field as idioms in addition to other word units in the field, the field should be called a meaning field rather than a lexical field
The analysis of phenomena under use lexical characteristics is capable of expressing a certain meaning of life experience and facts, phenomena, subjective experience of the analyst, so the analysis has a place to meet Then there is no meeting place among different people, it is known to be also common sense For instance the song of “A Thousand Years” or the song of “Love Story”, the expression is not directly using the word of “Love” but it is expressing through the depiction of waiting, wanting, and strong desire to be with the one that he or she loves It is probably already known that one of the most romantic things in the world is love songs When ones are unable to express your feelings, do not hesitate to borrow passionate lyrics to convey their love Depending on the moment, each person will sympathize with different love songs There are lyrics that make people believe in love, there are words that encourage people to overcome the period of suffering
Based on the interpretation of linguistic phenomena under the discourse analysis of English love song requires an attempt to indicate the "how?" behind familiar words such as "unique", "creativity", namely: how special? How unique? Creativity like?, and so on It is necessary to deduce from words, signs present in discourse (text) with context, with all that in the actual activity of social life concerned, as well as from ideas The author's attitude is deduced through the product of their language in the lyrics Therefore, choice of lexicon, signs of context about actual activities, ideas, attitudes are called "inferences", distinguished from "intuition" The interpretable is the specific cases in a work of art, or in broad discourse, and also those outside the text that are related to it Inference is subjective, it is open to different people and at different times in one's cognitive process It is important to cling to words, to context, to the actual functioning of society, and to rely on a determined sense of goodwill
From above analysis, the lexical characteristics of love songs in English commonly include:
- a cooperative principle - that the speakers must provide accurate and adequate information compared to the question, not more, the answer should be authentic, usable, and clear
- principle of serious dialogue cooperation, but thus open a different perspective - conversational implicature
- a more general expression, and a blatant way of expressing context (Grice pragmatics – cooperative principal)
- coherence implicatures - words expressing the intention not to divide is the main message of linking units or words into a unified whole
- a phenomenon or a relationship in consciousness (or a similar psychological formation of a property formed on the reflection of individual elements of reality) in the structure of words as the inner side of words
- indirect speech-acts is fairly straightforward in its message
- formulaic expressions - speech formulas, idioms, proverbs, pause fillers, counting, swearing, and other conventional and multiword units
- cohesive device between each versus to connect or to complete a unified sentence for love expressions
- this common understanding and comprehending of the community culture
Lexical cohesion between these two versus to deliver the one core message of lyrics and words
The author observes that in order to best recognize the difference between the discourse of lyrics and other artistic discourses, we first choose an approach to literature, including poetry Because the lyrics have many similarities with literary discourse
Firstly, a quite important issue for the love song to have a deep impression on the singers, the listener is also the typical material containing life in the lyrics That material is obtained by the authors in the typical circumstances, and at the same time
59 it is represented by the typicalization method Nothing is more tragic than when we have to come into contact with the lyrics that the lyrics have meticulously describe the state, things, and phenomena in sophisticated language; and there is nothing monotonous when we have to contact with the lyrics that the content of the announcement of the lyrics only stop at the level of saying something Therefore, the songwriter has the responsibility to increase the enjoyment of the masses, how to reach the point where the singing public must be both typical and profound, that is, when listening to a song Must know to raise the level of wanting to draw something that the content of that song announces
Secondly, the lyrics in the English love song is always literary which the lyrics should not only carry a pure natural message but tries to reflect the reality by visualization In fact, the lyrics in the love songs cannot be expressed like the words in a literary work, although it really needs literary visualization It is worth noting that, when using lyrics to reflect reality, song authors often stick together That is to use music as the main means to download the announcement content, in which the lyrics are factors impacting on perception Therefore, the lyrics are not only a standard language form that is trimmed and refined, but also must be arranged in a manner corresponding to the verse, in accordance with the melody, with the nature of the tempo, love the musical feel matches the characteristics of the rhythm pattern Therefore, the lyrics in the lyrics can be a complete grammatical structure, but it may not necessarily be tied to that structure, it can be refined or added some elements according to use the author's idea Because of the content of the announcement that the song author wants to say clearly emerges not only in the literary image of the lyrics but also emerges in the musical image simultaneously
Overall, literary discourse, including song discourse, creates meaning of a phenomenon, an object, it participates in the definition of anything according to its own convention It always seeks to create new meaning about things, giving people a new perspective on the world and the universe
Implication for teaching
From teaching EFL perspective, it is critical to acknowledge that language is a means of communication Such communication includes both oral and written communication Whether spoken or written, words will not stand alone, but must combine together to form larger language units such as phrases, sentences In words, there are two types of great meanings, lexical meaning and grammatical meaning
For teaching, vocabulary meaning is the meaning of each word, grammatical meaning is a common meaning for many words Grammatical meaning refers to the ability to combine words with other words, as well as the ability to assume grammatical functions in sentences From above analysis, it is common to see in love song lyrics that words have been used more for its lexical meaning Contemporary discourse feature is the expansion of space and time as well as the communication conditions of a verbal behavior Due to the tendency to naturalize human communication, the language object does not stop at individual speech, but different standards of speech in a discourse in order to fulfill the purposes and intentions of the speaker The space to embed these chains of statements in reality is no longer spaces assumed by the linguist (a speaker, a listener, a communication code) but a space with full realism its, called the social-communication scene: the speaker's gender, psychological, occupational, and marriage characteristics; conditions for smooth and unfavorable communication; conditions for verbal communication turn into social actions and social behaviors
For the perception of new language learning, through DA of romance in English songs, it can be seen with our own experience of the objective world, language that reflects the power gap and the degree of dependence of language users on a certain organization or institution, and for the cultural and knowledge system of the whole society Returning to the example of the projection, the fox, the example, the hump, the destiny and so on It sees that they not only clearly show the position and power of the speaker, but also the social status of the person who receives the discourse It is the culture and cultural norms that regulate the use of language, which governs
61 discourse creation, and the way of encoding and decoding messages Language dominates human thinking process, at the same time through that language of thinking process exists Referring to discourse, first of all, people want to talk about text in terms of learning, and semantics Then, the research also considers discourse from game theory, identifying discourse with 'game of language', and it is here that people need to examine such factors as transmitter, receiver, code, message, object, references, and context This is more on the implication of lexical approach for the teaching of the learning English based on the lexical units but not much on the grammatical structures As mentioned, it is prominent to have the knowledge over the perception of the lexical characteristics of vocabulary and sentences including collocations, and fixed phrases, and so on in respect to the learning of English as a second language
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Lyrics Heart beats fast Colors and promises How to be brave?
How can I love when I'm afraid to fall?
But watching you stand alone All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow One step closer
I have died every day waiting for you Darling, don't be afraid
I have loved you for a thousand years I'll love you for a thousand more Time stands still
Beauty in all she is
I will not let anything take away What's standing in front of me Every breath
Every hour has come to this One step closer
I have died every day waiting for you Darling, don't be afraid
I have loved you for a thousand years I'll love you for a thousand more And all along I believed I would find you Time has brought your heart to me
I have loved you for a thousand years I'll love you for a thousand more
One step closer One step closer
I have died every day waiting for you Darling don't be afraid
I have loved you for a thousand years I'll love you for a thousand more And all along I believed I would find you Time has brought your heart to me
I have loved you for a thousand years I'll love you for a thousand more
Song name: A thousand years Singer: Christina Perri
Composer(s): Christina Perri/David Hodges
Lyrics Every night in my dreams
I see you, I feel you That is how I know you go on Far across the distance
And spaces between us You have come to show you go on Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on Once more, you open the door And you're here in my heart And my heart will go on and on Love can touch us one time And last for a lifetime And never let go 'til we're gone Love was when I loved you One true time I'd hold to
In my life, we'll always go on Near, far, wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on (why does the heart go on?) Once more, you open the door
And you're here in my heart And my heart will go on and on You're here, there's nothing I fear And I know that my heart will go on We'll stay forever this way
You are safe in my heart and
My heart will go on and on
Song name: My heart will go on Singer: Celine Dion
Composer(s): James Horner/Will Jennings
When a man loves a woman Can't keep his mind on nothin' else He'd trade the world
For the good thing he's found
If she is bad, he can't see it She can do no wrong And turn his back on his best friend
If he puts her down When a man loves a woman Spend his very last dime And trying to hold on to what he needs He'd give up all his comforts
And sleep out in the rain
If she said that's the way, it ought to be When a man loves a woman
I give you everything I've got Trying to hold on to your precious love And baby baby please don't treat me bad When a man loves a woman
Deep down in his soul She can bring him such misery
If she is playing him for a fool He's the last one to know Loving eyes can never see
Yes when a man loves a woman
I know exactly how he feels 'Cause baby, baby
When a man loves a woman When a man loves a woman When a man loves a woman When a man, when a man When a man loves a woman
Song name: When a man loves a woman Singer(s): Many artists
Composer(s): Calvin Houston Lewis/Andrew James Wright
I've been living with a shadow overhead I've been sleeping with a cloud above my bed I've been lonely for so long
I just can't seem to move on I've been hiding all my hopes and dreams away Just in case I ever need them again someday I've been setting aside time
To clear a little space in the corners of my mind All I want to do is find a way back into love
I can't make it through without a way back into love
Oh oh oh I've been watching but the stars refuse to shine I've been searching but i just don't see the signs
I know that it's out there There's got to be something for my soul somewhere
I've been looking for someone to shed some light Not somebody just to get me through the night
I could use some direction And I'm open to your suggestions All I want to do is find a way back into love
I can't make it through without a way back into love And if I open my heart again
I guess I'm hoping you'll be there for me in the end
Oh oh oh There are moments when I don't know if it's real
Or if anybody feels the way I feel
I need inspiration Not just another negotiation All I want to do is find a way back into love
I can't make it through without a way back into love And if I open my heart to you
I'm hoping you'll show me what to do And if you help me to start again You know that I'll be there for you in the end
Song name: Way back into love Singer(s): Hugh Grant/Haley Bennett Composer(s): Adam Schlesinger
If I had to live my life without you near me The days would all be empty
The nights would seem so long With you I see forever, oh, so clearly
I might have been in love before But it never felt this strong Our dreams are young and we both know They'll take us where we want to go Hold me now, touch me now
I don't want to live without you Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you The world may change my whole life through But nothing's gonna change my love for you
If the road ahead is not so easy Our love will lead the way for us Like a guiding star
I'll be there for you if you should need me You don't have to change a thing
I love you just the way you are
So come with me and share the view I'll help you see forever too
Hold me now, touch me now
I don't want to live without you Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you
One thing you can be sure of I'll never ask for more than your love Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you The world may change my whole life through But nothing's gonna change my love for Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you The world may change my whole life through But nothing's gonna change my love for Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you One thing you can be sure of
I'll never ask for more than your love Nothing's gonna change my love for you You oughta know by now how much I love you The world may change my whole life through But nothing's gonna change my love for Nothing's gonna change my love for you
Song name: Nothing’s gonna change my love for you Singer: George Benson
Composer(s): Gerry Goffin/Michael Masser
I would only be in your way And so I'll go, but I know I'll think of you each step of the way And I will always love you
I will always love you Bitter-sweet memories That's all I'm taking with me Good-bye, please don't cry 'Cause we both know that I'm not What you need
I hope life, treats you kind And I hope that you have all That you ever dreamed of
I wish you joy And I wish you happiness But above all this
I wish you love And I love you will always love you
I, I will always, always love you
Song name: I will always love you Singer: Whitney Houston
We were both young when I first saw you
I close my eyes and the flashback starts I'm standin' there
On a balcony in summer air See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns See you make your way through the crowd And say, "Hello"
Little did I know That you were Romeo, you were throwin' pebbles And my daddy said, "Stay away from Juliet" And I was cryin' on the staircase
Beggin' you, "Please don't go, " and I said Romeo, take me somewhere we can be alone I'll be waiting, all there's left to do is run You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess It's a love story, baby, just say, "Yes"
So I sneak out to the garden to see you
We keep quiet, 'cause we're dead if they knew
So close your eyes Escape this town for a little while, oh oh 'Cause you were Romeo, I was a scarlet letter And my daddy said, "Stay away from Juliet" But you were everything to me