Nghiên cứu về các dạng thức so sánh trong tác phẩm đồi gió hú của emily bronte và tương đương trong tiếng việt

Research question

This article explores the similarities and differences in comparative expressions between English and Vietnamese, using Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights" and its Vietnamese translation by Mạnh Chương as a focal point It examines how both languages utilize similes and metaphors, highlighting the cultural nuances that influence these comparisons Additionally, the analysis reveals variations in syntactic structures and idiomatic expressions, showcasing the distinct ways each language conveys meaning Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of context in understanding comparative language across cultures.

This study analyzes the degrees of comparison in English and Vietnamese, specifically focusing on the positive, comparative, and superlative forms as illustrated in the literary work "Wuthering Heights."

This study employs a descriptive, contrastive, and comparative analysis to explore the use of comparisons in English and Vietnamese It begins with an overview of the definitions and types of comparisons in both languages, followed by a detailed comparison of Emily Bronte's original English text of “Wuthering Heights” and its Vietnamese translation by Manh Chuong The analysis aims to uncover the similarities and differences in the application of comparisons across these two languages.

 List samples use of comparison forms in Emily Bronte's original work

 Classify the types of comparisons

 Compare these types with the translation by Manh Chuong

 Analyze the comparative data to identify similarities and differences in both languages

 Suggest some implications for teaching and learning English in terms of this aspect

The thesis research clarifies theoretical aspects of comparison and equivalence analysis concerning the three degrees of comparison in English and Vietnamese Additionally, it enhances the understanding of comparative forms derived from foreign literary works to their Vietnamese counterparts.

The research findings serve as a valuable resource for scholars examining comparative types in foreign literature and enhance English teaching and learning Additionally, these results offer practical insights into the effective use of comparative forms, aiding in the expression of thoughts and opinions in both spoken and written communication.

The thesis consists of three main chapters:

Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive literature review that outlines the key aspects of comparison, highlighting general perspectives on the degree of comparison while also offering essential theoretical foundations relevant to the study.

Chapter 2 will examine various types of comparison present in the original work and analyze Manh Chuong's translation, highlighting the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese.

 Chapter 3 is the result of three degrees and special forms of comparison, the conclusion of this study and some suggestions for teachers and learners

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 An overview of the comparison in English

Comparison in English allows us to express the degree of difference between two or more entities, highlighting their qualities, characteristics, or attributes This linguistic tool helps identify which entity is superior, inferior, or equal to another According to Nayanshi (2023), there are three main types of degrees of comparison: the positive degree, the comparative degree, and the superlative degree.

Suhendri (2019) says that “We use it to compare two things or people that are similar.” [2] Here are common ways to express the positive degree For example,

The phrase "Your smile is as bright as the sun" illustrates a direct comparison, highlighting that both "your smile" and "the sun" share equal brightness This construction, known as "as as," is commonly used to draw comparisons between two entities, emphasizing their similarities.

Basic English Grammar Book 2 (2015) explains that when comparing two individuals or items, the comparative form of an adjective should be used This can be achieved by adding '-er' to the adjective or adverb or by utilizing 'more' and 'less.' For instance, one might say, "Hailey is smarter than her sister."

According to Longman English Grammar Practice (1990), the superlative form is utilized when comparing one individual or item with multiple others This form is created by adding '-est' to the adjective or adverb, or by employing 'most' or 'least.'

“She is the most intelligent person in her school”

According to "English Grammar All-In-One for Dummies (2023)," standard English employs two distinct methods for making comparisons, which cannot be used interchangeably These methods utilize adjectives, which describe nouns and pronouns, and adverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs It's essential to recognize that certain adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms, such as good, better, and best Moreover, some adjectives and adverbs are not suitable for comparison using these degrees.

1.2.1 Degrees of comparison in English and Vietnamese

The degree of comparison, as highlighted by Nayanshi (2023), is a unique type of adjective used in English to emphasize differences among two or more entities with similar characteristics This concept is associated with adjectives and adverbs within sentences, encompassing their positive, comparative, and superlative forms Essentially, the degree of comparison allows for effective comparisons between nouns that share comparable qualities or traits.

In Vietnamese, adjectives are employed to emphasize distinctions among two or more entities with similar traits Both English and Vietnamese feature three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.

As you may have observed, degrees of comparison serves the purpose of comparing things and there are three degrees of comparison to consider

- The first of these is the Positive Degree, which simply denotes the existence of quality without making any comparisons

 Adjectives in English: easy, beautiful, loud

 Adjectives in Vietnamese: dễ, đẹp, to

- The Comparative Degree is utilized to compare two entities and determine which possesses a higher or lower degree of quality

 Adjectives in English: easier, more beautiful, louder

 Adjectives in Vietnamese: dễ hơn, đẹp hơn, to hơn

- The Superlative Degree is a comparative form used to indicate the highest or lowest degree of quality among more than two things

 Adjectives in English: easiest, most beautiful, loudest

 Adjectives in Vietnamese: dễ nhất, đẹp nhất, to nhất

Table 1.1 Comparison of adjectives and adverbs example

Degrees of comparison Adjectives Adverbs

Positive degrees angry calm wonderful angrily calmly wonderfully

Comparative degrees angrier calmer more wonderful more angrily more calmly more wonderfully

Superlative degrees angriest calmest most wonderful most angrily most calmly most wonderfully

Mastering the degrees of comparison enhances your language proficiency, making it appear more refined This article focuses on the positive degree of comparison, the foundational level for adjectives and adverbs It offers a thorough exploration of the positive degree's meaning, definition, and key characteristics To support your learning, I will include various examples in both English and Vietnamese.

LITERATURE REVIEW

TYPES OF COMPARISON IN ORIGINAL WORK AND

Analysis and some suggestions on the translation of Manh Chuong in “Wuthering Heights”

2.2.1 Positive degree of comparison and the Vietnamese translate by Manh Chuong

This article discusses four forms of degree comparison, focusing on the "As As" structure due to time constraints and graduation paper length requirements Examples and analyses of this comparative form will be provided for clarity and understanding.

“She is as faithful as a turtle-dove” (Chapter 7)

- The translation: “Cô ấy trung thành như một con chim bồ câu” (by Manh Chuong)

The analysis of the translation of the comparison sentence “She is as faithful as a turtle-dove” reveals a successful conveyance of its core meaning Manh Chuong effectively uses the positive form “như” (as as) to compare the loyalty of “she” to that of a dove, a bird renowned for its fidelity to its mate However, the translation of “turtle-dove” as “chim bồ câu” may lack specificity.

More Er Less The most

Special forms may face challenges due to the differences between the two types of birds However, the translation effectively maintains the original meaning of the comparison by using the positive degree "as as," which translates to "như" in Vietnamese Additionally, the use of "like" further supports this comparison.

“The wildly blowing snow was like nothing Dean had ever experienced before.”

- The translation: “Tuyết rơi như cuồng phong như chưa từng có ở bất cứ đâu Dean từng thấy.” (by Manh Chuong)

The analysis reveals that the translation accurately conveys the original sentence's meaning, but it introduces a comparison structure with "như chưa từng có ở bất cứ đâu," which is not present in the original Such comparative structures may not always align with the intended message To better maintain the original meaning, the translator could opt for "như thể" instead An improved Vietnamese translation could be: “Cơn bão tuyết dữ dội đến mức Dean như thể chưa bao giờ từng thấy/trải qua trước đây.”

“It was a pretty little car, not the same model as Fitzgerald's car that Dean had followed from the hotel, but almost the same color.” (Chapter 4)

Chiếc xe nhỏ xinh đẹp này không phải là mẫu xe mà Dean đã lái theo sau từ khách sạn, mặc dù màu sắc của nó gần giống với chiếc xe của Fitzgerald.

In this analysis, the writer contrasts Fitzgerald's car with the small, attractive vehicle that Dean observed, noting that while they are not of the same make, their colors share a resemblance Manh Chuong maintains the original positive degree structure in the translation, effectively conveying the comparison.

“not the same model as Fitzgerald's car” into “không phải cùng mẫu với chiếc xe của

Fitzgerald” and “almost the same” into “gần giống nhau” to convey the comparison Overall, this translation is quite accurate and faithful to the original English text d Using “alike”

“You two are alike as two peas in a pod.” (Chapter 9)

- The translation: “Cả hai anh em giống nhau như hai hạt đậu trong vỏ.” (by Manh

In the phrase "You two are alike as two peas in a pod," the term "alike" signifies complete similarity between the individuals The idiom "peas in a pod" describes entities that are so similar they are nearly indistinguishable Manh Chuong's translation employs "giống nhau" to express "alike," while also comparing two peas to illustrate the similarity between the two people, rather than using the original idiom This translation effectively captures the essence of the original sentence and fits well within the paragraph's context.

All cases are using the positive degree of comparison forms as above that mentioned: "as as", "like", "alike", "the same" and also have "similar (to)'' and

"different (from)" in “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronte and their Vietnamese equivalents in “Đồi Gió Hú” by Manh Chuong are listed in the following table:

Table 2.1 The translation of positive degree Original work by Emily Bronte (2013) [14] The translation by Manh Chuong (2018) [15]

I do myself the honour of calling as soon as possible after my arrival

Tôi có vinh dự đến thăm sau khi tới đây càng sớm càng tốt

He is a dark skinned gipsy in aspect, in dress and manners a gentleman: that is, as much a gentleman as many a country squire

Anh ta có ngoại hình của một người Rom tối màu, nhưng phong cách ăn mặc và cách cư xử lại thể hiện sự quý tộc, tương đương với nhiều đại gia địa phương.

A real goddess in my eyes, as long as she took no notice of me

Với tôi, cô ấy là một nữ thần thật sự, miễn là cô ấy không để ý đến tôi

I confess it with shame - shrunk icily into myself, like a snail

Tôi thú nhận một cách đáng xấu hổ rằng tôi co quắp vào chính mình như một con ốc khi trời lạnh

I felt my heels and coat-laps peculiar subjects of assault; and parrying off the larger combatants as effectually as I could with the poker

Căn phòng như đang tấn công vào gót giày và tà áo của tôi, buộc tôi phải sử dụng gậy trợ giúp để đẩy lùi những kẻ đánh nhau lớn hơn một cách hiệu quả nhất.

The house was much the same as when he left it, except all the Christmas decorations were gone

Ngôi nhà giống y như khi anh rời khỏi nó, trừ một điều rằng toàn bộ đồ trang trí Giáng Sinh đã được gỡ bỏ

She thought the old house looked the same as she remembered it, except for the changes wrought by time and the weather

Cô nghĩ rằng ngôi nhà cũ trông giống như cô nhớ lại nó, chỉ trừ những thay đổi về thời gian và thời tiết

And her red under-lip pushed out, like a child's ready to cry

Và môi dưới đỏ của cô ấy nhô ra, giống như một đứa trẻ sắp khóc

We made ourselves as snug as our means allowed in the arch of the dresser

Chúng tôi đã làm cho mình thoải mái nhất có thể trong không gian hẹp giữa cây tủ bày đồ

Joseph asseverated, “owd Nick would fetch us as sure as we were living”

Joseph khẳng định: “Ổng quỷ sẽ đem chúng ta đi với nó chắc chắn như đang sống”

Heathcliff stood near the entrance, in his shirt and trousers; with a candle dripping over his fingers, and his face as white as the wall behind him

Heathcliff đứng trước cửa ra vào, chỉ mặc áo và quần, cầm một ngọn nến đang chảy cạn qua ngón tay Khuôn mặt anh ta trắng bệch như bức tường phía sau.

The first creak of the oak startled him like an electric shock

Tiếng rên ồn ào đầu tiên của cây sồi làm anh ta bị giật mình như một lần điện giật

I was about to say 'perusing those old volumes,' then it would have revealed my knowledge of their written, as well as their printed, contents; so, correcting myself

Tôi đang xem xét các quyển sách cũ, nhưng để không tiết lộ sự hiểu biết của mình về nội dung, tôi đã tự chỉnh sửa lại.

The master tried to explain the matter; but he was really half dead with fatigue, and all that

I could make out, amongst her scolding, was a tale of his seeing it starving, and houseless,

Người chủ cố gắng giải thích về vấn đề đó, nhưng ông ta đã thực sự kiệt sức Tất cả những gì tôi có thể hiểu từ sự quát mắng của bà ta là một câu chuyện về việc ông ta thấy nó đang như một kẻ ngốc nghếch, lang thang trên đường phố.

Tại Liverpool, ông nhặt được một vật và ngay lập tức hỏi về chủ nhân của nó Trên những con phố, ông gặp phải cảnh tượng đói khát, không có nhà cửa và gần như không thể giao tiếp.

Heathcliff attempted to release the beast and move it to his stall when Hindley abruptly ended his speech by knocking him down, causing Heathcliff to fall beneath the animal's feet Without checking if his plan had succeeded, Hindley fled the scene quickly.

Heathcliff đã đưa con thú ra và chuyển nó về chuồng của mình Trong khi đó, Hindley kết thúc bài diễn văn của mình bằng cách đánh ngã Heathcliff dưới chân con thú, rồi không dừng lại để kiểm tra xem hy vọng của mình có thành hiện thực hay không, mà chạy đi càng nhanh càng tốt.

It was a pretty little car, not the same model as Fitzgerald's car that Dean had followed from the hotel, but almost the same color

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results of the comparative degree

Chart 3.2 Comparative degrees of comparison

The pie chart illustrates the distribution of comparative degree forms in Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights." It reveals that "more" forms are the most prevalent, accounting for 14% of the superlatives used Following closely are the "-er" forms, which make up 12% of the total In contrast, "less" forms are the least utilized, representing only 6% of the superlatives This data indicates a preference for certain comparative structures in the text.

“more” and “-er” forms when expressing comparative degrees, while “less” forms are relatively rare in comparison

3.3 Results of the superlative degrees

Chart 3.3 Superlative degrees of comparison

The pie chart provided presents the distribution of three forms of superlatives in

In Emily Bronte's "Wuthering Heights," the comparative forms "the most," "-est," and "the least" play a significant role in the narrative The data reveals that the "-est" form is the most prevalent, comprising 11 percent of usage, followed closely by "the most," which accounts for 9 percent.

The "-est" form is the most commonly used superlative, accounting for 98 percent of usage, while the "least" form is rarely utilized, making up only 2 percent This preference for the "-est" form may stem from its simplicity and brevity, which authors like Emily Bronte often favor.

Chart 3.4 Special forms of comparison

The pie chart illustrates the usage distribution of various special forms of comparison in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights Notably, the "er er" and "the more and the more" constructions account for 2% of the total, suggesting their prevalence in everyday speech and writing.

Emily Bronte primarily utilizes simpler comparison forms in her writing, as evidenced by the fact that the phrases “er more” and “more and more” are used only 1 percent of the time This indicates a preference for straightforward comparisons, with “er er” appearing in 33% of instances, while “more and more” and “er more” each account for 17%.

3.5 The conclusion of the study

This study investigates the various forms of comparison found in Emily Brontë's literary work, Wuthering Heights It aims to identify the types of comparison used in the text while exploring the similarities and differences between two languages The research focuses on commonly used comparison types, including positive degrees, comparative degrees, and superlative degrees, along with their various forms.

In research methodology, quantitative methods are effectively employed in contrastive investigations Analyzing 340 examples—170 from Emily Bronte's original works and 170 from Vietnamese translations by Manh Chuong—reveals distinctive features and uses of various comparison types The contrastive analysis uncovers both similarities and differences, highlighting that despite translation variations, the structural aspects of comparison types remain quite similar in both languages Each degree of comparison serves a specific purpose: the positive degree evaluates and compares objects or events at the same level using phrases like “As as,” “the same,” and “similar (to)”; the comparative degree differentiates between two entities with terms such as “more,” “-er,” and “less”; while the superlative degree indicates the highest level of comparison among three or more subjects using expressions like “the most” and “-est.”

The classification of the three degrees of comparison, along with irregular comparative and superlative adjectives, highlights the differences between English and Vietnamese in translation In comparing two works, it is evident that "Wuthering Heights" employs more elaborate extended metaphors, while the Vietnamese translation favors direct visual comparisons Despite these stylistic differences, the translation successfully conveys the author's meaning and maintains the structure of the degrees of comparison.

This graduation paper aims to enhance the teaching and learning of comparative structures, particularly through literary works Based on the study's findings, we propose several implications for improving educational practices in this area.

This study offers valuable insights for English learners, enhancing their understanding of various comparison types By examining common structures and practical examples, learners will improve their knowledge and application of comparisons Additionally, analyzing comparison forms in both English and Vietnamese fosters a deeper cultural understanding between the two languages Ultimately, this research aims to enhance learners' writing and translation skills.

Students must focus on the exceptions of two-syllable adjectives ending in -y and the importance of irregular adjectives, as they undergo significant changes in comparison Understanding the distinct forms of irregular adjectives, such as bad (worse, worst) and far (farther, farthest), is crucial for mastering English grammar, as highlighted in this graduation paper.

English teachers seek effective methods to help students master comparison structures, which are prevalent in daily conversations, literature, and speeches Although challenging, integrating comparison quotations into the classroom can enhance students' learning experiences and improve their language skills in writing and speaking Teachers should encourage students to practice these comparison forms through various literary works.

It can improve their thinking, speaking, and writing effectively

Focusing on various types of comparison and their translation is essential in language education, as it enhances students' language skills and fosters creativity Engaging activities that incorporate humor can make lessons more enjoyable, while teaching comparison types also expands students' vocabulary and understanding of language structure This knowledge is vital for effectively using comparisons in both speaking and writing.

To enhance language skills, teachers should not only instruct students on different types of comparisons but also motivate them to use these comparisons in their conversations and writing By serving as role models, educators can exemplify the advantages of integrating comparisons into language use, thereby enriching students' communication abilities.

[1] Nayanshi, Degrees of Comparison, 100 Examples with Answers, Definition, Exercises, Rules, [Online] https://www.adda247.com/school/degrees-ofcomparison/

[2]Suhendri, Positive Degree of Comparison, [Online] https://www.scribd.com/document/400126186/Positive-Degree-of-Comparison [Febuary 21, 2019]

[3] Howard Sargeant, Basic English Grammar 2, Saddleback Educational, 2007

[4] L.G Alexander, Longman English Grammar Practice, Nhà Xuất Bản Thanh Niên,

[5] Geraldine Woods, English Grammar All-In-One for Dummies, For Dummies,

[6] Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Positive definite, [Online] https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/positive%20definite [May 2023]

[7] Cambridge Dictionary, Same, Similar, Identical, [Online] https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/same-similar- identical?fbclid=IwAR10PyDcNvFWtHu1uMQpB0FeFvHLQn83qhGg4smq3C4TG Hms8kFx8FQ1qiY [May 2023]

[8] Grammarly, What Are Comparative and Superlative Adjectives?, [Online] https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comparative-and-superlative-adjectives/

[9] Betty Kirkpatrick, Better English Grammar, Geddes & Grosset, 2014

[10] Ed Swick, English Grammar for ESL Learners, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005

Results of special forms

Chart 3.4 Special forms of comparison

The pie chart illustrates the usage distribution of various special comparison forms in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights Notably, the "er er" and "the more and the more" constructions each account for 2% of the total, suggesting they are relatively prevalent in everyday speech and writing.

Emily Brontë primarily utilizes simpler comparison forms in her writing, as evidenced by the fact that the phrases "er more" and "more and more" are used only 1% of the time This indicates a preference for more straightforward comparisons, with "er er" appearing 33%, while "more and more" and "er more" each account for 17% of her usage.

The conclusion of the study

This study explores the various forms of comparison utilized in Emily Brontë's literary work, Wuthering Heights It aims to identify the types of comparison present in the text while examining the similarities and differences between the two languages involved The analysis focuses on commonly used comparison types, including positive degrees, comparative degrees, and superlative degrees, along with their diverse forms.

In research methodology, quantitative methods are effectively utilized for contrastive investigation Analyzing 340 examples—170 from Emily Bronte's original works and 170 from Vietnamese translations by Manh Chuong—reveals distinct features and uses of various types of comparison The contrastive analysis uncovers both similarities and differences; despite some translation variations, the structural similarities between the comparison types in both languages are notable Each degree of comparison serves a specific purpose: the positive degree evaluates and compares objects or events on the same level, using forms like “As as,” “the same,” “like,” “alike,” and “similar (to).” The comparative degree highlights differences between two entities with forms such as “more,” “-er,” “than,” or “less,” including some irregular comparatives Lastly, the superlative degree indicates the highest level of comparison among three or more entities, employing forms like “the most,” “the least,” “-est,” and certain irregular superlatives.

The classification of the three degrees of comparison, along with irregular comparative and superlative adjectives, highlights the differences in comparison types between English and Vietnamese This distinction impacts the translation of Manh Chuong, as Wuthering Heights employs more elaborate extended metaphors, while the Vietnamese translation favors direct visual comparisons Despite these differences, the translation successfully conveys the author's intent while maintaining the structure of degrees of comparison.

Suggestions

This graduation paper aims to enhance the teaching and learning of comparative structures, focusing specifically on types of comparison through literary works Based on the study's findings, we propose several implications for educators and learners in this field.

This study offers valuable insights for English learners, enhancing their understanding of various types of comparisons By examining common structures and utilizing provided examples, learners can effectively grasp how to implement these comparison types Additionally, analyzing comparison forms between English and Vietnamese fosters a deeper cultural appreciation of both languages Ultimately, this knowledge contributes to the improvement of learners' writing and translation skills.

Students must focus on the unique case of two-syllable adjectives ending in -y and the importance of irregular adjectives, which undergo significant changes in their comparative forms Understanding the specific details of these irregular adjectives, such as "bad," "worse," "worst," and "far," "farther," "farthest," is crucial for their academic success, as highlighted in this graduation paper.

English teachers seek effective methods to help students master comparison structures and their uses Comparison forms are prevalent in daily conversation, literature, and speeches, yet they can be challenging to grasp Engaging with comparison quotations in the classroom enhances students' learning experiences and language skills in both writing and speaking Therefore, teachers should encourage students to practice comparison forms through various literary works.

It can improve their thinking, speaking, and writing effectively

Focusing on various types of comparisons and their translations is essential in language education, as it can significantly improve students' language skills and foster creativity By incorporating engaging and entertaining activities that introduce humor, educators can create a more dynamic learning environment Furthermore, teaching comparison types enhances students' vocabulary and understanding of language structure, equipping them with the tools needed for effective speaking and writing.

To enhance students' understanding of comparison types, teachers must not only instruct but also inspire students to integrate these techniques into their conversations and writing By serving as role models, educators can showcase the advantages of using comparisons in language, fostering a more effective communication style among their students.