Nghiên cứu về các dạng thức so sánh trong tác phẩm đồi gió hú của emily bronte và tương đương trong tiếng việt

TRAN THI PHUONG NHUNG MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON TYPES OF COMPARISON IN “WUTHERING HEIGHTS” BY EMILY BRONTE AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS ENGLISH LANGUAGE Student: Tran Thi Phuong Nhung Student ID No: 19010277 Course: 2019 - 2023 Field: English Language Mode of study: Full-time Supervisor: M.A Duong Hong Quan Ha Noi – 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING PHENIKAA UNIVERSITY GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON TYPES OF COMPARISON IN “WUTHERING HEIGHTS” BY EMILY BRONTE AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU VỀ CÁC DẠNG THỨC SO SÁNH TRONG TÁC PHẨM “ĐỒI GIÓ HÚ” CỦA EMILY BRONTE VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) Student: Tran Thi Phuong Nhung Student ID No: 19010277 Course: 2019-2023 Field: English Language Mode of study: Full-time Supervisor: M.A Duong Hong Quan Ha Noi - 2023 i ABSTRACT Language serves as a fundamental medium for human interaction, allowing individuals to establish social bonds, cultivate economic connections, and convey various thoughts and ideas through both spoken and written means To enhance the effectiveness and allure of communication and writing, the usage of comparisons is a commonly employed technique in the English language Yet, despite its prevalence, many individuals still struggle with distinguishing between the various comparative structures in English, sometimes leading to misguided expressions or a failure to convey intended meanings This study endeavours to analyze the full spectrum of comparison types present in Emily Bronte's literary masterpiece, “Wuthering Heights,” with a specific focus on how these comparisons are translated into Vietnamese, and the changes in meaning that can arise as a result The data sample comprises 170 comparison sentences extracted from “Wuthering Heights” and their corresponding Vietnamese translations featured in Manh Chuong's “Doi Gio Hu” They are divided into three main degrees of comparison, namely positive, comparative, and superlative ii DECLARATION I, Tran Thi Phuong Nhung - 19010277, certificate that no part of the above report has been copied or reproduced by me from any other person’s work without acknowledgments and that the report is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor Hanoi, 15th June, 2023 Supervisor M.A Duong Hong Quan Student Tran Thi Phuong Nhung iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to take this opportunity and express my gratitude to my supervisor M.A Duong Hong Quan, for setting me on an interesting path and for helping me to clarify the issues, and for the insightful comments He followed up on my progress constantly and showed me how to write this report academically Importantly, he continuously counseled me to make more determined endeavors and his encouragement made it possible for me to achieve the goal I am also grateful to all the teachers in Faculty of English at Phenikaa University for their careful and precious guidance, which was extremely valuable for my theoretical and practical study Last but not least, I would like to send my deepest thanks to my girlfriend and my family for their support and encouragement which has motivated me to improve and finish my internship report Sincerely, Phuong Nhung iv TABLES OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study Aims and objectives of the study Research question Scope of the study Method of the study Meaning of the study Design of the study CHATER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF COMPARISON 1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.2.1 Degrees of Comparison in English and Vietnamese 1.2.1.1 Definition 1.2.1.2 Classify 1.2.2 Positives 1.2.2.1 Definition 1.2.2.2 Structure 1.2.3 Comparatives 10 1.2.3.1 Definition 10 1.2.3.2 Structure 10 1.2.4 Superlatives 12 1.2.4.1 Definition 12 1.2.4.2 Structure 12 1.2.5 Special forms of comparison 14 1.2.5.1 Special forms of positive degree 14 1.2.5.2 Special forms of comparatives degree 14 1.2.6 Summary of the work “Wuthering Heights” 17 47 And it is like bending back a stiff spring: it is Và là uốn cong một lò xo đứng đắn: có by compulsion that I the slightest act not thể làm những hành động nhỏ nhất mà không prompted by one thought thúc đẩy bởi một suy nghĩ nhất với nỗ lực rất lớn The least appearance of opposition struck Sự đối nghịch nhỏ nhỏ cũng đủ khiến irritation into him điên She was slender, and apparently scarcely past Cô gầy, chẳng qua tuổi dậy thì: mợt girlhood: an admirable form, and the most thân hình đẹp mê hồn, khuôn mặt nhỏ xinh exquisite little face that I have ever had the tuyệt vời nhất mà từng chiêm ngưỡng pleasure of beholding She was the most cruel and hard-hearted Cô ấy người tàn nhẫn vô tâm nhất mà person I have ever known từng biết đến He was the sternest and most inflexible Anh ta là người nghiêm khắc cứng nhắc nhất figure I had ever encountered mà từng gặp Catherine was the loveliest lady in the Catherine phụ nữ xinh đẹp nhất xứ county Hindley was the cruelest brother in all of Hindley anh em tàn nhẫn nhất tất cả ở Anh England The moors were the bleakest landscape in the Cánh đồng hoang vắng không gian lạnh nhất region vùng Wuthering Heights was the loneliest house on Nhà Wuthering Heights nhà cô độc nhất the moors đồi According to the table, the “-est” form is the most widely used, “the most” form ranks second, while “the least” form is the least used These findings suggest that the “-est” form is the most popular way to express superlatives 2.2.4 The special forms of comparison and the Vietnamese translate by Manh Chuong There are four cases of this comparison form used in the work Because of certain limitations in time and the length requirement of the graduation paper, only a few typical examples will be presented and analyzed by me 48 a Using “Comparative and comparative”  er and er “On the fifth morning, or rather afternoon, a different step approached - lighter and shorter; and, this time, the person entered the room.” (Chapter 28) - Translation: Vào buổi chiều thứ năm, một bước chân khác tiếp cận - nhẹ và ngắn hơn; và lần này, người đó đã vào phòng (by Manh Chuong) - Analysis: The comparative form “lighter and shorter” in this sentence can be translated as “nhẹ nhàng và ngắn hơn” in Vietnamese by Manh Chuong However, to express accuracy and interest in the English language, we can translate it as “điệu bộ nhẹ nhàng và bước ngắn hơn” or “bước nhẹ nhàng và ngắn hơn” to convey the meaning of the original sentence more clearly  More and more + adj/adv “It was more simple and more eloquent than her cousin's: very pretty and very silly.” (Chapter 21) - Translation: “Nó đơn giản và ngôn từ lịch so với đứa em họ của cô ấy: rất đẹp rất ngớ ngẩn” (by Manh Chuong) - Analysis: The phrase “more simple and more eloquent” is compared to the main character's cousin in the sentence “very pretty and very silly” meaning very beautiful but very foolish Since both comparisons are comparative forms, the translator used the word “hơn” (meaning 'more' or 'than') in both phrases to maintain the meaning of the sentence while still showing the comparison between two objects b Using “The comparative the comparative”  The + comparative + S + verb + the + comparative + S + verb “And lucky it is for us that his father took him: the kinder he was treated, the more tedious and selfish he'd be.” (Chapter 23) - The translation: Một điều may mắn đối với chúng ta là cha cậu ta đã đưa cậu ta đi: càng được đối xử tử tế, cậu ta càng trở nên dài dòng và ích kỉ (by Manh Chuong) - Analysis: In this sentence, the “the comparative the comparative” structure is used to express a correlation between two different things In this case, the first thing is 49 being treated kindly and the second thing is the person's behavior “the kinder he was treated” becomes “càng đối xử tử tế” and “the more tedious and selfish he'd be” becomes “ cậu ta càng trở nên dài dòng và ích kỉ hơn.” Therefore, “the comparative the comparative” structure is translated by Manh Chuong as “càng càng” in Vietnamese to express the correlation between two different events  The more + S + Verb + the comparative + S + verb “Nay, you'll be ashamed of me every day of your life,” he answered; “and the more ashamed, the more you know me, and I cannot bide it.” (Chapter 32) The translation: Không, em sẽ cảm thấy xấu hổ vì anh ngày c̣c đời của mình,” trả lời; “và càng xấu hổ, em càng hiểu anh nhiều hơn, anh không thể chịu đựng điều đó (by Manh Chuong) Analysis: The comparison phrase “the more ashamed, the more you know me” in the original sentence has been accurately translated to Vietnamese as “càng xấu hổ, em càng hiểu về anh nhiều hơn” This is because “the more the more” is a comparison structure with the meaning of “càng càng” This phrase means that the more you understand someone, the more you feel ashamed of them Therefore, to preserve the original meaning of the sentence and ensure accuracy, the translation should be “Càng hiểu anh nhiều hơn, em càng cảm thấy xấu hổ về anh, và anh không thể chịu đựng điều đó.” All cases are using the special forms of comparison forms as above that mentioned: "-er and -er", "more and more", "the –er the more" and “the more the more” in “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronte and their Vietnamese equivalents in “Đồi Gió Hú” by Manh Chuong are listed in the following table: Table 2.4 The translation of special forms Original work by Emily Bronte (2013) [14] The translation by Manh Chuong (2018) [15] By his knack of sermonising and pious Nhờ khả rao giảng thuyết giáo đầy đức tin discoursing, he contrived to make a great của mình, ông ta đã gây ấn tượng sâu sắc với ông impression on Mr Earnshaw; and the more Earnshaw Và ông chủ yếu đi, sức ảnh hưởng của ông ta càng ngày càng gia tăng 50 feeble the master became, the more influence he gained 'It is not so buried in trees,' I replied, 'and it is Tôi trả lời rằng nó không che khuất bởi not quite so large, but you can see the country cối không phải q lớn, bạn có thể nhìn beautifully all round; and the air is healthier thấy khung cảnh đẹp xung quanh; khơng khí for you - fresher and drier khỏe mạnh cho thể - tươi mới khô It was more simple and more eloquent than Nó đơn giản và ngơn từ lịch so her cousin's: very pretty and very silly với đứa em họ của cô ấy: rất đẹp rất ngớ ngẩn And lucky it is for us that his father took him: Một điều may mắn đối với cha cậu ta the kinder he was treated, the more tedious đã đưa cậu ta đi: càng được đối xử tử tế, cậu ta and selfish he'd be trở nên dài dịng ích kỉ On the fifth morning, or rather afternoon, a Vào buổi chiều thứ năm, một bước chân khác tiếp different step approached - lighter and cận - nhẹ và ngắn hơn; lần này, người đó shorter; and, this time, the person entered the đã vào phòng room 'Nay, you'll be ashamed of me every day of Không, em sẽ cảm thấy xấu hổ anh ngày your life,' he answered; 'and the more cuộc đời của mình,” trả lời; “và ashamed, the more you know me; and I xấu hổ, em hiểu anh nhiều hơn, anh cannot bide it.' không thể chịu đựng điều đó The table indicates that “er er” and “the more and the more” forms are relatively more common in general speech or writing However, “er more” and “more and more” forms are used only sentences, indicating they are less commonly used forms In the translation of Emily Bronte's “Wuthering Heights”, Manh Chuong translated relatively accurately but still had certain limitations First, Manh Chuong doesn’t often preserve the meaning of complex comparisons However, during translation, Manh Chuong often only focuses on the main idea of the sentence and does not include the more complex comparison structures Second, Manh Chuong doesn't always ensure grammatical and semantic equivalence when translating comparison sentences between English and Vietnamese In some cases, Manh 51 Chuong's expression can affect the reader's perception and understanding of the original work For example, “Her face looked like a dark cloud on a mountaintop” (original), “Mặt cô trông một đám mây đen tối đỉnh núi” (by Manh Chuong) In conclusion, the comparison sentences in Emily Bronte's “Wuthering Heights” have been accurately translated, the sentences are well-organized, and the privacy of each language has been respected Both Wuthering Heights and its Vietnamese translation utilize comparisons to enhance the imagery of the text However, the two works differ somewhat in the extent and style of their comparisons, with Wuthering Heights using more elaborate extended metaphors and the Vietnamese translation relying more on direct visual comparisons 2.3 The similarities and differences between types of comparisons in English and Vietnamese 2.3.1 Similarities In terms of similarity, both languages use adjectives in the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees to make comparisons between things or people Additionally, the basic structure of comparison in both languages involves comparing two things or people using adjectives For example of comparative degree in English, “He is taller than me” or “Anh ta cao tôi” in Vietnamese Both English and Vietnamese languages have a basic three-degree comparison system: positive, comparative, and superlative For example, good - better - best (English) and tốt - tốt - tốt nhất (Vietnamese) 2.3.2 Differences The structure "as as " in English has less variation than its equivalent structure in Vietnamese For example, there are some variations of "as as " in Vietnamese: "như", "giống như", "bằng", "chẳng gì" We can see that the structure of comparison with the "as as" form in Vietnamese are more nuances, helping users to express more shades of thought when participating in communication In English, the adjective usually comes before the noun but in Vietnamese, the adjective usually comes after the noun For example, in English, we say: "a bigger 52 (adjective) house (noun)" In Vietnamese, we say: "ngôi nhà (noun) lớn (adjective)." The analysis of the original English version of “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronte and its Vietnamese translation by Manh Chuong showed that both languages have a similar structure of three-degree of comparison However, Vietnamese has some unique features, including the use of particles and word order to generate comparative and superlative forms and the use of adjectives after nouns This research demonstrates that understanding the similarities and differences in the use of degrees of comparison in English and Vietnamese is essential when translating and interpreting between these languages Because understanding the similarities and differences in the use of degrees of comparison between two languages is synonymous with having a thorough grasp of the entire structure and usage of comparíon forms Then applying this knowledge to translation will result in the sentence being translated in a perfect manner and expressing the meaning of the original sentence 53 CHAPTER RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 3.1 Results of positive degrees Similar (to), 3% Alike, 3% Like, 22% As As, 55% The same, 17% Chart 3.1 Positive degrees of comparison This pie chart displays the distribution of forms used to make positive degrees of comparison in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte The chart shows that the most frequently used form for making comparisons is the “As as” structure, which accounts for 22 percent of the total, followed by “like” forms, which account for percent of the total The least used forms are “alike” and “similar” structures, which both account for only percent of the total Interestingly, the percentage of forms that indicate that two things are the same is quite low, at only percent, which suggests that Emily Bronte tends to use more nuanced forms when making comparisons 54 3.2 Results of the comparative degrees Less, 19% More, 43% .Er, 38% Chart 3.2 Comparative degrees of comparison The pie chart displays the distribution of three different forms used to make comparative degrees of comparison in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte According to the chart, “more” forms are the most common, making up 14% of the superlatives used “-er” forms follow closely, comprising 12% of the superlatives Meanwhile, “less” forms are the least popular, making up just 6% of the total superlatives This data suggests that “Wuthering Heights” tends to favor the use of “more” and “-er” forms when expressing comparative degrees, while “less” forms are relatively rare in comparison 55 3.3 Results of the superlative degrees The least, 9% The most, 41% .est, 50% Chart 3.3 Superlative degrees of comparison The pie chart provided presents the distribution of three forms of superlatives in “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronte, namely “the most,” “-est,” and “the least.” According to the chart, the “-est” form is the most widely used, accounting for 11 percent of the total “The most” form ranks second, with a share of percent, while “the least” form is the least used, with a share of only percent These findings suggest that the “-est” form is the most popular way to express superlatives It may be that the “-est” form has become more widely used, and Emily Bronte tends to favor it due to its simplicity and brevity 56 3.4 Results of special forms The more the more, 33% er more, 17% er er, 33% more and more, 17% Chart 3.4 Special forms of comparison The pie chart provided shows the breakdown of usage for several special forms of comparison in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte The chart indicates that “er er” and “the more and the more” forms are used percent, meaning they are relatively more common in general speech or writing However, “er more” and “more and more” forms are used only percent, indicating they are less commonly used forms These percentages suggest that Emily Bronte tends to use more simple comparison forms, as the more special forms are the least percentage used 57 3.5 The conclusion of the study In general, a great variety of comparison forms are used This study is an investigation into commonly used comparison in the literature work Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Aims to identify the forms of comparison in this literature as well as to explore the similarity and differences between the two languages These commonly used types of comparison are positive degrees, comparative degrees, and superlative degrees with many forms followed In research methodology, quantitative methods are suitably used in contrastive investigation After analyzed the forms of 340 examples, 170 in original work by Emily Bronte and 170 in Vietnamese translation by Manh Chuong, I get to know more about each type of comparison that has distinctive features and uses Then the similarities and differences have been discovered through the contrastive analysis In spite of some differences in terms of translation, the structure of these comparison types is quite similar in both languages Each degree of comparison also has distinctive use For example, the positive degree is mainly used to evaluate, and compare objects or events that are on the same level and have similar characteristics using forms such as “As as,” “the same,” “like,” “alike,” and “similar (to)” The comparative degree is used to express the difference between two people or things with forms “more”, “-er”, “than”, or “less” and some irregular comparatives The superlative degree is used to describe the highest degree of comparison among three or more people, places, things, or ideas with forms “the most”, “the least”, “-est” and some irregular superlatives The three degrees of comparison have also been classified, and irregular comparative and superlative adjectives arranged into tables By classifying and analyzing, we can see the difference in types of comparison between English and Vietnamese affects the translation of Manh Chuong the two works differ somewhat in the extent and style of their comparisons, with Wuthering Heights using more elaborate extended metaphors and the Vietnamese translation relying more on direct 58 visual comparisons However, the translation appears to be effective in conveying the author's meaning and keeping the degrees of comparison structure 3.6 Suggestions To some extent, this graduation paper is carried out hope to make a contribution to the teaching and learning of comparison structure in general and types of comparison through literature work in particular According to the result of the study, we would like to put forward some implications 3.6.1 For English learners The result of this study may be beneficial to English learners The findings of the study will help English learners enrich their knowledge of comparison types Through the graduation paper, the learners will understand the common structures of different types of comparisons and how to use them through provided examples On the other hand, the learners may have a better understanding of the culture of the two languages by analyzing comparison forms of the original work in English and the translation in Vietnamese Finally, their skills in writing and translating can be enhanced Students should pay more attention to the exception of two-syllable adjectives with the ending -y Also remembering all of the irregular adjectives is important for students, since they have a complete transformation of comparison Of course, students need to focus on learning the details explanation about some irregular adjectives that have different forms in comparison, such as bad, worse, worst and farther, farthest, and some others which are mentioned in this graduation paper 3.6.2 For English teachers For English teachers, they often want to find out the most effective method to help their students master structure and the uses of comparison Comparison forms usually appear in daily conversation, in literature, and in speeches but it is not an easy field Working with comparison quotations at school can improve student's learning experiences, and their language skills in writing and daily speaking The teachers 59 should encourage their students to practice comparison forms through literary works It can improve their thinking, speaking, and writing effectively Paying attention to different types of comparison and their translation is crucial in language teaching By doing so, educators can enhance students' language skills, stimulate their creativity, and create engaging and entertaining activities that add humour to lessons Additionally, teaching comparison types can also help to develop students' vocabulary and knowledge to understand more about the structure and how to use types of comparison in speaking and writing However, it's not enough to only teach these comparison types; teachers should also encourage students to incorporate them into their conversations and writing As role models, teachers can lead by example and demonstrate the benefits of utilizing comparison in a language 60 REFERENCES [1] Nayanshi, Degrees of Comparison, 100 Examples with Answers, Definition, Exercises, Rules, [Online] https://www.adda247.com/school/degrees-ofcomparison/ [May 2nd, 2023] [2] Suhendri, Positive Degree of Comparison, [Online] https://www.scribd.com/document/400126186/Positive-Degree-of-Comparison [Febuary 21, 2019] [3] Howard Sargeant, Basic English Grammar 2, Saddleback Educational, 2007 [4] L.G Alexander, Longman English Grammar Practice, Nhà Xuất Bản Thanh Niên, 2010 [5] Geraldine Woods, English Grammar All-In-One for Dummies, For Dummies, 2023 [6] Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Positive definite, [Online] https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/positive%20definite [May 2023] [7] Cambridge Dictionary, Same, Similar, Identical, [Online] https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/same-similaridentical?fbclid=IwAR10PyDcNvFWtHu1uMQpB0FeFvHLQn83qhGg4smq3C4TG Hms8kFx8FQ1qiY [May 2023] [8] Grammarly, What Are Comparative and Superlative Adjectives?, [Online] https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comparative-and-superlative-adjectives/ [November 22, 2022] [9] Betty Kirkpatrick, Better English Grammar, Geddes & Grosset, 2014 [10] Ed Swick, English Grammar for ESL Learners, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005 61 [11] Yunita Mirnanda, An analysis on the students’ errors in using degrees of comparison of adjectives, University Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, 2014 [12] Lukman, Ilham, Hariyati, “The use of picture in teaching degrees of comparison,” Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics, Vol 11 No December 2018, 26-38 [13] Oktya Putri Bungsu, Afrianto Daud, Masyhur, “An Analysis on Students’ grammatical errors in writing degrees of comparison,” Indonesian Journal of Economics, Social, and Humanities, 3rd May 2021, 55-63 [14] Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, Alma Classics, 2013 [15] Mạnh Chương, Đồi Gió Hú, Nhà xuất bản văn học, 2018

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