汉语军事成语的理论基础
现代汉语成语
1.1.1 汉语成语的界定 成语是熟语的一种，是人们熟悉且常用的一种语言材料它蕴含丰富, 形式和内容都有鲜明的特点。从文化语言学的角度来看，成语与文化的关 系极为密切。然而，关于成语这一词汇成分的概念内涵，中国学术界还没 有得出一致的看法。有些学术著作直接给成语下定义,如史式（1979) ① 认 为成语是约定俗成，结构形式固定，不可望文生义的定型词组。张永言
In 1982, it was suggested that idioms are fixed phrases and a significant component of colloquial expressions Additionally, Mo Pengling (2011) approached the definition of idioms from a cultural perspective, describing them as the "holistic element" of linguistic culture.
Wen Duanzheng (2005) defines idioms from a linguistic perspective as "expressive and descriptive phrases that are linked in pairs." The term "linked in pairs" refers to the ability to segment the phonetic structure of idioms into two sequential rhythmic combinations The "expressive phrases" are characterized by their semantic knowledge, while the "descriptive phrases" refer to the idioms' capacity to depict the images, states, and actions of people or objects.
还有一些文章则侧重总结成语在内容、形式等方面的特点。马国凡
In 1973, it was suggested that idioms possess characteristics such as fixed forms, customary usage, historical significance, and national identity According to Zhou Jian in 1997, idioms also exhibit a sense of classicism, making them more reflective of a nation's culture compared to other linguistic forms.
Chinese scholars widely agree that idioms are a distinct linguistic form characterized by fixedness This fixedness encompasses both semantic and structural aspects: semantic fixedness means that the meaning of an idiom is not merely a simple combination of its individual components, while structural fixedness indicates that the elements of an idiom cannot be arbitrarily added, removed, or altered Additionally, idioms possess a written language quality, further distinguishing them in usage.
① 史式 汉语成语研究[M] 四川人民出版社,1979.
② 张永言 词汇学简论[M] 华中工学院出版社，1982.
③ 温端政 语文研究[M] 商务印书馆,2005
④ 马国凡 成语[M] 内蒙古人民出版社,1973
⑤ 周荐.汉语学习[M] 南开大学文学出版社，1997
The term "linguistic formality" refers to the dignified and elegant impression that idioms convey Many idioms originate from ancient texts and exhibit characteristics of classical Chinese in their phonetics, syntax, and structural components These features contribute to the formal written nature of Chinese idioms A clear understanding of the concept and characteristics of idioms aids in defining military idioms within this study.
1.1.2 现代汉语成语的分类
Chinese idioms can be categorized into various subtypes, with classification criteria extensively discussed in numerous academic studies and papers Scholars have approached the categorization of idioms from different perspectives, providing a comprehensive and detailed analysis of their classifications.
The classification of idioms can be based on various factors such as their origin, syllable count, grammatical structure, and semantic structure Detailed research on these classifications reveals distinct categories and characteristics that enhance our understanding of idiomatic expressions.
据成语来源性质分类
武占坤在《有关成语的几个问題》（《河北大学学报》1962 年第二
Chinese idioms can be categorized into two types: those based on historical anecdotes and those that are not Understanding the meaning of certain idioms, such as "塞翁失马" (Sai Weng loses his horse), "杯弓蛇影" (the shadow of a bow is mistaken for a snake), and "守株待兔" (waiting by a tree stump for a rabbit), requires knowledge of their origins and stories In contrast, idioms like "千方百计" (by all means), "一干二净" (completely), and "毛手毛脚" (clumsy) do not rely on such historical references for comprehension.
“挥金如土”等是非典故性成语．典故性的成语又可以分成来自民间故事、
Classic literary works and famous quotes often inspire idiomatic expressions Non-idiomatic phrases, lacking historical context or background stories, still convey significant meanings These expressions enrich our language, enhancing communication and providing depth to our conversations Understanding their origins and implications can deepen our appreciation of literature and its impact on culture.
生活中总结出来 并经过口传流行而来的成语．
According to Ma Guofan's classification in "Chengyu" (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 1975), idioms are divided into two main categories based on syllable count: four-syllable idioms and non-four-syllable idioms Four-syllable idioms are considered the fundamental form of Chinese idioms, serving as a key marker for this classification.
Most Chinese idioms are composed of four syllables, a characteristic that has developed over time rather than being an initial standard This evolution reflects a trend towards the consolidation of syllables, involving both the addition and reduction of syllables.
The classification of Chinese idioms can be based on their internal structure This approach allows for a deeper understanding of the composition and meaning of these idioms, highlighting the unique characteristics that define them By analyzing the internal elements, we can categorize idioms more effectively, enhancing both comprehension and usage in the Chinese language.
The classification of idioms can be categorized in various ways, with different research approaches offering distinct methods Among these, several representative classification systems stand out in the study of idiomatic structures.
马国凡在《成语》—书中从语法角度将成语的内部结构分成两大类。
The first category of idioms is clearly divided into two segments, where the segments exhibit relationships such as coordination, contrast, succession, purpose, or causation The second category consists of idioms that do not have a distinct division, with relationships among components characterized by subject-predicate, verb-object, modifier-modified, and verb-complement structures.
汉语军事成语研究综述
1.2.1 汉语军事成语的界定
After clarifying the concept of idioms, it is essential to define the concept of military idioms in Chinese Before establishing the definition of military idioms, we must first understand the meaning of "military."
《新华词典》(1980 年版)将军事定义为“一切有关武装斗争的事。
Military activities encompass defense construction, combat operations, and military scientific research, serving as essential tools for achieving political objectives According to the 1984 edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary, the term "military" is defined as being related to armies or warfare.
The term "military" encompasses a broad range of concepts, as defined by the 1992 edition of the "Comprehensive Chinese Dictionary," which describes it as pertaining to matters related to military affairs or warfare.
Military idioms are defined as phrases related to military contexts, encompassing expressions that articulate warfare, summarize military experiences, and reflect strategic military thinking This definition emphasizes the semantic aspect of military idioms To further clarify the concept, this paper examines idioms whose literal meanings do not fully convey their figurative meanings, which represent the true significance and linguistic value of these expressions.
Based on this definition, two criteria for identifying military idioms are proposed from both semantic and etymological perspectives These criteria enable a quick distinction between military idioms and other idiomatic expressions, while also facilitating the selection of relevant linguistic data.
The first criterion for identifying Chinese military idioms is that they must contain morphemes or words related to military concepts, and their etymological meanings should also be associated with military contexts.
The term "etymological meaning" refers to the significance of an idiom before it has fully formed into a fixed expression, highlighting its meaning during the stage of free combination.
这时的意义是在一定的上下文中出现的,是受一定的言语环境制约的。”
Military-related terminology can be categorized into three types; the first type includes idiomatic expressions that feature words representing ancient military equipment.
The second category includes terms related to ancient military formations and personnel, while the third category encompasses words that describe military defense works.
军事装备这一概念的外延包括军事武器、 军事载器、军事指挥装备。
表示军事武器的词如“戈”、“戟”、″枪”、“斧”、“刀 ”、“杵”
等，包含这类词的成语有“投戈委甲”、“当枪对敌″、“斧破戕缺”、
“惧刀避剑″、″血流漂杵”等。
“投戈委甲”，出自 《旧五代史》：“梁军大恐，南向而奔，投戈
The idiom "委甲, 噎塞行路" translates to "abandoning armor and blocking the way," where "投" means to throw and "委" signifies to discard Its literal meaning describes a soldier discarding their weapons and armor, illustrating the chaotic and desperate state of a soldier fleeing from battle The term "戈," which refers to a weapon, highlights the idiom's military origins, categorizing it as a military-related expression.
“斧破戕缺”，语本《诗-豳风-破斧》：“既破我斧，又缺我戕。”
The poem "Shijing - Bin Feng - Po Fu" narrates the story of Duke Zhou's eastern expedition to quell a rebellion, highlighting the term's origins related to warfare The phrase contains the character "qiang," which signifies weaponry, categorizing it as a military idiom However, it's important to note that not all idioms with weapon-related terms are considered military expressions; for instance, "kou mi fu jian," which originates from "Zizhi Tongjian," does not fit this classification.
The phrase "口蜜腹剑," which translates to "honey on the lips, a sword in the belly," originates from the historical context of Tang Xuanzong's reign, specifically during the first year of the Baoyuan era It describes individuals who outwardly appear friendly and sweet-talking but harbor malicious intentions This idiom reflects the duality of human nature, highlighting the deceptive tactics employed by literary figures in the court, particularly referencing Li Linfu, known for his cunning demeanor The inclusion of "sword" signifies a military connotation, suggesting a deeper layer of conflict and treachery beneath seemingly benign interactions.
The phrase describing Li Linfu, who served as Prime Minister during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, highlights his outwardly amiable demeanor juxtaposed with his malevolent character Originating from a context unrelated to military affairs, this idiom is not classified as a military term.
The terms commonly used to refer to military vehicles include "chariot," "horse," and "charge," with "chariot" representing ancient war vehicles and "horse" signifying warhorses An example of an idiomatic expression that incorporates these terms is "abandoning the chariot and fleeing into the forest."
“聚甲戒车”、“车驰卒奔”、“遗车弃仗”、“洗兵牧马”等。
表示军事指挥装备的词有 “旗”丶“旄”、“鼓”、“旆”、“牙” 等。
In military warfare, tools such as "flags," "banners," "drums," "pennants," and "tusks" are essential for commanding and inspiring soldiers in battle Military idioms that incorporate these terms include "rolling up armor and hiding the flag," highlighting the strategic use of symbols in warfare.
汉语军事成语的特点及其及其应用于非军事领域
汉语军事成语的特点
2.1.1 汉语军事成语的语源
Military idioms that we see today, characterized by their fixed structure and meaning, originally emerged from the free combination of words in spoken language Over time, these expressions evolved into fixed phrases, ultimately becoming established idioms.
Military idioms typically originate from works related to military themes, such as ancient military texts, writings from philosophers that discuss military matters, historical records documenting military events, and certain literary works that depict military concepts.
Military idioms originally emerged in a four-character format and have evolved through generations of usage This evolution has led to the establishment of idioms with fixed structures and meanings that we recognize today.
百战百胜：源出《孙子•谋攻》：“是故百战百胜，非善之善者也。
不战而屈人之 兵，善之善者也。”
“百战百胜”这一成语又一直沿用到后代：
In Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian," it is noted that Lord Cheng'an possessed strategies for achieving victory in numerous battles However, a single misstep led to his defeat at the Battle of Hao and ultimately resulted in his death at the banks of the Zha River.
In Su Shi's "Liu Hou Lun," it is noted that Xiang Yu's inability to endure led to his numerous victories yet ultimately to his downfall This highlights the importance of restraint in leadership and strategy Additionally, the phrase "victory without bloodshed" originates from Xunzi's "Yi Bing," emphasizing that those nearby are drawn to virtue while those farther away admire it This underscores the significance of moral integrity in gaining respect and influence.
尽不牢习，远迩 来服，“兵不血刃”后来沿用的情况:
汉•赵晔《吴越春秋•勾践归国外传》：“臣请按师整兵，待其坏败，
随而袭之，兵不血刃，士不旋踵，吴之君臣为虏矣。”
宋•欧阳修《新五代史•周本纪》：“北取三关，兵不血刃。”
明•罗贯中《三国演义》第六十二回：“大军一拥入，兵不血刃，得 了涪关。”
坚甲利兵：源出《墨子•非攻下》：“于此为坚甲利兵，以往攻伐无
“坚甲利兵”后来沿用的情况：
In the writings of Lü Buwei, he emphasizes that a ruler does not necessarily need strong armor and skilled soldiers to govern effectively Similarly, Fan Zhongyan in his appeal for the repair of the capital highlights that true strength lies not in fortified cities or powerful armies, but in the unity and sacrifice of the people.
冯梦龙、蔡元放《东周列国志》第七十四回：“令尹最好者，坚甲利 兵也。”
Some military idioms initially emerged without a fixed structure and were primarily expressed within sentences Over time, as people frequently used these meanings in conversation and writing, they gradually evolved into established idiomatic expressions.
兵贵神速：语本《孙子•九地》：“兵之情主速。”后来晋代陈寿在
In the "Records of the Three Kingdoms: Biography of Guo Jia," a complete idiom is highlighted: "Valuable words state: 'In warfare, speed is of utmost importance Now, with a thousand-mile surprise attack, the logistics are heavy, making it difficult to seize the advantage Furthermore, if the enemy hears of this, they will certainly prepare.'"
后代完整地沿用这一成语的情况还有：
In the work "Mo Ji" by Wang Zhi from the Song Dynasty, it is emphasized that achieving victory in battle relies on speed and surprise The strategy involves taking a small path behind the mountains to lead troops to the west stream, allowing for a sudden attack on the city by breaking through its gates This approach underscores the principle that in warfare, the value of swift and unexpected maneuvers is paramount.
明•罗贯中《三国演义》第一百十六回：“钟会下令曰：‘兵贵神速，
In the context of military strategy, the saying "speed is of the essence in warfare" emphasizes the importance of swift action over delay, as noted in the writings of Qing Dynasty author Zhao Jian The phrase "white deer and yellow axe" originates from the "Book of Documents," symbolizing the royal authority in battle, with the white flag adorned with a cow's tail representing military power and the yellow axe signifying weaponry This imagery, initially associated with King Wu's campaign against King Zhou, evolved to symbolize military expeditions, formal ceremonies, and the display of military authority.
“白旄黄钺”这一完整成语的情况有：
唐•白居易《七德舞》诗：白旄黄钺定两京定两京，擒充戳窦网海 清。”
明•罗贯中《三国演义》第五回：“次日，筑台三层，遍列五方旗帜，
上建白旄黄钺， 兵符将印，请（袁）绍登坛。”明•施耐庵《水浒传》第
九十六回：“诗曰：‘白旄黄钺横山路，虎旅狼兵遍歙城。”
The phrase "百步穿杨," originating from the ancient text "Strategies of the Warring States," describes a skilled archer named Yang Yaoji from Chu, who could accurately shoot a target at a distance of a hundred paces, hitting it every time This expression has since been preserved and widely used in later literature to signify exceptional marksmanship or precision.
唐•李涉《看射柳叶诗》：“万人齐看翻金勒，百步穿杨逐箭空。”
宋•陈善《扪虱新话文贵精工》：“三折肢始为良医，百步穿杨始名 善射。”
In the 53rd chapter of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong, Huang Zhong skillfully draws his bow on the bridge, and with a resounding twang, his arrow strikes precisely at the base of Guan Yu's helmet, revealing Huang Zhong's remarkable ability to shoot with pinpoint accuracy from a hundred paces.
由此可见，军事成语是在长期运用过程中逐渐形成的。
2.1.2 汉语军事成语结构的变体
While the structure of language is relatively fixed, it also exhibits certain variations Idioms, despite their characteristic stability, are a type of language and thus can undergo structural changes When these changes occur in idioms, variations similar to the original structure may emerge.
Many military idioms originate from written language, but a significant number have been passed down through oral tradition As these idioms are shared in conversation, they inevitably undergo variations influenced by time, geography, and individual language habits The main types of variations include synonymous variants, near-synonymous variants, and related variants.
1) 同义变体 军事成语中的词语顺序的改变或同义语素的替换后，成语本身的意义 没有变化，这样后出现的军事成语就是先出现的军事成语的同义变体。
汉语军事成语的隐喻
2.2.1 隐喻的基本概念
Metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon that enhances our understanding of the world and enriches our language Military idioms often contain metaphors, allowing us to apply these expressions in various fields This article aims to summarize the characteristics of source and target domains in metaphorical military idioms, explore mapping methods, identify their uniqueness, and examine the cultural motivations behind the generation of metaphors in military expressions.
2.2.2 汉语军事成语的隐喻层次
Chinese military idioms have meanings that are relatively easy to understand at a literal level, referring to the surface meaning derived from the components and grammatical relationships of the idioms However, these idioms also possess a contextual meaning that emerges in practical usage This contextual meaning reflects the true significance of the idioms, formed by the integration of various factors, and it plays a direct role in communication.
汉语军事成语的字面义和语位义之间有三种关系:
The literal meaning of military idioms often aligns with their contextual significance within sentences In such cases, the surface meaning of the idiom directly reflects its intended interpretation, demonstrating that the literal meaning serves as the contextual meaning.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan, preparations were made for defense against the Xiongnu, highlighting the importance of remembering past challenges while maintaining a prosperous state This reflects a deep awareness of potential dangers and a foresight that is often underestimated.
[2]云长引数骑苹沙寧东冲西突。（明•罗贯中《三国演义》第二十六回）
[3]钱王（鏐）生于乱世，举寧了亨，做了十四州之主, 独霸一方。
（明•冯梦龙《今古小说• 临安里钱婆留发迹》）
The phrase "安必思危" emphasizes the importance of being vigilant even in times of stability Here, "安" signifies stability, "必" translates to "must," "思" means "to consider," and "危" refers to danger This idiom serves as a reminder that one should always contemplate potential risks, regardless of their current secure situation.
时 期 ， 一 定 要 考 虑 可 能 出 现 的 危 难 。 例[2]中 的“东 冲 西 突”，
The terms "East" and "West" refer to directions, while "Charge" and "Assault" denote aggressive actions Together, the phrase describes a scenario of attacking from all sides For instance, in the example "dominate a territory," the word "dominate" implies doing so independently.
The term "霸" means "to dominate," and the entire phrase refers to the act of occupying a place and reigning supreme there It is evident that the literal meaning of such idioms allows for an understanding of their semantic significance.
In military terminology, the literal meaning and the contextual meaning can coexist, where at times the literal interpretation aligns with the contextual understanding, while at other times they may diverge significantly.
它衍 生出来的隐喻义才是语位义。例如：
[4]但是杀下马的，各自抬回本阵，不许暗箭伤人，亦不许抢掠尸首。
（明•罗贯•中《三国演义》第一十三回）
[5]有荼毒生灵的强盗，有暗箭伤人的强盗。清•李如珍《镜花缘》第 五十八回）
[6]夫射柳叶者，豆革百发百中，而不以善息。《战国策•西周策》
As Yang Sheng aged, he developed an unusual and unattractive appearance, with eyes that resembled those of a ghost Despite his looks, he possessed a remarkable ability to predict fortunes and misfortunes, drawing many people from near and far who sought his advice, consistently providing accurate insights.
In a fierce battle, soldiers engaged in close combat as they stormed the city, showcasing their unwavering spirit and determination The atmosphere was charged with energy, and every warrior fought valiantly, demonstrating exceptional courage and skill in the face of adversity.
In the context of an increasingly intense class struggle, the proletariat's victory relies entirely on the correct and resolute fighting strategy of its party—the Communist Party.
（毛泽东《反对资本主义》）
The phrase "暗箭伤人" (hidden arrows harm others) metaphorically describes the act of attacking or sabotaging someone using treacherous means when they are unprepared In contrast, "百发百中" (hitting the target every time) signifies exceptional skill in archery, indicating a high level of precision and confidence in planning or predicting outcomes Additionally, "短兵相接" (close combat) refers to the use of short weapons, emphasizing direct and intense confrontations.
The term "靠近" refers to close combat or the use of short weapons in a fierce struggle The phrase "短兵相接" metaphorically represents intense confrontations or debates that occur face-to-face.
The idioms in example [8] are used in their literal sense, while the idioms in examples [5], [7], and [9] are employed metaphorically.
The literal meanings of military idioms often go unnoticed in sentences, as it is the derived metaphorical meanings that hold significance in their contextual usage.
而直 接想到的就是其隐喻义。例如：
[10]此次趁着欧洲战争，及袁总统谋帝乞助的时候，正好暗度陈仓，
硬迫中国允约。 蔡东藩《民国通俗演义》。
[11]泥城者，佛山之要路，北门之管 寄焉。《三元里抗英斗争史料•
广州城防志》。
汉语军事成语在非军事领域的特点
2.3.1 汉语军事成语在政治领域中的应用 政治一般指阶级、政党、社会团体和个人在国内及国际关系方面的活 动。政 治活动和军事活动有很多相似的地方，如都会用到计谋策略，都有 输赢胜败等。 所以有些军事成语可以用到政治方面。如“兵不厌诈”指用 兵打仗要不满足地使用谋略。成语源域指军事方面。这一成语发生隐喻后，
投射到目标域方面可以指 政治谈判上也要用谋略。
The recent conclusion of the intense "China-U.S showdown" highlights the age-old principle that strategy often involves deception Insights from the "Revealing the Six-Day Negotiations between China and the U.S." provide a deeper understanding of the tactics employed during this critical diplomatic engagement.
Military idioms often originate from the realm of warfare and are subsequently projected into the political domain.
In 1941, the Kuomintang launched a military campaign against the Communist Party, culminating in the Wan Nan Incident Zhou Enlai fiercely resisted these actions, famously expressing his sentiments in the poem, "A timeless grievance, a leaf from Jiangnan; why the urgency to fight among ourselves?" This poem has become a significant historical testament to the events of that time, as noted in Li Ping's biography of Zhou Enlai.
[15]东欧诸国有的改旗易帜，有的解体，原有的国旗、国徽成为历文。
（吴新杰《国旗国徽带来的烦恼》1994 年）。
The EU's constitutional process faces significant challenges, with this particular issue being the most difficult to overcome A breakthrough in this area could potentially lead to solutions for other related problems.
[17]在制宪谈判中，成员国在有关理事会投票表决权分配方案的讨论、
较量中从来是寸土必争,以至总谈不拢。（同上）
[18]日里诺夫斯基曾连续三次竞选总统，虽屡战屡败，但从不认输。
人民网《俄罗斯总统选举与名人弃选》
[19]打造一支能征善战的村干部队伍。（沈弄村先锋网）
例[14]中的“同室操戈”这里指政治方面的外交用语；例[15]中的
The term "changing flags and banners" refers to shifts in a nation's political system The phrase "solving problems with ease" highlights the resolution of issues within the EU constitution-making process "Every inch is contested" signifies the fierce competition for interests during political negotiations Lastly, "battling repeatedly and facing defeat" describes a presidential candidate's resilience despite ongoing losses.
The phrase "能征善战" refers to village officials who possess strong work capabilities This military idiom, along with others, originates from a military context but has been metaphorically applied to political objectives.
Politics generally refers to the activities of classes, political parties, social groups, and individuals in national and international relations It is a concentrated expression of the economy, serving a specific economic foundation Therefore, politics is inherently linked to the economy and military power, as military strength is essential for the smooth execution of political activities.
Without military deterrence, national politics cannot exist Many military terms can be directly applied to the realm of politics.
The phrase "刀枪入库" (weapons stored away) originally referred to the absence of war, symbolizing a peaceful era, as illustrated in the Qing Dynasty work "小八义," where it describes a time of unity and tranquility under the Song Dynasty This metaphor has evolved to signify a stable political environment, as noted by Jiang Zemin in his discussions on national defense, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a readiness for conflict despite a peaceful state Conversely, "调兵遣将" (mobilizing troops) emerges from the Ming Dynasty novel "水浒传," highlighting the necessity of military readiness in times of crisis, as demonstrated by the character's urgent call for action to protect against threats.
贼寇 报仇。”指调动军队，派遣将领。隐喻工作中对人员进行调动安排。
In the article by Tian Chengjie titled "The Gospel of Farmers," a metaphor is illustrated through the phrase "调兵遣将," which translates to "mobilizing troops." This expression refers to the movement of personnel within political work, highlighting the decision made by the Hebei Provincial Party Office to involve the Provincial Policy Research Office, led by Director Xiao Wanjun, who later became the Deputy Director of the Central Policy Research Office.
2.3.2 汉语军事成语在经济领域中的应用
The economy refers to the activities of material production and reproduction within society Economic activities share similarities with military operations, particularly in the competition for resources in specific areas Consequently, military idioms can often be applied to the economic sector For instance, the term "败军之将" (the defeated general) not only describes a general who has lost a battle but can also metaphorically represent individuals who have failed in other domains, including economics This metaphorical extension allows the concept to be relevant in discussions about economic failure.
[20]李文挺虽是商战败军之将但也算得性情中人，出此下策便是下作
According to my understanding, after retreating to Fuling, Li Wenting still possessed assets worth one to two million, allowing for a comfortable life; why risk engaging in crime? (Zhang Wei, "You Have No Other Choice").
Military metaphors often originate from the realm of warfare and are subsequently projected into economic contexts.
Risk thinking involves pushing oneself to the brink of no return, embracing a mindset where retreat is not an option This approach is essential in contexts such as lean production and just-in-time manufacturing, where decisive action and commitment are crucial for success.
原因
Struggles are an inherent part of human society, manifesting continuously within and between nations Military activities play a significant role in these conflicts, highlighting the persistent nature of competition and confrontation in global interactions.
National stability and unity often rely on military power to maintain independence and deter external threats Military strength is also used to project a country's image through exercises and demonstrations Whether in peacetime or during conflict, military forces are drawn from the broader population, leading to the adoption of military terminology in various other fields Consequently, many concepts and phenomena are frequently expressed using military language.
Military idioms, as we know them today, originated from the free combination of words in literary works, eventually evolving into fixed expressions with specific meanings These idioms typically stem from military-related texts, such as ancient military treatises, works by various philosophers discussing warfare, historical records documenting military events, and certain literary pieces depicting military themes Initially, many military idioms appeared in the four-character format we recognize today Over time, through continuous usage across generations, these expressions solidified into the established idioms we currently use, such as "百战百胜" (victorious in every battle) from "The Art of War" and "兵不血刃" (victory without bloodshed).
源出《荀子议兵》、坚甲利兵：源出《墨子非攻下》、兵贵神速：语本
The military idioms such as "Sunzi's Nine Terrains," "White Banner and Yellow Axe," and "Hitting a Target from a Hundred Steps" originate from ancient texts like "Shangshu Mushi" and "Warring States Strategies." This illustrates that military idioms have gradually developed through long-term usage.
本章在针对汉语军事成语的有关基本理论进行全面分析的基础上，
Chinese military idioms reflect the profound depth of Chinese culture and have garnered significant attention from numerous renowned experts and scholars Their structure and characteristics reveal their rich heritage These idioms are widely applied beyond military contexts, including in politics, economics, sports, and medicine, demonstrating their crucial role in contemporary life Understanding and utilizing these idioms can enhance one's proficiency in the Chinese language and deepen appreciation for the essence of Chinese culture.
Comment [T2]: Các l t ữ quâ sự được t l ? Nguồn gốc cuar t ữ s sá Được dung trong nhữ lĩ vực ?
汉语军事成语的越译策略
翻译理论概略
3.1.1 翻译的定义 1）通俗的定义：
《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言。
《现代法语典》：从一种语言变成另一种语言。
2）文艺学的定义：
From a literary perspective, translation is viewed as a form of artistic creation that emphasizes the creative function of language and prioritizes the artistic effects of the translated work.
文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法影响读者的思想、
According to the writer Mao Dun, literary translation involves conveying the artistic essence of an original work through another language It is a creative process that accurately and appropriately transfers the thoughts and artistic style expressed in one language to another.
Linguistics defines translation as the process of substituting text materials from one language (the source domain) into another language, as noted by Catford.
According to Balhudarov, translation involves converting the spoken or written products of one language into another while maintaining the original meaning and content This process highlights the importance of preserving the essence of the message across different languages.
（Langue）和言语（parole））。
Fedorov defines translation as the accurate and complete expression of content originally conveyed in one language, ensuring an inseparable unity of form and meaning in the target language.
Nida:从语义到风格在译语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源域信息。
Translation, as defined by Fan Zhongying in "Practical Translation Tutorial," is the process of conveying information from one language to another The goal is to ensure that the readers of the translated text can grasp the original author's intended thoughts and experience feelings similar to those of the original audience.
Zhang Jin's "Principles of Literary Translation" emphasizes that translation serves as a communicative process and tool between two linguistic societies Its primary goal is to enhance the political, economic, and cultural advancement of the target language community The task of translation is to accurately transfer the logical and artistic representations of the original work from one language to another without loss.
In summary, the linguistic and informational schools focus on the process of discourse and information transformation, while the literary school emphasizes the recreation of artistic essence, primarily concerning literary translation and overlooking non-literary works Translation is a practical activity that faithfully, fluently, and artistically reproduces the content, form, and style expressed in one language into another, encompassing both verbal and cognitive activities.
3.1.2 翻译的标准 清代翻译家严复 1895 年在其《天演论﹒译例言》中提出了“信、达、
The three standards of translation are fidelity, expressiveness, and elegance Achieving fidelity is already a significant challenge; if a translation is faithful but not expressive, it fails to convey the intended meaning Therefore, expressiveness is crucial A good translation captures profound meanings, allowing for flexibility in word order and phrasing without compromising the original intent When the source material is complex and difficult to interpret, contextual clues are essential to clarify its meaning All these efforts aim to achieve expressiveness, which in turn ensures fidelity.
在严复的翻译标准里,“信”就是译文意义“不倍原文”。为了能
In translation, the translator should internalize the essence of the original text and express it fluidly, allowing for flexibility in word order to enhance meaning without being overly concerned with strict adherence to the original structure When faced with complex ideas that are difficult to convey, it is essential to use contextual clues to clarify the intended meaning To achieve elegance in translation, Yan Fu advocates for the use of classical Chinese linguistic styles, opposing the use of contemporary colloquial expressions He emphasizes the importance of the principles of "faithfulness," "expressiveness," and "elegance" in the translation process.
三者关系密切,缺一不可,“达”是为了“信”、“雅”是为了“达”。
The essence of translation lies in faithfully conveying the original text To achieve this, it's crucial to fully comprehend the source material, allowing readers to grasp the author's intended message through your translation.
“达”就是通顺。“达”不仅要语法正确,最重要的是要看语感。
The term "elegance" embodies the concept of beauty In translation, the pursuit of elegance should reflect the effort to leverage the strengths of the target language to convey the style of the original text effectively.
In "On Translation," Lin Yutang summarizes the criteria for translation into three main standards: fidelity, fluency, and aesthetics These three standards align closely with Yan's concept of the "difficulties of translation." Fidelity refers to "faithfulness," fluency to "smoothness," and while the relationship between translation and artistic literature (such as poetry and drama) cannot be fully captured by the term "elegance," it is convenient to encompass these three aspects under the refined terms "faithfulness, smoothness, and elegance."
However, we must remember that the pursuit of "faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance" is not as straightforward as it seems This involves three key aspects: first, the translator's understanding of the original text; second, the translator's approach to the translated text; and third, the relationship between translation and literary art The responsibilities of the translator are threefold: to the original author, to the readers of the translation, and to the art of translation itself Only by embodying these three responsibilities can one truly be considered a qualified translator.
汉语军事成语的翻译原则
Chinese idioms, often composed of four rhyming characters, serve as a concentrated reflection of the language's rhetorical devices Their unique characteristics not only make them challenging to understand but also complicate accurate translation These idioms frequently appear across various types of texts, including literary, political, and scientific works.
在中文当中，成语甚至常常出现在人们的日常会话中。做为翻译工作者，
It is essential to find effective methods for accurately and vividly translating idioms The quality of idiom translation often directly impacts the overall quality of the text translation Therefore, studying idiom translation is crucial.
Chinese idioms are abundant, yet comprehensive statistics on their quantity are rare For thousands of years, idioms have been widely used in both spoken and written Chinese They can be categorized based on various criteria: by meaning, they can be descriptive or narrative; by structure, they can be classified into four-character idioms and non-four-character forms.
China, a vast and historically rich multi-ethnic nation, boasts a treasure trove of diverse folk stories that are among its most valuable cultural resources Many Chinese idioms are derived from these tales, and understanding their meanings often requires knowledge of the underlying stories.
The idiom is linked to a folk story about a skilled painter known for his bamboo paintings Before starting his work, he meticulously prepares a draft to ensure perfection in his art Without understanding this story, grasping the idiom's true meaning from its literal interpretation can be quite challenging.
此外，几千年来，中国文学为世界文学增色不少。在中国文学史上，
优秀的经典作品层出不穷，如《红楼梦》，《三国演义》，《西游记》，
《水浒传》，《聊斋志异》等等。这些作品在中华民族的历史上广为流传，
Famous quotes from literary works have become well-known over time, evolving into idioms Behind these idioms lie intricate backstories and relationships among characters, adding depth to their meanings.
随着时间的推移，故事和人物已经越来越模糊，而这些成语越来越清晰，
意义明确，朗朗上口，逐渐传播开来，被大众所接受。
Throughout thousands of years of Chinese history, numerous scholars have produced remarkable works, such as the "Analects," "Mencius," and "Tao Te Ching." Many of the profound sayings and maxims from these texts have been passed down through generations.
成为了成语的又一来源。成语“温故知新”就来源于名句“温故而知新，
可以为师矣”；“欲速不达”来源于“欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成”；
“得道多助”来源于“得道者多助，失道者寡助”。这些成语文字优美，
The diverse forms and rich content of the Chinese language play a significant role in its multifaceted development.
Some idioms are the proud creations of working people These expressions lack historical background, classic literature, or renowned authors; instead, they are derived from everyday life experiences and have been passed down through oral tradition.
The article discusses various Chinese idioms such as "反咬一口" (to bite back), "挥金如土" (to spend money lavishly), and "宁死不屈" (to rather die than submit) These idioms are characterized by their simplicity and clarity, making their meanings direct and easily understandable.
The translatability of different types of Chinese idioms presents various criteria for evaluating their translated versions In terms of meaning, translations must be faithful and comprehensive, capturing both literal and implied meanings Linguistically, the original flavor should be preserved, while structurally, the idioms should resemble those in the target language Due to these standards, some idioms cannot be accurately translated Therefore, careful consideration is essential during the translation process of Chinese idioms.
Idioms are characterized by their ability to be easily translated and understood in everyday life, as they are derived from common experiences Unlike other types of expressions, these idioms lack complex backstories, making them simpler to convey using straightforward language.
Idioms that have evolved from famous quotes are closely related to their original phrases, which typically feature simple backgrounds and are easy to express and understand These idioms possess a strong translatability.
Idioms derived from folk tales and classic Chinese literature often have weak translatability due to their complex backgrounds, distinctive characters, and vivid narratives Simplifying the language to convey the meanings of these idioms is challenging, as it requires telling a complete story that encompasses various characters and plot elements This need for elaboration contradicts the concise nature of idioms, making accurate translation particularly difficult.
Some idioms, such as "胸有成竹" (having a well-thought-out plan) and "赔了夫人又折兵" (losing both the wife and the soldiers), are less translatable and require contextual background and storytelling for accurate interpretation In contrast, idioms like "温故知新" (reviewing the old to learn the new) and "鸟语花香" (the sounds of birds and the fragrance of flowers) are easier to translate Thus, the translatability of different idioms varies significantly.
汉语军事成语的越译策略
The transmission of culture can only be achieved through transplantation In translating Chinese military idioms into Vietnamese, four common translation methods are employed to facilitate the cultural transfer of Chinese idioms into Vietnamese culture, thereby promoting the exchange and integration of both cultures.
The literal translation method preserves the original meaning while ensuring it aligns with Vietnamese cultural traditions, avoiding any misleading associations or misunderstandings.
In the context of Vietnamese translations, it is essential to fully preserve the metaphors, imagery, and cultural nuances of Chinese military idioms.
求得内容和形式相符的方法。
如：“借刀杀人”直译为：mượ a t ư ，体现了汉语文化的内容；
“刀光剑影” được dịch thẳng là “ánh a”, trong khi “兵散弓残” dịch là “t cu đ t”, không chỉ giữ lại hình ảnh của tiếng Trung mà còn thể hiện hiệu quả tu từ tương đương với các thành ngữ bốn chữ trong tiếng Trung Dưới đây là một số thành ngữ tương tự cùng với phương pháp dịch thẳng.
“反败为胜”: t t ;“ 肝脑涂地”： a c lầ đ t；“能文 能武”：v v s t ; “文武双全”：v v s t …
Vietnamese idioms are abundant, much like the countless proverbs, sayings, and idioms found in Chinese Due to the similarities in human thought processes, military idioms also exhibit resemblances, with some being direct equivalents This means that not only do they share identical meanings, but they also utilize similar imagery and are used in comparable contexts For Chinese military idioms, employing a direct correspondence approach is often the most effective strategy.
The mixed translation method combines literal translation with corresponding idiomatic expressions, maximizing the strengths of both approaches to achieve a refined translation of Chinese military idioms Cultural translation transcends superficial language conversion, delving into the deep-seated connotations and meanings of idioms, ensuring a nuanced understanding that resonates with the reader This method produces translations that maintain national flavor and ethnic characteristics while closely mirroring the original text's essence The author provides examples of idioms that utilize this approach of literal translation paired with corresponding idiomatic expressions.
如：“名列前茅”译为：đ đầu a sác ，t số ột,此例中，
Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ xem xét cách dịch các cụm từ tiếng Trung sang tiếng Việt Cụ thể, “đầu; t” được dịch là “đầu”, trong khi “a sách; số ột” là một ví dụ về cách sử dụng thành ngữ tương ứng Đối với cụm “粮多草广”, nó được dịch là “lương thực đầy đủ”, trong đó “lương thực” là bản dịch trực tiếp và “đầy đủ” thể hiện nghĩa tương ứng.
Trong bài viết này, chúng ta khám phá một số thành ngữ tiếng Trung và cách dịch của chúng sang tiếng Việt "防祸未然" được dịch là "a c ưa đ", trong đó "a" là phần dịch nghĩa trực tiếp, còn "c ưa đ" là thành ngữ tương ứng Tương tự, "乘机而入" được dịch là "t a cơ đột", với "t a cơ" là phần dịch trực tiếp và "đột" là thành ngữ tương ứng Cuối cùng, "按兵不出" cũng là một thành ngữ thú vị cần được tìm hiểu.
译为：án binh t độ ；兵马如林： ư ；兵多粮足：t ực t c cư ；安如磐石：vữ ư t c ；成王败寇：t l vua t ua
Comment [T3]: Them một v ví ụ nữa c l c；“风云变幻”：s lư ; “狗头军师”：quâ sư qu t mo；“捐躯报国”： t â á quốc; “犒赏三军”： a t ư a quâ …
Some Chinese military idioms, due to their strong national characteristics, lack equivalent idioms in Vietnamese When translated literally, these expressions may not be easily understood or accepted by Vietnamese readers.
Đôi khi, một số thành ngữ quân sự có thể trở nên khó hiểu và không đủ ngắn gọn, do đó cần phải sử dụng phương pháp dịch ý Phương pháp này bỏ qua ý nghĩa ẩn dụ hay ý nghĩa vòng vo, mà trực tiếp lấy ý nghĩa biểu đạt Chẳng hạn, câu “Chúng ta không thể chấp nhận những thủ đoạn hèn hạ như ám sát” có thể được dịch là: "c ta t c cá ánh đá u ta được" Dưới đây, tác giả sẽ liệt kê một số thành ngữ tương tự và cách sử dụng phương pháp dịch ý.
Trong văn hóa và ngôn ngữ, có nhiều thành ngữ thể hiện những ý nghĩa sâu sắc như "狗" (vô dụng), "寡不敌众" (yếu thế trước số đông), "捷足先登" (người nhanh chân sẽ thành công), "康哉之歌" (bài hát của sự an lành), "四面楚歌" (bị bao vây), và "围魏救赵" (giải cứu bằng cách tấn công) Những thành ngữ này không chỉ phản ánh thực trạng xã hội mà còn chỉ ra những chiến lược và phương pháp ứng xử trong các tình huống khó khăn.
如：“落花流水”这一成语，不可能直译，因为寓意指被惨败得很糟糕，
Để truyền đạt ý nghĩa một cách rõ ràng, cần sử dụng biện pháp so sánh trong dịch thuật Ví dụ, câu "敌人被我军打得落花流水" có thể được dịch là "địch bị ta đánh tơi tả".
5）形象替换译法
In Chinese, there are idioms and military expressions that share similar meanings with those in Vietnamese, yet their imagery differs significantly due to geographical and lifestyle variations When translating these Chinese military idioms, it is essential to adopt different translation methods based on the specific context.
方法一、同义替换：也即直接使用越南语中含义相同的表达方式，直
The substitution method focuses on achieving a conceptual similarity rather than a literal resemblance in translation This approach simplifies and refines the Vietnamese translations of Chinese military idioms, making them more accessible and memorable for readers Additionally, it allows Vietnamese readers to quickly grasp the functions and purposes of Chinese idioms, effectively facilitating communication This translation method is well-suited for both Vietnamese original texts and their Chinese counterparts.
The text lacks strong elements of unique national culture, allowing for direct substitution of expressions within the content.
按兵不出：á t độ 安邦定国: an bang đ quốc
捐躯报国: t â v ước 有勇无谋: ữu v ưu
方法二、保留原形象：如有必要可以加注释。其好处是可以较大程度
地：保留外来语文化特征，有利于越南读者了解汉文化，领略异域风情。