UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VNU

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ CÚC INVESTIGATING ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF GEOLOGY TEXTS (NGHIÊN CỨU VIỆC DỊCH ANH - VIỆT CÁC TÀI LIỆU CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐỊA CHẤT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi - 2016 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ CÚC INVESTIGATING ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF GEOLOGY TEXTS (NGHIÊN CỨU VIỆC DỊCH ANH - VIỆT CÁC TÀI LIỆU CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐỊA CHẤT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến Hanoi - 2016 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Certificate of originality I, Nguyễn Thị Cúc, hereby claim the originality of my study Unless otherwise indicated, this is my own piece of academic accomplishment Signature TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Acknowledgements I am sincerely grateful to Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến, my supervisor, for his guidance, valuable suggestions, and precious advice during the course of my MA thesis writing Without his guidance, encouragement and critical comments, the study would have never been completed My sincere gratitude goes to all my professors and lecturers at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, for their enthusiastic teaching and tremendous knowledge that have directly or indirectly enlightened my research paper I would like to take this chance to thank all of my colleagues at Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Basic Sciences, and at Faculty of Geology at Hanoi University of Mining and Geology for their constant encouragement and the favorable conditions they provided Finally, I also wish to express my great thanks to my parents, my husband for their love, support and share of housework and childcare Without their help, this thesis could not have gained the current status Hanoi, October - 2016 Nguyễn Thị Cúc TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU Abstract This thesis is targeted at investigating the English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts Specifically, it is more concerned with the translation of some typical lexical and syntactic features in English geology texts which include geological terminologies, nominalizations, the passives, the relative clauses, and anticipatory empty subject It because of their highly frequent occurrence in investigated geology texts Major findings of the study are discovered: First, transposition is the main procedure applied to translate geology terminologies and nominalizations Next, modulation and transposition stand out to be the two main translation procedures in translating the passive sentences and the empty subject It In the third place, transposition, omission, and addition are three popular translation procedures applied in translation of the relative clauses Besides, there are some lexical and syntactic translation problems which can be solved if the translators are trained to have not only translation skills, specialized knowledge but also English proficiency Some main conclusions are accordingly drawn out In the first place, geology texts have more or less the same characteristics of technical and scientific documents In the second place, although translation methods and procedures applied in translation differ and diversify from one lexical and syntactic feature to another, transposition, modulation, omission, and addition are four common translation procedures applied in translation of geology texts TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU Abbreviations SL: source language TL: target language ST: source text TT: target text N: Noun Adj: Adjective V: Verb NP: Noun phrase VP: Verb phrase TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements ii Error! Bookmark not defined Astract iii Acknowledgements iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Part A: Introduction 1 Rationale Study objectives Scope of the study Methodology Design of the study Part B: Development Chapter 1: Theoretical background 1.1 Translation methods/procedures 1.1.1 Transpositions 1.1.2 Modulations 1.1.3 Omissions 1.1.4 Additions 1.2 Translation equivalence 1.3 Technical translation 1.4 Geology texts 10 Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Study subject 12 12 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L 17 The advection-dispersion equation is based on the premise that the center of mass of the solute is moving at the same rate as the average linear ground-water velocity 18 Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bell-shaped curve 19 If human activity alters the natural water quality so that it is no longer fit for a use for which it had previously been suited, the water is said to be polluted or contaminated 20 Leaks can potentially be detected by monitoring the water in the vadose (unsaturated) zone 21 Vapors can be detected by gas-monitoring wells, which are simply wells that terminate in the unsaturated zone c) Translation of the relative clauses English Running water and ground water are geologic agents that help shape the land To solve the problem, three close precipitation stations with full records that are evenly spaced around tine station with a missing record are used Precipitation that falls on the land surface enters various pathways of the hydrologic cycle Water flowing in a stream can come from overland flow or from ground water that has seeped into the streambed Several inflows add to this water volume: precipitation that falls on the lake surface, streams that flow into the lake, ground water that seeps into the lake, and overland flow from nearby ppm mg/L Phương trình theo – phân tán dựa giả thiết trung tâm khối hòa tan chuyển động với tốc độ tuyến tính trung bình nước đất Nó cịn giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chng quen thuộc Nếu hoạt động người làm thay đổi chất lượng nước tự nhiên khiến khơng cịn thích hợp cho sử dụng trước nữa, nước gọi nhiễm bẩn hay nhiễm Rị rỉ phát cách giám sát nước đới khơng khí (đới khơng bão hịa) Hơi phát giếng giám sát khí giếng đơn giản đào đới khơng khí Vietnamese Nước chảy mặt nước ngầm tác nhân địa chất nhào nặn hình đất đai Để giải vấn đề này, người ta dựa vào ba trạm có số liệu đầy đủ gần cách gần trạm thiếu số liệu Mưa rơi mặt đất vào chu trình thủy văn theo số đường khác Nước sơng suối có nguồn gốc từ dòng chảy tràn từ nước ngầm thấm qua lịng song Sẽ có số dịng chảy vào bổ sung nước, mưa rơi mặt hồ, nước đất ngấm vào hồ dòng chảy tràn từ vùng mặt đất lân cận 55 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU 10 11 12 13 14 15 land surfaces In 1989, the diversions were halted under a temporary court restraining order that prohibited any such diversions that would result in a lake level of less than 6377 ft (1944 m) A hydrogeologist working for a consulting company paid by the company with funds that come from fees charged to the project owner for the work that is contracted The liquid waste is carried to a drain tile field, where it seeps through the vadose zone to the water table Eventually the shallow aquifer and the deep aquifer merge where the confining layer thins and disappears Wells in tectonic valleys should be located where the aquifer material is coarse, the depth to water is not great, and a source of recharge water is available However, there may not be any surface streams near areas where wells are needed At one time, considerable ground-water outflow occurred from the Bunker Hill Basin in the area where the Santa Ana River crosses the San Jacinto Fault Zone (Colton Narrows) Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bellshaped curve In ground-water hydrology, we utile the concept of a ground-water basin, which is the subsurface volume through which ground water flows toward a specific discharge zone The professional hydrogeologist has a Năm 1989, việc dẫn nước tạm ngừng lệnh tịa án hạn chế việc lấy nước làm cho mực nước hồ xuống thấp 6377 ft (1944 m) Lương nhà ĐCTV làm việc cho công ty tư vấn công ty trả, lấy từ nguồn thu theo hợp đồng công việc với chủ dự án Chất thải lỏng dẫn đến miền thấm, thấm q đới khơng khí tới mực nước ngầm Cuối cùng, hai tầng chứa nước nông sâu hợp nơi lớp chặn mỏng dần biến Các giếng khai thác thung lũng kiến tạo phải đặt nơi mà vật liệu chứa nước hạt thô, độ sâu mực nước ngầm khơng lớn nguồn bổ sung nước có sẵn Tuy nhiên, vùng cần đến giếng lại khơng có dịng chảy mặt Một thời, có dịng nước đáng kể chảy từ lưu vực Bunker Hill nơi sông Santa Ana cắt qua đới đứt gãy San Jacinto (Colton Narrows) Nó cịn giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chng quen thuộc Trong thủy văn nước ngầm, ta có khái niệm lưu vực nước ngầm – thể tích ngầm mặt đất qua mạch nước ngầm chảy vùng thoát riêng biệt Đất dụng võ nhà địa chất thủy văn 56 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 wide variety of occupations from which to choose As a liter of pure water contains million milligrams at 3.89°C, the temperature at which it is most dense, it is commonly assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L Classical studies in hydrogeology focused either on the mathematical treatment of flow through porous media or on a general geologic description of the distribution of rock formations in which ground water occurs The dew point for an air mass is the temperature at which condensation will begin The energy budget for a reservoir may be used to find the amount of energy used for evaporation, which in turn can yield the amount of evaporation Research has shown that the manner in which precipitation is measured can affect the amount of evaporation that is calculated at an evaporation station Transpiration by plants rooted in the soil causes an increase in the humidity, which can be measured in the air space around the plant The increase is greatest during the first year, when there is little reforestation Transpiration from a cornfield in May, when the plants are a few centimeters high, is much less than in August, when they may exceed ft (2 m) in height In months when the potential evapotranspiration is less than the rainfall, some of the demand will be met by drawing upon moisture stored in the soil Hydrogeologists who perform any of the interesting work just described also expect to be compensated for their time Hydrogeologists who work for (ĐCTV) rộng Vì lít nước tinh khiết chứa triệu mg 3,89°C – nhiệt độ mà nước có mật độ lớn – nên thường giả thiết ppm mg/L Các nghiên cứu cổ truyền ĐCTV tập trung vào xử lý tốn học dịng chảy qua môi trường lỗ rỗng, vào việc mô tả địa chất khái quát thành hệ đất đá chứa nước đất Điểm sương khối khơng khí nhiệt độ bắt đầu có ngưng tụ Quỹ lượng ao hồ dung để tính số lượng dùng cho bốc hơi, tức tính lượng bốc Các nghiên cứu cho thấy cách đo lượng mưa có ảnh hưởng đến lượng bốc tính từ trạm bốc Sự nước có rễ cắm đất làm tăng độ ẩm không gian xung quanh đo Tăng mạnh năm đầu việc tái tạo rừng bắt đầu cối cịn nhỏ Lượng nước ruộng ngô vào tháng 5, ngơ cao vài cm, thấp nhiều so với vào tháng tám, cao ft (2 m) Trong tháng mà lượng bốc - nước tiềm tàng thấp lượng mưa, phần nhu cầu đáp ứng việc rút ẩm trữ đất Các nhà ĐCTV làm công việc vừa nêu trông đợi trả cơng Với vấn đề tài lien quan với 57 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU consulting firms must treat the firm's clients fairly in financial matters and work that is as precise and correct as is possible d) 10 Translation of the empty subject It English Because of physical constraints, it is not possible to model three-dimensional flow with a viscous-fluid model It is difficult to change the aquifer geometry and hydraulic characteristics built into a model It is highly desirable to verify a model (model verification) once it has been calibrated Often it is convenient to vary the size of the rows and columns so that there are more node points in certain parts of the aquifer than others It is much less expensive to apply an already developed model, if an available model will accomplish the desired goal It is very difficult to collect a sample of ground water that is actually representative of the chemistry of the water as it exists in die ground For dilute solutions, it is not necessary to make density corrections … As a practical matter it is quite difficult to collect representative ground-water samples that not undergo reactions during the process of collection In water-budget studies, it is necessary to know the average depth of precipitation over a drainage basin It should be noted that in many areas water quality has been impacted by human activity, but the water is still usable 11 As a liter of pure water contains million milligrams at 3.89°C, the temperature at khách hàng, nhà ĐCTV làm việc cho công ty tư vấn phải giải cách công tỉ mỉ xác tốt Vietnamese Do hạn chế vật lý, khơng thể mơ dịng ba hướng mơ hình chất lỏng nhớt Việc thay đổi hình dạng tầng chứa nước đưa đặc trưng thủy lực vào mơ hình thường khó khăn Một mơ hình lập xong, cần kiểm tra mơ hình Thường để thuận lợi, biến đổi kích cỡ hàng cột cho điểm nút số vùng nhiều số vùng khác Nếu mơ hình sẵn có hồn thành mục đích mong muốn việc áp dụng mơ hình rẻ Lấy mẫu nước đất thực đại diện thành phần hóa học nước tồn đất khó khăn Đối với dung dịch hịa tan yếu, khơng cần thiết thực điều chỉnh mật độ Việc lấy mẫu nước đất đại diện không bị phản ứng q trình lấy mẫu khó khăn Khi nghiên cứu quĩ nước, cần biết chiều sâu trung bình lượng mưa lưu vực Cần nhớ là, nhiều vùng chất lượng nước bị thay đổi hoạt động người nước cịn khả sử dụng Vì lít nước tinh khiết chứa triệu mg 3,89°C – nhiệt độ mà nước có mật độ 58 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU which it is most dense, it is commonly assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L 12 Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bell-shaped curve e) Translation of nominalizations English A Cross section of a gaining stream, which is typical of humid regions, where ground water recharges streams B Cross section of a losing stream, which is typical of arid regions, where streams can recharge ground water At any given temperature, air can hold a maximum amount of moisture, called the saturation humidity, which is directly proportional to the temperature of the air Discharge is also inversely proportional to the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, µ, which is a measure of the resistance of the fluid to the shearing that is necessary for fluid flow Lusczynski (1961) introduced the concept of point-water head, which is the water level in a well filled with water coming from a point in an aquifer and which is just enough to balance the pressure in the aquifer at that point Fresh-water heads can then be calculated and used for the determination of hydraulic gradients and flow directions For theoretical reasons, equivalent freshwater heads cannot be used to determine the hydraulic gradient in aquifers where there is a lateral variation in density Steps in the determination of the direction of groundwater flow in an anisotropic medium lớn – nên thường giả thiết ppm mg/L Nó cịn giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chng quen thuộc Vietnamese A Mặt cắt ngang dịng chảy nhận nước điển hình cho vùng ẩm – nước ngầm đổ vào dòng chảy B Mặt cắt ngang dịng chảy nước điển hình cho vùng khơ hạn – nước từ dịng chảy đổ vào nước ngầm Ở nhiệt độ khơng khí chứa lượng cực đại nước, độ ẩm khơng khí Nó tỷ lệ thuận với nhiệt độ khơng khí Lưu lượng lại tỷ lệ nghịch với độ nhớt động µ chất lỏng – số đo lực kháng chất lỏng, cần cho dòng chất lỏng Lusczynski (1961) đưa khái niệm cột nước – điểm (point – water head), mực nước giếng chứa đầy nước tới từ điểm tầng chứa nước đủ cân với tầng áp suất tầng chứa nước điểm Sau xác định cột nước dùng để xác định gradient thủy lực hướng dòng thấm Vì lý lý thuyết, khơng thể dùng cân cột nước để xác định gradient thủy lực tầng chứa nước có khối lượng riêng biến đổi theo hướng ngang Các bước xác định hướng dịng nước ngầm mơi trường dị hướng elip 59 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU 10 11 12 13 using the hydraulic conductivity ellipse The force potential is the driving impetus behind ground-water flow, and is equal to the product of hydraulic head and the acceleration of gravity A flow net is especially useful in isotropic media; however, with certain transformations it can be used with anisotropic aquifers (independent phrases) In some field investigations the practicing hydrogeologist may need to know the hydraulic conductivity of low-permeability materials Cedergren (1989) presents a complete discussion of the construction of flow nets, including those in anisotropic media If there is the steady movement of ground water in a confined aquifer, there will be gradient or slope to the potentiometric surface of the aquifer (there is/there are) If there is no recharge or evaporation when the flow traverses the region, the quantity of water flowing through the left side is equal to that flowing through the right side độ dẫn thủy lực Thế lực nguồn lực dịng nước ngầm tích cột nước thủy lực gia tốc trọng lực Lưới thấm đặc biệt hữu dụng môi trường đẳng hướng Tuy nhiên, với số biến đổi định, dùng cho tầng chứa nước dị hướng Trong số khảo sát trời, nhà địa chất thủy văn thực hành cần biết độ dẫn thủy lực vật liệu thấm nước Cedergren (1989) đưa số phương pháp hoàn chỉnh để thành lập lưới thấm, kể môi trường dị hướng Nếu tầng chứa nước bị chặn có chuyển động nước ngầm ổn định có gradient hay độ dốc mặt tầng chứa nước Nếu nước bổ sung hay bốc dịng thấm chuyển qua vùng, lượng nước thấm qua bên trái lượng nước thấm qua bên phải Appendix 2: a) The survey questionnaire THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Good morning Sir/Madam! I am Nguyen Thi Cuc, a lecturer at Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Now, I am doing a survey on difficulties in English and Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts in order to get information for completing my M.A thesis Could you please help me to answer the following questions? What you think how difficult English - Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts is to your geology-majored students? 60 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU (1) very difficult (2) difficult (3) normal (4) easy How you mark the difficulty level of the following features to English- Easy (4) Normal (3) Difficult (2) Very difficult (1) Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts? a Hydrogeology terminologies b Nominalizations c The passive sentences d Empty verbs e Present tenses f Third persons g Empty subject It h The relative clauses Could you list other features that can cause difficulty to your students’ translation of hydrogeology texts from English into Vietnamese? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …… What you often to help your students to overcome these difficult features in English - Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …… 61 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU UNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNUUNIVERSITY.OF.LANGUAGES.AND.INTERNATIONAL.STUDIES.VNU