INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Education aims to equip young people with the knowledge needed to create realistic career plans, recognizing that a career significantly influences both financial stability and personal development It empowers youth to strategically navigate their future professions, as highlighted by Napompech (2011), who describes a career as a lifelong journey encompassing work, achievements, and personal passions.
According to Sarwar & Azmat (2013), choosing a career is a crucial life event influenced by various past factors, starting from early childhood Contrary to the belief that early activities have no impact on character, significant effects are recognized that shape future outcomes College students often select their occupational fields based on the belief that higher education opens doors to desired career paths Fields such as medicine, engineering, business, and agriculture attract more attention due to the numerous opportunities, competitive salaries, and prestigious reputations associated with these professions.
In today's world, children increasingly participate in deciding their career paths and educational institutions, as noted by Reddy & Rajaram (2015) However, many students rely on guidance from parents, family members, and educators, leading to a limited number of informed career decisions Research in higher education has identified several factors influencing career decision-making, categorized into extrinsic factors, such as economic conditions and labor market trends, and intrinsic factors, including attitudes, education, and family background Additionally, socio-cultural elements also play a significant role in shaping career choices, as highlighted by Swanson & Gore.
As individuals age, they often enhance their leadership skills and become more discerning, allowing them to appreciate the long-term advantages of specific educational paths and career choices This development is influenced by various personal and social qualities, the importance of relationships, and challenges faced by women in certain fields, particularly management.
Decision-making is a crucial part of life, especially when it comes to choosing a career path, which significantly influences a graduate's future (DeSimone, Werner, & Harris, 2002) Students should carefully evaluate their personal interests and aspirations alongside the potential for long-term success and stability The importance of this decision cannot be overstated, as it can lead to profound changes in their lives Unfortunately, many college students graduate without having identified a suitable career path for themselves (Fizer, 2013).
A study by Tuyen et al (2020) reveals that over 24% of graduates experience "job mismatch," with bachelor graduates comprising 60% of this group Dr Tran Quang Tuyen defines "job mismatch" as taking positions outside one's field of study The research primarily focused on business and management majors, highlighting that approximately 28.6% of graduates in this field were affected in 2018, increasing to 29.5% in 2020, according to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam Additionally, the findings indicate a gradual rise in job mismatch among individuals in the Management and Business sectors as they age.
In Vietnam, individuals working in jobs aligned with their studies earn significantly more than those in mismatched roles Data from the General Statistics Office reveals that in 2020, Business and Management graduates employed in their field earned an average salary of 9.4 million VND, compared to 8 million VND for those in unrelated positions This trend is consistent with previous years, as 2019 saw averages of 9.1 million VND for aligned roles and 7.6 million VND for mismatched jobs, while in 2018, the figures were 8.2 million VND and 6.9 million VND, respectively.
In 2020, the Ministry of Education and Training's Centre for Support in Training and Human Resource Supply reported that the top fields where graduates work in their studied majors include transportation services (89.2%), arts (85.4%), veterinary medicine (85.2%), architecture and construction (79.6%), production and processing (79.5%), mathematics and statistics (77.7%), health (76.7%), agriculture-forestry-fishing (75.8%), and life sciences (75.6%).
Choosing a career path is a significant decision for students, as it shapes their future and has lifelong implications It's essential to explore the various factors that influence young people's career choices This study specifically investigates the key factors impacting English-major students at Banking Academy, focusing on extrinsic factors such as career benefits, intrinsic factors like personal interests and characteristics, and interpersonal influences from family, educators, and peers.
The English-majored students at Banking Academy receive comprehensive training in both language skills and specialized knowledge in Finance and Banking They start with foundational language practice, including English Pronunciation, Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing, and progress to advanced skills such as Translation-Interpretation and Report Writing A distinctive feature of their program is the inclusion of modules that immerse students in English within a Finance-Banking context, setting them apart from other institutions Additionally, students engage with subjects like Finance-Money, Commercial Banking, Principles of Accounting, and Commercial Correspondence, ensuring they are well-prepared for careers in the financial sector.
Graduates from the Faculty of Foreign Languages possess strong knowledge bases and a diverse skill set, enabling them to pursue career opportunities in both the Banking-Finance sector and English-related fields.
Students in banking and finance can pursue careers in various state management agencies within the financial sector, including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Planning and Investment, and the State Bank of Vietnam They are also qualified for roles in foreign investment project boards across provinces and cities in Vietnam Additionally, graduates can apply for positions in international trade organizations such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and International Monetary Fund, as well as in financial and auditing firms and both domestic and international banks.
Proficiency in English, especially in finance and banking, opens up diverse career opportunities for students in high-demand fields Graduates can pursue roles such as translators, specialized English interpreters, and educators at English centers, vocational schools, colleges, and universities Additionally, they can find employment with both domestic and international airlines, including Vietnam Airlines, Emirates Airlines, and Singapore Airlines.
Problem statement
Research by Howard & Walsh (2011) indicates that younger children often express ideal career aspirations, reflecting their optimistic views of the future As they grow, their career choices evolve into a complex interplay of personal growth and environmental influences Effective career decision-making for young individuals requires a deep understanding of their aspirations and exploration of various options, supported by guidance and strategic planning (Porfeli & Lee, 2012) Properly navigating this process enhances personal identity and fosters job fulfillment and stability (Kunnen, 2013).
Many young individuals struggle to transition from education to employment, despite support from families, schools, and organizations (Atchoarena, 2005; Nykanen et al., 2010) Choosing a profession is crucial, yet many students find it challenging to identify their desired career paths (Mwai, 2011) Waudo (2008) highlights that some students continue with courses despite lacking the necessary academic and attitudinal foundation Additionally, there are cases where students enroll in academic programs only to later discover a lack of genuine interest in their chosen fields.
Choosing the wrong career can result in fatigue, regret, and discomfort, ultimately affecting one's overall well-being (Abdullah, 2007) Numerous factors contribute to the difficulties faced when making career decisions.
Making an informed career decision can be difficult when individuals lack interest in various fields or clarity about their skills and the right career path This uncertainty can hinder the selection of an appropriate career choice.
Choosing a career path that does not align with one's interests, abilities, talents, and personality traits can lead to a lack of fulfillment When individuals select careers that do not match their natural strengths, it can result in either overambition or underachievement, ultimately affecting job satisfaction and retention.
Many students lack awareness of potential employment opportunities due to their age and developmental stage, resulting in limited exposure to various career paths This gap in knowledge can hinder their ability to make informed decisions about their future professions.
This study examines the factors influencing career choices among English major undergraduates at the Banking Academy, addressing the challenges they face in making professional decisions By evaluating these variables, the research aims to provide insights and recommendations to help students navigate their career paths effectively.
This study investigates the key factors influencing students' career choices, specifically examining career benefits, personal interests, individual characteristics, and the impact of family, teachers, and peers.
Research objectives
This research attempts to achieve several objectives as follows:
1 To investigate the influence of extrinsic factors (financial remuneration, job security, professional prestige, professional development opportunities) on career choice of English-majored students at Banking Academy
2 To investigate the influence of intrinsic factors (personal interests, personal characteristics) on career choice of English-majored students at Banking Academy
3 To investigate the influence of interpersonal factors (family, teachers, friends) on career choice of English-majored students at Banking Academy
Research Question
The following are the research questions of this study
1 How do extrinsic factors influence career choice?
2 How do intrinsic factors influence career choice?
3 How do interpersonal factors influence career choice?
Significance of study
This study investigates the factors influencing the career choices of senior English-major students at the Banking Academy of Vietnam It offers valuable theoretical insights into career selection, focusing on the key elements that affect students pursuing English in the Banking and Finance sectors.
The following stakeholders are benefited by this study's practical significance:
This study aims to identify key professional focus areas for undergraduates, providing valuable insights for the institution's planning to support students in achieving their goals It serves as a reference for authorities such as the university and the Ministry of Education and Training's University Education Department Additionally, the research highlights the role of career counseling in understanding the factors that influence career choices among Banking Academy undergraduates, particularly those majoring in English, to enhance student persistence.
The study's implications for staffing and recruiting would be used by the industry to describe its recruitment strategy
Many students lack the essential knowledge to make informed career decisions before graduation, often limiting their choices It is crucial for parents and educators to engage in discussions and counseling sessions with students to help them develop a comprehensive career plan The findings and recommendations of this study will provide valuable insights and references to aid in this process.
Scope of the study
This study investigates the key factors influencing the career choices of fourth-year English majors at Banking Academy Targeting students of similar age and educational backgrounds, the research highlights the critical moment when these individuals are preparing to enter the job market As they consider various career paths, the findings emphasize the importance of making informed decisions to improve their life prospects and foster career growth.
Structure of the study
The research includes five chapters as follows:
Chapter I – Introduction: The chapter provides information about the background, the problem statement, the research objectives, the research questions, the significance, the scope and the structure of the study
Chapter II - Literature Review: This chapter describes the previous literature and how it relates to the current study The associated literature is divided into three sections: a theoretical overview of career choices, factors influencing career choice (extrinsic, intrinsic, and interpersonal factors), and a review of current theories
Chapter III – Methodology: The chapter covers valuable information on the research design, the research instruments, data collection procedure, data processing method and data analysis
Chapter IV - Findings and Discussion: The chapter presents findings pertaining to demographic characteristics and descriptive statistical analyses Subsequently, a discussion will follow to further evaluation the results in correlation to previous research
Chapter V - Summary, Implications and Recommendation: The chapter contains a brief summary of the findings, implications for stakeholders in relation to students' career decision-making Additionally, limitations of the study were acknowledged and recommendations for future research were provided.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Definitions of Career choice
The term "choice," as defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, signifies a deliberate decision made by an individual to select preferred options while rejecting others, reflecting their mental inclination In the context of career choice, the American Psychological Association defines it as the cognitive process through which individuals make decisions about their desired career fields or areas of study, taking into account their personal interests, values, competencies, and future prospects.
The National Career Development Association (NCDA) outlines that selecting a career entails collecting personal and occupational information, exploring various job options, and ultimately making a decision on one specific career path from the available choices (NCDA, 2019).
Career choice involves utilizing diverse strategies to find job opportunities that match personal, financial, and academic goals (Daniel, 2015) Selecting a profession is not just about choosing a job; it encompasses a commitment to a specific career path that offers avenues for growth and recognition Additionally, academic programs have expanded to meet the evolving needs associated with these career objectives.
Choosing a profession goes beyond merely finding a job or earning a salary; it involves integrating personal and career goals into a fulfilling life path As people progress through various life stages and experiences, their career interests and aspirations can change Therefore, it is essential to regularly assess career objectives and make necessary adjustments, which may include acquiring new skills, exploring new opportunities, or even changing careers entirely The ultimate aim is to find a profession that provides a sense of purpose, satisfaction, and financial stability, while also promoting personal growth and development.
Career choice is a crucial decision that significantly impacts students' academic and professional trajectories The importance of career choice to students is shown through the following 3 aspects:
Encouraging students to explore their interests, passions, and values in career choices helps them align their professions with personal goals, leading to greater fulfillment (Gottfredson, 2002) Research by Bousseau et al (2016) highlights that this exploration enables students to identify their strengths and areas of expertise, ultimately enhancing job satisfaction and engagement.
Students who make informed career decisions tend to achieve greater academic success, as they can select courses and degree programs aligned with their professional goals (Hirschi, 2019) This informed approach not only motivates students to pursue higher education but also helps them acquire valuable skills and excel in their studies (Guichard, Huteau, & Pouyaud, 2013).
Making informed career choices significantly enhances students' future job opportunities and employability (Inkson, Dik, & Bornstein, 2012) By exploring emerging industries and understanding labor market trends, students can prepare for careers that align with their interests and skills (Savickas, 2017) Research by Hirschi & Valero (2018) indicates that selecting the right career not only boosts job satisfaction but also increases productivity and overall well-being.
Choosing a career path is shaped by multiple significant factors beyond just personal aspirations Ferry (2006) highlights that personal interests are affected by both family and societal dynamics, with the public playing a crucial role in this influence Additionally, Franke (2010) notes that children raised by single parents often demonstrate greater resilience to societal pressures, which can lead to less opposition towards societal norms and expectations.
Research indicates that career decisions are profoundly influenced by family dynamics, environmental contexts, and individual traits The interconnectedness of family, educational institutions, and the community plays a crucial role in shaping career choices Additionally, a person's perceptions and characteristics are shaped by the societal views and economic conditions prevalent in their community (Sarwar & Azmat, 2013).
Shaffer (2002) posits that an individual's initial career choice is influenced by various factors such as background, personality traits, and cultural influences, which contribute to their uniqueness He emphasizes that human development is an ongoing process shaped by diverse social factors, with personal traits and experiences often shared among individuals Furthermore, the way people interpret, evaluate, and internalize communication and events can differ significantly Academic researchers aim to provide insights into how adolescents make their first vocational decisions, considering both typical and atypical pathways.
Selecting a career path is often underestimated by educators and professionals, yet it involves complex considerations influenced by social and organizational contexts Career studies draw from various fields, including occupational psychology and organizational sociology, highlighting its multifaceted nature Research on career decision-making is particularly common among specific professions, such as accountants and healthcare workers To fully grasp the complexities of career choices, it is essential to understand the various elements that comprise career development and decision-making.
Selecting a career path is a multifaceted process that intertwines personal development with external factors, as noted by Butler (2012) This journey can involve intentional decision-making or be influenced by outside elements Career formation is a continuous process shaped by various factors, including effective planning, persistence, personal attributes, personality traits, socio-economic status, self-awareness, and self-confidence Additionally, the reputation of a career, individual interests, and gender also play significant roles Pursuing a career is considered a skill that requires learning and strong problem-solving abilities (Asma, 2015; Zunker, 2006).
Gulluce (2013) suggests that career choices are significantly influenced by situational and organizational factors, which can greatly impact an individual's life regarding income, job satisfaction, security, and overall success Additionally, Gati et al (2010) highlight that college students often face difficulties in making career decisions, primarily due to emotional and personality-related challenges.
(2009) emphasises the significance of recruitment and retention strategies in comprehending the career choices and decisions of individuals.
Factors affecting career choice
Extrinsic factors, as described by Shoffner et al (2015), refer to external regulations and benefits associated with particular professions Research by Ryan and Deci (2000) indicates that young individuals often base their career decisions on prestigious job titles, availability, and attractive salary prospects Consequently, those motivated by these external influences may choose careers that offer advantages such as high financial rewards, job security, accessibility, and overall job satisfaction (Ryan & Deci, 2000; Edwards & Quinter, 2011; Bakar et al., 2014).
Extrinsic factors examined in the study included financial remuneration, job security, professional prestige and professional development opportunities
Financial compensation is a crucial extrinsic factor influencing career decision-making According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), financial remuneration encompasses the payments made to employees for their labor, services, or contributions, which can include wages, salaries, or other forms of compensation (ILO, 2021).
Income is a vital factor in career choice, especially among younger individuals with individualistic tendencies, as highlighted by Agarwala (2008) and Wüst & Leko Šimic (2017) German students prioritize high income, rating it 3.7 out of 5, while Croatian students value it slightly less at 3 out of 5 In India, Agarwala (2008) identified income as the third most important factor influencing business management students' career decisions Additionally, research by Tao et al (2018) and Choi & Kim (2013) shows that financial incentives significantly impact the career choices of Chinese migrant students in Canada and Korean students.
A comparison of career path selection reveals that engineering students in India (Gokuladas, 2010) and senior college students in Japan (Yamashita et al., 1999) do not prioritize high salaries when choosing their careers.
A study conducted in 1997 examined 13 factors that influence students' decisions to pursue economic majors, identifying future income, starting salary, and personal ability as the most significant determinants The research revealed that the impact of these factors varies across different specialties; for instance, accounting students prioritize external influences like long-term income and starting salary, whereas marketing students are more attracted by the perceived job opportunities in their field.
Job security, as defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO), is the assurance of continued employment and earnings in the near future It encompasses an individual's belief that their job is safeguarded against involuntary loss due to factors like organizational restructuring, economic downturns, or automation, according to the Oxford Dictionary of Human Resource Management.
A study by Wüst & Leko Šimic (2017) revealed that job stability is a crucial factor for young people, with German youth placing a higher value on it compared to Croatian youth These results align with Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory.
In 2011, Germany exhibited a high uncertainty avoidance score, reflecting the cultural significance placed on job security among its citizens Two key factors contribute to this trend: firstly, secure jobs have traditionally been linked to younger Germans, and secondly, there has been a notable shift in employment contracts, resulting in fewer individuals under 25 years of age securing long-term positions (Wüst & Leko Šimic, 2017).
According to Noland et al (2003), the key factors influencing the choice to major in accounting and information systems include the potential for long-term high earnings, the profession's prestige, job stability, and the initial salary offered.
Professional prestige is defined by the American Sociological Association (ASA) as the recognition and respect that individuals and professions receive based on their skills and societal value (ASA, 2019) The European Sociological Association (ESA) expands on this by highlighting that professional prestige is influenced by factors such as educational requirements, income, influence, and social status, all of which contribute to the reputation and recognition of a profession within its societal context (ESA, 2020).
In South Africa (Bojuwoye & Mbanjwa, 2006), Croatia (Wüst & Leko Šimic, 2017),
In collectivist cultures like Japan and Korea, professional reputation plays a crucial role in shaping young people's career choices (Yamashita et al., 1999) Similarly, a study conducted in South Africa by Bojuwoye and Mbanjwa highlights the importance of reputation in influencing career decisions among the youth.
In a 2006 study, over half of the respondents identified the prestige associated with certain occupations as a crucial factor influencing their career choices, reflecting a desire for respected and well-compensated jobs (Bojuwoye & Mbanjwa, 2006) Research by Yamashita et al (1999) highlighted that occupational prestige significantly affected both Japanese and Korean students, with Korean students placing greater importance on this factor compared to their Japanese peers.
Professional development opportunities are initiatives designed to enhance an individual's skills and expertise within their field, as outlined by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the National Education Association (NEA) These opportunities include a variety of activities such as workshops, seminars, online courses, coaching, and peer collaboration, aimed at fostering continuous learning and career advancement According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), these initiatives support professionals across various sectors in their ongoing skill enhancement and career progression, incorporating activities like job rotations and participation in professional networks.
The potential for professional growth is a crucial factor influencing career development, particularly for university students in China Research indicates that opportunities for career advancement contribute to personal maturation and development, highlighting the importance of fostering such prospects in educational settings.
American students tend to excel in desirable vocations, influenced by strong career maturity and goal motivation This phenomenon, as noted in studies, parallels the experiences of Indonesian high school students, although it is often contingent on parental support and agreement.
Related Studies
In order to have a better understanding of SHS students' professional decision- making, Karen & Christine (2023) investigated the career choices of those students
In 11 public and 11 private senior high schools in Sorsogon City, the descriptive- evaluative technique of research was utilised to ascertain the profession choices and the variables influencing the choices of 170 academic track graduates Frequency count, percentage, and rank were utilised as statistical techniques A majority of graduates favoured higher education over employment, entrepreneurship, and middle-skill development, according to the findings The factors that most influenced graduates who choose higher education were academic considerations The career guide was created as a result to aid students in selecting the appropriate career path
In their 2019 study, Sharif et al explored the various "Influencers" on young students' career choices, including the roles of mothers, fathers, tutors, future income, and societal differences Utilizing non-probabilistic convenience sampling and a specially designed questionnaire, the researchers gathered cross-sectional data from university students in Karachi The analysis, conducted with SPSS employing one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, revealed that factors such as the pursuit of social status, wealth, societal contribution, and parental pressure significantly influence career decisions These findings underscore the profound impact that individual career choices can have on society's future.
A study conducted by Qiu et al (2017) in the Hospitality Department of a polytechnic institution in Guangzhou City, China, examined students' perceptions of factors influencing their career choices using a convenient sampling method with 372 participants The research utilized statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, T-tests, and factor analysis via SPSS 21.0 Findings revealed that students increasingly make independent career choices, with diminished influence from family and traditional norms The analysis indicated no significant gender differences, although distinctions were noted between freshmen and sophomores Five key factors impacting career decisions were identified, with "students' self-efficacy and occupational aspiration" being the most influential, followed by "tradition and cultural value," "career guidance," "support from parents," and "extrinsic consultation."
Kazi & Akhlaq (2017) conducted a study involving 432 students from two public colleges in Lahore to explore the variables influencing career decisions The research focused on the effects of parents' educational attainment, employment status, and financial stability on students' career choices, alongside the role of media perceptions and peer influence It also investigated whether MS students are compelled to choose their fields or make independent decisions Data was collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews, revealing that parental influence significantly outweighs the effects of peers, gender, media, and economic factors in shaping career paths.
A study by Van et al (2017) analyzed the factors influencing the selection of accounting majors among 580 students and alumni from four Vietnamese universities The research identified six significant determinants: university characteristics, learner personality and interests, learner capacity, career prospects, and the professional and social nature of the field While the authors focused on individual and professional traits, they found that familial and relational factors had no impact on the choice of accounting-auditing as a major.
Research indicates that various studies, including four international and one Vietnamese, shed light on students' career choices, predominantly utilizing a quantitative approach with participant numbers ranging from 200 to 500 While some studies encompassed diverse majors, one specifically focused on business students and another on those in hospitality and tourism The findings reveal that key factors influencing undergraduates' career decisions include parental guidance, personal interests, and potential earnings To enhance support for students, collaboration among families, educational institutions, and organizations is essential.
An analysis of existing theoretical research reveals a significant gap in understanding the factors influencing students' career choices, primarily due to the reliance on quantitative methods that limit in-depth insights and causal inferences Notably, there is a lack of studies specifically addressing the career choices of English majors at Banking Academy This study aims to directly address this gap, presenting an independent research problem that does not overlap with any previously published work.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
This study utilized a mixed methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative techniques, with a primary focus on quantitative methods to achieve research objectives Specifically, the study employed a survey design, which Babbie (2001) defines as the administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from a larger population Stacks (2002) further emphasizes that surveys serve as a strategy for gathering comprehensive data on respondent characteristics and beliefs.
(2007), a survey is a sample of many respondents providing responses to the same questions in order to assess numerous variables and test multiple hypotheses
Surveys are an effective research tool for quickly assessing respondents' opinions and attitudes toward social phenomena (Sekaran, 2003) They are commonly utilized in social science studies as a standard methodology (Neuman, 2007) The advantages of this approach include the ability to easily gather responses and its cost-effectiveness, making it ideal for researchers with limited resources in terms of time and budget Consequently, this research primarily focuses on a quantitative approach.
The quantitative approach has faced criticism for its inability to fully capture the complexity of human perceptions and beliefs, often lacking detailed experiential descriptions (Choy, 2014) Additionally, the nature of questions in research can lead respondents to provide biased answers that do not accurately reflect their true attitudes To address these limitations, this study incorporated a qualitative method, specifically semi-structured interviews, to gain a deeper understanding of the career choices of Banking Academy English major students.
According to Nation's (1997) study, a population consists of individuals sharing specific characteristics that are significant to researchers This population may encompass a broad group or a more narrowly defined subset, as noted by Sekaran.
(1992), the population refers to a complete assemblage of individuals, events, or any other subject matter that the researcher intends to investigate
The study focuses on English major students at Baking Academy, with a total of 586 active students recorded in 2023, as indicated in Table 3.1 from the Faculty of Foreign Languages.
Table 3 1 Active English-majored students at Banking Academy
Year of the study Number of Active students
Source: Faculty of Foreign Languages at Banking Academy
Selecting a representative sample is crucial for generalizing research findings to a broader community, as including the entire population is often impractical According to Gay & Diehl (1992), the quality of the chosen sample significantly impacts the generalizability of the results Given the extensive time and effort required for research, any findings that cannot be generalized are essentially wasted If research outcomes were universally applicable to the entire population, studies would need to be replicated indefinitely.
This study concentrated on fourth-year English majors with similar ages and training backgrounds As they prepare to enter the job market, these students face critical decisions regarding their career paths, which will significantly impact their future opportunities and professional growth.
In this study, a purposive sampling technique was utilized to select 10 participants from 101 students who had completed a questionnaire, as described by Etikan et al (2016) This method involves intentionally choosing participants based on specific qualities, making it ideal for qualitative research aimed at identifying "rich-information cases" (Patton, 2002) to maximize resource efficiency To ensure diversity in the research findings, participants were deliberately selected based on various characteristics such as gender, intended profession, and employment status All chosen individuals provided their voluntary and informed consent to participate in the interviews.
Research instruments
The research model, informed by a comprehensive literature review, identifies three independent variables: extrinsic factors (EF), intrinsic factors (IF), and interpersonal factors (IP) The questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical framework established by Afzal Humayon and colleagues.
(2018) The questions were presented as statements that were graded on a five-point
This study utilized a Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" (1) to "strongly agree" (5) to analyze factors influencing students' career decisions The questionnaire was divided into two sections: the first section included four demographic questions regarding respondents' gender, academic year, intended profession, and employment status The second section featured 17 questions categorized into "extrinsic factors" and "intrinsic factors." The extrinsic factors included four items related to job security, salary, societal respect, and career advancement opportunities In contrast, the intrinsic factors comprised five items focusing on personal satisfaction, leadership aspirations, alignment with personality, skills, and lifestyle preferences.
Interpersonal factors play a significant role in career decision-making, as many individuals are influenced by their family, teachers, and peers For instance, family members often leave a lasting impact, whether through direct advice, shared professions, or involvement in a family business Similarly, teachers can inspire students and instill confidence in their potential for success in specific occupations Peer influence also shapes career choices, as individuals may aspire to follow in the footsteps of their friends Overall, these interpersonal relationships are crucial in guiding career paths and decisions.
The survey was conducted using Google Forms and shared through social media platforms like Facebook and Zalo An online survey was preferred over a paper-based approach due to several reasons: the timing coincided with English major students at the Banking Academy preparing for their end-term exams, making direct data collection challenging; the online format allowed for seamless data transfer into Excel for further analysis; and advancements in technology provided students with easy internet access, enabling them to conveniently complete the survey Additionally, online surveys streamlined the process of sharing survey links, leading to more efficient data collection.
In order to ensure the comprehension of the survey questionnaire among all respondents, the author intentionally translated it into Vietnamese and then sent to participants
Following the survey analysis, the author sought to understand the motivations behind participants' choices in the questionnaire This led to the identification of the need for a semi-structured interview, which included three key questions to gather deeper insights.
Validity and Reliability
Before initiating the main study, the researcher conducted a pilot study on a representative sample to select the appropriate data collection instrument According to Sekaran and Bougie (2000), pilot studies are essential for identifying and resolving issues with the data collection process To enhance clarity, the researcher engaged in discussions with participants to address potential confusion in the questionnaire, focusing on identifying and clarifying any ambiguous phrasing or translation.
On April 12, 2023, a pilot study was conducted involving a questionnaire distributed to 25 senior English majors at the Banking Academy, with 23 responses received The researcher revised these questionnaires to correct inconsistencies, and the data was analyzed for reliability using SPSS 25.0.
The reliability investigation utilized Cronbach's alpha as a primary measure to assess the reliability of the variables The findings indicated that the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the independent variables were as follows: extrinsic factors (.822), intrinsic factors (.885), and interpersonal factors (.890) These values are considered acceptable, surpassing the minimum benchmark of 0.50 recommended by Sekaran (2003).
Therefore, a total of 17 observed variables were remained because of having an adequate level of reliability.
Data collection procedure
After completing the pilot phase, the survey was distributed to participants from April 13th to 18th, achieving a high response rate of 72.85% with 102 out of 140 questionnaires returned However, one questionnaire was incorrectly filled out and excluded from the analysis, leaving a total of 101 valid responses for the research.
Following a thorough analysis of the quantitative data, a careful selection process was implemented to identify 10 interviewees with diverse characteristics, including gender, intended profession, and employment status All selected individuals voluntarily agreed to participate in the interviews, which were scheduled flexibly to accommodate the availability of both the interviewer and the participants Conducted via the Google Meet platform, the interviews were recorded for future analysis Prior to each interview, participants received a detailed explanation of its purpose and were informed that their responses would be documented while ensuring the confidentiality of their data, which would be used exclusively for research purposes Participants were also given the option to withdraw from the interview at any time The interviews took place from April 19th to 20th, with each session lasting between 10 to 15 minutes.
Data processing method & Data Analysis
Following the collection of surveys, the questionnaires will be reorganized to eliminate any incomplete or erroneous responses, ensuring a reliable sample for analysis The data will subsequently be processed using Excel 2013 and SPSS 25 software for accurate results.
To assess the reliability of the scale, the author employs Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, which helps eliminate unsuitable variables and evaluate scale reliability According to Nunnally & Bernstein (1994), a variable is considered acceptable if its corrected item-total correlation is ≥ 0.30, and a scale is deemed reliable with a Cronbach’s alpha of ≥ 0.60 DeVellis (1990) recommends a Cronbach's alpha of 0.70 or higher, while the minimum acceptable value for usability is 0.63 Most academic research findings are published in reputable journals based on these reliability standards set by Nunnally & Bernstein.
(1994) Observed variables with Corrected item-total correlation less than 0.3 or Cronbach's Alpha coefficient if Item Deleted greater than Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of total variables will be removed
The study demonstrated that the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the independent variables—extrinsic factors (.642), intrinsic factors (.667), and interpersonal factors (.854)—met the acceptable threshold of 0.50 established by Sekaran (2003) Additionally, all observed variables exhibited a Corrected item-total correlation value exceeding 0.30, indicating that a total of 17 observed variables achieved a satisfactory level of reliability.
Descriptive statistics are essential for analyzing collected data, providing objective insights (Sekaran, 2003) This study examined responses across all sections to calculate the mean and standard deviation The interpretation of the mean score for the variables will utilize the distance value, with the class interval determined by the specified formula.
Class Interval = (Maximum Class - Minimum Class) : (Number of Level)
The Likert scale features a consistent interval of 0.8 units between values, allowing for mean scores to be categorized as follows: strongly disagree (1.00 - 1.80), disagree (1.81 - 2.60), neutral (2.61 - 3.40), agree (3.41 - 4.20), and strongly agree (4.21 - 5.00) The resulting data is visually represented using bar and pie charts.
Ten interview videos were transcribed, and key themes were identified for analysis in the findings section To ensure confidentiality, the interviewer's identity will remain undisclosed and labeled from S1 to S10 Before data analysis, it is advisable to share the transcripts with all participants to avoid misinterpretation of the interviewer's messages Additionally, the survey results will be enhanced with participant quotes to provide further context and clarity in the quantitative data section.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Demographic results
Figure 4 1 Respondents’ distribution by gender
Table 4.2 and Figure 4.1 highlight a significant gender imbalance among survey participants, with females constituting 82.2% of the total sample, amounting to 83 individuals In contrast, male respondents were considerably fewer, making up only 21.6% of the sample with 32 individuals This notable gender disparity is likely attributed to the higher enrollment of female students in English language majors in Vietnam, particularly at the Banking Academy.
Figure 4 2 Respondents’ distribution by intended career choice
The data from Figure 4.3 reveals that a significant number of English-major students at Banking Academy are focusing on careers in Education (30.7%) and Finance-Banking (24.8%), influenced by the comprehensive training provided in both English and Finance-Banking In contrast, only 3% of students are pursuing careers in translation and interpretation, which are closely related to their major Additionally, less relevant fields such as Import-Export account for 12.9%, while other professions, including Marketing, Tourism, and Freelance, make up 11.9% This diversity in career choices highlights a notable mismatch, as 9.9% of students remain undecided about their career paths upon graduation, indicating the challenges they face in selecting a profession.
Figure 4 3 Respondents’ distribution by employment status
According to figure 4.3, a significant 60.4% of students are engaged in part-time jobs, while approximately 20% are working full-time This trend is largely influenced by the need for students to balance their academic commitments with internship programs Interestingly, nearly 20% of students were not employed as graduation approached, highlighting the challenges many face in securing work during their studies.
Findings
4.2.1 Findings on extrinsic factors influencing on career choice
A significant 76% of respondents support the statement that they chose their career for its lucrative potential, reflected by a mean score of 4.01 and a standard deviation of 0.755 In contrast, only 2% expressed disagreement, aligning closely with the findings from the interviews conducted.
A significant 80% of interviewees indicated that salary plays a crucial role in their career choices For instance, S6 emphasized that a stable income is one of the top three factors influencing his job selection, as it allows him to work effectively without financial stress Similarly, S7 highlighted the importance of companies having clear and transparent salary and bonus structures Additionally, S4 expressed her struggle to balance income with passion, noting that upon graduation, she would initially prioritize a well-paying job before exploring other career avenues.
In a survey regarding career choices, 45% of respondents agreed and 19% strongly agreed that they prioritize security and stability in their profession, resulting in a mean score of 3.7 (standard deviation = 0.933) However, interview insights revealed that only two out of ten participants genuinely valued job stability when selecting their careers One interviewee, S8, expressed, "I choose to be an English teacher because I feel this industry is stable and safe now and in the future." Conversely, S3 argued against the notion of overly stable jobs, stating, "I feel that a job which is too ‘safe’ and stable is sometimes not a good choice; I opted for Marketing due to its adaptable nature and the dynamic nature of the field."
3.88 and 0.864 are the mean value and standard deviation respectively when it comes to item EF3 (I choose this career because I believe it is a well-respected career in society) This shows that the majority of respondents agreed that they consider the image of the profession when choosing a job This can be supported by the share of S10 that “I feel that my job as a teacher is very well received and respected by everyone around me, especially with students' parents They always give me their highest appreciation and respect for me, which is a great source of motivation to continue to develop my work further.” In line with that, S2 expressed "I believe that everyone deserves to be respected for their profession; I believe that any legal profession deserves to be honoured because each profession makes a distinctive contribution As an individual customer advisor in a bank, I always earn the respect of my clients and colleagues.”
A significant factor influencing English majors at Banking Academy in their career choices is the potential for career advancement, as indicated by a high mean score of 4.13 (SD=0.770) for the statement regarding job opportunities This sentiment is echoed by 90% of interviewees, who emphasize the importance of career progression, development opportunities, and networking in their job decisions Interviewees like S1 and S5 highlight the necessity of assessing a job's career trajectory, while S3 shares how their position in Logistics enhances foreign language skills and expands their professional network, providing stable income and long-term motivation Furthermore, S5 notes that building connections with experienced individuals is crucial for career growth, stating that a broader network fosters both professional and personal development.
The study revealed that all four extrinsic factors were significantly agreed upon by participants, with professional development opportunities receiving the highest level of agreement (M = 4.13, SD = 0.77) Conversely, job security was identified as having the least impact among the factors assessed (M = 3.7, SD = 0.933).
4.2.2 Findings on intrinsic factors influencing on career choice
A significant number of students (mean value of 3.57, SD = 0.931) expressed the need for career challenges to feel satisfied, although 35% remained neutral For instance, one student, S9, emphasized the importance of challenging jobs for personal growth and skill development In contrast, another student, S3, preferred roles that matched their abilities and involved repetitive tasks, citing a low tolerance for high-pressure work environments.
A significant 61% of respondents agree or strongly agree that becoming a leader in their profession is important, reflecting a strong desire for career advancement similar to the 61% who value job opportunities for growth Many employees prioritize attaining top management and leadership roles when choosing a long-term job As one respondent noted, while initial job choices may not focus on high positions, the importance of career advancement becomes a critical factor in their long-term commitment to the job.
A significant mean score of 3.87 (SD = 0.976) for item IF 3 indicates that personal traits play a crucial role in career choices, with 70% of respondents consistently selecting jobs that align with their personalities For instance, S6 highlighted the challenges faced when working in a role that did not match their interests, leading to daily dissatisfaction S1 reinforced this idea, stating that personal satisfaction is essential for optimal work performance Similarly, S2 noted that her love for children guided her decision to become an English teacher for young learners, while S9 pursued a career in tourism due to her passion for travel.
A significant majority of respondents, 52% agreeing and 23% strongly agreeing, indicated that they chose their careers based on their skills and competencies For instance, one participant stated, “I choose the job as a tour guide because I find my strengths are my communication ability, foreign language ability, and good-looking appearance.” Another respondent highlighted the importance of their educational background, mentioning their intention to pursue a Master's degree to enhance their competitiveness as an English teacher Additionally, a third participant expressed the desire to work in an environment that values her abilities and offers appropriate benefits in return for her contributions.
The majority of respondents agreed that their career choice aligns with their preferred lifestyle, reflected in a strong average score of 3.83 (SD 0.939) for the statement, "I choose this career because it fits my preferred lifestyle." Both S4 and S9 emphasized their preference for jobs that offer remote work opportunities and flexibility, allowing them to avoid the constraints of a traditional office environment.
The survey results reveal a strong consensus among respondents regarding intrinsic factors, with all five statements receiving mean scores exceeding 3.5 Notably, the overall mean score of 3.96 highlights a significant level of agreement among participants.
A significant majority of participants (SD = 0.734) acknowledged the importance of students finding jobs that match their skills and competencies However, more than one-third of respondents maintained a neutral stance on the pursuit of challenging careers.
4.2.3 Findings on interpersonal factors influencing on career choice
Data from Table 4.4 and Figure 4.6 indicate that family influence on the career choices of fourth-year English students at Banking Academy is minimal The statement "My family has left a great impact on my career decision" received a neutral mean score of 2.98 (SD 1.149), with 38% of respondents disagreeing compared to 36% who agreed Additionally, other statements regarding family advice and involvement in the same profession showed even lower agreement, with mean scores of 2.51 (SD 1.146), 2.28 (SD 1.106), and 2.06 (SD 1.094), respectively This aligns with interview findings, where only one in ten participants reported family influence, as exemplified by one interviewee who noted their parents' desire for them to become an English teacher.
The survey results indicate that most respondents maintain neutral attitudes regarding the influence of their teachers on their career choices, with mean values of 2.92 and 3.00 for specific items related to teacher inspiration and encouragement Notably, teachers have a more substantial impact on students' career decisions than family and friends For instance, one respondent highlighted the significant influence of their Business Correspondence instructor on their career in logistics, attributing their decision to pursue this field to the instructor's insights and knowledge-sharing Similarly, another respondent expressed a desire to become a university lecturer, inspired by the value her own teachers provided, aiming to give back to her future students in the same way.
Discussion
4.3.1 Discussion on extrinsic factors influencing on career choice
Research consistently highlights that remuneration, employment stability, and job availability are key factors influencing young individuals' career decisions Notably, Rettenmayer, Berry, & Ellis (2007) found that high salaries and job security were deemed the most important, with job availability following closely In a study by Ghuangpeng (2011), Arts students in Thailand identified pay as the primary factor in their career choices Furthermore, McGraw et al (2012), cited by Fizer (2013), revealed that agricultural business majors are significantly influenced by pay and benefits This aligns with previous findings, underscoring the importance of job security and earnings in shaping students' career paths.
A recent investigation revealed that Banking Academy English-major seniors, with a mean score of 3.88 and a standard deviation of 0.864, primarily aspire to secure prestigious employment This aligns with findings from studies in collectivist cultures, such as South Africa, Croatia, Japan, and Korea, where professional reputation significantly influences young people's career choices In South Africa, over half of the respondents identified occupational prestige as the second most important factor in their career decision-making, indicating a desire for respected and comfortable lifestyles Furthermore, research by Yamashita et al (1999) highlighted that occupational prestige notably impacted students in Japan and Korea, with Korean students placing greater emphasis on this factor compared to their Japanese counterparts.
In a recent survey, the item EF4, which states, "I choose this job because it can offer me good opportunities for career advancement," received the highest mean value of 4.13, indicating that most students prioritize jobs that provide career advancement opportunities This sentiment was echoed by 90% of interviewees, who emphasized the importance of career progression, development opportunities, and networking in their job decisions These findings align with previous research by Lee (2001), Cheung & Arnold (2014), and Guan et al (2015), highlighting the significance of potential professional growth as an intrinsic factor influencing career choices Furthermore, opportunities for career growth positively contribute to the personal development of university students in China, as noted by Cheung & Arnold (2014).
4.3.2 Discussion on intrinsic factors influencing on career choice
Personal interest plays a crucial role in shaping career choices, significantly influencing the occupational preferences of individuals, particularly among English-major students at the Banking Academy Qualitative findings reveal that students are highly motivated to pursue their desired professions, with their inclination towards specific activities serving as a key factor in the career selection process This aligns with Alexander et al (2011), who highlight the correlation between individual interests and career aspirations Additionally, research by Leuwerke et al (2004) indicates that students' motivation to pursue degrees, such as engineering, is driven more by personal interests than by gender or ethnicity Edwards & Quinter (2011) further assert that personal interests are the primary determinants of career choice among students Influencing factors include interest in academic subjects, job-related tasks, personality-job compatibility, confidence in achieving success, and the desire for a satisfactory salary Ultimately, individuals are attracted to professions that provide dynamic work environments and opportunities for personal growth.
Personal characteristics, particularly personality traits, are crucial individual factors influencing career choices (Sari et al., 2018) The person-job fit theory emphasizes that these traits significantly impact an individual's compatibility with an organization Papathanassis (2020) highlights the strong links between personality traits, including skills and competencies, and the choices individuals make regarding their studies and careers, which in turn affect their performance and job satisfaction Consistent with this research, many respondents in this study indicated a strong preference for jobs that align with their personality and competencies.
Parental involvement plays a crucial role in fostering self-assurance in children as they navigate their career choices Families can engage in career counseling to help align their children's interests and skills with suitable vocations Research by Maina (2013) highlights that parents can influence their child's career development through positive reinforcement or discouragement of certain interests This indicates that familial relationships significantly shape adolescents' career paths Studies by Afidatul Asma (2015) and Metheny, McWhirter, & O'Neil (2008) reveal a strong link between emotional support and career development, showing that young individuals who feel supported by their families are more likely to pursue career opportunities.
Research by Watson & McMahon (2007) indicates that most children and adolescents struggle to make informed career decisions based solely on their life experiences To support individuals in identifying and pursuing career paths, it is essential to provide comprehensive curriculum offerings and counseling services Additionally, adults' ability to make informed career choices is shaped by familial and societal influences, as well as their educational preparation High school education plays a crucial role during this developmental stage, allowing students to gain insights into career development processes, improve their decision-making skills, and prepare for future career opportunities.
This study reveals that family and parental influence are not significant factors in career choice among respondents Most interviewees reported that their parents allowed them full autonomy in selecting their university majors and career paths post-graduation This finding aligns with research by Qiu et al (2017), which indicates that an increasing number of students are independently choosing their careers, relying less on family support and traditional norms.
Clutter (2010) posited that parental influence on children's career development surpasses that of teachers and career counselors, who may have more expertise in the field Parents are seen as the most reliable source for crucial career decisions However, many students believe that teachers have a greater impact on their career choices, a finding supported by descriptive analysis and interviews in section 4.2.4 This view contradicts Owusu et al (2021), who found that parental factors significantly shape students' career aspirations, while the influence of peers varies between male and female students but remains consistent across age and academic programs.
In this study, most respondents indicated that they do not choose their careers based on wanting to follow their peers or due to friends' advice, evidenced by a low mean value of 2.5 for both related survey items However, research by Howard et al (2009) and Cheung et al (2013) highlights that peer pressure is a significant factor in career choices for young people, particularly among girls Peers act as influential social agents, impacting career decisions through social comparisons and the desire for acceptance, as noted in various studies (Yamashita et al., 1999; Lee, 2001; Bojuwoye & Mbanjwa, 2006; Gokuladas, 2010; Cheung & Arnold, 2014).
In conclusion, the analysis indicates that extrinsic factors, particularly professional development opportunities and financial remuneration, significantly influence the career choices of English majors at the Banking Academy Interpersonal factors, such as family and friends, have a minimal impact on these decisions, as reflected by mean values around 2.6 Kaygin and Gulluce (2013) emphasize the importance of career advancement and income in shaping job satisfaction and security, which are increasingly vital in today's economic climate A recent Herbalife survey reveals that 59% of individuals in the Asia-Pacific region engage in part-time work to manage living costs, with many seeking secondary employment due to rising expenses The survey of 5,500 participants across various regional economies highlights that those in part-time roles typically need a monthly income of 300-700 USD for financial stability Stephen Conchie from Herbalife notes that the escalating costs of essentials are driving individuals to explore additional income sources, with over half of respondents struggling to afford basic necessities and 72% expressing financial concerns.
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, IMPLICATIONS AND
Summary of the Findings
This study investigated factors affecting career choice of English-majored students at Banking Academy The study focuses on answering the following research questions:
(1) How do extrinsic factors influence career choice decisions? (2) How do intrinsic factors influence career choice decisions? (3) How do interpersonal factors influence career choice decisions?
The research findings reveal that most surveyed students prioritize extrinsic factors, including financial remuneration, job security, professional prestige, and opportunities for professional development, when choosing a career Notably, the potential for promotion and career advancement emerged as the most significant factor influencing their decisions.
The analysis of the data reveals that intrinsic factors, including personal interests and characteristics, play a crucial role in shaping individuals' career choices Most interviewees reported a strong connection between their job satisfaction and their personality, interests, and competencies.
The study's analysis reveals that interpersonal factors, including family, teachers, and friends, have minimal impact on most English major students at the Banking Academy This finding contrasts with earlier research conducted in collectivist cultures like Vietnam, where the views of parents, educators, and peers play a more significant role in decision-making than in individualistic Western contexts (Hofstede, 1980).
The research provides a comprehensive analysis of over 30 domestic and international documents, highlighting the key factors that influence individuals' career choices It evaluates the current state of decision-making processes among students selecting their career paths and reveals the impact of various factors in a ranked order of influence The findings indicate that professional development opportunities, financial remuneration, and personal characteristics are the most significant factors, followed by professional prestige, job security, personal interests, and the influence of teachers, peers, and family.
Recommendations
Investigating the factors influencing career choices among undergraduate students is crucial, as many individuals—up to 40% of interviewees—express uncertainty about their professional paths This highlights the urgent need for further research in this area.
Career advancement opportunities and competitive salaries significantly influence students' professional choices To achieve their desired careers and accelerate their growth, students should enhance both their academic and interpersonal skills Participating in extracurricular activities and internships can provide valuable practical experience and expand their professional networks before graduation Additionally, companies must offer a comprehensive benefits package that matches job responsibilities, along with a clear salary structure and opportunities for career progression These strategies are essential for attracting prospective employees to the organization.
In a recent interview, students S5 and S6 expressed their uncertainty about making career decisions, highlighting their struggle to identify professions that align with their personalities, strengths, and abilities To navigate this challenge, they can utilize personality assessments like the D.I.S.C (Dominance - Influence - Steadiness - Conscientiousness) and MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) tests These tools can provide valuable insights into their personal traits, aiding them in selecting a suitable career path, as noted by Lee Wai Kin et al.
(2020), the MBTI personality test can be potentially applied to optimise one's performance in a selected major, in turn reducing career indecision
Students should engage in career sharing seminars and job fairs to gain valuable insights from experienced professionals in their desired industry This exposure allows them to assess their suitability for various job roles and make informed decisions about their career paths.
The lecturer of the Business Correspondence course has profoundly influenced my career in the import-export sector through her valuable insights and knowledge This inspired me to pursue further education and experience in this field, aligning with my personal interests and skills Research shows that educators who provide direct instruction significantly impact their students' professional choices.
Educators, leveraging their extensive expertise in both subject matter and pedagogy, can offer students valuable insights into career opportunities both within and beyond the classroom Additionally, academic advisors play a crucial role in guiding students by providing tailored recommendations based on their academic strengths and chosen fields of study (Howard et al., 2009; Cheung et al., 2013) Institutions should prioritize these support systems to enhance student success and career readiness.
The Faculty of Foreign Languages at the Banking Academy should create a social media group to enhance communication between alumni and current students, offering valuable insights into graduates' career paths Additionally, establishing partnerships with relevant business organizations can facilitate early internship opportunities, allowing students to gain practical experience in their chosen fields.
To enhance the function of the Banking Academy, it is essential to organize career-oriented seminars for senior students, as suggested by Shaketange et al (2017) Implementing this strategy can help alleviate students' anxiety and boost their confidence as they enter the workforce, according to Gupta & Burns (2010) Additionally, establishing a Career Counselling Office within academic institutions like the Banking Academy can facilitate the exchange of career aspirations and serve as a resource hub for students facing challenges in exploring career options This approach can lead to improved training and better preparedness for students' future careers.
Employers play a crucial role in the advancement of the Banking Academy and other universities by fostering strong partnerships that enhance student learning outcomes When businesses engage in the Academy's enrollment, training, and assessment processes, they are more likely to prioritize recruiting graduates, which can significantly boost employment rates This collaboration not only benefits students but also elevates the institution's reputation Therefore, it is essential to strengthen existing partnerships and expand collaborations with new firms to maximize these advantages.
Limitations and Recommendations for further research
The study included a sample size of 102 survey respondents To improve the generalizability of the findings, future research should aim to increase the sample size significantly.
The current study focuses exclusively on the Faculty of Foreign Languages at Banking Academy, limiting the ability to generalize findings to the broader context in Vietnam or internationally To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing career choices among English majors, further research could be undertaken in partnership with English language departments at other Vietnamese universities or international institutions.
Future research should concentrate on the factors affecting the career decision-making processes of students in specialized fields like engineering and medicine to achieve more accurate insights Additionally, it is essential to explore other variables, including family structure and students' socioeconomic status.
This study utilizes a descriptive analysis of quantitative data, which constrains the ability to make definitive conclusions regarding the influence of individual factors on students' career choices.
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Yamashita, T., Youn, G., & Matsumoto, J (1999) Career Decision-Making in College Students:
Cross-Cultural Comparisons for Japan and Korea Psychological Reports, 84(3_suppl), 1143–1157 https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1143
1 What year are you in? (Bạn đang là sinh viên năm mấy?)
2 o Third year o Fourth year o Other Gender: (Giới tính)
(Năm 3) (Năm 4) (Khác) o Male (Nam) o Female (Nữ)
3 Intended career choice after graduation (Ngành nghề lựa chọn sau khi tốt nghiệp) o Education (Giáo dục) o Translation – Interpretation (Biên-phiên dịch) o Finance – Banking (Tài chính-Ngân Hàng) o Import – Export (Xuất-nhập khẩu) o Entrepreneurship (Khởi nghiệp) o Other (please specify: i.e: Marketing, Sales, ) (Khác: Vui lòng ghi rõ) o Not decided yet (Chưa quyết định)
4 Are you going to work now? (Bạn hiện tại có đang đi làm không) o Yes, full-time (Có, toàn thời gian) o Yes, part-time (Có, bán thời gian) o Yes, both full-time and part-time (Có, vừa toàn thời gian, vừa bán thời gian) o Not going to work (Chưa đi làm)
APPENDICES APPENDIX A - QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW QUESTIONS QUESTIONNAIRE
To what extent, do you agree with these statements?
Anh/chị vui lòng cho biết mức độ đồng ý của mình với các phát biểu liên quan bằng cách tích ✔ vào ô tương ứng với các mức độ từ (1) - (5)
Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Section 2: Extrinsic factors: Career benefits 1 2 3 4 5
1 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-paid job
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì tôi tin đây là công việc được trả lương cao
2 I choose this career because I feel that I have complete security and stability
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì tôi tin đây là công việc an toàn và ổn định
3 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-respected career in society
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì tôi tin đây là công việc được tôn trọng trong xã hội
4 I choose this job because it can offer me good opportunities for career advancement
Tôi chọn công việc có thể đem lại nhiều quyền lợi để phát triển chuyên môn
5 I need to be challenged in my career to feel satisfied
Tôi ưu tiên những công việc có tính thử thách cao
6 To become a leader in my profession is important for me
Việc trở thành lãnh đạo trong sự nghiệp là điều quan trọng đối với tôi
7 I choose this career because that fits my personality
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì nó phù hợp với tính cách của tôi
8 I choose this career because that fits my skills and competencies
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì nó phù hợp với năng lực và kĩ năng của tôi
9 I choose this career because that fits my preferred lifestyle
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì nó phù hợp với lối sống mà tôi hướng đến
10 My family has left a great impact on my career decision
Gia đình có ảnh hưởng lớn trong quyết định lựa chọn nghề nghiệp của tôi
11 I choose this career because I was advised by my family
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này theo lời khuyên bảo từ gia đình của tôi
12 I choose this career because at least one of my family members is in the same profession
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì bố mẹ/anh chị có cùng chung lĩnh vực
13 I choose this career as it is part of my family business
Tôi chọn nghề này vì nó là một phần trong công việc của gia đình tôi
14 I choose this career because I was inspired/advised by my teachers
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì được truyền cảm hứng/ được khuyên bảo từ thầy/cô của tôi
15 I choose this career because my teachers made me feel that I could succeed in this occupation
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì thầy/cô khiến tôi tin rằng mình có thể thành công với nghề nghiệp này
16 I choose this career because I want to be in the same career as peer
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này vì tôi muốn làm chung công việc với bạn bè tôi
17 I choose this career because I was advised by my friends
Tôi chọn ngành nghề này theo lời khuyên của bạn bè tôi
Q1: What profession have you decided to pursue after graduation?
Q2: Do you intend to study for a 2 nd degree or a master's degree? Why?
Q3: In your opinion, what factors influence your career choice decision? Why?
Q4: What career benefits do you prioritise when choosing a job? Why?
1 EF1 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-paid job
2 EF2 I choose this career because I feel that I have complete security and stability
3 EF3 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-respected career in society
4 EF4 I choose this job because it can offer me good opportunities for career advancement
1 IF1 I need to be challenged in my career to feel satisfied
2 IF2 To become a leader in my profession is important for me
3 IF3 I choose this career because that fits my personality
4 IF4 I choose this career because that fits my skills and competencies
5 IF5 I choose this career because that fits my preferred lifestyle
1 IP1 My family has left a great impact on my career decision
2 IP2 I choose this career because I was advised by my family
3 IP3 I choose this career because at least one of my family members is in the same profession
4 IP4 I choose this career as it is part of my family business
5 IP5 I choose this career because I was inspired/advised by my teachers
6 IP6 I choose this career because my teachers made me feel that I could succeed in this occupation
7 IP7 I choose this career because I want to be in the same career as my peers
8 IP8 I choose this career because I was advised by my friends
Table 4 Background information of ten interviewees
Participants (Coded) Gender Intended profession Employment status
S5 Female Not decided No working
S10 Male Education Both Full-time and Part- time
Table 5 Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of Pilot Study
Variables Original number of items Cronbach’s Alpha
Table 6: Cronbach’s Alpha of extrinsic factors
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
Table 7: Cronbach’s Alpha of intrinsic factors
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Table 8: Cronbach’s Alpha of interpersonal factors
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
Table 1 Response Rate and Frequency
Table 2 Demographic Profile of the Respondents (N1)
Both part-time and full-time 2 2
Table 3 Descriptive statistics of extrinsic factors influencing on career choice
EF1 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-paid job 4.01 755 Agree
EF2 I choose this career because I feel that I have complete security and stability 3.70 933 Agree
EF3 I choose this career because I believe it is a well-respected career in society 3.88 864 Agree
EF4 I choose this job because it can offer me good opportunities for career advancement 4.13 770 Agree
Figure 1 Frequency of extrinsic factors influencing the respondents’ career choice
Table 4 Descriptive statistics of intrinsic factors influencing on career choice
IF1 I need to be challenged in my career to feel satisfied 3.57 931 Agree
IF2 To become a leader in my profession is important for me 3.66 1.042 Agree
IF3 I choose this career because that fits my personality 3.87 976 Agree
IF4 I choose this career because that fits my skills and competencies 3.96 734 Agree
IF5 I choose this career because that fits my preferred lifestyle 3.83 939 Agree
Figure 2 Frequency of intrinsic factors influencing the respondents’ career choice
Table 5 Descriptive statistics of interpersonal factors influencing on career choice
IP1 My family has left a great impact on my career decision 2.98 1.149 Neutral
IP2 I choose this career because I was advised by my family 2.51 1.146 Disagree
I choose this career because at least one of my family members is in the same profession 2.28 1.106 Disagree
IP4 I choose this career as it is part of my family business 2.06 1.094 Disagree
IP5 I choose this career because I was inspired/advised by my teachers 2.92 1.146 Neutral
I choose this career because my teachers made me feel that I could succeed in this occupation 3.00 1.114 Neutral
IP7 I choose this career because I want to be in the same career as my peers 2.50 1.154 Disagree
IP8 I choose this career because I was advised by my friends 2.50 1.180 Disagree
Figure 3 Frequency of interpersonal factors influencing the respondents’ career choice
5/27/23, 10:13 PM Turnitin - Báo cáo Độc sáng - 1.4CKL-TTTThuy-22A7510083-NgoBaKhoa.docx
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3% match (Internet từ 16-thg 10-2022) https://etd.uum.edu.my/5942/1/s819120_01.pdf
2% match (bài của học sinh từ 27-thg 5-2022) Submitted to Banking Academy on 2022-05-27
1% match () Akosah-Twumasi, Peter "The influence of African migrant parents on their children's career choices in a new culture", 2021
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I'm sorry, but I can't access external content such as the articles you mentioned However, if you provide me with key points or excerpts from the article, I can help you rewrite them in a coherent paragraph while adhering to SEO best practices.
The graduation thesis titled "Factors Affecting Career Choice of English-Majored Students at Banking Academy of Vietnam" was authored by Ngo Ba Khoa, a student of class K22ATCB, during the 2019-2023 academic course, under the supervision of Ms Tran Thi Thu Thuy (MA) The thesis emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices, as the author declares the originality of the work and acknowledges all sources utilized Acknowledgements are given to Ms Tran Thi Thu Thuy for her invaluable support, guidance, and feedback throughout the research process, which were crucial for the successful completion of the thesis This work not only reflects the author's dedication but also the collaborative effort behind academic research at the Banking Academy of Vietnam.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the 102 respondents who participated in my survey, as their involvement provided precise data that significantly enhanced my study's findings I am also thankful to the esteemed professors of the Faculty of Foreign Languages for imparting essential knowledge about the relevant regulations Lastly, I express my sincere appreciation to my family and friends for their unwavering support, encouragement, and motivation, which enabled me to overcome challenges and successfully complete my research.
i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES
vi LIST OF FIGURES vii
ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study
This article outlines the problem statement, research objectives, and questions, highlighting the significance and scope of the study It includes a comprehensive literature review on career choice, defining key concepts and examining factors that influence this decision, such as extrinsic, intrinsic, and interpersonal elements Additionally, it discusses related studies to provide context The research methodology section details the design and type of research conducted, ensuring a structured approach to the investigation.
KHONG DAT YEU CAU a don vi thiic tap
TRUNG HOC PHO" THONG KHOA
CQNG HOA HQI CH(J NGIiIA VIET NAM
Dec lap — Ty do — Hanh phuc
Trong ther gian thyc tap, sinh vién 0 fi.! J 63 the hién duqc nang lqc va hoan thanh củng viec duos giao d muc:
Da hot thitnh thqc tap tar
Ngo Ba Khoa demonstrates a strong understanding and capability in research, resulting in a comprehensive and well-informed literature review His work features a robust methodology, effective data analysis, and practical recommendations.
Moreover, he is serious and autonomous enough to put big efforts into doing this research
His writing exposed a good range and variety of grammar, structure, and academic expressions