The topic of alternative energies for vehicles

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING THE TOPIC OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES FOR VEHICLES ADVISOR : PhD NGUYEN VAN TRANG STUDENTS: NGUYEN MINH KHOA NGUYEN MINH KHANG SKL010773 Ho Chi Minh City, July 2023 HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION PROJECT THE TOPIC OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES FOR VEHICLES NGUYỄN MINH KHOA Student ID: 19145193 NGUYỄN MINH KHANG Student ID: 19145188 Major: AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Advisor: PhD NGUYỄN VĂN TRẠNG Ho Chi Minh City, July 2023 THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness Ho Chi Minh City, July 1st, 2023 GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHOA Student ID: 19145193 Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHANG Student ID: 19145188 Major: Automotive engineering technology Advisor: PhD NGUYỄN VĂN TRẠNG Phone number: 02838964921 Date of assignment: March 2023 Date of submission: July 2023 Project title: The topic of Alternative Energies for Vehicles Content of the project: -Chapter 1: Introduction -Chapter 2: Hazard of pollution in internal combustion engine exhaust -Chapter 3: Alternative fuels, advance additives and oil to improve environmental performance of vehicles -Chapter 4: Alternative and regenerate gas fuel to improve the environmental performance of vehicles -Chapter 5: Hybrid vehicle technologies -Chapter 6: Battery technology for CO2 reduction -Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendation Final product: 01 explanation book CHAIR OF THE PROGRAM ADVISOR (Sign with full name) (Sign with full name) i THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness Ho Chi Minh City, July 1st, 2023 ADVISOR’S EVALUATION SHEET Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHOA Student ID: 19145193 Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHANG Student ID: 19145188 Major: Automotive engineering technology Project title: The topic of Alternative Energies for Vehicles Advisor: PhD NGUYỄN VĂN TRẠNG EVALUATION Content of the project: Strengths: Weaknesses: Approval for oral defense? (Approved or denied) Overall evaluation: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor) Mark:……………….(In words: ) Ho Chi Minh City, … month, … day, … year ADVISOR (Sign with full name) ii THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness Ho Chi Minh City, July 1st, 2023 PRE-DEFENSE EVALUATION SHEET Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHOA Student ID: 19145193 Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHANG Student ID: 19145188 Major: Automotive engineering technology Project title: The topic of Alternative Energies for Vehicles Name of Reviewer: EVALUATION Content and workload of the project Strengths: Weaknesses: Approval for oral defense? (Approved or denied) Overall evaluation: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor) Mark:……………….(in words: ) Ho Chi Minh City, … month, … day, … year REVIEWER (Sign with full name) iii THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom– Happiness Ho Chi Minh City, July 1st, 2023 EVALUATION SHEET OF DEFENSE COMMITTEE MEMBER Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHOA Student ID: 19145193 Student name: NGUYỄN MINH KHANG Student ID: 19145188 Major: Automotive engineering technology Project title: The topic of Alternative Energies for Vehicles Name of Defense Committee Member: EVALUATION Content and workload of the project Strengths: Weaknesses: Overall evaluation: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor) Mark:……………….(in words: ) Ho Chi Minh City, … month, … day, … year COMMITTEE MEMBER (Sign with full name) iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With the assistance of the university, professors from the Faculty of High Quality Education, family, forebears, and coworkers, we studied and conducted research for our graduation thesis during that period We are deeply indebted to PhD Nguyen Van Trang, who encouraged and guided us during the graduation project We would like to express our gratitude to the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education Board of Directors and the Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering faculty for their support and direction during our academic careers We acquired a lot of new knowledge that will help us in the future, as evidenced by our graduation thesis Although there have been many efforts in the process of implementation time, due to limited professional knowledge and experience, the thesis still needs to improve, and we are looking forward to the valuable contributions of teachers and students Colleagues continue to exchange and contribute to helping us improve the thesis Finally, we would like to thank our family, our friends and coworkers for their continuous support during the entire time we have studied at HCMUTE Best regards! v ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is to study about alternative energy sources used on internal combustion engines in order to reduce the engine's emission of pollutant gas and the risk of exhausting traditional fuel sources The thesis explores different sources of clean fuels with great potential in future applications Analyze and compare advantages and disadvantages for current traditional fuels such as gasoline and diesel Provide practical application evidence to see the potential for emissions and renewables Explain the production and transportation of alternative fuels Thereby showing the essential need of alternative energy sources in the future There are chapters in the thesis: We provide justifications and arguments for selecting the topic in the first chapter, which serves as an introduction to the thesis implementation technique The current environmental imperatives and the need for alternative fuels are then covered in chapter It is becoming more and more concerning that exhaust gas pollution and traditional fuel sources are running out We started looking at alternative fuels that may be used in today's automobiles, including those in liquid and gaseous forms Three potential liquid fuels for automobiles are ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol They carry the promise of a future replacement for conventional energy sources like gasoline and oil thanks to their better environmental emissions and strong vehicular application qualities Gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas, propane, or hydrogen are also excellent answers to the world's fuel shortage There has been widespread use of these traits and advantages in the contemporary reality around the world The aforementioned alternative fuels will help the environment and move us closer to our goal of having no emissions by 2050 since they will reduce carbon emissions somewhat The thesis also demonstrates how much hybrid electric vehicles contribute to environmental issues Learn about the many hybrid electric car models available today and battery technology that lowers CO2 emissions vi TABLE OF CONTENTS GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT i ADVISOR’S EVALUATION SHEET ii PRE-DEFENSE EVALUATION SHEET iii EVALUATION SHEET OF iv DEFENSE COMMITTEE MEMBER iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATION xix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons for choosing the topic 1.2 Need for Alternative Fuel 1.3 Research purposes 1.4 Object and scope of the study 1.5 Situation of biofuel research abroad 1.6 Research situation in Vietnam CHAPTER 2: HAZARD OF POLLUTION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUST 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The state of global air pollution 2.3 Mechanism of formation of harmful substances in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines 12 2.3.1 Mechanism of formation of Nitrogen Oxide 12 2.3.2 Formation of nitrogen dioxide 12 2.3.3 Formation of nitrogenous protoxide 13 2.3.4 Mechanism of formation of unburnt hydrocarbon HC 13 2.3.5 Mechanism of PM formation in the combustion of Diesel engines 13 2.4 Harm of pollutants in engine exhaust 14 2.4.1 For human health 14 2.4.2 For the environment 15 vii CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATIVE FUELS, ADVANCE ADDITIVES AND OIL TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLES 17 3.1 Biodiesel 17 3.1.1 Introduction 17 3.1.2 Biodiesel production 18 3.1.3 Biodiesel Properties 23 3.1.4 Transportation and Storage of Biodiesel 24 3.1.5 Engine Tests 25 3.1.6 Challenges for Biodiesel 31 3.2 Methanol 31 3.2.1 Introduction 31 3.2.2 Methanol Properties 32 3.2.3 Potential of Methanol 35 3.2.4 Methanol Benefits and Challenges 36 3.2.5 Engine Tests 37 3.3 Ethanol 45 3.3.1 Introduction 45 3.3.2 Ethanol Production 46 3.3.3 Ethanol Properties 47 3.3.4 Ethanol–Gasoline Engine Tests 49 3.3.5 Flexible Fuel Vehicles 59 Flex Fuel: Benefits and Disadvan 60 3.3.6 Ethanol Opportunities and Challenges 60 CHAPTER 4: ALTERNATIVE AND REGENERATE GAS FUEL TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLES 62 4.1 Fossil natural gas 62 4.1.1 Introduction 62 4.1.2 Natural Gas Composition 63 4.1.3 Natural Gas Properties 63 4.1.4 Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distribution 66 4.1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of NG 66 4.1.6 Natural gas safety 68 4.1.7 Test with CNG-DI engine 70 4.1.8 Challenges for CNG 79 4.2 Biomethane/biogas 79 viii