Giáo trình lý thuyết dịch

WHAT IS TRANSLATION?

DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION

- Translation is an act through which the content of a text is transferred from the source language into the target language (Foster, 1958)

Translation is the process of transforming written texts from one language to another, ensuring a degree of correspondence with the original content This process is essential for effective communication across different languages (Colina, 2015).

The language to be translated is called the source language (SL), whereas the language to be translated into is called the target language (TL)

The term could be used to refer to any of the following meanings: a The general subject field b The product, i.e., the translated version; c The act of producing the translation (translating)

Translation primarily encompasses two distinct types: written translation and oral translation This distinction gives rise to two separate fields—Translation and Interpretation—resulting in the professional roles of Translator and Interpreter.

Translation can be categorized into three main types: Intralingual translation involves rephrasing within the same language, where meanings are conveyed using different signs Interlingual translation refers to the interpretation of verbal signs from one language to another, effectively translating concepts across different languages Lastly, Intersemiotic translation interprets verbal signs through non-verbal sign systems, such as music, film, or painting, showcasing the versatility of meaning across various forms of expression.

- d ch hoán i: gi i thích các ký hi u h u ngôn b ng các ký hi u thu c h th ng phi ngôn (nh c, phim, tranh v ,

Of the three categories, Interlingual translation is the focus of translation courses.

WHAT A TRANSLATOR (AND AN INTERPRETER) NEEDS TO KNOW?

A skilled translator must possess a deep understanding of the subject matter of the source text, as well as the social, cultural, and emotional nuances that words may convey beyond their literal meanings Additionally, proficiency in language knowledge, including semantics and syntax, is crucial Furthermore, a translator should demonstrate transfer or strategic competence, which involves the ability to comprehend and effectively apply the specific requirements of the translation task.

1 B n d ch c Nghiên c u d ch thu t Nxb Khoa h c Xã h i

2 Colina (2015) Fundamentals of Translation Cambridge University Press.

TYPES OF TRANSLATION ERRORS

Generally speaking, there are three major types of errors in doing translation:

- Linguistic errors including grammatical and lexical errors;

- Cultural errors due to inappropriate translation caused by either SL or TL cultural background inadequacy;

- Retention errors resulting from lengthy or redundant translation and also substance errors such as incorrect spelling, typing, punctuation, and capitalization

4 UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

After finishing unit 2, students should be able to:

- Describe various ways of translating foreign proper names and geographical names in English texts into Vietnamese

- Choose an appropriate form in transferring foreign proper names and geographical names in English texts into Vietnamese

Foreign proper names and geographical names are typically not translated into Vietnamese However, for languages that do not use the Latin alphabet, such as Korean, Russian, and Chinese, various translation options may be utilized Additionally, the methods of translating names can change over time, with certain forms being favored in specific periods and later falling out of favor.

Currently, the dominant trend in translating proper names and geographical names not in Latin alphabet is the borrowing of English or French transcriptions

The context of usage significantly influences the choice of transcription forms, particularly in official texts from government organizations, which prefer Vietnamese transcription for foreign names For instance, the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs recommends using Vietnamese transcription over English transcription on their website (http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn) Additionally, there is potential for incorporating Vietnamese elements into these transcriptions.

UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 5 transcription next to the original, for example thành El Paso (En Pa-xô) bang Texas - 3

Here are some common ways of translation of foreign names in Vietnamese texts Proper names

- Adopting another language (mainly English or French): Aristotle, Anton Chekhov, Confucius, Moon Jae-in, Almazbek Atambaev 4 ,

- Retaining the original: Barack Obama, Justin Trudeau, Theresa May

- Retaining the original besides the Vietnamese transcription: T ng th ng Mexico Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (An- t Ma-nu-ên Lô-p t O-bra-

- Translation equivalents using Vietnamese characters: Kh ng T , Lão T , Lý ng

- Other examples: King Charles I = Vua Sác- nh t,

- Transcribing the names: I-ta-li-a, -la- Phi-líp-pin, Mê-hi-cô, Mít-xi-xi-pi

- Adopting another language (mainly English or French): Italy, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Philippines, Mexico, Taiwan, Kwangtung, Peking or Beijing, Shanghai

- Retaining the original: New York, London

- Translation equivalents using Vietnamese characters: Ý (Ý i L i), C ng,

H ng Công, Phi Lu t Tân, M Tây Loan, Qu ng B c Kinh, ng

H i, Tây Ban Nha, B , Hà Lan, Gia Nã i,

- Transcribing the names: Tai- (The Times)

- Retaining the original: The Times, The Wall Street Journal

3 (Thùy An/TTXVN) http://www.cpv.org.vn/the-gioi/-xac-dinh-duoc-danh-tinh-nghi-pham-trong-vu-xa-sung-tai-el- paso-530683.html

4 Nguyên t ng th ng Kyrgyzstan

6 UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

FAO = Nông Liên / và Nông

In summary, translating proper names and geographical names lacks a one-size-fits-all approach, as the appropriate forms must be determined based on the specific context and situation in which they are used.

How do you translate these geographical names - Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Cape of Good Hope, The Mediterranean,

Make a list of foreign proper names, geographical names, names of organizations are put into Vietnamese in the mass media and comment on how they are translated.

ARTICLES

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ARTICLES

An article is a word that is used with a noun to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun English and Vietnamese articles are presented in the table below

Table 1: English and Vietnamese articles

Plural The Các ỉ The use of English and Vietnamese articles is illustrated as follows

A, An - The village lies in a valley forty miles from London =>

Ngôi làng t thung cách Luân 40

- Xóm D là m t danh th ng => is a beautiful and famous site in the royal capital 5 ỉ (zero article) = ỉ

- Now ỉ books are for reading but men must ỉ Sỏch dựng

=> Tụi thớch ỉ chú (NOT Tụi thớch con chú.) ỉ (zero article) = cỏc

- When ỉ students first go to the library, they may be puzzled as to what to read

=> Khi các sinh viên l n u tiên n vi n, h có th b i r i ph i c gì

- Nh ng ngày An Lâm v n u n trôi qua => ỉ Days in An Lõm passed like clockwork.

SOME ERROR TYPES IN USING ENGLISH ARTICLES

ARTICLES 6 a Omission of the definite article

*This is book I bought for you yesterday => This is the book I bought for you yesterday b Omission of indefinite articles

*She is teacher => She is a teacher c Wrong addition of the definite article

*I was waiting to cross the King Street => I was waiting to cross ỉ King Street

5 Tr n Thanh M i, translated c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose i h c

6 (2018) An Analysis of Errors in the Use of English Articles by English Majors at Bac Lieu

University Hochiminh City University of Technology - HUTECH

UNIT 3: ARTICLES 9 d Wrong addition of indefinite articles

*A wild beasts are very dangerous => ỉ Wild beasts are very dangerous e Confusing between and

*Sue was in hospital with the broken leg => Sue was in hospital with a broken leg

*I saw a tour bus coming down a main road towards me => I saw a tour bus coming down the main road towards me

Read the following stanza and compare the use of articles in the Vietnamese and English versions

Em có gì tách cà phê sáng yên lành

Hôm qua là lùi xa

I have only a wish: a cup of coffee

We hurriedly welcome a new day Yesterday was already in the past

Translate the following sentences into English and explain the way you use English articles in the translated version

1 Tôi nh t c ti n và mang n n công an.

2 Cô ng i xu ng chi c gh bên c nh c a s

3 M t hôm khi b trên ng, tôi ch t b t g p m t cái bóp da nh trên l ng

4 C a hàng sách trên ng Nguy n Hu khá l n

5 Anh ng d a vào ng, v i l y m t quy n sách trên k Anh nhìn ánh sáng chi u qua c a s

Translate the following paragraph into Vietnamese and explain the translation of English articles into Vietnamese Pay attention to the zero article (ỉ)

A Korean student shared with an American the challenges of gaining admission to a Korean university, highlighting the limited number of institutions and available spots for high school graduates He emphasized that students must conquer a highly competitive and difficult entrance exam, with only a select few achieving success This intense competition drives students to begin their preparations at an early age.

Identify the errors in English article usage within the provided sentences, noting that some may contain multiple mistakes Subsequently, translate the corrected sentences into Vietnamese, ensuring proper article application is maintained.

1 July of 2019 has been hottest until now

2 Peter had high temperature last night

3 Playing games is waste of the time and money.

4 I play guitar on Thursdays and Sundays.

5 like to buy new car

6 He is looking for a pen he bought for his little brother yesterday

7 Peter is an only child in his family

10 Nha Trang is one of cities that attract the tourists

11 The Vietnam has population of over 94 million

12 A hat which wearing is Nike.

13 The women live longer because they drink so much

14 I feel very disappointed because I get a result as I expect

15 Mary is studying at the university in the HCM city now

PRONOUNS

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

- The formal WE in English: to denote first person, singular form in formal setting

- Ex: When Queen Victoria said, "We are not amused," she was using the royal "we."

English personal pronouns, such as first and second person, are gender-neutral, which can create challenges for translators when finding suitable equivalents in Vietnamese This ambiguity in pronoun usage may lead to difficulties in accurately conveying meaning across languages.

Ex.1: you have I been absent in the (Shakespeare)

The personal pronoun ou could be either or and vice versa the pronoun could also be either or depending on the context

Ex 2: When the taxpayer has completed this form, he should sign it

In this case, the taxpayer can be male or female but the common English pronoun to be used should be he she

In the translated version, the Vietnamese pronoun anh or anh ta does not sound natural to many Vietnamese native speakers, and is often replaced by a common noun like

=> Khi n xong này, ký tên

- English personal pronouns could be translated by various Vietnamese forms depending on the context, i.e the level of formality, the gender, age and text type

For example, he could be translated by nó when referring to a child, anh ta to a male adolescent, and ông, ông ta to an elderly man

In Vietnamese, the speaker's or writer's attitude is conveyed through the selection of personal pronouns For instance, the English pronoun can be translated into the neutral Vietnamese equivalent "anh," or it may take on a negative connotation with "h n," or imply respect with "ông ngài."

In Vietnamese, personal pronouns are categorized into two main groups: genuine personal pronouns, including tôi, tao, mày, and nó, and temporary personal pronouns or pronominalized elements, which encompass family relationship terms like ông, bà, cha, m, bác, chú, dì, c u, anh, and em, as well as professional titles such as bác th y and cô Additionally, proper names can also serve as personal pronouns or forms of address.

The table below summarizes the English personal pronouns and some of their Vietnamese equivalents

Table 1: English personal pronouns and their Vietnamese equivalents

English Personal Pronouns Vietnamese Personal Pronouns

I me Tôi, Ta, Tao, Tui,

We us Chúng tôi, Chúng tao, Chúng Chúng mình

You (plural) Chúng mày, chúng bay

He him y, nó, ta, ta, bác lão, lão ông

She her Cô, cô cô ta, ta, bà, bà ta, bà nàng, cô

They them chúng, chúng nó,

1 Make a list of Vietnamese personal pronouns that you have known Compare the list of your group with those of other groups in your class

2 Discuss in your group when you can use the pronoun b n to translate the English pronoun

Translate the following sentences into English (in paying attention to the pronouns, especially the pronoun

1 Mình v , mình có nh ta

2 Nó không th y mình mình th y nó (Nguy n Quang Sáng, Chi c c ngà)

3 Gia mình có bao nhiêu i v y b n

4 Nh ng i xác nh c m c c a mình t s m anh y r t hi m g p Some tips:

- An English personal pronoun does not necessarily require a Vietnamese equivalent

It can be replaced by a noun, a noun phrase or even be deleted in the Vietnamese version

In English translations, the Vietnamese particle (Ch ! Lan !) used in addressing often gets omitted, but it can be effectively substituted with terms like "darling" or "dearie" to convey the same emotive meaning.

The English Possessive Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns are illustrated in the table below

Table 2: English Possessive and Reflexive Pronouns

English Possessive Pronouns English Reflexive pronouns mine myself ours ourselves yours yourself (singular) yourselves(plural) his himself hers herself its itself theirs themselves

Vietnamese is a non-inflectional language, meaning it lacks specific possessive pronouns like those in English Instead, possession is indicated by placing a word next to a personal pronoun, serving as the equivalent of English possessive pronouns For instance, this structure effectively conveys ownership in Vietnamese.

Anh ta => anh ta He => his

- A noun phrase containing the idea of possession with a proper name:

- In case there is a pronoun, possessive adjective should be used before the noun

Nhà tôi = my house (NOT of

- In the same way, the word t or t or t + pronoun is often used to express the meaning of an English Reflexive pronoun

Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese (in paying attention to the reflexive pronouns)

1 I am teaching myself to play the piano

2 Kendal itself is quite a small town

3 He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.

4 Would you like to pour yourself a drink?

5 He lived by himself in an enormous house

6 Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the final song

7 He found himself lying by the side of the road

8 I saw myself as a famous actor

9 He busied himself in the kitchen

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

POSITIONS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ADJECTIVES

The tea is very hot = Trà ỉ núng quỏ

Adjective hot is used after the verb Be + Adjective

Adjective nóng does not require a verb after it Using the word thì after the adjective may sound unnatural => ỉ + Adjective love hot tea = Tôi thích trà nóng

Hot tea = Adjective hot is put before the noun tea => Adjective +Noun Trà nóng = Adjective nóng is put after the noun trà => Noun + Adjective

When using certain adjectives that require a complement, the entire adjective phrase must follow the noun Examples of such adjectives include eager, full, happy, keen, open, ready, responsible, (un)willing, and worth.

Who is the person responsible for security?

Ai là trách an ninh?

Adjective phrase responsible for is put after the noun which is similar to the word order in Vietnamese.

Other cases when English adjectives are put after the nouns they modify, especially in literary style:

- We have a boat ready to leave in an hour

Chúng ta có sàng ra trong

- The bride should wear something blue, something old and something borrowed i m t cái gì có màu xanh, m và m t cái n c i khác

- M ti c ng c, ng i trong khóm hoa, nâng chén say v i nguy t

The feast ready, flowers abounding, toastsgiven, intoxicated with moonlight 7

In cases of using borrowed words, the Vietnamese adjective is put before the noun it modifies gia : a big family; as compared to gia

Like verbs and nouns, adjectives can be followed by prepositions such as: to, about, in, for, with, at and by

Jane will be delighted with her results Jane hài lòng cô

The grammatical subject "It" in the structure "It is + Adjective + that" can be translated in two ways: (1) by using the generic noun + adjective + "là," or (2) by omitting the subject and using the noun phrase that follows as the new subject while retaining the adjective.

It is necessary that we start on time là chúng ta hành # Chúng ta hành

7 Luy n d ch Vi t Anh i h c Qu c Gia Tp HCM.

POSITIONS OF ENGLISH ADVERBS

- M tôi âu y m n m l y tay mother affectionately held my hand

- He gradually recovered after taking the medicine Anh ta d n d n h i ph c sau khi u ng thu c

- The car approached us very cautiously in a haze of orange light (Priestley) xe chúng tôi cách làn ánh sáng màu cam 9

- He spoke very angrily and bitterly, and looked straight ahead while he talked Ông nói và cay , và nhìn ra phía khi nói

- V i l i th nhi u kinh nghi m th c t , các công ty Vi t Nam c i thi n m t cách k trong vi c xúc ti n chi n c ti p th

With the benefit of several years of practical experience, Vietnamese businesses have improved markedly in the promotional aspect of marketing strategy

- Quite moderately nice khá là vui ác ! An extremely terrible crime!

- Lòng vui u nhã không cùng L i can m chuy n thành thanh khi t

Our joys are infinitely refined, and our conversations extremely noble

At the beginning of the sentence

- Understandably, a document of this nature would be of fundamental importance

8 Phó t adverb However, the position of adverb is not always the same in the two languages.

9 Translated by (2003) C m nang luy n d ch và ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb

20 UNIT 5: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS thôi, có tính này quan

- Slowly the shadows lengthen and the hard brilliance of noon softens bóng dài và tia gay

- Ly k thay! Ph n vàng nh tuôn bay xu ng

And strangely enough, from somewhere in the sky yellow dust fell gently 10

English adverbs and their Vietnamese equivalents often share similar positions within sentences, yet notable differences exist in their placement and expression.

The position of English adverbs in the following sentences is not in same order as that of their Vietnamese counterparts

- ng sông ph i c s d ng r ng rãi phù h p v i u ki n c a c ta

Inland waterways should be widely used in a way suitable to the condition of our country

- Khi t th t nóng, c bi n thành không trông th y c và bay m t

When (it was) extremely heated, water transformed itself into invisible air and disappeared

- B ng m t ti ng c gi t mình ngo nh l i

A bell suddenly started ringing Ngoc was startled and turned around 11

10 Xuân Di c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose i h khoa Sài Gòn

11 c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose i h khoa Sài Gòn

- V y mu n có c i cán b qu n lý gi i th c hi n thành công chánh sách m i

Thus if we want to have a contingent of good managing cadres to carry out the new policy successfully

Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese

1 The reading room was quiet

2 These pretty flowers smell sweet at night

3 The little girl looks cute in her new yellow dress

4 It is probable that incidents of family violence are not limited to the present

5 The idea is so pervasive that many women believe it as fervently as men do

6 They were diagnosed with a form of cancer that had been virtually nonexistent in the US

7 These industries are totally incapable of competing against those of developed countries

8 They all said the building would fall down and sure enough it did

9 Police have finally crushed the gang which allegedly robbed the national bank last year

10 The morning of June 27 th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Shirley Jackson)

An English adverb can be translated into Vietnamese by a combination of the phrase + an adjective

For hundred years ago, would have been taught scornfully and pityingly that women were weaker and less clever than

Cách cho cách khinh và là và kém thông minh nam

Besides, there are other ways of translating English adverbs into Vietnamese and vice versa, not having in one-on-one relationship but by using various translation strategies

- M t v th n mà dân bi t n là

A top divine being known locally as a KEMNAR 12

- Noiselessly she went along the upper corridor

Bà rón rén hành lang trên

- M t s n ph m t t không nh t thi t là m t s n ph m thành công

A good product necessarily a successful product

An adverb that directly modifies a verb could be replaced by the structure of a noun phrase consisting of an adjective and a noun of the same roots công 13

They attacked relentlessly everywhere (Adverb+ Verb)

# They launched relentless attacks everywhere (Adjective + Noun)

Vice versa, an English noun phrase could be replaced by a verb and an adverb modifier in the Vietnamese version

Their blatant disregard of the coi

12 Nguy n Thu Huy n (2011) C m nang luy n d ch Vi t-Anh Hà N i

Translate the following sentences into English

2 Rón rén và h i h p, c u bé ti n l i g n con chu n chu n

3 Gi a b a m ng im l ng nhìn c nhà

5 Hi m th y i nào nói n n i kh c a mình m t cách bình th n v y

6 M tôi qu là i ph n tuy t v i nh t qu t này

7 Giây phút y, anh b ng th y mình c ng r n thêm lên r t nhi u

8 Các công ty ph i s d ng các k thu t ti p th hi n i, ch y u là mô hình 4Ps qu ng bá s n ph m

9 B t ng s n mà c th trong v c nhà c n nhi u v n

10 Các công ty do nhà c u hành th c thi m t cách hi u qu trình ng qu c gia

24 UNIT 6: COMPOUND NOUNS & NOUN PHRASES

COMPOUND NOUNS & NOUN PHRASES

COMPOUND NOUNS

Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more words (N1-N2 pattern)

English compound nouns often consist of two nouns, where the first noun modifies the second, indicating the type or purpose of the item The second noun typically serves to identify the specific item being referred to.

UNIT 6: COMPOUND NOUNS & NOUN PHRASES 25

Vietnamese subordinate compound words ghép chính also contain two elements but the first noun conveys the main meaning whereas the second one modifies the first one carpenter bricklayer

English and Vietnamese compound nouns are formed in different ways Some major patterns are as follows:

Table 1: Formation of English and Vietnamese compound nouns

Formation English compound nouns Vietnamese compound nouns

Noun + Noun Football, firefly Nhà writer, nhà báo: journalist, nhà poet

Noun + Adjective Truckful: xe /toa handful:

Hoa rose, bitter melon, black market

Noun + Verb Sunrise: haircut: tóc

Máy may/khâu: sewing machine, máy bay: air plane, máy typewriter

Check-in: n phòng/vé, check-out: phòng -

Sometimes English compound nouns appear as two separate words, such as

Full moon: tròn , Christmas tree: cây Giáng sinh, Bus stop: xe buýt or are connected with a hyphen: dry-cleaning: khô, daughter-in-law: con dâu Notes:

Notice that the meaning of some English compound nouns not of the basic pattern of - may have a different interpretation

- daughter-in-law: con dâu => the first item carries the meaning, and the second one - works as a modifier

The N1-N2 pattern can be replaced by a noun phrase in using preposition and inversion of the two nouns

- City center: trung tâm thành ph = > the center of the city In this case, the preposition of is not often translated into Vietnamese

- A stamp collection: b t p tem => A collection of stamps: Notice the plural form of the second noun

However, a difference in meanings could be seen in cases like tea cup tách trà and cup of tách (có) trà

In some cases of borrowed words, a group of Vietnamese nouns or a noun phrase may have a different word order than a common compound noun market share, gia a big family, syllogi ACTIVITY 1

Translate the following compound nouns from English into Vietnamese

Translate the following compound nouns from Vietnamese into English

NOUN PHRASES

A noun phrase consists of a group of words that function as a noun In both English and Vietnamese, noun phrases include pre-modifiers and post-modifiers However, the arrangement of the head noun and its modifiers can differ between the two languages.

Generally speaking, the word order in English and Vietnamese noun phrases is almost the same in the following examples:

- Ngôi nhà g n b sông: The house near the riverbank

- i trong m t c People from the same country

- The story about the girl who used to live Câu chuy n v cô gái t ng s ng

There are cases where the word order in English and Vietnamese noun phrases is not the same

- Nh ng bông h ng vàng này: These yellow roses

An English noun phrase can also be a Gerund (V-ing ) or an Infinitive phrase

- Her arriving so late must have worried you

- Our mistake is believing in him too much

- To learn a new language is to open a new door to the world outside

- My wish is to travel around the world

14 When there is no possible ambiguity, especially in spoken Vietnamese, the word is usually dropped.

In English noun phrases, the choice between definite (the) and indefinite articles (a, an) is significant, as their inclusion is often necessary before the head noun, even when such articles are not present in the Vietnamese equivalent.

Cô gái phía sau tôi hát: The girl behind me began to sing (see

Vietnamese noun phrases typically include classifiers placed before the head noun, such as "hai sách" for "two books." In English, these classifiers are frequently omitted, except in the case of collective nouns, like "a loaf of bánh mì" or "a pair of shoes."

Some common Vietnamese classifiers are as follows:

- cái : cái bàn, cái gh , cái tình cái

- con: con dao, con ng, con v t

- cây: cây ng, cây súng, cây ch i,

- chi c: chi c thuy n, chi c lá,

- qu /trái: qu chu i, trái chu i, trái t, qu t,

- quy n/cu n: quy n t p chí, cu n sách, cu n v ,

In translating English nominalizations into Vietnamese, the generic noun or is used before the head noun, which derives from a verb: kinh doanh, phát

In Vietnamese noun phrases, the placement of post-modifiers is flexible, allowing for variations in translation For instance, the English noun phrase "a pretty blue" can be translated as either "váy màu xanh da xinh" or "váy xinh màu xanh da," showcasing the adaptability of modifier positioning in the language.

Identify the mistakes in the noun phrases of the following sentences 15

2 Vegetable is better than meat

4 House over there is mine

5 Many childs are playing in the yard

7 An university is going to be built next year

8 High salary isn't the only thing that matters in a job

10 Those two alike girls are sisters

12 Bottles milk are lying everywhere

Translate the following noun phrases into Vietnamese

5 My noisy 4-year-old white Siamese cat

6 A new Russian leather trench coat

7 A charming small round old brown French oaken writing table

10 A rare, inexplicable type of pneumonia

14 Children who are not biologically his

16 An intriguing new approach to the treatment of the disease

17 Your freedom of worship and your freedom to speak and to build your own life

18 The American literature textbook which has just been published

19 A banner with a distinct, eye-catching phrase in exquisite, unpretentious white italic script:

20 Learning new vocabulary without knowing the grammatical structure of the language is

Translate the following noun phrases into English

3 Cái th ng nhóc nghich ng m

4 Hai i ng i nói chuy n ng kia

5 Ba cái cu n len kia

7 Nh ng vi c bàn hôm b a c

10 M t phát hi n m i gây ch n ng trong gi i khoa h c

11 T t c nh ng cái con mèo y

12 Cái bàn màu nâu b ng g mun

13 M t cô gái tr p, d u dàng, m c chi c áo dài tr ng

14 M t bé gái ch ng tu i, khá xinh, m c áo m tím có ren, tóc c t tr ng

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS & COLLOCATIONS

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Idiomatic expressions could be considered as idioms and fixed expressions which are mostly culture- specific and consequently untranslatable to some extent.

Fixed expressions often have meanings that cannot be deduced from their individual components, making it challenging to find direct translations in other languages In some instances, these expressions may even contradict one another.

- ch c b p: as sure as eggs

- trái t: as old as the hills

A contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions reveals three models 16

16 ng Qu c Thông (n.d.) Prescriptive Translation Book 1 - A Contrastive Study of English and Vietnamese at Word and Sentence Levels USSH HCMC

1 The same referents to express the same ideas

To fish in troubled water Th a c c th câu

To jump down throat Nh y vào h ng ai

All that litters is not gold Ch th y l p lánh mà ng là vang

Barking dog seldom bites Chó s a là chó không c n

2 Different referents to express the same ideas

Too many cooks spoil the broth L m th y th i ma

Give the dog a bad name and hang him Không thì có giòi

To read somebody like a book Hi u ai rõ lòng bàn tay

3 Some idiomatic expressions exist in one language but not in the other

- To rain dogs and cats

- To go to the dogs

Literal translation or word for word translation is not recommended when there is no equivalent for an idiomatic expression Paraphrase or explanation is a better choice in such cases

Divide the students into three groups, with each group responsible for compiling a list of idiomatic expressions based on one of the three specified models After completing their lists, each group will present their findings to the entire class.

COLLOCATIONS

Collocations: co-occurrence of individual lexical (Crystal)

- Adjective noun: heavy labor: lao ng n ng nh c heavy rain: to, l n, n ng h t

- Noun noun: government securities: an ninh qu c gia food security: an ninh th c food safety: an toàn th c ph m

- Verb object: pay a visit tell the time

A swarm of bees/ locusts: b y ong/châu ch u

A herd of elephants/sheep: b voi

A certain Vietnamese collocations require a strict combination without any logical explanation The color black in Vietnamese varies when used in different combinations:

Chó : a black dog, ô: a black horse

Colors are enriched by the words that accompany them, conveying nuances such as lightness or darkness, as well as emotional and figurative meanings This interplay between color and descriptive language enhances the overall understanding and impact of the colors in communication.

Xanh: xanh xanh, xanh lè, xanh

English color terms, such as "pitch black" and "jet black," convey degrees of intensity; however, the complexity of color vocabulary in English does not match that of Vietnamese and often lacks deeper connotative meanings For instance, while "strong" can describe various items in English, it translates differently when referring to coffee and tea in Vietnamese, highlighting distinct cultural nuances in language use.

- The use of Corpus of Contemporary American English COCA or British National Corpus -BNC is helpful in the translation of English collocations

Work in groups and brainstorm a list of collocations that exist in Vietnamese but not in English, and vice versa

VERB PHRASES

ENGLISH VERB PHRASES

A verb phrase is a group of words acting like a verb

A simple English verb phrase consists of a main verb

Your camera takes fantastic pictures Máy hình lung linh quá

A complex verb phrase may include one modal verb and one or more verbs before the main verb A modal verb always comes before any verbs:

- House prices could fall during the next six months Giá nhà có th gi m trong sáu tháng t i

- She may have been being interviewed for a job Perhaps why she was there

Có l lúc y cô c ph ng v n tuy n d ng Có th là lý do t i sao cô có m t

In short, an English verb phrase normally consists of a main verb and any verbs 17

In English, when a verb is followed by another verb, it all depends on the first verb that the second verb may be:

- An infinitive: They decided to stay at home H quy t nh nhà

I can speak French Tôi có th nói c ti ng Pháp

I had him repaint the wall yesterday Hôm qua tôi thuê anh ta l i b c ng

- An -ing form: She enjoys listening to the music Cô y thích nghe nh c

- Both an infinitive and an -ing form:

It began to rain Tr i b t u = It began raining 18

Remember to post this letter when you get there Nh g i lá này khi anh n nhé

I remember posting the letter on the way home 19 Tôi mình lá khi trên nhà

- Both a bare infinitive and an -ing form 20

I saw them talk angrily, but nothing happened

Em nói có có gì ra

I saw them talking angrily, so I left the room I could still hear them from the kitchen

17 An English verb phrase is also defined as a combination of a noun or noun phrase acting as subject to form a simple sentence

18 Without any change of meaning

20 A slightly different meaning in English though not quite obvious in the Vietnamese translation

Em nói có nên em ra phòng Em còn nghe khi trong

A Vietnamese verb phrase has both pre-modifiers and post-modifiers

Chúng tôi chú nghe giáo bài: We attentively listened to our teacher explaining the lesson

Words like o, yet, are put before main verbs whereas xong, are placed after them

The particle is often used after Vietnamese adjectives or verbs to denote motion, process, for example: , which could be likened to the English suffix -en deepen, broaden, brighten

The key distinction between English and Vietnamese verb phrases lies in their structure; English verb forms are inflectional and vary based on the subject's number (singular or plural) and tense (present, past, simple, perfect, or progressive) In contrast, Vietnamese verb phrases remain consistent and do not change regardless of these factors.

Vietnamese learners often neglect the agreement between Subject and Verb as well as verb conjugation in the English version

Identify the mistakes in the verb phrases in the following sentences Then rewrite the correct ones and put them into Vietnamese

1 She take her children to school every day

2 We ask him do it, but he said no

3 This shirt feels very softly

4 This food smells badly Don't eat it!

7 She looked at me angry

8 He's usually stressfully after work.

9 She playful pinched his nose

10 He has do a lot of things recently.

1 Nhân viên công ty nhi t li t ng h ngh m i c a ban giám c

2 Tôi c v i vào trong và tìm c m t ch tr ng hàng cu i cùng

3 Theo s ng th ng kê, trung bình Vi t Nam m i nh p kho ng 20.000 xe các lo i

4 Du khách có th n buôn làng c a ng bào dân t c thi u s huy n

5 Sau nh ng cu c phán, c hai bên l i ti p t c m i quan h h p tác truy n th ng.

ENGLISH TENSES

Work in groups and brainstorm as many English tenses as you can and discuss with your friends about their formation and usage Then compare your results with other

TENSES IN VIETNAMESE

In Vietnamese, verb tense does not hold the same grammatical significance as it does in English Instead, words are utilized to indicate the progress or completion of an action at a specific time, with adverbs related to tense and aspect being part of the sentence structure.

Despite their superficial resemblance, are not always the equivalents of the English past tense, continuous, future and present perfect tense respectively

Consider the following sentences in which the word does not refer to the past time

- s p ngh hè ? => denoting future meaning 22

The use of Vietnamese adverbs denoting time is optional except when 23

- there is a comparison of two sequences of events: Lúc con v qua thì b n t ng lý nó h xu ng r i

- in an answer for a definite time of a particular action: Mày m i mua bao gi th ? Con m i mua ch

- for clarity of ideas: Tôi Pháp b n tháng Tôi Pháp b n tháng

In compensation for the un-inflectional verb form in terms of tenses, lexical items are mainly used in Vietnamese as a means of expressing the idea of tense and aspect

- Lâu nay: Lâu nay không g p m t anh ta I seen him for a long time

- B y gi : B y gi , b n chúng chu n b b ch y They were then ready to flee

- Xong: Hi u xong v n , Having understoodthe circumstances,

- M i: Ngoài ng, t ng nhánh lúa m i bén r cô i b u tr i tím s m In the field, the rice plants that just had taken root looked lonely against the deep violet sky

- R i: Con làm r i I have done that

- V n: H n v n là th máy nên r t rành v máy móc He used to work as a mechanic and so knew many things about machines

The meaning of English past subjunctive mood is transferred into Vietnamese by means of lexical items such as ra, ra, chi, giá là

Oh, Mum, you should have told me you were having dinner ra cho con là

1 Các s n ph m l p ráp t i Vi t Nam b t u giành c s tin ng c a khách hàng và g n chi m th tr ng n i a

2 T 1990, c i cách v ngo i t c ti n b kinh ng c

3 H u h t các nhà qu n tr c ngoài nh n th y r ng qu n lý nhân viên b n x khó h ng ng

4 Lúc này ch c anh ta t p th d c ngoài sân

5 N u gia tôi v n còn s ng quê thì ch c tôi không ti p t c h c lên i h c

6 Bà c bán hàng rong v n ng i nán l i, hy v ng m t i khách nào y ghé l i gánh hàng rong

42 UNIT 9: SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAMESE & ENGLISH MODAL VERBS

SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAMESE & ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 42

VIETNAMESE SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS

A serial verb construction (SVC) consists of two or more verbs that share a single grammatical subject, without the presence of auxiliary verbs or markers of coordination or subordination Examples of SVCs include phrases like "run go get."

Serial verbs are not common in standard English though could be found in some dialects of English

UNIT 9: SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAMESE & ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 43

English is often classified as a non-serial language, whereas Vietnamese is recognized for its frequent use of serial verbs In Vietnamese, multiple verbs with the same subject can be placed consecutively without the need for coordination, subordination, or conjugation of the main verbs.

WAYS OF TRANSLATING VIETNAMESE SERIAL INTO ENGLISH

The list below is a survey of how Vietnamese serial verb constructions are transferred into English in applying appropriate English verb patterns

- Tôi t p suy v m i hành ng c a mình

I practiced thinking thoroughly of all my

- Sáng hôm sau n ng i vi t, gi a ti ng con khóc next morning, sat writing amidst his crying

- Tôi và nh kh p th gian này and I also intend to travel all over this b Persona SVC, e.g

- dùng càng kh hích tôi m t cái used his pincers to give me a slight push / Trui pushed me slightly with his pincers

Watch me tease the Cormorant now!

Journal of Science: Foreign Studies Vol 31, No 4 (2015) 1-10

Bính bà hàng mình, cái con cho bà invited the old lady to her store and gave her the little stool for her to

Tao con nhà mày thôi! merely risk my life fighting with you and your

- vào nhà u ng c! go inside for some

- Sao không vào tôi ? hy not come into my house for a chat

An equivalent verb hé nhìn peeped at Sister

- H n x ng x c ch y vào, ng i s p xu ng, rót u ra bát u ng dashed in, sat straight down, poured spirit out into the bowl and drank

- R i h n l i nh t thu c vào nõ u châm hút thêm u n a

He then filled the pipe with tobacco again, set fire to the spill and took another puff

Translate the following sentences into English Pay attention to how serial verb constructions could be transferred into English

1 Tôi h i h n quy t nh bán nhà

3 i m kh hát ru a con ng

5 Ch m i tôi vào nhà u ng c nói chuy n

ENGLISH MODAL VERBS

Work in pairs and make a list of English modal verbs that you know Then discuss with your partner about their meanings.

WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH MODAL VERBS INTO VIETNAMESE

English modal verbs have meanings that extend beyond textbook definitions, as their translations into Vietnamese can vary significantly based on context The following list provides an overview of these translations.

CAN/ COULD : có th a Ability: Shecould picture her face,

Cô có hình dung khuôn hàng chân b Permission: Can I tag along with the camera?

Em có mang theo máy quay theo các không? c Possibility: She believe he had had the audacity to say that to her

Nàng không tin rằng anh trai mình có thể làm điều đó Xin lỗi, nếu bạn có thể chờ một chút, tôi sẽ cố gắng tìm ra cho bạn Này cô, nếu cô có thể cho tôi thêm giây lát, tôi sẽ cố gắng tìm lời giải cho cô.

WILL a Prediction: b Volition: My mate wants to know if you go out with him? mình có ý không

WOULD a Prediction: Would that be Declan sister?

Có là c gái Declan Kennedy không? b Volition: How she would give anything to have one of those little arguments now

Holly often found herself laughing uncontrollably, leading her to hand the phone to Gerry during their conversations Despite the lighthearted moments, there were times when their playful banter sparked minor disagreements.

When considering advice, it's important to recognize that one should prioritize self-care and not overlook personal responsibilities In terms of obligation, individuals often find themselves needing to adapt and manage their circumstances effectively Additionally, assessing the probability of safety in a given situation is crucial; one can reasonably conclude that it should be secure in that context.

MUST a Obligation: One must not speak of such things Không c nói n chuy n b Deduction: It was bright and slightly chilling must be morning Tr i l nh, ch c là bu i sáng

She may as well tell them, otherwise Declan would beat it out of her

Có nàng nên nói không Declan công

When faced with serious illness, he humorously reflected on his overly cautious lifestyle Similarly, Sharon recognized that she must have appeared unkempt, with greasy hair, dark roots, and a dirty robe.

MODALITY IN VIETNAMESE

Vietnamese verbs encompass a subgroup that conveys the speaker's subjective evaluation, attitude, willingness, and determination regarding an event or perspective This includes equivalents of English modal verbs like "nên" (should) and "không" (not), as well as additional verbs such as "b" that indicate the assessment of chances or misfortunes Other verbs like "trong," "mong," and "chúc" express desire, while "dám" and "thôi" reflect unfulfilled wishes.

In transferring these verbs into English, appropriate choice of modal verbs in terms of meaning and tenses would help successful translation

Another special trait of modality in Vietnamese is the use of particles such as à, nào, nhé, âu, which do not exist in English

Particles of modality in translation from Vietnamese into English are either dropped or replaced by appropriate modal verbs and/or the right verb tenses

Be sure to add the particles of modality à, at the end of the sentences in the Vietnamese version for naturalness

2 We could meet at the weekend

3 My keys must be in the car

4 That can't be my coat It's too small

5 Students may not travel for free

6 Will you carry this for me, please?

7 It could be very cold there in winter

8 It's ten o'clock They might have arrived by now

9 It's nearly eleven o'clock They should have arrived by now

10 They know the way here They can't have got lost!

11 You look happy You must have heard the good news

12 If Jones was at work until six, he couldn't have done the murder

13 He often criticized his wife in the presence of their guests No gentlemen would behave like that

14 As a subject of King George, you know that your freedom of worship and your freedom to speak and to build your own life would be ultimately limited by the throne (Barack Obama)

15 He would not tell the police where he had hidden the money he robbed

2 Tôi ao c có m t cu c i anh

3 Ph i nói r ng chính sách th ng tr c a các vua tri u Nguy n b n cùng hóa t ng l p nông dân

4 Mu n xây d ng m t n n âm nh c Vi t Nam có giá tr sau này, l t t nhiên là ph i n thanh thi u nhi lên

5 Tôi quên th nào c nh ng c m giác trong sáng c a bu i t u ng

PASSIVE VOICE

After finishing unit 10, students should be able to:

- Describe the use of English passive voice

- Explain the meaning of passive voice in English and Vietnamese

- Compare and contrast the use of passive voice in English and Vietnamese

- Select an appropriate form of English verb phrase and proper Vietnamese lexical items in translation

Work in groups and discuss the formation of the English passive structures that you know

Besides the common passive structures in English, there is Pseudo passive which is when the subject is inanimate, non-agent passive construction, especially the structure It is + past participle

In this case, a generic Vietnamese noun ta, con is often used to replace the grammatical subject It and the sentence becomes an active one

In the old days, it was believed that the sun revolved around the earth con tin xoay vòng quanh trái

An English passive sentence often contains the doer of the action introduced by the preposition by or with , translated into Vietnamese by or respectively

The villagers were poisoned with drug and alcohol

In practice, the Vietnamese equivalent of by is numerous depending on context, such as 26

Ear, eye and mind were alike strained by the dread tai và tâm trí tôi vì hùng

He is considered a just and liberal landlord by his tenants

Tôi tin các tá thì ông là công và rãi

I perceive these pictures were done by one hand

Tôi tranh này do tay

Some Vietnamese linguists acknowledge the existence of passive voice in Vietnamese 27 with the use of particles

- Nó c b m t ng quà sinh nh t

- Thành ph b bão tàn phá n ng n

However, others 28 object to the idea that there is passive voice in Vietnamese in stating that the two particles do not always convey the passive meaning

- Hôm qua tôi c m t b a r t ngon Yesterday I had a very delicious meal

- Nó b té xe hôm qua He fell off the bicycle yesterday

- ng, các em c bóng They could play fooball at school

- Chúng tôi không b We hungry

26 Sources of examples: Tr n Anh Kim, b n d Jane Eyre

27 Nguy n Phú Phong (1976), Hoàng Tr ng Phi n (1980), Lê Xuân Th i (1989)

28 Cao Xuân H o (1991), Nguy n Kim Th n (1977), Nguy n Minh Thuy t (1986, 1998)

A compromise view is that passive meaning in Vietnamese could be expressed by the use of function words and word order 29

The passive meaning in Vietnamese could also be expressed by other particles 30 such as:

- M C nào lão ta : Surely, he will be trapped Công Hoan) Thôi ta ông lão này We have been cheated by the old man

The parents have to be punished (Ngô

English and Vietnamese sentences exhibit no direct correlation regarding the use of passive structures This indicates that an English passive sentence may be translated into Vietnamese with an active meaning, and conversely, an active sentence in English can be rendered as passive in Vietnamese.

This discovery is the result of a year-long study examining the successes and failures of various services across different countries.

- Vùng này v a m i b m t tr n bão quét qua A storm just swept over this region

29 Nguy n H ng C n & Bùi Th Diên (2004) Lingustics Vol 7

30 ng Qu c Thông (n.d.) Prescriptive Translation Book 1 - A Contrastive Study of English and Vietnamese at Word and Sentence Levels USSH HCMC

In English passive sentences, the doer of the action typically appears at the end or may be omitted entirely In contrast, Vietnamese allows the doer to be positioned in the middle of the sentence, particularly when converting to an active structure.

He was brought up by the nuns: Anh ta các bà nuôi

1 He was looked after by his grandmother

2 He was given a book for his birthday

3 They might have been invited to the party.

4 The doors are going to be locked at ten o'clock

5 Be careful with that glass It might get broken

6 The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.

7 You shouldn't have done that You ought to be punished

8 That man has never been known to lie before

9 The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store

10 It is believed that hostility and negativity also affect blood pressure

11 It was believed that he had died in the battle

12 It is difficult for this test to be finished in one hour

13 It is rumored that he will be made president of the committee

14 It can be pointed out that in most cases men are more aggressive than women

15 More emphasis should be placed on the teaching of communication skills than grammar rules

1 Xe này là c a Nh t s n xu t

2 B a d n ra, c nhà vui v ng i vào bàn

3 Ngôi nhà này xây b ng g ch

4 Th ng bé ph i m t tr n vì mãi không ch u h c bài

7 Ti ng con chim ca b át b i ti ng còi rút

8 Anh n phòng nha nh cái sâu.

PHRASES

ENGLISH INFINITIVE PHRASES

An English infinitive phrase is a group of words that begins with an infinitive and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb

As a noun to work as a subject or object of a sentence

- To swim in the pool made the children very happy làm b n tr vui h n lên

- The first step is to control the company c u tiên là n m quy n ki m soát công ty

As an adjective to modify the preceding noun

The best method to fix the car is to take it to the shop

Cách xe là nó ra

Jason wants to be a doctor to save lives.

An infinitive phrase functions as an adverb when it modifies the verb in a sentence, indicating aspects such as time, place, manner, reason, or purpose This phrase can be positioned at either the beginning or the end of the sentence for clarity and emphasis.

The infinitive phrase used as adverb ofpurpose could be replaced by FOR + Noun

He went back to get some water => He went back for some water

Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese Pay attention to the underlined infinitive phrases

1 To integrate into the rest of the world, our country needs to diversify its foreign relations

2 To declare that the company has successfully achieved the goal is an illusion

3 The function of schooling is to provide the means for each person to be self- supporting

4 To say that knows he is doing is to endow the child with a moral sense

5 To be or not to be - that is the (Shakespeare)

Translate the following sentences into English in using infinitive phrases where applicable Pay attention to the underlined parts

1 Ch c a nhà c là dùng thu làm b y phát tri n s n xu t

2 Kh phát tri n cây cao su Vi t Nam còn r t l n c khai thác h t

3 Nhi u i mua s n ph m có hi u v i mong mu n c s công nh n c a xã h i và là cách nâng cao a v c a mình

4 Không ph i th , trong vi c i xin mà nói n ti n thì nghe ti n l m, ph i không, c ?

5 Hy sinh l i ích cá nhân là v l i ích c a i khác là c a b n thân mình.

ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

A participial phrase is a phrase that looks like a verb, but it actually functions as an adjective which modifies a noun in the same sentence

A participial phrase is formed in two ways: a Using a Present Participle (V-ing)

Turning the light on, Haley walks into the room.

Practicing with his favorite teacher, the student learned how to swim easily

Quickly opening the bag, Carrie found her favorite notebook

The participial phrase should be put next to the noun it modifies and separated by a comma

*Feeling tired, the book was placed on the shelf by Jessie => wrong position

=> Feeling tired, Jessie placed the book on the shelf

Gerunds (also V-ing) are verbs that are used as nouns

- Gerund: Searching for gold is favorite past time Tìm vàng là thú vui gi i trí c a Derek

- Participial phrase: Searching for gold, Derek spent all his time in the field Mãi tìm vàng, Derek b h t ngày tr i trên cánh ng b Using a Past Participle (V-ed)

- Frightened by the loud fireworks, the dog hid under the couch S ti ng pháo n , con chó tr n i g m gh

- Injured during the soccer match, Marco had to leave the field B ch n trong tr n u, Marco ph i r i sân

A phrase beginning with a present participle indicates an active meaning, as it describes the doer of the action, while a phrase starting with a past participle conveys a passive meaning, highlighting the receiver of the action in the sentence.

1 Framed and hung, the painting lit up the room

2 The phone was almost out of battery power, blinking in the dark

3 Sally took off her shoes, drained from the long day at work

4 Bob reached for the cereal box stored in the back of the cupboard

5 Torn at the seams, his coat had seen better days

6 Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine

7 My sister, discouraged by the long hours and low pay, finally quit her job

8 Sweeping across the night sky, the bats hunted their prey

9 Having finished cleaning his room, Alex went to sleep

10 To nations and people seeking a future of peace and prosperity, you have a partner in the United States (Barack Obama)

11 Slowly tracing the footprints in the garden, I thought of a couple strolling in the shade

12 Laughing and shrieking, the girls rushed out of the room

13 Having been married very early, the couple led a very tough life before they could settle down in a nice home

14 Asked why he had no girlfriend, he laughed and replied: money

15 Noting how serious corruption is undermining the country, the government has stepped up the anti-corruption campaign

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

PREPOSITIONS

Work in pairs and make a list of English prepositions you know Share it to other pairs in the class

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence

Preposition + noun: He displayed love towards his dog

Preposition + V-ing: We are looking forward to seeing you at the ceremony

Vietnamese linguists are divided on whether prepositions should be classified as a distinct word class While some argue that prepositions function as an independent part of speech, similar to their roles in English or French, others view them as a subset of connectives.

31 Di Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB Giáo D c-HN

32 Nguy n Tài C n (1999) Ng pháp ti ng Vi t HN

The relationship between English and Vietnamese prepositions is not one-to-one, making direct translations often unsuccessful For instance, translating prepositions word for word between the two languages can lead to misunderstandings.

- ambassador to the USA (NOT ambassador in the USA)

- work from home: làm vi c nhà

ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A prepositional phrase in English comprises a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of that object Typically, these phrases serve as adjectives or adverbs, enhancing the meaning of nouns, pronouns, or verbs.

- The cat in the middle is the cutest Con mèo gi a xinh nh t

- The cupcake with colorful sprinkles is yours M y cái bánh nh có r c bông ng nhi u màu là c a em

- He arrived in time Anh ta n ng gi

- Harry drank his beer with fervor Harry u ng ly bia c a mình m t cách nhi t tình

- To find the person who stole the last cookie, look behind you Mu n tìm i l y cái bánh cu i cùng thì nhìn ra phía sau anh

Besides the similarities of meaning cited in dictionaries (in: trong, on: trên, up: lên, down: , , some differences could be identified as follows:

- In the sky: trên tr i

- In the tree: trên cây

- In the yard: trong sân, trên sân, ngoài sân, c sân

- Against the wall: d a vào ng

- To talk to: nói chuy n v i

Prepositional phrases enhance the meaning of the nouns and verbs they accompany by providing additional details regarding appearance, traits, age, instruments, and manner However, it's important to note that the selection of prepositions in English does not always align with those in Vietnamese, as demonstrated in various examples.

1 The woman in the black skirt: n i ph n m c váy

2 The woman in the large hat and the high-heeled shoes i ph n i cái nón l n và giày cao gót

3 A young man with good looks: m t thanh niên có nét m t thanh tú

4 A businessman with a good knowledge of European markets: nhà kinh doanh có các Châu Âu

5 A man with a cheerful disposition: môt cótính tình vui

6 A boy in his teens: M t a con trai tu i thi u niên

7 A woman in her twenties: M t ph n tu i

8 A boy at/of 14: M t a bộ trai ỉ 14 tu i

9 Our duties as citizens Nh ng trỏch nhi mỉ cụng dõn c a chỳng ta

10 her obligations as a mother: hoàn thành nh ng b n ph n làm m c a bà

11 to stop the rapid decline in living standards: c g ng ch n ng s gi m sỳt nhanh chúng (v /trong) ỉ m c sinh ho t

12 The problem of juvenile delinquency: V n thi u niờn ỉ ph m phỏp

14 He killed the animal with a stick: Ông y gi t con v t b ng cái g y

15 He tore the bag open with his teeth: Anh y dùng xé to c cái bao

16 They fought with great courage: H chi n u (m t cỏch) ỉ h t s c c m

17 He embarked upon his new research project with great enthusiasm: Anh ta b t tay vào trình nghiên c u c a mình m t cách h t s c hái

18 With only two months to go before Election Day, this presidential candidate has to intensify his campaigns: Vì/ Trong b i c nh ch còn vài tháng n a là t i ngày b u c , ng viên t ng th ng này ph i gia ng các cu c v n ng c a mình

19 He read the book for information: Anh y c cu n sách l y thông tin

20 He sneaked out for some shopping: Anh y l n ra mua s m

21 He was killed by a stray bullet Anh y ch t vì m t viên n l c

A prepositional phrase could be replaced by an adverb:

Some prepositional phrases including a preposition and an adjective or adverb or another preposition are considered idiomatic expressions, such as in short, in particular, until now, from behind the

Notice the different prepositions used in English and Vietnamese in the sentences below:

- Is he still angry at the world? Anh chàng v n còn gi n d i v i c th gi i ch ?

- The entire room was astonished by the election results C khán phòng u ng c nhiên v i k t qu cu c b u c 34

1 I always buy my milk from the convenience store on Main Street

2 My mother has always wanted to live in a cabin by the lake

3 A man with a broken leg was hospitalized last night

4 We can learn by making mistakes

5 We read your article with great interest.

6 His passion for books is so great that he pays no attention to anyone else, even his family

7 The ball is in the river

8 The key fell into the water

9 With the trees gone, the land became barren and lost its fertility

10 This has changed his attitude towards marriage

11 In reply to the reporters about the coming election, the President assures that everything is in tight security

12 People with disabilities have to face with a lot of problems both physically and emotionally

13 Peter is a young man with a head full of conspiracy theories

14 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth, without having to worry about her future

15 With more and more women working outside the home full time, the traditional division of household chores should be changed

Translate the following sentences into English Attention should be given to the translation of underlined prepositions

1 Cô xòe bàn tay i ánh nh t nh t

2 ng trên i này có gì làm anh ng c nhiên n th

3 bao gi anh k chuy n ngoài B c cho ch nghe

4 Chú không t chi c ba lô xu ng m t gh mà c n tr ng t lên m t bàn

5 Anh d a chi c xe p c a mình vào ng

6 Cô gái l y ra t trong túi m t phong bì dán kín

7 Con ng t c ng nhà máy ra n qu c l ch dài kho ng tám mét

8 Anh ch th y i lúi húi i m t h cát to

9 Cô ng i ch t gí trên góc ván không còn c m giác v i b y mu i i chân

10 Hai a tr ch ng ng lên chào khách b ng m t cái g t u r i l i cúi xu ng nh ng cu n sách

CLAUSES & NOUN CLAUSES

CLAUSES

A clause is comprised of a group of words which includes a subject and a finite verb, and functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence

There are different types of clauses, namely noun clause, relative clause or adjective clause and adverb clause.

NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause functions as a noun within a sentence and typically begins with words like how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why.

- I know that patience has its limits

- There is no meaning in what you say

As an apposition, a noun clause looks like an adjective or a relative clause

His knowledge that he is honest gave him the courage to fight

Word order in an English noun clause follows the affirmative pattern of S+V+O time is it => I know what time it is now

Word order in English and Vietnamese noun clauses is not always the same

- I know how many cars he has

Tôi không có bao nhiêu xe

- Nobody knows where he lives

1 Ask your child what he wants for dinner.

2 The belief that he is a good guy turns out to be an illusion

3 My wish that I could become a pop star someday haunts me every single day

4 That he is a brave man is admitted by all.

5 We never know how much of what he says is true

6 That the new director can speak Vietnamese fluently is a big surprise to all of us

7 What worries doctors the most is that their patients do not take medicine regularly

8 That you should cheat me hurts me

9 That he did not seem to have any luggage made me feel uneasy

10 Why the top political leader did not appear in public for a long time was a secret

RELATIVE CLAUSES

ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES

An English relative clause starts with a relative pronoun (e.g who, that, which, whose and whom) and usually comes immediately after the noun it describes

- the people who want to buy our house H là nh ng i mu n mua nhà c a chúng ta

- They should give the money to people ỉ they think need the treatment most

H nên trao ti n cho nh ng i mà h c n ph i c u tr nh t

The Vietnamese connective mà is often used as the equivalent of the English relative pronouns which, who, that and also put after the nouns

- Cu n sách mà tôi thích: the book thatI like

- He has bought the house near the riverbank that his wife likes

Anh mua nhà sông mà anh thích

WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH RELATIVE PRONOUNS INTO VIETNAMESE 68

In Vietnamese translations, there is a notable tendency to omit English relative pronouns, which occurs in both subjective and objective adjective clauses This phenomenon highlights a significant difference in grammatical structure between the two languages.

- A picture of a woman and a young girl, who looked like the daughter và cụ bộ ỉ trụng con gỏi

- There is a factory which supplies farmers all over the world with chemical preparations Cú m t nhà mỏy ỉ cung c p cỏc ch ph m húa h c cho cỏc nụng dân trên kh p th gi i

- Through an opening among the leaves, which covered the face of the water, he suddenly beheld the scene below

Qua lỏ ỉ xen trờn ụng ý nhỡn các bên

Besides the dominant trend to drop the English relative pronouns in the Vietnamese version, there are still other ways to translate them. a By using the connective

- She thought of the day that he took her away from her parents across the roaring

Nàng cái ngày mà chàng nàng nhà cha phía bên kia sông

Electoral politics serve as the cornerstone of a democratic political system, forming the essential framework that supports democratic governance These political processes are vital for ensuring representation and accountability within a democracy.

- The railway-line delivers you at its station (which has now and then been repainted but otherwise stands as it stood eighty years ago)

UNIT 14: RELATIVE CLAUSES 69 xa ga (ga này không thì nó cách 80 35

- They knocked at the door through which no visitor had passed gõ , cánh tám nay không có khách nào qua 36 c By using a generic noun (like ch , i,

- He went to the corner where his wife sat, paused before

- He had to go to the temple and tell the priest who had married them or his godfather in whom he could confide easily

Có nên ngôi trình bày giáo, làm cho hay có bày dàng

- The tall boy with a very pale face who was to be a lawyer had been lieutenant in

Th ng con trai cao ráo v i khuôn m t xanh xao, i s là lu t t ng là trung úy trong i c m t 37

Peter began the search for a room where he could reside for the upcoming months.

- I took the purse to the police station where I handed it to the sergeant on charge Tôi cái bóp n n c nh sát, tôi trao nó cho m t viên trung làm nhi m v

Reduced adjective clauses in English do not influence the translation into Vietnamese

35 Translated by (2003) C m nang luy n d ch và ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb

36 Translated by Nguy n M nh Th o (2014) Th c hành biên d o Nxb Tr

37 Translated by Nguy n M nh Th o (2014) Th c hành biên d o Nxb Tr

Two boys who stood / who were standing before him brought to his mind the image of himself in the old days

=> Two boys standing before him brought to his mind the image of himself in the old days

Hai bé anh là hình chính anh ngày

The girl who has blue eyes has won the beauty contest

=> The girl with blue eyes has won the beauty contest

Cô gái có xanh ch thi hoa

In Vietnamese translations of English, the frequent omission of relative pronouns can lead to grammatical inaccuracies To ensure correct English sentences, it is recommended to either include the missing relative pronouns or adjust the sentence structures accordingly.

- Con ng ỉ v làng quỏ quen thu c này b ng thành l

The road that had led her to the village so many times before now looked like a stranger

- D a trên nh ng tri th c m i nh t c a v t lý h c, hóa h c, sinh h c, u khi n h c ỉ v i cỏch là s lý thuy t c a n n k thu t hi n i,

On the basis of the latest information supplied by physics, chemistry, biology, cybernetics and so on, which can be considered the theoretical framework of modern technology

1 Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year

2 Allen, who scored three goals in the first game, was the only player to perform well

3 That was the end of the dispute that cost plenty of time and efforts, which should have been devoted to researches

4 The picture shows us the scene where the police were punishing a pedestrian who had violated a traffic law by making him sniff the ground

5 I stayed with Jane whose sister is one of my closest friends at college

6 There were some noisy people in the audience, one of whom kept interrupting the speaker

7 I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke

8 I want to live in a place where there are a lot of jobs available

9 The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of the year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden

10 There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years ACTIVITY 2

Translate the following sentences into English in using relative clauses where applicable

1 em xem cu n sách trên bàn anh m i mua hôm qua

2 Mình thích cái váy ca-rô mà b n ch n cho con gái

3 Giáo d c ph thông t nh ng s ban u, r t quan tr ng cho s phát tri n toàn di n con i

4 Có th b n có r t nhi u b n bè không ph i lúc nào b n nh n h

5 V y, i ph n ch vi c lo chuy n n i tr thôi thì làm sao có th c bình quy n hoàn toàn v i nam gi i

6 Tao chúa ghét m y con nít thông minh, t c là m y a h c bài nhoáng m t cái thu c vanh vách (Nguy n Nh t Ánh)

7 Anh l y cái mu ng nh dò tách cà phê thu c B c

8 Là m t qu c gia có tình tr ng m i nhanh chóng tr nên quan tr ng trên th gi i, Vi t Nam chính th c gia nh p WTO

9 là t câu chuy n ríu ran (cheerful) c a cô gái anh ta g p trên tàu?

10 Quan h m u d ch song không x ng v i ti m m i bên, u này c n ph i c gia trong th i gian t i

ADVERB CLAUSES

ENGLISH ADVERB CLAUSES

An adverb clause functions as an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Adverb clauses serve to provide essential information regarding time, place, condition, manner, reason, effect, and contrast These clauses are linked to the main clause through subordinating conjunctions and are typically set off by a comma when positioned at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

- Harry went home after the movie ended.

Harry nhà sau khi phim thúc/ sau khi phim

- Even though I was full, I stop eating

- Peter, while he was almost crying from the pain, decided to finish the race

Because is more common in informal conversations than since or as

English conditional clauses can also be translated into Vietnamese without the conjunction if when the sentence expresses volition or purpose:

- If you want to enter college, you have to make preparations right now 38 ỉ vào anh ngay bõy

- If our country is to become a dragon, we must work hard ỉ c húa chỳng ta lao

WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH SUBORDINATING INTO VIETNAMESE

The conjunction as has several meanings: to denote time, reason, manner, has different Vietnamese equivalents depending on the context

Khi, lúc => I watched my mother as she prepared dinner

Tôi nhìn dõi theo lúc

Vì => As it was so sunny, he walked to the park

Vì quá, anh trong công viên

=> He walked past as if he seen us

Anh ngang qua không nhìn tôi

(là) => The room was decorated just ashe had imagined phòng trang trí gì anh ra

The subjunctive mood frequently appears in hypothetical sentences following the conjunction "as if." However, it is nearly impossible to translate into Vietnamese due to the unchanged verb form, requiring readers to depend on the context provided by surrounding words to determine if the sentence is expressing a hypothetical scenario or a factual statement.

She walked as if she were heading to the gallows

Cô ta lên giá treo

An English sentence which contains an adverb clause with though, although is often translated into Vietnamese in adding (but) before the main clause

Although it rained, they enjoyed their walk

On the contrary, for a similar Vietnamese sentence structure to be translated into English, it is advisable that either the word dù or be dropped

In Vietnamese, there are conjunctive pairs 39 , which do not entirely correspond with the English counterparts syntactically, such as:

The conjunctive pair serves to convey both intention and condition, similar to the English if-clause It plays a crucial role in expressing hypothetical scenarios and outcomes, enhancing the clarity of communication.

If our country is to become a dragon, we must work hard

Work in your group and make a list of English subordinating conjunctions that you have learned Share your list with other groups

1 She looked as though she was in pain

2 You can play the game provided that you follow the rules

3 He go to university unless he studies very hard

4 Mary cried as if she had been in great pain

5 Walk carefully lest you should fall

6 Joseph was very popular whereas his brother had more enemies than friends

7 I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.

8 When the sun goes down, it gets dark

9 Though I tried to be free with them, they did not seem to like me

10 They came to talk to me as soon as I entered the classroom

11 It was a long time since someone had come to talk to me on their own

12 He will always support me whether I succeed or not

13 I did not feel good about it as I was always an introvert

14 There is so much competition to enter a good Korean university that students start to prepare very early

15 Since e got a few minutes to wait for the train, have a cup of coffee

16 We eat so that we may live

17 Once you learn it, you never forget

1 Chuông n thoai v n reo vang th ch c a chi c n tho i v n còn s ng sót sau tr n thiên tai*

2 Di n viên n thi u m t vai, o di n b o tôi th

3 không s c nh c n i chân n a, nàng ng i x p xu ng chõng

4 Th trong khi các công ty trong c h h thì i v i các nhà ki n trúc và các nhà thi t k thì m i vi c nào n nh

5 Và b i l trên th ng hi n có khá nhi u lo i xe g n máy nên cu c c nh tranh h n là r t gay go

6 G n nhi u ng trong làng c lát g ch nên s ch s c

7 V ti u công ngh , ph n d ph n s n xu t trong nh ng công vi c nh nhàng

8 Dù thuê n a, b n ph i tr m t s ti n c ngay khi b n n

9 Vì th gi i hi n nay khan hi m nhi u th , ai ai c khuyên nên s n xu t thêm

10 M c dù không c thành th o ti ng Anh cho l m, th l c ng lao ng

Vi t Nam c giáo d c nhanh chóng, n m b t c các k m i

When utilizing adverb clauses of condition in English, it's essential to understand the three primary types: zero conditional, first conditional, and second conditional The zero conditional is used for universal truths and facts, typically formed with the present simple tense in both the condition and result clauses In contrast, the first conditional is employed for real and possible situations, often formed with the present simple tense in the condition clause and the future simple tense in the result clause The second conditional, on the other hand, is used for hypothetical and unlikely situations, typically formed with the past simple tense in the condition clause and the present conditional tense in the result clause, highlighting the distinct meanings conveyed by each type.

WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH CONDITIONAL INTO VIETNAMESE

English "if" clauses convey factual implications or hypothetical scenarios through various verb tenses, while Vietnamese conditionals depend on specific lexical items.

Table 1: Conditional clause in Vietnamese

Conditional clause in Vietnamese Main clause in

Type 1 là, nhiên là thì

Type 2 , mà, may ra, giá

Type 3 ngày giá mà, giá mà ngày giá mà giá chi , có là, thì bây Apart from If, If only , other English conjunctions commonly used in conditional clauses are: As long as: là, là; Unless: khi, phi, Provided that: là

Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese.

1 If you freeze water, it becomes solid

2 If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often

3 I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job

4 I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home

5 You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight

6 If we had a garden, we could have a cat

7 I wouldn't worry if I were you

8 I was allowed to go off by myself provided that I promised to be careful

9 John would have bought a Ferrari if he ever had had the money to buy one

10 I hope to go to college next year, assuming that I pass my exams

1 N u hôm h n b b t g p t nh p nhà i hàng xóm, h n là h n ch u 2 tù và ph t v

2 Giá c tâm s , c giãi bày có l cô c m th y nh nhõm c chút ít

3 N u b n bi t r i thì tôi ch ng gi u làm gì

4 u theo c i (renovated theater) tôi ph i t c u v i r t nhi u gian ngh Tú Trinh nói

5 xu t kh u c hàng hóa qua các c trong kh i EU, chúng ta c n ph i nghiên c u lu t pháp và th ng các c

LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS

LEXICAL ISSUES

This article explores the key differences in word meaning, word choice, and unique lexical characteristics between English and Vietnamese, which can pose challenges for student translators By focusing on these distinct features of each language, translators can achieve greater naturalness and accuracy in translating problematic lexical items.

80 UNIT 16: LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS

1 Culture-specific words such as traditional practice, festivities or names of objects that only exist in one language such as: b t r , l ch m ngõ, áo dài, etc in Vietnamese , and baby shower, Saint Patrick Day, tuxedo, etc in English are almost untranslatable In such cases, one of the following suggestions may be used:

- Keeping the original word and using a footnote for further explanation;

- Using a hypernym, for example: g o, => rice snow, flake, flurry => tuy t

While bilingual dictionaries can provide equivalents, they may not convey the exact meaning found in the source language Therefore, it's essential to verify definitions using a monolingual dictionary, particularly when dealing with hypernyms.

- Xe: xe p, xe g n máy, xe xe t i => vehicle: bicycle, motorbike, car, truck, van, lorry

- Con bò: bull, ox, cow

- Con gà: cork, hen, chicken

2 Vietnamese bi-syllabic words and reduplication: Vietnamese has a strong tendency towards words having two syllables (t song ti t) For example: chuy n no chuy n vui bu n, nhà c a, ti n nong Reduplication though may have a rather different shade of meaning is also preferrable, partly for the rhythm rather than the meaning itself and could be ignored, for example: bu n bã, cu ng cu ng, i i nói nói,

- T trong nhà ti ng nh c vang lên

- Trên ng bay bay m y tà áo tr ng

UNIT 16: LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS 81

3 The tendency of verbalization in Vietnamese Nouns and adjectives or any other word class could be temporarily used as verbs in Vietnamese For example:

Tôi không con gì anh 41

4 Onomatopoeia: English and Vietnamese have different ways of describing sounds rain tapping: rào rào; chuông kêu bong bong: the bell tolled; rattle: lóc cóc; murmur: rì

5 English varieties: there are different words for the same thing in different countries where English is spoken as a native language: lift /elevator, parliament/ congress prime minister/premier/chancellor minister of foreign affairs/ secretary of state

Work with your partner and try to translate the following lexical items into Vietnamese

41 ng Qu c Thông (n.d.) Prescriptive Translation Book 1- A Contrastive Study of English and Vietnamese at Word and Sentence Levels USSH HCMC

Work with your partner and try to translate the following lexical items into English

Be sure to use the tips for translating culture-specific words above before checking dictionaries for an accepted translation (if any)

- Áo bà ba ca tài t

- Xu ng ba lá Nhà tình

6 Puns: using a word or two words with the same sound (piece/peace) in their two possible senses, usually for the purpose of arousing laughter or amusement

When it is translated for fun, it can be compensated by another pun with a different but associated meaning

I had no outlook but an uplook rather.

Translating puns in poetry can be challenging, often leading to their omission However, when the meaning is significant, it is essential to convey the pun through translation and explanation.

1 Question: Why did the fly fly?

Answer: Because the spider spied her

2 Question: Why did the scarecrow win a Nobel Prize?

Answer: For being outstanding in his field!

3 The past, the present, and the future walked into a bar It was tense

4 I stayed up all night to see where the sun went Then it dawned on me

5 không khó mà khó không

42 Lê S (2003, p.26) C m nang luy n d ch và ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb hóa Thông tin

UNIT 16: LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS 83

THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS

A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two things that are not related, but which share some common characteristics

- The assignment was a breeze (= the assignment is not difficult.)

- Her voice is music to his ears (= her voice makes him feel happy.)

Primary metaphors are generally not problematic for translators, but students of translation often struggle with more intricate forms, including complex, extended, and conceptual metaphors.

There are different opinions on the translation of metaphors whether they are translatable (Kloepfer, 1981; Mason, 1982) or untranslatable (Nida, 1964; Dagut 1967)

Newmark (1988, p.107) presented seven strategies to translate metaphors as follows:

1 Reproducing the same image in the target language

2 Replacing the image in the source language with a standard target language image which does not clash with the target language culture

3 Translation of metaphor by simile, retaining the image

4 Translation of metaphor (or simile) by simile plus sense, or occasionally metaphor plus sense

5 Conversion of metaphor to sense

6 Deletion If the metaphor is redundant or serves no practical purpose, there is a case for its deletion, together with its sense component

7 Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor combined with sense The addition of a gloss or an explanation by the translator is to ensure that the metaphor will be understood 43

43 Source: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-language/newmark-and-the-translation-of-metaphors-english- language-essay.php

Work in pairs and try to identify the metaphors in the following sentences Then translate the sentences into Vietnamese

1 The snow is a white blanket

2 The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens

4 I have the time to give you

5 Her tears were a river flowing down the cheeks

6 The stormy ocean was a raging bull

7 All my hatred for the old dragon came back

8 She was a rock star at our last business presentation

9 Words are daggers when spoken in anger

10 A new road to freedom passes through the valley of death

Work in groups and try to understand the poem in which there is a metaphor Discuss in your group what it is, and then translate the poem into Vietnamese

Hope is the thing with feathers

That perches in the soul

And sings the tune without the words

And never stops at all

Emily Dickinson - Hope is the Thing with Feathers

MODELING THE PROCEDURES

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

The translation procedures include two phases.

- Analysis phase: The source text is analyzed so that lexical items and grammatical structures are identified The main idea of the text will also be found

- Transfer phase: Appropriate vocabularies and grammatical structures are selected and put together into grammatically correct and meaningful sentences.

PROCEDURES OF ENGLISH VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

- Step 1: Skim through the title and the whole text for main ideas

Read the first and last paragraphs carefully

Read the first and last sentence of the paragraph

- Step 2: Identify discourse type (for the right structures and vocabularies): written or spoken form, formal versus informal style

86 UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES literary texts, academic texts argumentative, expository, narrative

Read each sentence for main verb(s), subject (s), object (s)

Identify problematic lexical items and structures

Use the right sentence structure or an equivalent form for each sentence

Use the right word(s) or an equivalent

- Step 5: Put the main parts into a Vietnamese sentence, adding modifiers and/or subordinate clauses (if any)

- Step 6: Translate the whole paragraph, then the whole text

- Step 7: Edit each sentence, paragraph and the whole text (both semantic and communicative translation) Be sure to add some Vietnamese particles (b , c, à, nh , nhé, for naturalness

- Step 8: Translate the title last

PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

- Step 1 and Step 2: similar to the procedures of English-Vietnamese Translation

Read each sentence for main verb(s), subject (s), object (s) Pay attention to the ellipsis (omission) of sentence elements in Vietnamese texts

Identify problematic lexical items and structures

In Vietnamese, the concept of time is often conveyed through lexical items rather than explicit verb tenses Words like "rì," "xong," and "sắp" serve as crucial indicators of time, helping to establish the context of actions Unlike English, which utilizes a comprehensive tense system, Vietnamese relies on these time modifiers and contextual cues to communicate temporal meaning effectively When translating or interpreting Vietnamese sentences, it is essential to consider these elements to accurately reflect the intended timeframe in English.

Use the right English sentence structure or an equivalent form for each sentence

Use the right word(s) or an equivalent or sometimes a phrase when there is no corresponding word in English

- Step 5: Put the main parts into an English sentence of the regular pattern of S -V- (O), adding modifiers and/or subordinate clauses (if there is one main idea supported by details)

When translating complex Vietnamese sentences into English, it is often necessary to split them into shorter sentences This is especially true when multiple ideas are combined in a single Vietnamese sentence To ensure grammatical correctness in English, it is important to repeat the subject or introduce new subjects as needed.

Short Vietnamese sentences could be combined into one English compound or complex sentence, relying on the sentence meaning

Vietnamese particles ((b c, à, nh , nhé, could either be ignored or compensated by another form such as an adverb

- Step 6 to Step 8: similar to the procedures of English-Vietnamese Translation

1 To guess the meaning in context: read the previous and following parts for clues;

2 (In E-V translation) Use an English dictionary for the meaning in the context, especially secondary meaning before looking up for its equivalents in a bilingual dictionary;

When translating from Vietnamese to English, utilize a bilingual dictionary to find the appropriate English equivalents After identifying the translations, consult an English monolingual dictionary to verify their meanings It is essential to choose the correct equivalent based on the context For instance, determining the right translation for a specific Vietnamese word is crucial for accuracy.

Translate the following text into Vietnamese will be your place in

In other eras, across distant lands, this question could be answered with relative ease and certainty

As a servant in Rome, you knew spend your life forced to build somebody Empire

In 11th century China, peasants faced the constant threat of local warlords seizing their hard-earned possessions, alongside the looming danger of famine impacting their livelihoods.

As a subject of King George, your freedom of worship, speech, and the ability to shape your own life were ultimately constrained by the monarchy However, the emergence of America changed everything.

Destiny is not merely a destination but a journey shaped by those brave enough to believe in creating a better future, even in the face of adversity, on this new frontier.

(Source: Barack Obama- Commencement address at Knox College)

Translate the following text into English

Nha Trang là một điểm đến du lịch nổi bật, thu hút nhiều du khách nhờ vào vẻ đẹp thiên nhiên và các hoạt động giải trí phong phú Vùng đất này được bao quanh bởi dãy núi, tạo nên những bãi biển tuyệt đẹp và danh lam thắng cảnh hấp dẫn Khám phá Nha Trang, du khách sẽ được trải nghiệm những dịch vụ du lịch chất lượng và không gian thư giãn tuyệt vời.

Lãnh, bán Hòn Vân Phong, bán Hòn Khói và hòn bao quanh và bán Cam Ranh

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

nslation strategies are used by translators when they encounter a (Bergen, n.d., p.111)

There are two kinds of translation strategies: global strategies and local strategies.

GLOBAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

Global translation strategies encompass the overarching methods a translator employs throughout a text, reflecting their decision to align more closely with either the source text or the target text These strategies can be categorized into two main types.

- Imitative translation: striving to retain as much of the purely formal aspects of the source text

- Functional translation: getting the message of the source text across, even if it takes drastic changes in the formal aspects of the text

According to Newmark (1988), there are eight translation methods that range from a complete emphasis on the source text and language, known as imitative translation, to a total focus on the target text and language, referred to as functional translation.

1 Word-for-word translation: preservation of word order and it is as literal as possible translation of individual words, including cultural words

2 Literal translation: apart from being as literal as possible translation of individual words, grammatical structures are converted into the nearest target language equivalents

3 Faithful translation: stays within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target text, but draws on certain contextual factors.

4 Semantic translation: which differs from only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the source language text, allowing for the intuitive empathy with the original

5 Adaptation: the freest form of translation and more of a target language/culture based interpretation of the source text

6 Free translation: focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures if need be

7 Idiomatic translation: makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text

8 Communicative translation: attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers of the target text translation methods

LOCAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

Local translation strategies or Translation procedures are the strategies the translator/student apply when translating the words, phrases, sentences, idioms in the source text into the target text

In addition to Vinay and Darbelnet's translation model from 1958, other significant translation procedures have been proposed by Newmark in 1988 and Chesterman in 1997 By integrating the strategies suggested by these authors, a comprehensive framework can be developed that is suitable for a tertiary-level translation course.

Come out here!: Hãy ra

Of course, feed it best food: nhiên Em cho nó

I taught myself to play the piano

3 Reduction (omission): removing elements in translation

4 Expansion (addition): adding elements in translation

A peace committee: ban hoà bình

They are very poor!: nghèo

5 Paraphrase: amplification or explanation of meaning in target text quang mây = Favorable conditions

6 Componential analysis: splitting up a lexical unit into meaning atoms and translating them, sometimes using a preposition to join the elements

: dancing steps, life of struggle

7 Naturalization: applying target language spelling and morphology (and pronunciation) to the expression or word in question

Internet: in- -nét; marketing: ma-két-ting; tua,

8 Borrowing: the carry-over of a lexical item from the source language to the target language without formal or semantic modifications

Sushi, test, kit, tour gam

9 Modulation: using the name of a category for a specific member of the category, using a part for the whole (and vice versa) 44

They live under the same roof (house)= chung nhà

10 Compensation: making up for the loss of something in the source text, by adding something else in the target text

11 Transposition: translation of a word or expression which involves a change in grammatical structure or the change of on word class to another without changing the meaning of the message The transformation from active into passive voice and vice versa can also be classified into this group

- He is a failure in art Anh y th t b i trong v c ngh thu t

- Tôi mua g ch xây nhà I bought bricks for my new house

- Trying not to show her sadness, she went into the room, whistling

Cô ta vào phòng huýt sáo, không

- He is considered a just and liberal landlord by his tenants: Tôi tin r ng v i các n thì ông là m t v n ch công b ng và r ng rãi (Tr n Anh Kim)

12 Sentence structure change: changes in the structure of the sentence, either a splitting or combining

- Ti ng kinh du mùi tr m ngào ng c Ng c ng ng s ng trong th gi i khác (2 sentences)

The distinction between passive and active voice can be categorized as Modulation, according to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) For clarity and ease of understanding, this article refers to it as Transposition, highlighting the structural transformation involved.

=> The prayers sounded so melodious and the burning aloe wood smelt so fragrant that Ngoc imagined that he was in another world 45 (1 sentence)

- Còn tôi thì không chú ý n chuy n mà ch n cu c g p g t i c a hai i (1 sentence)

=> As for my part, I really paid no attention to the argument My mind was quite taken up with the image of their coming reunion 46 (2 sentences)

Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text

C TR NG THE WOODEN CLOGS

1 Có v i cát Tôi nhìn ra b sông B n b v ng l ng

1 On the sandy path were some footprints I looked towards the riverbank Silence filled the air

2 V ng thành nh ng h xinh xinh Nh ng v t gu c nh

2 There on the ground, the traces formed cute little holes of wooden clogs

3 Tôi l sông N ng nh p nháy chói m t Không có ai ngoài y c

3 Again, I fixed my eyes on the riverbank The flickering sunshine dazzled my eyes No one was there

4 V t gu n chu i n m t thi u n có mái tóc p môi m

4 The footprints followed a serpentine course in the banana garden I thought of a maiden with long black hair and full crimson lips

5 L n theo v t gu c ng n m t cu i trong bóng mát

5 Slowly tracing these prints, I thought of a couple strolling in the shade

45 c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose i h

46 Luy n d ch Vi t Anh i h c Qu c Gia Tp HCM.

47 c Nh ,(n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose i h

Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text.

AN ENGLISH VILLAGE M T NGÔI LÀNG ANH

1 It lies in a valley forty miles from

1 Ngôi làng n m m t thung cách Luân 40 d m

2 The railway-line delivers you at its station (which has now and then been repainted but otherwise stands as it stood eighty years ago), and you have a mile or more to walk

2 Tuy n h n t i t n ga (ga này th nh tho i n u không nó v và b n ch còn m t d m n làng

3 There are orchards around as well as a factory which supplies farmers all over the world with chemical preparations, and a paper-mill used to produce the paper required for wrapping fruit for market

3 t nhà máy cung c p các s n ph m hóa h c cho các nông dân trên kh p th gi i, và m t nhà máy gi y dùng s n xu t gi y c n cho vi c ng

4 You soon cross the river and go along the short, deep canal, cut in the seventeenth century a part of the old system of inland transport which has been declining lately

4 Ch ng bao lâu b n s d c theo m t con kênh sâu, ng n, k 17 là m t ph n c a h th ng v n t i n g m sút

5 Anh here, where it joins the broad river again, is the contemporary inn,

5 Và n con kênh n i l i v i con sông l n, là m t cái quán t m th

48 Translated by (2003, p.175) C m nang luy n d ch và ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb

Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text

SU C NÓNG BÌNH CHÂU BINH CHAU HOT SPRING

1 Gi a ngút ngàn c r ng nguyên sinh và r ng c m qu c gia th y n i lên m t b c sôi v i

1 Amid 7,000 hectares of primeval forests and national forbidden forests

2 c nóng ho ng r ng kho t cây s vuông, g m nhi u h l n, nh t o thành các dòng ch y v ng nh

2 The area of hot springs covers over one square kilometer with many great and small lakes creating streams with small flow

3 m thú v c có th mua tr ng gà, tr ng v t b vào cái t ng cói nhúng xu c sau 15-

3 Here tourists can enjoy the pleasure of buying hen or duck eggs, then put them in a reed basket and dip into the water for 15-20 minutes to have soft- boiled eggs

4 Nh ng ch c c n, nhi ch vào kho ch a b nh

4 At shallow places, the temperature is about 40 0 C, so we can put our hands or legs into the water for disease treatment.

5 u thú v là t i khu v c các dòng su c nóng này, r ng tràm v n i có r chùm, lá c ng v n s o nên v p k thú c a thiên nhiên

5 The interesting thing is that in this area of hot springs the cajeput forest is still luxuriant The grasses with clustering roots and hard leaves burst into life, creating fantastic shape of beauty of nature 49

49 Nguy n Thu Huy n (2011) C m nang luy n d ch Vi t -Anh i h c Qu c Gia Hà N i

[1] Di p Quang Ban & Hoàng Thung (1999) Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB Giáo

[2] Bergen, D (n d.) Translation strategies and the students of translation Jorma Tommola, 1, 109-125 http://www.hum.utu.fi/oppiaineet/englantilailentilologia/exambergen.pdf

[3] Nguy n Tài C n (1999) Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB - HN

[4] Colina, S (2015) Fundamentals of Translation Cambridge University Press

[5] Nguy n H ng C n & Bùi Th Diên (2004) Lingustics Vol 7

[6] Ng c (2011) Luy n d ch Vi t Anh, NXB i h c Qu c Gia Tp HCM

[7] Lâm Quang (2015) Chuy n d ch k t c u v t chu i và/ho c k t c u ng ti ng Vi t sang ti ng Anh Journal of Science: Foreign Studies Vol 31, No

[8] Nguy n Thu Huy n (2011) C m nang luy n d ch Vi t -Anh, NXB i h c Qu c Gia Hà N i

[9] Tr n Anh Kim (2000) Jane Eyre b n d ch ti ng Vi t , NXB H c

[10] Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall

[11] Nguy n Thanh (2001) pháp b n d ch Vi t-Anh và Ng pháp,

[12] c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose, i h c khoa Sài Gòn

[13] Owji, Z (n.d.) Translation strategies: A Review and Comparison of Theories https://translationjournal.net/Featured-Article/translation-strategies-a-review- and-comparison-of-theories.html

[14] Quang Phú (2001) Giáo khoa b n môn d ch, Nxb TP HCM

Tiêu đề	Giáo Trình Lý Thuyết Dịch
Trường học	Hutech University
Chuyên ngành	Translation Theory
Thể loại	textbook
Năm xuất bản	2021
Thành phố	Ho Chi Minh City

Định dạng
Số trang	104
Dung lượng	1,61 MB