Giáo trình lý thuyết dịch

L Biên www.hutech.edu.vn *1.2021.ENG133* tailieuhoctap@hutech.edu.vn p: CONTENTS I CONTENTS CONTENTS I PREFACE III UNIT 1: WHAT IS TRANSLATION? 1.1 DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION 1.3 WHAT A TRANSLATOR (AND AN INTERPRETER) NEEDS TO KNOW? 1.4 TYPES OF TRANSLATION ERRORS UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES UNIT 3: ARTICLES 3.1 ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ARTICLES 3.2 SOME ERROR TYPES IN USING ENGLISH ARTICLES UNIT 4: PRONOUNS 12 4.1 ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE PERSONAL PRONOUNS 12 UNIT 5: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS 17 5.1 POSITIONS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE ADJECTIVES 17 5.2 POSITIONS OF ENGLISH ADVERBS 19 UNIT 6: COMPOUND NOUNS & NOUN PHRASES 24 6.1 COMPOUND NOUNS 24 6.2 NOUN PHRASES 27 UNIT 7: IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS & COLLOCATIONS 32 7.1 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 32 7.2 COLLOCATIONS 34 UNIT 8: VERB PHRASES 36 8.1 ENGLISH VERB PHRASES 36 8.2 ENGLISH TENSES 39 8.3 TENSES IN VIETNAMESE 39 UNIT 9: SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAMESE & ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 42 9.1 VIETNAMESE SERIAL VERB CONSTRUCTIONS 42 9.2 WAYS OF TRANSLATING VIETNAMESE SERIAL INTO ENGLISH 43 9.3 ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 45 9.4 WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH MODAL VERBS INTO VIETNAMESE 45 9.5 MODALITY IN VIETNAMESE 47 UNIT 10: PASSIVE VOICE 49 UNIT 11: PHRASES 54 11.1 ENGLISH INFINITIVE PHRASES 54 II CONTENTS 11.2 ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL PHRASES 55 UNIT 12: PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 58 12.1 PREPOSITIONS 58 12.2 ENGLISH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 59 UNIT 13: CLAUSES & NOUN CLAUSES 64 13.1 CLAUSES 64 13.2 NOUN CLAUSES 64 UNIT 14: RELATIVE CLAUSES 67 14.1 ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES 67 14.2 WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH RELATIVE PRONOUNS INTO VIETNAMESE 68 UNIT 15: ADVERB CLAUSES 72 15.1 ENGLISH ADVERB CLAUSES 72 15.2 WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH SUBORDINATING 15.3 WAYS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH CONDITIONAL INTO VIETNAMESE 73 INTO VIETNAMESE 77 UNIT 16: LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS 79 16.1 LEXICAL ISSUES 79 16.2 THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS 83 UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES 85 17.1 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES 85 17.2 PROCEDURES OF ENGLISH VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION 85 17.3 PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE ENGLISH TRANSLATION 86 UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 90 18.1 DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 90 18.2 GLOBAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 90 18.3 LOCAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 92 REFERENCES 97 PREFACE III PREFACE The textbook is designed with the hope to provide English majors of Hutech with preliminary knowledge of translation It employs the comparative and contrastive linguistic approach to translation between English and Vietnamese Similarities as well as differences in both lexical and structural aspects between the two languages are the translation so as to reach a certain level of naturalness, which is a purpose of translation for equivalent effect The textbook also adopts the descriptive perspective in illustrating the theoretical points by providing extracts of translations by the professionals as examples for texts with the expectation that the instead of the system sentences in textbooks Despit for translation, students hopefully would find exhilaration once they overcome the obstacles As the first edition is always far from perfection, all comments are welcome and ntk.thu@hutech.edu.vn With gratitude from the author! UNIT 1: WHAT IS TRANSLATION? UNIT 1: WHAT IS TRANSLATION? After finishing unit 1, students should be able to: - Define the term in its closest meaning used in the course - Describe the characteristics of a translator - Classify translation errors 1.1 DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION - Translation is an act through which the content of a text is transferred from the source language into the target language (Foster, 1958) - Translation refers to the process of, or the product transforming written text(s) from one human language to another that generally requires a (necessary) degree of resemblance or correspondence with respect to the source text (Colina, 2015) The language to be translated is called the source language (SL), whereas the language to be translated into is called the target language (TL) The term could be used to refer to any of the following meanings: a The general subject field b The product, i.e., the translated version; c The act of producing the translation (translating) There are two main types of translation: written and oral translation The differentiation between these two types leads to two separate disciplines: (1) Translation and (2) Interpretation or Interpreting, hence two different professions Translator and Interpreter UNIT 1: WHAT IS TRANSLATION? 1.2 TRANSLATION a Intralingual translation (D ch n i ngơn): thích ký hi u t ng rephrasing; di n d ch: gi i b ng ký hi u khác ngôn ng b Interlingual translation (D ch liên ngôn): verbal signs by means of other language ngôn ng ; interpretation of d ch danh: gi i thích ký hi u b ng ký hi u ngôn ng khác; c Intersemiotic translation (D ch liên tín hi u): interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system (music, film, paintin - d ch hốn i: gi i thích ký hi u h u ngôn b ng ký hi u thu c h th ng phi ngôn (nh c, phim, tranh v , Of the three categories, Interlingual translation is the focus of translation courses 1.3 WHAT A TRANSLATOR (AND AN INTERPRETER) NEEDS TO KNOW? A translator is expected to know: a The field of knowledge covered by the source text; b Any social, cultural or emotional connotations (ideas which a word makes one think of in addition to the main meaning); c Language knowledge (semantics and syntax); d Transfer or Strategic competence (ability to understand and implement the translation requirements)2 B n d ch c Colina (2015) Fundamentals of Translation Cambridge University Press Nghiên c u d ch thu t Nxb Khoa h c Xã h i UNIT 1: WHAT IS TRANSLATION? 1.4 TYPES OF TRANSLATION ERRORS Generally speaking, there are three major types of errors in doing translation: - Linguistic errors including grammatical and lexical errors; - Cultural errors due to inappropriate translation caused by either SL or TL cultural background inadequacy; - Retention errors resulting from lengthy or redundant translation and also substance errors such as incorrect spelling, typing, punctuation, and capitalization UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES UNIT 2: TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES After finishing unit 2, students should be able to: - Describe various ways of translating foreign proper names and geographical names in English texts into Vietnamese - Choose an appropriate form in transferring foreign proper names and geographical names in English texts into Vietnamese In general, foreign proper names or geographical names are not translated into Vietnamese However, when they are languages not using Latin alphabet, such as Korean, Russian, Chinese, and so on, a number of options could be adopted Besides, ways of translating names are varied over the course of time; one form could be preferable in a particular period of time and then became out of favour in another Currently, the dominant trend in translating proper names and geographical names not in Latin alphabet is the borrowing of English or French transcriptions Another factor that decides the use of a certain form is the context of their use Official texts of government organizations use Vietnamese transcription for foreign names For example, - instead of the English transcription is recommended in the website of the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn) There is also a possibility of adding the Vietnamese 84 UNIT 16: LEXICAL ISSUES & THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS ACTIVITY Work in pairs and try to identify the metaphors in the following sentences Then translate the sentences into Vietnamese The snow is a white blanket The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens Love is a battlefield I have the time to give you Her tears were a river flowing down the cheeks The stormy ocean was a raging bull All my hatred for the old dragon came back She was a rock star at our last business presentation Words are daggers when spoken in anger 10 A new road to freedom passes through the valley of death ACTIVITY Work in groups and try to understand the poem in which there is a metaphor Discuss in your group what it is, and then translate the poem into Vietnamese Hope is the thing with feathers That perches in the soul And sings the tune without the words And never stops at all Emily Dickinson - Hope is the Thing with Feathers UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES 85 UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES After finishing unit 17, students should be able to: - Describe the procedure of translation in general and specifically from English into Vietnamese and from Vietnamese into English - Employ the steps of translating a source text into a target text 17.1 TRANSLATION PROCEDURES The translation procedures include two phases - Analysis phase: The source text is analyzed so that lexical items and grammatical structures are identified The main idea of the text will also be found - Transfer phase: Appropriate vocabularies and grammatical structures are selected and put together into grammatically correct and meaningful sentences 17.2 PROCEDURES OF ENGLISH TRANSLATION - VIETNAMESE Step 1: Skim through the title and the whole text for main ideas Read the first and last paragraphs carefully Read the first and last sentence of the paragraph - Step 2: Identify discourse type (for the right structures and vocabularies): written or spoken form, formal versus informal style 86 UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES literary texts, academic texts argumentative, expository, narrative - Step 3: Source text analysis Read each sentence for main verb(s), subject (s), object (s) Identify connectives (discourse markers) Identify problematic lexical items and structures - Step 4: Transfer strategies Use the right sentence structure or an equivalent form for each sentence Use the right word(s) or an equivalent - Step 5: Put the main parts into a Vietnamese sentence, adding modifiers and/or subordinate clauses (if any) - Step 6: Translate the whole paragraph, then the whole text - Step 7: Edit each sentence, paragraph and the whole text (both semantic and communicative translation) Be sure to add some Vietnamese particles (b , à, - nh , nhé, c, for naturalness Step 8: Translate the title last 17.3 PROCEDURES OF VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION ENGLISH - Step and Step 2: similar to the procedures of English-Vietnamese Translation - Step 3: Source text analysis Read each sentence for main verb(s), subject (s), object (s) Pay attention to the ellipsis (omission) of sentence elements in Vietnamese texts Identify connectives (discourse markers) Identify problematic lexical items and structures UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES 87 Identify the notion of time in Vietnamese sentences in which tenses are not clearly presented by verb form but expressed by lexical items ( r i, xong, s p, ) Remember that English has a whole system of tenses, therefore, try to use the appropriate form suitable to context relying on time modifiers and sometimes function words - Step 4: Transfer strategies Use the right English sentence structure or an equivalent form for each sentence Use the right word(s) or an equivalent or sometimes a phrase when there is no corresponding word in English - Step 5: Put the main parts into an English sentence of the regular pattern of S -V(O), adding modifiers and/or subordinate clauses (if there is one main idea supported by details) A split into shorter English sentences is acceptable when a number of ideas are put together in one Vietnamese sentence and in that case, the subject(s) should be repeated or new subject(s) should be added to make a grammatically correct English sentence Short Vietnamese sentences could be combined into one English compound or complex sentence, relying on the sentence meaning Vietnamese particles ((b c, à, nh , nhé, could either be ignored or compensated by another form such as an adverb - Step to Step 8: similar to the procedures of English-Vietnamese Translation SOME TIPS To guess the meaning in context: read the previous and following parts for clues; (In E-V translation) Use an English dictionary for the meaning in the context, especially secondary meaning before looking up for its equivalents in a bilingual dictionary; 88 UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES (In V-E translation) Use a bilingual dictionary for the English equivalent(s) and then check its/their meaning(s) in using an English monolingual dictionary Be sure to select the right equivalent in context For example, the Vietnamese word which word is the right choice ACTIVITY Translate the following text into Vietnamese will be your place in In other eras, across distant lands, this question could be answered with relative ease and certainty As a servant in Rome, you knew spend your life forced to build somebody Empire As a peasant in 11th century China, you knew that no matter how hard you worked, the local warlord might come and take everything you had and you also knew that famine might come knocking at the door As a subject of King George, you knew that your freedom of worship and your freedom to speak and to build your own life would be ultimately limited by the throne And then America happened A place where destiny was not a destination, but a journey to be shared and shaped and remade by people who had the gall, the temerity to believe that, against all odds, they could form more perfect on this new frontier (Source: Barack Obama- Commencement address at Knox College) UNIT 17: MODELING THE PROCEDURES 89 ACTIVITY Translate the following text into English DU L CH T I NHA TRANG Nha Trang, vùng ai du quan cho phép phát hoàn Nha Trang quy Nha Trang khúc phân cách sinh dãy núi hàng tr m Lãnh, bán Hòn danh Vân Phong, bán bán lõm vào, hình thành nên cho ta bao quanh khách ngành du trí hịn Cam Ranh vùng xa Hịn Khói èo bán bãi 90 UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES After finishing unit 18, students should be able to: - Describe the translation strategies - Differentiate Global translation strategies (translation methods) and Local translation strategies (translation procedures) - Compare and contrast the source text and target text to identify the translation strategies employed by professional translators - Employ the appropriate strategies in translating a Vietnamese text into English and vice versa 18.1 DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES nslation strategies are used by translators when they encounter a (Bergen, n.d., p.111) There are two kinds of translation strategies: global strategies and local strategies 18.2 GLOBAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES Global translation strategies or Translation methods refer the overall strategy that a translator applies for the whole text and it refers to the choice of the translator/student whether to be close to the source text or to the target text There are two types as follows - Imitative translation: striving to retain as much of the purely formal aspects of the source text - Functional translation: getting the message of the source text across, even if it takes drastic changes in the formal aspects of the text UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 91 Newmark (1988) lists eight translation methods, which essentially fall along a cline of focus, one extreme being total focus on the source text/language (Imitative translation) and the other extreme being total focus on the target text/language (Functional translation) Word-for-word translation: preservation of word order and it is as literal as possible translation of individual words, including cultural words Literal translation: apart from being as literal as possible translation of individual words, grammatical structures are converted into the nearest target language equivalents Faithful translation: stays within the constraints of the translation methods grammatical structures of the target text, but draws on certain contextual factors Semantic translation: which differs from only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the source language text, allowing for the intuitive empathy with the original Adaptation: the freest form of translation and more of a target language/culture based interpretation of the source text Free translation: focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures if need be Idiomatic translation: makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text Communicative translation: attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers of the target text 92 UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 18.3 LOCAL TRANSLATION STRATEGIES Local translation strategies or Translation procedures are the strategies the translator/student apply when translating the words, phrases, sentences, idioms in the source text into the target text Apart from Vinay and translation model (1958), there are other sets of translation procedures introduced by Newmark (1988), Chesterman (1997) An integration of strategies presented by these authors, which is appropriate to the scope of a translation course at tertiary level could be formulated as follows Synonymy Come out here!: Hãy Of course, feed it best food: nhiên Em cho Antonymy I taught myself to play the piano Tôi t h c g c m Reduction (omission): removing elements in translation Father and mother: Cha That is true: Expansion (addition): adding elements in translation A peace committee: ban Oil talks: hồ bình phán They are very poor!: nghèo Paraphrase: amplification or explanation of meaning in target text quang mây = Favorable conditions Componential analysis: splitting up a lexical unit into meaning atoms and translating them, sometimes using a preposition to join the elements : dancing steps, life of struggle UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES Naturalization: applying target language spelling and morphology 93 (and pronunciation) to the expression or word in question Internet: in- -nét; marketing: ma-két-ting; tua, Borrowing: the carry-over of a lexical item from the source language to the target language without formal or semantic modifications Sushi, test, kit, tour gam Modulation: using the name of a category for a specific member of the category, using a part for the whole (and vice versa).44 They live under the same roof (house)= chung nhà 10 Compensation: making up for the loss of something in the source text, by adding something else in the target text 11 Transposition: translation of a word or expression which involves a change in grammatical structure or the change of on word class to another without changing the meaning of the message The transformation from active into passive voice and vice versa can also be classified into this group - He is a failure in art Anh y - Tôi mua g ch - Trying not to show her sadness, she went into the room, whistling Cô ta - th t b i v c ngh thu t xây nhà I bought bricks for my new house vào phòng huýt sáo, không He is considered a just and liberal landlord by his tenants: Tôi tin r ng v i n ơng m t v n ch công b ng r ng rãi (Tr n Anh Kim) 12 Sentence structure change: changes in the structure of the sentence, either a splitting or combining - Ti ng kinh du mùi tr m ngào ng c Ng c ng ng s ng th gi i khác (2 sentences) 44 The use of passive instead of active voice or vice versa can be classified as Modulation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1958) Here it is identified as Transpostion for the sake of clarity and simplicity of structural transformation 94 UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES => The prayers sounded so melodious and the burning aloe wood smelt so fragrant that Ngoc imagined that he was in another world - Cịn tơi khơng ý n chuy n mà ch 45 (1 sentence) n cu c g p g t i c a hai i (1 sentence) => As for my part, I really paid no attention to the argument My mind was quite taken up with the image of their coming reunion.46 (2 sentences) ACTIVITY Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text Source Text Target Text C TR NG THE WOODEN CLOGS Có v i cát Tơi nhìn b sơng B n b v ng l ng On the sandy path were some footprints I looked towards the riverbank Silence filled the air V ng thành nh ng h xinh xinh Nh ng v t gu c nh There on the ground, the traces formed cute little holes of wooden clogs Tôi l sông N ng Again, I fixed my eyes on the nh p nháy chói m t Khơng có riverbank The flickering sunshine ngồi y c dazzled my eyes No one was there V t gu n m t thi u n p môi m L n theo v t gu c n m t cu bóng mát n chu i có mái tóc ng i The footprints followed a serpentine course in the banana garden I thought of a maiden with long black hair and full crimson lips Slowly tracing these prints, I thought of a couple strolling in the shade (Source: Nh t Ti n)47 45 46 47 c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose Luy n d ch Vi t Anh c Nh ,(n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose ih i h c Qu c Gia Tp HCM ih UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 95 ACTIVITY Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text Source Text Target Text AN ENGLISH VILLAGE M T NGÔI LÀNG ANH It lies in a valley forty miles from London Ngôi làng n m m t thung Luân 40 d m cách The railway-line delivers you at its station (which has now and then been repainted but otherwise stands as it stood eighty years ago), and you have a mile or more to walk Tuy n h th nh tho khơng v b n ch cịn m n làng There are orchards around as well as a factory which supplies farmers all over the world with chemical preparations, and a paper-mill used to produce the paper required for wrapping fruit for market You soon cross the river and go along the short, deep canal, cut in the seventeenth century a part of the old system of inland transport which has been declining lately Ch ng b n s d c theo m t kênh sâu, ng n, k 17 m t ph n c a h th ng v n t i n g m sút Anh here, where it joins the broad river again, is the contemporary inn, Và n kênh n i l i v i sông l n, m t quán t m th n t i t n ga (ga in u td m t nhà máy cung c p s n ph m hóa h c cho nông dân kh p th gi i, m t nhà máy gi y dùng s n xu t gi y c n cho vi c ng (Source: Edmund Blunder)48 48 Translated by (2003, p.175) C m nang luy n d ch ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb 96 UNIT 18: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES ACTIVITY Work in groups and try to identify the strategies (both lexical and structural) employed by the translator in the target text Source Text SU Target Text C NĨNG BÌNH CHÂU BINH CHAU HOT SPRING Gi a ngút ngàn c Amid 7,000 hectares of primeval r ng nguyên sinh r ng c m qu c forests and national forbidden forests gia th y n i lên m t b c sơi v i 73 dịng su c nóng 73 hot springs kho nhi u h ch y v c nóng ho ng r ng The area of hot springs covers over t s vuông, g m one square kilometer with many great l n, nh t o thành dòng and small lakes creating streams with ng nh small flow m thú v c có th mua tr ng gà, tr ng v t b vào t ng cói nhúng xu c sau 1520 phút s có tr Nh ng ch kho ch a b nh c c n, nhi ch vào At shallow places, the temperature is about 400 C, so we can put our hands or legs into the water for disease treatment u thú v t i khu v c dịng su c nóng này, r ng tràm v n i có r chùm, c ng v n s o nên v p k thú c a thiên nhiên 49 Here tourists can enjoy the pleasure of buying hen or duck eggs, then put them in a reed basket and dip into the water for 15-20 minutes to have softboiled eggs Nguy n Thu Huy n (2011) C m nang luy n d ch Vi t -Anh The interesting thing is that in this area of hot springs the cajeput forest is still luxuriant The grasses with clustering roots and hard leaves burst into life, creating fantastic shape of beauty of nature.49 i h c Qu c Gia Hà N i REFERENCES 97 REFERENCES [1] Di p Quang Ban & Hoàng Thung (1999) Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB Giáo D c-HN [2] Bergen, D (n d.) Translation strategies and the students of translation Jorma Tommola, 1, 109-125 http://www.hum.utu.fi/oppiaineet/englantilailentilologia/exambergen.pdf [3] Nguy n Tài C n (1999) Ng pháp ti ng Vi t, NXB - HN [4] Colina, S (2015) Fundamentals of Translation Cambridge University Press [5] Nguy n H ng C n & Bùi Th Diên (2004) Lingustics Vol [6] Ng c (2011) Luy n d ch Vi t Anh, NXB [7] Lâm Quang (2015) Chuy n d ch k t c u v t i h c Qu c Gia Tp HCM chu i và/ho c k t c u ng ti ng Vi t sang ti ng Anh Journal of Science: Foreign Studies Vol 31, No (2015) 1-10 [8] Nguy n Thu Huy n (2011) C m nang luy n d ch Vi t -Anh, NXB i h c Qu c Gia Hà N i [9] Tr n Anh Kim (2000) Jane Eyre b n d ch ti ng Vi t , NXB H c [10] Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall [11] Nguy n Thanh NXB [12] (2001) b n d ch Vi t-Anh Ng pháp, ng Nai c Nh (n.d.) D ch Vi t Anh h c pháp An Anthology of Vietnamese Prose, i khoa Sài Gòn [13] Owji, Z (n.d.) Translation strategies: A Review and Comparison of Theories https://translationjournal.net/Featured-Article/translation-strategies-a-reviewand-comparison-of-theories.html [14] Quang Phú (2001) Giáo khoa b n môn d ch, Nxb TP HCM 98 REFERENCES [15] Lê S (2003) C m nang luy n d ch ng pháp ti ng Anh, Nxb hóa Thông tin [16] Nguy n M nh Th o (2014) Th c hành Biên d ch [17] Nguy n Kim Th n (1999) [18] loát & sáng t o NXB Tr ng t ti ng Vi t, NXB Khoa h c Xã h i ng Qu c Thông (n.d.) Prescriptive Translation Book - A Contrastive Study of English and Vietnamese at Word and Sentence Levels [19] Nguy n Hoàng Ng c USSH HCMC Trang (n.d.) unpublished B.A thesis, University of Social Sciences & Humanities, VNU HCMC [20] Hoàng Vân (2005) Nghiên c u d ch thu t Nxb Khoa h c Xã h i [21] https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/ [22] http://www.cpv.org.vn/the-gioi/-xac-dinh-duoc-danh-tinh-nghi-pham-trong-vuxa-sung-tai-el-paso-530683.html