Giao thoa văn hóa đã sửa Mở Hà Nội E learning

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Giao thoa văn hóa – EN14 In summary, for most visitors, the Japanese are (1) complex and difficult to understand The graceful act of (2)bowing , is the traditional greeting However, they have also adopted the western custom of shaking hands, but with a light grip Meanwhile, to (3) show respect for their customs, it would flatter them to offer a slight bow when being introduced (4) avoid hugging and kissing when greeting It is considered rude to stare Prolonged direct eye contact is considered to be (5) impolite or even intimidating It is rude to stand with your hand or hands in your pockets, especially when greeting someone (6) or when addressing a group of people The seemingly simple act of exchanging business cards is more complex in Japan (7) because the business card represents not only one’s identity but also his (8) status in life Yours should be printed in your own language and in Japanese The Japanese are not a touch-oriented society; so avoid open displays of affection, touching or any prolonged (9) form of body contact Queues are generally respected; especially in crowded train and subway stations (10) where the huge volume of people causes touching and pushing The most dominant and reliable features of facial expressions provide a constant channel of communication They can be shifty and evasive; convey hate, fear, and guilt; or (1) express confidence, love, and support Referred to as “mirrors of the soul” our eyes serve as the major decisive factor in (2) interpreting the spoken words The eyes of the man converse as (3) much as their tongues, with the advantage that the ocular dialect needs (4) no dictionary, but it is understood all over the world When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a practiced man relies on eyes Except (5) for extremely shy individuals, most people look for social acceptance by studying the eyes of others Eyes also can (6) accurately indicate a positive or a negative relationship People tend to look longer and more often at the people whom they trust, respect and care about than at those whom they doubt or (7) dislike Normal eye dilation is not under control of the individual Personally characteristics such as introversion and extroversion also influence eye behavior Eye behavior seems (8) to be particular importance and is generally used to indicate whether one is open to communication This can be observed when a teacher asks the class a question: students who think they know the answer will generally (9) look at the teacher, (10) while students who not know the answer will usually try to avoid eye contact Many American customs will surprise you, the same thing happens to us when we (1) Visit another country People from various cultures handle many small daily things differently What a dull world it would be if this were not true! Some differences are minor, and people soon become accustomed to them At (2) first , for example, some foreign women may be started at the idea of (3) having their hair or styled by men Visitors may be amazed to see men wearing wigs People may (4) find the transitory quality of much American life odd, for example, one (5) can rent art by the week or the entire furnishings of an apartment, from sofa and bed to the last spoon, on less than hours’ notice In many cultures, people think that (1) love and marriage together – like bread and wine or meat and (2) potatoes They think that love is a necessary foundation for (3) marriage and that you should love the person you marry before you get married In other (4) cultures , however a man and a woman may not even know each other before their wedding day Romantic love is not bequeathed to marriage in these cultures These people expect that love will develop (5) after the wedding if the marriage is a good one Your views on love and marriage come from your culture Passage 3:Greetings in all languages have the same purpose: to establish contact with another person, to recognize his or her existence and to show friendliness The formulas for greeting are very specific and usually not carry any literal meaning people say “ Good morning “even if it is a miserable day and may reply to “How are you?” with “Fine, thanks” even if they aren’t feeling well Closings, like greetings are commonly used to exchange with no literal meaning People who are leaving each other permanently or for a long time shake hands or embrace, depending on the relationship If you are in an unfamiliar situation and wonder what to do, watch other people or ask It is interesting, and sometimes very important to learn about the standards of courtesy in different cultural areas of the world so that we can practice them well and avoid awkwardness in case we get a chance to visit a person or a community of unfamiliar social customs Which of the following is a characteristic of the formulas for greeting? Specific Which of the following is a benefit of learning about the standards of courtesy in a different cultural area? You can act comfortably when you have a chance to visit the community According to the passage, what should you when you are in an unfamiliar situation? Observe what other people In what way are closings similar to greeting? They have no literal meaning Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a purpose of greetings? To show that you admire him or her PASSAGE 1: Traditions, saying, beliefs, language, and values are just a few things that make up our culture Culture is the framework in which families are structured It shapes our expectations and ideals Culture plays a part in the meaning of marriage and our roles as husbands, wives, children and parents Understanding cultural differences and similarities related to marriage is important Culture affects the roles that spouses take within marriages, the age at marriage and number of children a couple have, the meaning of divorce, cohabitation and non-marital childbearing, and the way parents raise children Understanding how relationships and marriages vary across cultural contexts, and how they are similar, we will be able to identify the unique ways that marriages and family life affect people of various cultures As a result, we will be able to help families and sustain happy marriages A cross cultural marriage or similar love relationship can be extremely exciting The cultural background, visits to the other country, the language of the country and learning to speak it, the different habits and ways of doing and saying things that people from other cultures have, are all very exciting indeed What are the disadvantages of a cross cultural marriage or love relationship with someone from another country or cultural background? No matter how much you love your husband or wife, no matter how high your level of cross cultural awareness, cross cultural communication and respect for differences, misunderstanding seems to be unavoidable The passage is about _ the effects of cultures on love and marriage The word It refers to _ culture According to the writer, cross-cultural marriage _ have both advantages and disadvantages According to the passage, which of the following is not affected by culture? How much spouses love each other In cross-cultural marriage, _ may happen misunderstanding Passage 7: Body postures and movements are frequently indicators of self-confidence, energy, fatigue, or status Cognitively, gestures operate to clarify, contradict, or replace verbal messages Gestures also serve an important function with regard to regulating the flow of conversation For example, if a student is talking about something in front of the class, single nods of the head from the teacher will likely cause that student to continue and perhaps more elaborate Postures as well as gestures are used to indicate attitudes, status, affective moods, approval, deception, warmth, arid other variables related to conversation interaction The saying “A picture is worth a thousand words” well describes the meaning of facial expressions Facial appearance – including wrinkles, muscle tone, skin coloration, and eye color-offers enduring cues that reveille information about age, sex, race, ethnic origin, and status A less permanent second set of facial cues-including length of hair, hairstyle, cleanliness, and facial hair-relate to an individual’s idea of beauty A third group of facial markers are momentary expressions that signal that cause changes in the forehead, eyebrows, eyelids, cheeks, nose, lips, and chin, such as raising the eyebrows, wrinkling the brow, curling the lip Some facial expressions are readily visible, while others are fleeting Both types can positively or negatively reinforce the spoken words and convey cues concerning emotions and attitudes Gestures can clarify the meaning of verbal messages A nod of the head from the teacher will likely ask his student to what he is saying go on According to the writer, "A picture is worth a thousand words" means facial gestures can convey a lot of meanings How many categories of facial expressions are mentioned? Facial expressions can be either visible or fleeting Passage 5: If you invite an American friend to join you to have dinner in a restaurant, phone the restaurant first to find out if you need a reservation to avoid a long wait for table To make a reservation, just give your name, the number of people in your group, and the time you plan to arrive When you invite someone to have dinner, you should be prepared to pay the bill and reach for it when it arrives However, if your companion insists on playing his or her share, not get into argument about it Some people prefer to pay their own way so that they not feel indebted, and those feelings should be respected In most American restaurants, the waiter or waitress’s tip is not added to the bill If the service was adequate, it is customary to leave a tip equal to about 15% of the bill In expensive restaurants, leave a bit more To make a reservation, you just give your name, the time you arrive and how many persons there are in your group When you invite an American friend to have dinner in a restaurant you should make a reservation When you invite someone to dinner, you should prepare to pay the bill If your companion insists on paying his share, .you shouldn’t get into argument with him/ you should let him pay as he expects In most American restaurants, .the tip is about 15% of the bill Passage 6: If you are invited to an American friend’s home for dinner, remember these general rules for polite behaviour First of all, arrive approximately on time but not early Americans expect promptness It will be all right to be 10 or 15 minutes late, but not 45 minutes late When you are invited to someone’s home for meal, it is polite to bring a small gift Flowers and candy are always appropriate If you have something attractive made in your country, your host or hostess will certainly enjoy receiving that gift What will you if you are served some food that you cannot eat or you not like? Do not make a fuss about it Simply eat what you can and hope that no one noticed it Be sure to compliment the cook on the food that you are enjoying Do not leave immediately after dinner, but not over-stay your welcome, either The next day, call or write a thank- you note to say how much you enjoyed the evening If you are invited to an American friend’s home, _ punctuality is appreciated When you come to someone’s house for dinner, bring some flowers, candy, or something made in your native country Choose the word that has the closest meaning to the underlined word “compliment” praise Which sentence is NOT true? You should not compliment the cook on the food The next day, _ remember to thank to host for the dinner If there is some food that you cannot eat, … not make a fuss about it Passage 2: When people plan to marry, they expect to find in their partner not only a lover but a friend also They find a person with whom they can share their opinions, their emotions, thoughts and fears In marriage we are looking for a partner who will be able to understand our values, our likes and dislikes If a man and a woman are born and raised in the same country, most likely they are familiar with the same songs, movies, jokes, books and life in general They basically have the same roots In the case of a western man and foreign woman family everything is more complicated and requires much more patience and understanding from both spouses On one hand each of the partners has an opportunity to learn a great deal about the other’s country, culture, traditions and life styles which can be very interesting On the other hand it can be very disappointing if there is the inability to understand your partner’s excitements and frustrations For example, you are watching the television and suddenly you see a famous actor or singer, or other type of an artist whose name you have grown up with Maybe this artist was an idol for your parents and the music of this artist was often played in your house when you were a child Unfortunately you realize that your wife is unable to understand your feelings because she has no idea who this artist is Her eyes are absolutely empty because she has never even heard the song before You feel rather disappointed! Remember that your wife has the same situation with you You not know her country’s songs, her country’s famous actors, her books She has her own memories and in actuality, for her, everything is much more difficult than it is for you At least, you live in your own country where everybody can understand you She lives in completely strange surroundings, where she has nobody to share her feelings with, except you Do some research and learn about your wife’s country, culture and lifestyles Talk with her, ask her questions, get to know what songs she likes, what movies and books are of interest to her The Internet will give you a great opportunity to find anything! Tell her about your country’s culture, let her listen to the music that you like, rent a movie for her that left you with great impression Let her understand you better through the things that you like Patience and time will help you to fight cultural differences A spouse should ………… be not only a lover but also a friend According to the passage, ………… Spouses who are from different cultures need more patience and understanding in their marriage than those who have the same roots If there is the inability to understand a spouse's excitements and frustrations the marriage, he or she may feel ………… disappointed The passage is ………… advisory To overcome cultural differences in marriage needs ……… patience and time Passage 12: In many modern countries, people think of a family as a mother, a father and their children But this is not the only kind of the family group In some parts of the world, a family group has many other members This kind of large family is called an “extended family” or a “joint family” The joint family includes all living relatives on either the mother’s or the father’s side of the family It is made up of grandparents, parents, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins They live together in a large house or in huts built close together Early people probably lived in joint families They had to be part of a large group in order to survive The members of the group helped each other hunt They worked together to protect themselves from dangerous animals and other enemies In China, people lived in joint families When a son married, he and his wife lived at his parents’ home Unmarried daughters remained at home until they married Chinese children felt very loyal to their parents Younger members of the joint families always took care of the old ones In India and Africa, some people still live in joint families The members of a joint family share their earnings and property If one member of the group becomes ill or has bad luck, the others help the person As in the past, the members of the joint family offer each other help and protection This passage as a whole tells us about joint families Long time ago, membersof joint families _.helped each other catch animals The phrase "is made up of” in paragraph could be best replaced by _ consists According to the passage, people who live in joint families often .take care of one another Which of the following is NOT TRUE? The joint family is not popular nowadays Passage 14: The American education system requires that students complete 12 years of primary and secondary education prior to attending university or college This may be accomplished either at public or government-operated schools, or at private schools These 12 years of schooling or their equivalent may also be completed outside the USA, thus giving foreign students the opportunity to pursue the benefits of the American education system and obtain a quality American education Perhaps one of the most impressive facts is that a large number of presidents, prime ministers and leaders from other countries have experienced the American education system and graduated from a university or school in the USA In many fields and industries, the American education system offers the most cutting-edge, soughtafter programs at the world’s best schools That is why graduating from an accredited American school and being exposed to the rigors of the American education system is an investment in your future Whether you want to study at a top USA university, a top USA college, a vocational or high school, a thorough understanding of how the American education system works is essential Without a clear grasp of the American education system, an international student will find it difficult to make the right academic choices It is no surprise that the American education system and the American school system host more international students than any other country in the world! The expression government-operated could best be replaced by ………… state According to the text, students in the USA ………… not necessarily take primary and secondary education in the country The writer ………… the US education appreciates What is the writer’s advice? International students should have a thorough understanding of how the American education system works before going there to study Which is true? Many leaders all over the world have studied in the US Passage 9: In the past, both men and women were expected to be married at quite young ages Marriages were generally arranged by parents and family, with their children having little chance to say no in the matter In the past it was not surprising to find that a bride and groom had only just met on the day of their engagement or marriage In modern Vietnam, this has changed completely as people choose their own marriagepartners based on love, and in consideration primarily to their own needs and wants Moreover early marriage is quite illegal The traditional Vietnamese wedding is one of the most important of traditional Vietnamese occasions Regardless of westernization, many of the age-old customs practiced in a traditional Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both Vietnamese in Vietnam and overseas, often combining both western and eastern elements Besides the wedding ceremony, there is also an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding Due to the spiritual nature of the occasion, the date and time of the marriage ceremony are decided in advance by a fortune teller The traditional Vietnamese wedding consists of an extensive array of ceremonies: the first is the ceremony to ask permission to receive the bride, the second is the procession to receive the bride (along with the ancestor ceremony at her house), the third is to bring the bride to the groom’s house for another ancestor ceremony and to welcome her into the family, then the last is a wedding banquet The number of guests in attendance at these banquets is huge, usually in the hundreds Several special dishes are served Guests are expected to bring gifts, often money, which the groom and bride at one point in the banquet will go from table to table collecting In the past, Vietnamese marriage was decided by parents and family Which sentence is referred Vietnamese modern marriage? Couples not get married at quite young ages Which does NOT exist in a Vietnamese wedding party? firecrackers According to the passage, There is an engagement ceremony which takes place usually half a year or so before the wedding In former days, the fact that a bride and groom had only first met just on the day of their engagement or marriage was popular