Superconductor edited by Adir Moysés Luiz SC I YO Superconductor Edited by Adir Moysés Luiz Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Creasence, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Superconductor, Edited by Adir Moysés Luiz p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-107-7 SC I YO.C O M WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com [...]... in oxide superconductors Superconductor (1) NbO (2) KxWO3 (3) LiTi2 + xO4 (4) BaPb1 - xBi xO3 (5) La2 - xBaxCuO4 (6) YBa2Cu3O7 - x (7) Ba1 - xKxBiO3 (8) BiSrCaCu2O6 + x (9) Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O9 + x (10 ) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 + x (11 ) NdFeAsO1-x Year 19 33 19 67 19 73 19 75 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 88 19 88 19 93 2008 TC 1. 5 6.0 1. 2 13 30 90 30 10 5 11 0 13 0 54 Reference Sleight, 19 95 Remeika et al., 19 67 Johnston et al., 19 73 Sleight... Superconductivity, 15 2, pp 17 1- 216 Emin, D (19 91) Large bipolarons and superconductivity Physica C: Superconductivity, 18 518 9, Part 3, pp 15 93 -15 94 Foltin, J (19 88) Attractive interaction between electrons: An electron-pairing mechanism for superconductivity Phys Review B, 38, 15 , pp 10 900 -10 902 Foltin, J (19 89) Difference in high temperature superconductivity of two families of cuprate oxides Physics Letters A; 14 1,... Ganguly, P & Hegde, M S (19 88) Evidence for double valence fluctuation in metallic oxides of lead Phys Rev B; 37, 10 , pp 510 7- 511 1 Hiroi, Z.; Takano M.; Azuma, M & Takeda, Y (19 93) A new family of copper oxide superconductors Srn+1CunO2n +1+ δ stabilized at high pressure Nature, 364, 6435, pp 315 - 317 Hirsch, J E (19 91) Bose condensation versus pair unbinding in short-coherence-length superconductors Physica... oxide superconductors (5), (6), (8), (9) and (10 ) Cu may have the oxidation states Cu(+I) and Cu(+III) Metal Electron configurations Oxidation states As Bi Cu Fe Nb Pb Ti Tl W [Ar]3d104s24p3 +III, +V +III, +V +I, +II, +III +II, +III, +IV, +V +III, +V +II, +IV +II, +III, +IV +I, +III +IV, +V, +VI [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 [Ar]3d104s1 [Ar]3d64s2 [Kr]4d35s2 [Xe]4f145d106s26p2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Xe]4f145d106s26p1 [Xe]4f145d46s2... matter? Physica C, 3 31, pp 97 -11 2 Babaei, M.; Ross, D K.; Gorgiev, P A.; Khoshenevisan, B & Yazdani, A (2003) Oxygen nonstoichiometry of bismuth-based Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2 212 ) high temperature superconductor Physica C: Superconductivity, 3 91, 3, pp 289-297 Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L N & Schrieffer, J R (19 57) Theory of superconductivity Phys Rev , 10 8, 5, pp 11 75 -12 04 Beasley, M R (19 91) Tunneling and proximity... high-temperature superconductors Physica C, 18 5 -18 9, 227-233 Bednorz, J G & Müller, K A (19 86) Possible high Tc superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system Zeitschrift fur Physik B, Condensed Matter, 64, 2, pp 18 9 -19 3 Blatt, J M (19 62) Qualitative arguments concerning the Bose-Einstein condensation of fermion pairs Progress of Theoretical Physics, 27, pp 11 37 -11 42 Callaway, J.; Kanhere, D G & Misra, P K (19 87)... information Superconductor Ba0 .15 La1.85CuOx La2CuOx YBa2Cu3Ox YBa2Cu4Ox Sr2CuOx Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Tl2Ba2CuOx TlCa2Ba2Cu3Ox HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox Predicted x = 4 .1 x = 4.2 x = 7.0 x = 8.2 x = 3 .17 x = 8.3 x = 6.2 x = 9.0 x = 8.5 Measured x = 4.0 x = 4 .1 x = 6.9 x = 8.0 x = 3 .16 x = 8.3 x = 6.0 x = 9.0 x = 8.4 REFERENCE Bednorz & Müller, 19 86 Schirber et al., 19 88 Kokkallaris et al. ,19 99 Rao et al., 19 93 Hiroi et al., 19 93... non-metallic superconductors Oxide superconductors are the most important non-metallic superconductors An interesting review about oxide superconductors is found in the references (Cava, 2000) The history of oxide superconductors begins in 19 33 with the synthesis of the superconductor NbO; with Tc = 1. 5 K (Sleight, 19 95) In 19 75 it was discovered the oxide superconductor BaPb0.7Bi0.3O3 (Sleight et al., 19 75)... 235-240, Part 1, pp 277-280 Rao, C N R.; Nagarajan R & Vijayaraghavan, R (19 93) Synthesis of cuprate superconductors Superconductor Science Technology, 6, 1, pp 1- 22 Raveau, B.; Michel, C.; Hervieu, M & Provost, J (19 88) Crystal chemistry of perovskite superconductors Physica C: Superconductivity, 15 3 -15 5, pp 3-8 Remeika, J P.; Geballe, T H.; Mathias, B T.; Cooper, A S.; Hull, G W & Kellye, M (19 67) Superconductivity... the pseudogap and superconductivity Phys Rev Letters, 86, 21, pp 4 911 -4 914 Lee, J D (19 91) Concise Inorganic Chemistry Chapman & Hall, London Lee, D M (19 97) The extraordinary phases of liquid 3He Reviews of Modern Physics, 69, pp 645-666 Leggett, A J (19 94) D-wave superconductivity: the lifetime problem Physica B, 19 9-200, pp 2 91- 293 London, F (19 38) On the Bose-Einstein condensation Phys Rev., 54, pp . al. ,19 88 (8) BiSrCaCu 2 O 6 + x 19 88 10 5 Maeda et al., 19 88 (9) Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 + x 19 88 11 0 Shimakawa et al., 19 88 (10 ) HgBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8 + x 19 93 13 0 Schilling & Cantoni, 19 93. oxide superconductors. Superconductor Year T C Reference (1) NbO 19 33 1. 5 Sleight, 19 95 (2) K x WO 3 19 67 6.0 Remeika et al., 19 67 (3) LiTi 2 + x O 4 19 73 1. 2 Johnston et al., 19 73 (4). BaPb 1 - x Bi x O 3 19 75 13 Sleight et al., 19 75 (5) La 2 - x Ba x CuO 4 19 86 30 Bednorz & Müller, 19 86 (6) YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - x 19 87 90 Wu et al., 19 87 (7) Ba 1 - x K x BiO 3 19 88