HYDRODYNAMICS – NATURAL WATER BODIES Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Hydrodynamics – Natural Water Bodies Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Hydrodynamics – Natural Water Bodies, Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-893-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs 1 Chapter 1 A Hydroinformatic Tool for Sustainable Estuarine Management 3 António A.L.S. Duarte Chapter 2 Hydrodynamic Control of Plankton Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Subtropical Shallow Lakes 27 Luciana de Souza Cardoso, Carlos Ruberto Fragoso Jr., Rafael Siqueira Souza and David da Motta Marques Chapter 3 A Study Case of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality Modelling: Coatzacoalcos River, Mexico 49 Franklin Torres-Bejarano, Hermilo Ramirez and Clemente Rodríguez Chapter 4 Challenges and Solutions for Hydrodynamic and Water Quality in Rivers in the Amazon Basin 67 Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha, Daímio Chaves Brito, Antonio C. Brasil Junior, Luis Aramis dos Reis Pinheiro, Helenilza Ferreira Albuquerque Cunha, Eldo Santos and Alex V. Krusche Chapter 5 Hydrodynamic Pressure Evaluation of Reservoir Subjected to Ground Excitation Based on SBFEM 89 Shangming Li Part 2 Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Seas and Oceans 109 Chapter 6 Numerical Modeling of the Ocean Circulation: From Process Studies to Operational Forecasting – The Mediterranean Example 111 Steve Brenner VI Contents Chapter 7 Freshwater Dispersion Plume in the Sea: Dynamic Description and Case Study 129 Renata Archetti and Maurizio Mancini Part 3 Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Estuaries and Bays 153 Chapter 8 The Hydrodynamic Modelling of Reefal Bays – Placing Coral Reefs at the Center of Bay Circulation 155 Ava Maxam and Dale Webber Chapter 9 Astronomical Tide and Typhoon-Induced Storm Surge in Hangzhou Bay, China 179 Jisheng Zhang, Chi Zhang, XiuguangWu and Yakun Guo Chapter 10 Experimental Investigation on Motions of Immersing Tunnel Element under Irregular Wave Actions 199 Zhijie Chen, Yongxue Wang, Weiguang Zuo, Binxin Zheng and Zhi Zeng, Jia He Chapter 11 Formation and Evolution of Wetland and Landform in the Yangtze River Estuary Over the Past 50 Years Based on Digitized Sea Maps and Multi-Temporal Satellite Images 215 Xie Xiaoping Part 4 Multiphase Phenomena: Air-Water Flows and Sediments 235 Chapter 12 Stepped Spillways: Theoretical, Experimental and Numerical Studies 237 André Luiz Andrade Simões, Harry Edmar Schulz, Raquel Jahara Lobosco and Rodrigo de Melo Porto Chapter 13 Sediment Gravity Flows: Study Based on Experimental Simulations 263 Rafael Manica Preface “Water is the beginning of everything” (Tales of Mileto) “Air is the beginning of everything” (Anaxímenes of Mileto) Introduction Why is it important to study Hydrodynamics? The answer may be strictly technical, but it may also involve some kind of human feeling about our environment, and our (eventual) limitations to deal with its fluidic constituents. As teachers, when talking to our students about the importance of quantifying fluids, we (authors) go to the blackboard and draw, in blue color, a small circumference in the center of the board, and add the obvious name “Earth”. Some words are then said, in the sense that Hydrodynamics is important, because we are beings strictly adapted to live immersed in a fluidic environment (air), and because we are beings composed basically by simple fluidic solutions (water solutions), encapsulated in fine carbon membranes. Then, with a red chalk, we draw two crosses: one inside and the other outside the circumference, explaining: “our environment is very limited. We can only survive in the space covered by the blue line. No one of us can survive in the inner part of this sphere, or in the outer space. Despite all films, games, and books about contacts with aliens, and endless journeys across the universe, our present knowledge only allows to suggest that it is much most probable that the human being will extinct while in this fine fluid membrane, than to create sustainable artificial environments in the cosmos”. Sometimes, to add some drama, we project the known image of the earth on a wall (the image of the blue sphere), and then we blow a soap bubble, explaining that the image gives the false impression that the entire sphere is our home. But our “home” is better represented by the liquid film of the soap bubble (only the film) and then we touch the bubble, exploding it, showing its fragility. In the sequence, we explain that a first reason to understand fluids would be, then, to guarantee the maintenance of the fluidic environment (the film), so that we could also guarantee our survival as much as possible. Further, as we move ourselves and produce our things immersed in fluid, it is interesting to optimize such operations, in order to facilitate our survival. Still further, because our organisms interchange heat X Preface and mass in cellular and corporal scales between different fluids, the understanding of these transports permits to understand the spreading of diseases, the delivering of medicines to cells, and the use of physical properties of fluids in internal treatments, allowing to improve our quality of life. Finally, the observation of the inner part of the sphere, the outer space and its constituents, shows that many “highly energetic” phenomena behave like the fluids around us, giving us the hope that the knowledge of fluids can help, in the future, to quantify, reproduce, control and use energy sources similar to those of the stars, allowing to “move through the cosmos”, and (only then) also to create sustainable artificial environments, and to leave this “limited film” when necessary. Of course, this “speech” may be viewed as a sort of escapism, related to a fiction of the future. In fact, the day-by-day activities show that we are spending our time with “more important” things, like the fighting among us for the dividends of the next fashion wave (or the next technical wave), the hierarchy among nations, or the hierarchy of the cultures of the different nations. So, fighters, warriors, or generals, still seem to be the agents that write our history. But global survival, or, in other words, the guarantee of any future history, will need other agents, devoted to other activities. The hope lies on the generation of knowledge, in which the knowledge about fluids is vital. Context of the present book “Hydrodynamics - Natural Water Bodies” A quick search in virtual book stores may result in more than hundred titles involving the word “Hydrodynamics”. Considering the superposition existing with Fluid Mechanics, the number of titles grows much more. Considering all these titles, why to organize another book on Hydrodynamics? One answer could be: because the researchers always try new points of view to understand and treat the problems related to Hydrodynamics. Even a much known phenomenon may be re-explained from a point of view that introduces different tools (conceptual, numerical or practical) into the discussion of fluids. And eventually a detail shows to be useful, or even very relevant. So, it is necessary to give the opportunity to the different authors to expose their points of view. Among the historically relevant books on Hydrodynamics, some should be mentioned here. For example, the volumes “Hydrodynamics” and “Hydraulics”, by Daniel Bernoulli (1738) and his father, Johann Bernoulli (1743), respectively, present many interesting sketches and the analyses that converged to the so called “Bernoulli equation”, later deduced more properly by Leonhard Euler. Although there are unpleasant questions about the authorship of the main ideas, as pointed out by Rouse (1967) and Calero (2008), both books are placed in a “prominent position” in the history, because of their significant contributions. The volume written by Sir Horace Lamb (1879), now named “Hydrodynamics”, considers the basic equations, the vortex motion, tidal waves, among other interesting topics. Considering the classical equations and procedures followed to study fluid motion, the books “Fundamentals of Hydro and Aerodynamics“ and “Applied Hydro and Aerodynamics“ by Prandtl and [...]... and Applied Mathematics series 19 53 Reissued in the Cambridge Science Classics series 19 82 (ISBN: 0 5 21 0 411 7 1) Bernoulli, D (17 38), Hydrodynamics Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York, 19 68 (first publication) and reissued in 2005, ISBN -10 : 04864 418 57 Hydrodynamica, by Daniel Bernoulli, as published by Johann Reinhold Dulsecker at Strassburg in 17 38 Bernoulli, J (17 43), Hydraulics Dover Publications,... New York, 19 68 (first publication) and reissued in 2005, ISBN -10 : 04864 418 57 Hydraulica, by Johann Bernoulli, as published by Marc-Michel Bousquet et Cie at Lausanne and Geneva in 17 43 Calero, J.S (2008), The genesis of fluid mechanics (16 40 -17 80) Springer, ISBN 978 -14 020-6 413 -5 Original title: La génesis de la Mecánica de los Fluidos (16 40– 17 80), UNED, Madrid, 19 96 Chandrasekhar, S (19 61) , Hydrodynamic... welcomed by the professionals dealing with Hydrodynamics The book Hydrodynamics - Natural Water Bodies is organized in the following manner: Part 1: Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs Part 2: Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Seas and Oceans Part 3: Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Estuaries and Bays Part 4: Multiphase Phenomena: Air -Water Flows and Sediments Hydrodynamics is a very rich area of study,... (19 61) , Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability Clarendon Press edition, 19 61 Dover edition, first published in 19 81 (ISBN: 0-486-64071X) Drazin, P.G & Reid, W.H (19 81) , Hydrodynamic stability Cambridge University Press (second edition 2004) (ISBN: 0 5 21 525 41 1) Preface Hinze, J.O (19 59), Turbulence McGraw-Hill, Inc second edition, 19 75 (ISBN:0-07029037-7) Kundu, P.K & Cohen, I.M (2008), Fluid Mechanics... 19 57 Schlichting, H (19 51) , Grenzschicht-Theorie Karlsruhe: Verlag und Druck Stoker, J.J (19 57) Water waves: the mathematical theory with applications Interscience Publishers, New York (ISBN -10 : 04 715 70346) XIII Part 1 Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs 1 A Hydroinformatic Tool for Sustainable Estuarine Management António A.L.S Duarte University of Minho Portugal 1 Introduction Hydrodynamics. .. (closed sluices), 15 and 30 m3.s -1 were considered They correspond, respectively, to discharges carried out during part of the tidal cycle and continuous discharges that are usual in periods of greater rainfall, considering the water demand for existing intensive oriziculture activity in the Pranto river catchment 10 Hydrodynamics – Natural Water Bodies Fig 8 Pranto river annual (19 93-94) flow discharge... Schlichting (19 51) has been considered an indispensable reference, because it condenses most of the basic concepts on this subject Further, still considering specific topics, Stoker (19 57) and Lighthill (19 78) wrote about waves in fluids, while Chandrasekhar (19 61) and Drazin and Reid (19 81) considered hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability It is also necessary to mention the books of Batchelor (19 53),... 978-0 -12 -373735-9) Lamb, H (18 79), Hydrodynamics (Regarded as the sixth edition of a Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motion of Fluids, published in 18 79) Dover Publications, New York., sixth edition, 19 93 (ISBN -10 : 0486602567) Landau, L.D.; Lifschitz, E.M (19 59), Fluid Mechanics Course of theoretical Physics, Volume 6 Second edition 19 87 (Reprint with corrections 2006) Elsevier (ISBN10: 0750627670)... segment of the water body to be reduce to a factor 1/ e” (Sanford et al., 19 92; Luketina, 19 98, Wang et al., 2004; Rueda & Moreno-Ostos, 2006; Cucco & Umgiesser, 2006), being a property of a specific location within the water body that is flushed by the hydrodynamic processes In the second one, it is identified as the water transit time that corresponds to the time it takes for any water particles of... Nietzsche, F (18 83), Also sprach Zarathustra, Publicações Europa-América, Portugal (Text in Portuguese, Ed 19 78) Rouse, H (19 67) Preface to the english translation of the books Hydrodynamics and Hydraulics, already mentioned in this list Dover Publications, Inc Prandtl, L & Tietjens, O.G (19 34) Fundamentals of Hydro & Aeromechanics, Dover Publications, Inc Ed 19 57 Prandtl, L & Tietjens, O.G (19 34) Applied . Classics series 19 82 (ISBN: 0 5 21 0 411 7 1) . Bernoulli, D. (17 38), Hydrodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York, 19 68 (first publication) and reissued in 2005, ISBN -10 : 04864 418 57. Hydrodynamica,. dealing with Hydrodynamics. The book Hydrodynamics - Natural Water Bodies is organized in the following manner: Part 1: Tidal and Wave Dynamics: Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs Part 2: Tidal. HYDRODYNAMICS – NATURAL WATER BODIES Edited by Harry Edmar Schulz, André Luiz Andrade Simões and Raquel Jahara Lobosco Hydrodynamics – Natural Water Bodies Edited