The cambridge history of china volume 5 part two sung china, 960–1279

Tai Lieu Chat Luong THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA General Editors Denis Twitchett and John K Fairbank Volume Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279 L I A O H S I - H S I A E M P I R E Western Capital Ta-t’ung Southern Capital Feng-chou E M P I R E -P -T O I CH S H O - H IN G H P E I H S I Hsiung-chou Pa-chou Lin Huo-shan Tai-chou Pao-chou Pei-p’ing Ch’ing-chou Fu Ning-hua Chung-shan Mo-chou Pao-te Chi K’o-lon Ying-chou Chin-ning T’ien-wei Ts’ang-chou Teng-chou Hsien-chou Hsing-ch’ing-fu Chen-ting-fu Ching-chou Shen-chou Lan-chou G Hsin-chou Yung-ching Yin-chou N Pin-chou P’ing-ting Lai-chou T’ai-yuan-fu U NG T Ti-chou Ch’ing-yuan-fu Chi-chou Te-chou Y Sui-te Wei-chou I TU Shih-chou Chen-wu En-chou E Liao-chou Hsin-te-fu U G Ting-pien Ch’ing-chou Fen-chou Chi-nan-fu N N Hui-chou MingU Po-chou H O - T U N G Tz’u-chou Hsi-an chou Ting-pien G Yen-an-fu Hsi-chou Huan-chou Wei-sheng Tz’u-chou Mi-chou Lo-chou Hsi-ning Ta-ming-fu Yün-chou C Ch’ing-tso C Fu-chouHsiang-chou Tzu-chou H K’ai-te-fu C H I N G Lan-chou H Kuo-chou Ch’ing-chou Ping-yang Chi-chou Yen-chou Ü Chen-jung ’ P’u-chou Yuan-chou Tse-chou Chi-shih Hua-chou I Fang-chou Wei-chou Ning-chou I-chou T UNG Chiang-chou Wei-chou Ho-chou N Ts’ao-chou Tan-chou Ching-chou Meng-chou Huai-chou K’ai-feng Hsi-chou Huai-yang - Shun-te Lung-chou Pin-chou Yao-chou T’ung-chou Chieh-chou HSI Hai-chou F E Cheng-chou Kung-chou Kung-chou Ho-chungC Ying-tien-fu Li-chou N G Ho-nan-fu CHINGHsü-chou T’ao-chou Shan-chou H Ch’in-chou K’uo-chou CHI An-tung Hua-chou Feng-hsiang-fu Min-chou I Yang-ch’ang-fu Ching-chao-fu H U A I - N A N Hsi-ho Su-chou Ju-chou N Feng-chou Ch’u-chou Hua-ning-fu G Po-chou Ch’eng-chou Shang-chou Ch’ing-ho - H Huai-an ChaoChieh-chou hsin T U N G Mien-chou Yang-chou S Kao-yu Hao-chou I Ssu-chou T I B E TA N S Wen-chou P T’ai-chou Yang-chou Shun-ch’ang-fu E C H I N Hsing-yuan T’ung-chou ChenChen-chou I Ta-an Teng-chou Ts’ai-chou chiang-fu G Ch’u-chou Chün-chou Shou-ch’un-fu - H T’ang-chou Lung-chou L I - C H O U Chiang-ning-fu Chin-chou Li-chou Ho-chou Hsin-yang Ch’angFang-chou Hsiang-yang-fu S Kuang-chou Liu-an Lung-ch’ing I chou P’ing-chiang-fu T’ai-p’ing-chou N A Pa-chou U Lang-chou Mao-chou Hsin-yang Sui-chou I N K’ai-chou Wu-wei A Hu-chou HanChia-hsing-fu Ch’inWei-chou Te-an-fu P’eng-chou Ta-chou chou chou K’uei-chou U Ning-kuo-fu Kuei-chou Ying-chou Yun-an H Yüeh-chou Ming-chou P’eng-chou T’ung-ch’uan-fu H Lin-an-fu An-ch’ing-fu Yung-k’ang Kuo-chou Wan-chou Ch’eng-tu-fu Huang-chou Hsia-chou Liang-shan EO-chou Ya-chou Ch’iungLIANG-CHE N Ch’i-chou ChienCh’ü-chou Chung-chou Shih-chou Hui-chou Chiang-ling P Shou-ch’ang Sui-chou chou chou Fu-chou Chien-te-fu Ning-hsi P’uMei-chou Ho-chou C chou U Hsing-kuo Chiang-chou T’ai-chou Chia-chou Fu-chou Ch’angH Li-chou Li-chou Wu-chou Nan-k’ang chou Yü-chou Tzu-chou N N A -N I S G G N U T IA N I H C A ’U FU CH U F C H ’ H E N O G - U T - N N A N G U N I U - H G C ’ K H I - E - NG T’U M K I N G D O Wen Lan Lung Yen T A - L I Kuan T’ing K P’an U A N I-chou N A Heng N Hsin Kuei Pin Yung-chou Ch’in-chou G Hsiang Kung H T’eng N A Shao-wu Chien-ning Nan-chien Fu-chou FU - CHI EN Hsing-hua Ting-chou Ch’uan-chou Nan-an Nan-hsiung Wu-chou Feng-chou Yung-chou Yü-lin Lien-chou Fu-chou Ch’ien-ch’ang Shao-chou Chang-chou Mei-chou Hsün-chou Ying-te-fu K U A N G - N A N I Pai-chou Kan-chou Ch’enchou Lien-chou Chao-chou Chia-chou - Ch’ao-ch’ing-fu S Ch’u-chou Wen-chou Chi-chou Ch’a-ling Yung-chou Ch’uan-chou N Kuei-yang-chien Tao-chou Kuei-chou Ti H C An-hua Na N S Wu-kang P’ing-chou Ts’ung-chou N I I IO U E S Heng-chou S A R IB Lin-chiang Yuan-chou Ching chou Ch’ü-chou Yün-chou T’an-chou Shao-chou Jao-chou Hsin-chou Lung-hsing-fu H V Chen-chou Yuan-chou M R Chen-chou Ssu-chou Po-chou T A Ch’ang-te-fu - N A N N G I A Ch’ing-ning Yüeh-chou G H Lu-chou - Ch’ien-chou C Jung-chou Nan-p’ing Kao-chou Ch’ao-chou T U N G Te-ch’ing-fu Hui-chou Kuang-chou Hsin-chou En-nan-chou Hua-chou H O U - T A Lei-chou Principal roads Y Ü E H Canals Provincial capitals Ch’iung-chou Ch’ang-hua Fu Chen-chou Yen-te Chou Prefectures Chün Military prefectures Wan-an Chu-yai 0 400 km 200 miles Map Political map of the Northern Sung, c 1100 Reprinted by permission from The Times Atlas of China, P.J.M Geelan and Denis C Twitchett, eds (London: Times Books, 1974) THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA Volume Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279 edited by JOHN W CHAFFEE and DENIS TWITCHETT University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521243308 © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-0-521-24330-8 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS List of tables and igures page xi List of maps xii List of abbreviations xiii Preface Introduction: relections on the Sung by John W Chaffee, Binghamton University, State University of New York A weak dynasty? Economic dynamism Assertions of authority Sung Confucianism Elites and their output A religious society The Sung in Chinese history Sung government and politics by Charles Hartman, University at Albany, State University of New York Introduction A bibliographic prelude The uninished character of the Sung state The literatus as civil servant Literati ideas about government The literati character of Sung government The civil service system The Sung monarchy Government decision making xv 10 12 15 16 19 19 24 27 32 35 43 49 80 112 viii contents The Sung iscal administration by Peter J Golas, University of Denver Introduction Agriculture and the countryside Labor service Cities, commercial taxes, and monopolies Disbursements The monetary system Conclusion A history of the Sung military ă Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing by Wang Tseng-Y u, The organization of the military in the early Sung The military history of the Northern Sung Weapons, logistics, and technology The military history of the Southern Sung Chinese law and legal system: Five Dynasties and Sung by Brian McKnight, University of Arizona Introduction Five Dynasties law The Sung legal system Conclusion 139 139 158 167 175 192 207 211 214 214 220 233 238 250 250 250 253 283 Sung education: schools, academies, and examinations by John W Chaffee, Binghamton University, State University of New York 286 Introduction Methods of recruitment Early Sung developments The Ch’ing-li reforms Policy debates: quotas and curriculum Wang An-shih’s reforms The Three Hall System The early Southern Sung: survival and reconstruction Southern Sung government schooling The academy movement Examinations in the Southern Sung Conclusion: the Sung educational order 286 287 288 293 295 298 300 305 305 309 312 318 contents Economic change in China, 960–1279 by Joseph P McDermott, Cambridge University, and Shiba Yoshinobu, Toyo Bunko Introduction Late T’ang to early Sung (742–1080) Middle Sung (1080–1162) Late Sung (1163–1276) China’s emergence as a maritime power by Angela Schottenhammer, Salzburg University Introduction Political and economic background Sea routes and maritime accounts Nautical and shipbuilding technology The Sung navy Oficial administration of maritime trade Exchange of commodities Conclusion Sung society and social change by Robert Hymes, Columbia University Introduction Printing and reading Women and gender Religion Elites, locality, and the state Conclusion Reconceptualizing the order of things in Northern and Southern Sung by Peter K Bol, Harvard University The Sung intellectual legacy Culture and ideology, 960–1030 From learning to politics: the Fan Chung-yen faction The search for coherent systems and methods in the mid-eleventh century Finding an alternative to the New Learning Trends in Southern Sung intellectual culture ix 321 321 326 385 409 437 437 439 440 450 454 460 491 523 526 526 542 568 595 621 661 665 665 670 674 681 708 721 bibliography 827 Hsuă Tu  Chăueh-sao pien   c.1130 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