The cambridge history of china volume 9 part two the ching dynasty to 1800

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA Volume Part Two: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800 edited by WI L L A R D J P E T E R S O N Princeton University Tai Lieu Chat Luong Irt ysh E M P I R E Yenisei Riv e r r ve Ri R U S S I A N A lt a i Lake Balkhash M o u n Dzungarian Gate Kulja Ili Riv er Muzart Pass N Aksu S H A N T ’ I E Kucha Kashgar Tarim Rive I K N Tarim Basin Yarkand I S in Turfan Turfan Depression A N Taklamakan Desert Hami G Tun-huang Khotan Karakorum Pass Srinagar s Urumchi r Pamirs ta Yü-men Kunlun Mountains Tsaudam Basin Tsinghai Sining I B A Shigatse E T L E A Y Chamdo Lhasa M O U N T A I N S L Batang BHUTAN Ganges Riv Darjeeling Chumbi Valley er Brah m aputra River Patna Mounta River P Khatmandu A Yangtze A N eh I M Hsu T Ta - H Delhi ins I A Calcutta Yunnan-fu BURMA S I A M Map The Ch'ing empire: physical features er Riv a aw Mandalay M ek o ng Salween R iver D dd y Ri ver N Irr I n Mo untains Tsitsihar Mt an g-p Harbin h’ C o Lia Wut’ai M ts gM ts an -h Ta i Nanking er Riv Ri tz e ver Ri Ri v er Foochow Liu-ch’iu Islands TA I W A N H s i ng ns ng ’a Amoy Mel-ling Kweilin Hsi r Chou-shan Islands Ningpo Poyang Lake Ch ’ i ent Ch’ang-sha Nanch’ang Kan R ive Tung-t’ing Lake Shanghai r veSoochow Wuhan Y an g WuiM ou nt Y ve al ver i Ri H ua n tze ang rges Go Kweiyang ed v Ri er Ri Tsinan Yellow Rive r Ha Red Basin R iver Canton The Ch’ing Empire Nanning Hanoi ANNAN (VIETNAM) Macao Hainan Island Grand canal Great wall Pass Trade route 0 Map (cont.) E A n Ca nd G North China Plain R a Seoul Kaifeng Sian R Lu-shun T’ai-yuan l ing Mts Tsin- r ve Ri Min River O Gre W a ll Yunnan Plateau K Peking Tientsin Lanchow Chengtu Ya lu Shan-hai kuan Ordos Desert r Mukden Ku-pei k’ou D E S E R T Vladivostok r Rive G O B I Chi a-l in g r a Sun g MONGOLIA t s er iv Ussuri River an ri Ri ve a i M ts at K hin ga g Gre Orkh in Urga R ur Am Kh River en rill Ke Blagoveshchensk er Kiakhta Selenga Riv e r r on R i v e er Argun Riv Nerchinsk Less Lake Baikal Irkutsk 250 100 500 200 300 750 400 1000 km 500 miles University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521243353  C Cambridge University Press 2016 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-0-521-24335-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS List of figures and tables List of maps page x xi Preface to Volume 9, Part Two xiii Ch'ing dynasty rulers to 1850 xv Introduction: The Ch'ing dynasty, the Ch'ing empire, and the Great Ch'ing integrated domain by Wi ll ard J Pe te rson Governing provinces by R K e n t G u y The Shun-chih reign: taking over from the Ming government The K'ang-hsi reign: empowering civilian governors The Yung-cheng reign: controlling governors from the center The Ch'ien-lung reign: subordinating governors and extracting wealth Taiwan prefecture in the eighteenth century by J o h n R o b e r t S h e p h e r d Ch'ing taxation and administration of aborigines Restrictions on immigration The Chu I-kuei rebellion of 1721 Colonization policy debates in the post-rebellion period The Ta-chia-hsi and Wu Fu-sheng revolts of 1731–2 16 19 27 47 58 77 82 84 86 88 91 vi contents The role of the plains aborigines The growth of Han settler society The Lin Shuang-wen rebellion and its aftermath The Extension of Ch'ing rule over Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet, 1636–1800 by N i col a Di Cosmo The Ch'ing expansion in Inner Asia The Li-fan yăuans structure and functions Tributary relations between the Chosˇon and Ch'ing courts to 1800 by L i m Jo n g t a e The uneasy tributary situation in late Ming Manchu leaders force changes in the tributary relation Chosˇon as the model tributary state of the Ch'ing? Tributary relations in practice Korea’s divided loyalty Korean tribute embassies as the medium for cultural transfers Trade between Korea and the Ch'ing Cultural transfers to Korea and their impact in the eighteenth century The emergence of the state of Vietnam by J o h n K W h i t m o r e a n d B r i a n Z o t t o l i Governments under competing families Effects of contacts with the Ch'ing regime on state development in Vietnam Socioeconomic forces and political crises The rise of the new state of Vietnam Cultural transfers between Tokugawa Japan and Ch'ing China to 1800 by Benj amin A Elman Tokugawa assessments of the effects of the Manchu conquest Chinese learning and Tokugawa society Appropriation of Ming–Ch'ing law and the “Sacred edict” 94 99 105 111 117 135 146 146 149 153 156 164 173 177 186 197 202 210 219 226 234 236 240 249 contents Medical practice and medical philology in eighteenth-century Japan Japanese editions of books in Chinese and their way back to the Ch'ing empire vii 251 254 Ch'ing relations with maritime Europeans 264 by J o h n E W i l l s , Jr a n d Jo h n L C r a n m e r - B y n g † Early Ch'ing, 1644–90 Peaceful expansion, 1690–1740 Patterns of trade through the eighteenth century The turn to restrictions, 1740–1780 New directions, 1780–1800 Some conclusions Catholic missionaries, 1644–1800 by John W Wite k† 265 276 286 299 311 325 329 Schall encounters Yang Kuang-hsien The Canton conference The K'ang-hsi emperor and Verbiest French Jesuits at the Ch'ing court Maigrot’s directive Papal legations to the Ch'ing court Western medicine and map-making The second papal legation and its aftermath The Yung-cheng emperor and Christianity The missions and the Ch'ien-lung emperor Conclusion 333 336 338 342 344 347 353 356 360 363 368 Calendrical learning and medicine, 1600–1800 by C h u P i n g y i 372 Calendrical learning Medicine 373 398 10 Taoists, 1644–1850 by V i n c e n t G o o s s a e r t 412 Political control of Taoism under the Ch'ing Cheng-i clergy and Chang Heavenly Master ¨ The Ch'uan-chen clergy 416 429 436 viii contents Temples and rituals in local society Lay Taoist practices 11 Arguments over learning based on intuitive knowing in early Ch'ing by Wi l l ard J Pe te rson Liu Tsung-chou’s legacy Huang Tsung-hsi to 1678 The first generation probes Sung learning The second and third generations of men focusing on moral self-cultivation An epistemological mire 12 Advancement of learning in early Ch'ing: Three cases by Wi ll ard J Pe te rson Fang I-chih looks to things Ku Yen-wu exhibits a new model for learning Wang Fu-chih thinks for himself about the past 13 Dominating learning from above during the K'ang-hsi period by Wi ll ard J Pet er son Government initiatives in sponsoring learning High officials’ individual initiatives Individuals’ contributions to learning in the new climate 443 447 458 460 474 490 494 511 513 515 529 558 571 573 589 600 14 Political pressures on the cultural sphere in the Ch'ing period by W a n g F a n - s e n 606 Literary inquisitions and intimidations Self-censorship in the production, publication, and consumption of texts Effects of political pressures and self-censorship 612 15 Changing roles of local elites from the 1720s to the 1830s by S e u n g h y u n H a n Imposition of controls over local elites’ contributions in the eighteenth century Changing incidence of state recognition of contributions by local elites 634 644 649 652 671 contents Policies on enshrining local worthies State control of publication of local gazetteers Conclusion ix 683 691 700 Bibliography 702 Glossary–Index 780 FIGURES AND TABLES figures 15.1 Number of contributions recorded in the Shih-lu for the Chia-ch'ing and Tao-kuang reigns page 673 15.2 Cases of memorial arches for selected years between 1736 and 1850 674 15.3 Cases of honorific rank and title (i-hsău) for selected years 675 tables 1.1 Locations of Ming grand co-ordinators (hsăun-fu) and Ch'ing provincial governors (hsăun-fu) 1.2 Percentages of governors promoted from lieutenant governor 1.3 Fines paid by eight officials who had served as provincial governors to the Secret Accounts Bureau of the Imperial Household Department in 1787 and 1795 2.1 Growth of population and land area registered for taxation, 1684–1905 7.1 Estimated prices at Canton (in silver taels) and percentage change 15.1 Provincial distribution of recorded instances of contributions during the Chia-ch'ing and Tao-kuang reigns 15.2 The number of county and prefectural gazetteers in Chiang-nan and north China produced between 1644 and 1850, by reign 25 38 75 101 298 676 696       Fu-chou: Fu-chou jen-min ch'u-pan-she, 2000 Huang Ming-t'ung  and Luă Hsi-ch'en  Wang Ch'uan-shan li-shih kuan yău shih-lun yen-chiu   Changsha: Hu-nan jen-min ch'u-pan-she, 1986 Huang Ping-hou  Huang Tsung-hsi nien-p'u   Peking: Chung-hua ă 1993 shu-chu, Huang Po-lu  Cheng-chiao feng-pao  1883 Shanghai: Tz'u-mu t'ang, 1894 Huang Shu-ching  T'ai Hai shih ch'a lu   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