THE CAMBRIDGE H I S T O R Y OF CHINA Volume II Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part edited by JOHN K F A I R B A N K and K W A N G - C H I N G LIU CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON • NEW YORK MELBOURNE • NEW • ROCHELLE SYDNEY Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Tai Lieu Chat Luong CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521220293 © Cambridge University Press 1980 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1980 Reprinted 1999, 2005, 2006 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Cambridge History of China Vol 11 edited by J K Fairbank and K C Liu Bibliography: p Includes index CONTENTS : v 10 Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911 pt v 11 Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911 pt China History I Twitchett, Denis Crispin II Fairbank, John King, 1907- III Liu, Kwang-Ching, 1921DS735.C3145 95i'°3 76-29851 ISBN O 521 22O29 (V Il) ISBN-13 978-0-521-22029-3 hardback ISBN-IO 0-521-22029-7 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE In the English-speaking world, the Cambridge histories have since the beginning of the century set the pattern for multi-volume works of history, with chapters written by experts of a particular topic, and unified by the guiding hand of volume editors of senior standing The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, appeared in sixteen volumes between 1902 and 1912 It was followed by The Cambridge Ancient History, The Cambridge Medieval History, The Cambridge History of English Literature, and Cambridge Histories of India, of Poland, and of the British Empire The original Modern History has now been replaced by The New Cambridge Modern History in twelve volumes, and The Cambridge Economic History of Europe is now being completed Other Cambridge Histories recently undertaken include a history of Islam, of Arabic literature, of the Bible treated as a central document of and influence on Western civilization, and of Iran and China In the case of China, Western historians face a special problem The history of Chinese civilization is more extensive and complex than that of any single Western nation, and only slightly less ramified than the history of European civilization as a whole The Chinese historical record is immensely detailed and extensive, and Chinese historical scholarship has been highly developed and sophisticated for many centuries Yet until recent decades the study of China in the West, despite the important pioneer work of European sinologists, had hardly progressed beyond the translation of some few classical historical texts, and the outline history of the major dynasties and their institutions Recently Western scholars have drawn more fully upon the rich traditions of historical scholarship in China and also in Japan, and greatly advanced both our detailed knowledge of past events and institutions, and also our critical understanding of traditional historiography In addition, the present generation of Western historians of China can also draw upon the new outlooks and techniques of modern Western historical scholarship, and upon recent developments in the social sciences, while continuing to build upon the solid foundations of rapidly proCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi G E N E R A L EDITORS* PREFACE gressing European, Japanese and Chinese sinological studies Recent historical events, too, have given prominence to new problems, while throwing into question many older conceptions Under these multiple impacts the Western revolution in Chinese studies is steadily gathering momentum When The Cambridge History of China was first planned in 1966, the aim was to provide a substantial account of the history of China as a bench mark for the Western history-reading public: an account of the current state of knowledge in six volumes Since then the out-pouring of current research, the application of new methods, and the extension of scholarship into new fields, have further stimulated Chinese historical studies This growth is indicated by the fact that the History has now become a planned sixteen volumes, including the earliest pre-dynastic period, but which still leave out such topics as the history of art and of literature, many aspects of economics and technology, and all the riches of local history The striking advances in our knowledge of China's past over the last decade will continue and accelerate Western historians of this great and complex subject are justified in their efforts by the needs of their own peoples for greater and deeper understanding of China Chinese history belongs to the world, not only as a right and necessity, but also as a subject of compelling interest JOHN K FAIRBANK DENIS TWITCHETT June 1976 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS General editors' preface page v Ust of maps xi List of tables xiv Preface to volume 11 Economic trends in the late Ch'ing empire, 1870-1911 by ALBERT FEUERWERKER, Professor of History, University of Michigan Agriculture Handicraft industry Modern industry Domestic and foreign commerce Government and the economy Late Ch'ing foreign relations, 1866-1905 by IMMANUEL C Y H S U , Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara The changing context Foreign, relations, 1866-75 Acceleration of imperialism in frontier areas and tributary states Japanese aggression in Korea The threatened 'partition of China' The Boxer Uprising The effects of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Russo-Japanese War Changing Chinese views of Western relations, 1840-95 by Y E N - P ' I N G and E R H - M I N Hong Kong xv 15 28 40 58 70 70 71 84 101 109 115 130 142 Professor of History, University of Tennessee W A N G , Senior Lecturer, Chinese University of HAO, Introduction: traditional views of foreign relations Initial response and inertia, 1840-60 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 142 145 VU1 CONTENTS The impact of Western power and wealth, 1860-95 page 156 The ambivalence of foreign policy views, 1860-95 172 Continuity and change in Chinese views of Western relations 199 The military challenge: the north-west and the coast by KWANG-CHING LIU, Professor of History, University of California, Davis and RICHARD J SMITH, Associate Professor of History, Rice University Ch'ing armies of the post-Taiping era The Muslim revolts and their international implications Ch'ing victories in Shensi and Kansu The reconquest of Sinkiang Li Hung-chang and coastal defence The Sino-French War and its aftermath The disaster of the Sino-Japanese War Intellectual change and the reform movement, 1890-8 by H A O CHANG, Professor of History, Ohio State University Background - aspects of the Western impact K'ang Yu-wei and the emerging intellectual ferment The reform movement Reform in Hunan The debacle of 1898 Legacies of the reform era Japan and the Chinese Revolution o f i i i by MARIUS JANSEN, Professor of History, Princeton University The opening of China as a warning to Japan Meiji Japan in Chinese thinking Chinese students in Japan Nationalism and its repercussions Influence through translation Japan and the Chinese revolutionaries Political and institutional reform, 1901-11 by CHUZO ICHIKO, Professor of History, Center for Modern Chinese Studies, Tqyo Bunko, Tokyo The reform edict of the Kuang-hsu Emperor Reforms in education Reforms in the military system Preparations for constitutionalism Financial reorganization and centralization Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 202 202 211 225 235 243 251 269 274 274 283 291 300 318 329 339 340 343 348 353 361 363 375 375 376 383 388 403 CONTENTS Other reform programmes Characteristics of the late-Ch'ing reforms IX page 408 411 Government, merchants and industry t o i i i 416 by W E L L I N G T O N K K C H A N , Associate Professor of History, Occidental College Merchants and modern enterprise: a reassessment Official sponsorship of modern industry Campaigns for private enterprise Peking and the provinces: the conflict over leadership The emergence of entrepreneurial officials The republican revolutionary movement by M I C H A E L G A S S T E R , Professor of History, Rutgers University Early coalitions: the revolutionary m o v e m e n t before 1905 T h e revolutionary alliance, 1905—8 T h e fall of the Ch'ing dynasty, 1908-12 T h e emerging coalition T h e birth of the republic 416 421 437 447 454 463 465 484 506 507 515 10 Currents of social change by M A R I A N N E B A S T I D - B R U G U I E R E , Maitre de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris T h e privileged classes T h e c o m m o n people T h e g r o w t h of a sub-proletariat Dynamics of social change 535 Bibliographical essays 603 Bibliography 627 Glossary-index 683 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 536 571 586 89 MAPS i io 11 Ch'ing empire - physical features Major crop areas Trade routes Railway building Central Asia French Indo-China Imperialism Peking International relations of Manchuria and Korea Muslim Rebellion Ch'ing reconquest of Sinkiang 12 Taiwan page xu 42 55 89 98 114 120 216 236 259 13 Sino-Japanese War 14 Revolution of 191.1 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 271 523 MAP I Ch'ing empire - physical features 0 libo miles " - " Trade Route Grand Canal Great Wall Pass Region of wind-borne foess Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 TABLES i z 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Estimated gross national product page z Changes in rural population and area of farm land Changes in the size of farms $ Chou and hsien reporting of harvests Trends in crop acreages Estimated production of major crops 11 Cotton yarn and cloth imports 20 Capital, looms and workers in handicraft workshops 23 Estimated yarn and cloth consumption 2$ Number and capitalization of foreign-owned industries 29 Foreign and Sino-foreign manufacturing and mining 30-1 Nature of Chinese-owned manufacturing and mining 35 Location of Chinese-owned manufacturing and mining 36 Initial capitalization of Chinese-owned manufacturing and mining 37 Number and initial capitalization of treaty-port and inland Chinese-owned manufacturing firms 38 China's foreign trade 46-7 Distribution of principal imports 49 Distribution of principal exports 49 Foreign trade and principal trading partners, 1871-1911 JI Foreign trade and principal trading partners, 1899-1905 52 Estimated revenue and expenditure of the central government 63 Military and indemnity loans 67 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 j , j 668 BIBLIOGRAPHY policies of the Kuang-hsu reign) 34 cbiian Shanghai: Nan-yang kuan shu chii & $• If • %, 1909 Taipei reproduction, Wen-hai, 1969 Shen Yun-lung i t 3? 1- (The Asahi newspaper, Mr Takeyama, and how to know China) Chugoku + IS , 16 (March 1965) 34-6 Takeuchi Zensaku I t r t # # 'Meiji makki ni okeru Chu-Nichi kakumei undo no koryu' $ 56 % M U h It h + a £ T> % £ :M (Interflow in the Chinese and Japanese revolutionary movements in late Meiji years) Chugoku kenkyu + !S0f£ ( (Sept 1948)74-95 Tamada, Noriko (Noriko 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