The cambridge history of china volume 9 part one the ch’ing empire to 1800

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA General Editors Denis Twitchett and John K Fairbank Volume Part One: The Ch’ing Empire to 1800 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Tai Lieu Chat Luong Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 The Cambridge History of China Work on this volume was partially supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, Grants RO-22853-95 and RZ-20535-00, and by Grants from the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 I R U S S I A N E M P I R E I I i Nerchinsk \ Blagoveshchensk N Dzun^anun N Urumchi »—• •* s , MONGOLIA s \ \ ^Turfan G O B I D E S E R T Tsaidam Basin T I B E T •Kweiyang I N D I KweiliV A N& (B U R M A & Nam AN-NAN (VIETNAM)^- Hano\y The Ch'ing Empire—Physical Features \ S I A M Map i The Ch'ing empire — physical features John K Fairbank, ed Late Cb'ing, 1800—1911, Part 1, Vol 10 of The Cambridge History of China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), Map 1, p xii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 1 Grand Canal rLI ^ Great Wall ) ( Pass Trade route Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA Volume Part One: The Ch’ing Empire to 1800 edited by WILLARD J PETERSON Princeton University Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2002 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Garamond 11/13 pt System QuarkXPress [BTS] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data available ISBN 521 24334 hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of Tables and Graphs page xiii List of Maps xv General Editors’ Preface xvii Preface to Volume 9, Part One xxi List of Abbreviations Ch’ing Rulers to 1800 xxiii xxv Introduction New Order for the Old Order by Willard J Peterson, Princeton University 1 State Building before 1644 by Gertraude Roth Li, University of Hawaii The Jurchens during the Ming Nurhaci: Forging a Manchu Polity Hung Taiji: Building an Empire The Shun-chih Reign by Jerry Dennerline, Amherst College The Succession Dispute and the Ch’ing Mandate The Conquest of North China and the Lower Yangtze Valley, 1644–1645 Prince Regent Dorgon and Factional Politics The Southern and Western Campaigns and Dorgon’s Ascendency, 1646–1648 The Politics of Crisis, 1648–1649 The Death of Dorgon and Transition to Direct Imperial Rule The Anticorruption Campaign and the Revival of Literati Politics Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 27 51 73 74 83 89 92 97 101 106 x contents Personal Rule, Reform, and Confrontation The End of the Reign and the Return of the Old Guard The K’ang-hsi Reign by Jonathan Spence, Yale University A Brief Chronology of the K’ang-hsi Reign The K’ang-hsi Emperor’s Accession to Power The Reunification of the Realm The Consolidation of Ch’ing Borders Factional Politics The Politics of Administration Imperial Patronage of Learning and Culture The Yung-cheng Reign by Madeleine Zelin, Columbia University Usurper or Rightful Heir? Literary Inquisitions Rulership under the Yung-cheng Emperor Reform during the Yung-cheng Reign Extending the Reach of the State Assessing the Yung-cheng Reign The Ch’ien-lung Reign by Alexander Woodside, University of British Columbia Introduction: Placing the Reign in Chinese History The Politics and Economics of Ch’ien-lung’s Wars The Ch’ien-lung Emperor and the Scholar Elite Political Theory Struggles and the Corruption and Poverty Problems The Conquest Elite of the Ch’ing Empire by Pamela Kyle Crossley, Dartmouth College Function and Identity in Formation of the Empire The First Wave of Conquest, 1630–1700 The Second Wave of Conquest, 1700–1800 Fading Functions and the Caste of Identity Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 112 116 120 121 125 136 150 160 170 179 183 183 189 191 203 221 228 230 230 250 282 293 310 313 326 345 358 700 bibliography ting-kou ti chi lu ” Ch’ing shih lun ts’ung , (1970), pp 110–20 Sung Te-hsüan K’ang-hsi ssu-hsiang yen-chiu 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