Tai Lieu Chat Luong WATER TREATMENT IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS An International Perspective This page intentionally left blank WATER TREATMENT IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS An International Perspective Edited by Victor Monsalvo, PhD CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Apple Academic Press, Inc 3333 Mistwell Crescent Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20150611 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-245-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For information about Apple Academic Press product http://www.appleacademicpress.com About the Editor VICTOR MONSALVO, PhD Professor Victor Monsalvo is an environmental scientist with a PhD in chemical engineering from the University Autonoma de Madrid, where he later became a professor in the chemical engineering section As a researcher, he has worked with the following universities: Leeds, Cranfield, Sydney, and Aachen He took part of an active research team working in areas of environmental technologies, water recycling, and advanced water treatment systems He has been involved in sixteen research projects sponsored by various entities He has led nine research projects with private companies and an R&D national project, coauthored two patents (national and international) and a book, edited two books, and written around fifty journal and referred conference papers He has given two key notes in international conferences and has been a member of the organizing committee of five national and international conferences, workshops, and summer schools He is currently working as senior researcher in the Chemical Processes Department at Abengoa Research, Abengoa This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgment and How to Cite ix List of Contributors xi Introduction xvii Part I: Developing Countries Comparative Study of Three Two-Stage Hybrid Ecological Wastewater Treatment Systems for Producing High Nutrient, Reclaimed Water for Irrigation Reuse in Developing Countries Florentina Zurita and John R White Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment and Excess Sludge Handling Practices in the Federated States of Micronesia 25 Joseph D Rouse Occurrence and Removal Characteristics of Phthalate Esters from Typical Water Sources in Northeast China 43 Yu Liu, Zhonglin Chen, and Jimin Shen Assessment of Domestic Wastewater Disposal in Some Selected Wards of Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria 63 Abba Kagu, Hauwa Lawan Badawi, Jimme M Abba Detection of Free-Living Amoebae Using Amoebal Enrichment in a Wastewater Treatment Plant of Gauteng Province, South Africa 89 P Muchesa, O Mwamba, T G Barnard, and C Bartie Water and Wastewater Management and Biomass to Energy Conversion in a Meat Processing Plant in Brazil: A Case Study 113 Humberto J José, Regina F P M Moreira, Danielle B Luiz, Elaine Virmond, Aziza K Genena, Silvia L F Andersen, Rennio F de Sena, and Horst Fr Schröder viii Contents Part II: Developed Nations Intra- and Inter-Pandemic Variations of Antiviral, Antibiotics and Decongestants in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Rivers 155 Andrew C Singer, Josef D Järhult, Roman Grabic, Ghazanfar A Khan, Richard H Lindberg, Ganna Fedorova, Jerker Fick, Michael J Bowes, Björn Olsen, and Hanna Söderström Wastewater Recycling in Greece: The Case of Thessaloniki 187 Andreas Ilias, Athanasios Panoras, and Andreas Angelakis Do Contaminants Originating from State-of-the-Art Treated Wastewater Impact the Ecological Quality of Surface Waters? 209 Daniel Stalter, Axel Magdeburg, Kristin Quednow, Alexandra Botzat, and Jörg Oehlmann 10 Performance of a Constructed Wetland in Grand Marais, Manitoba, Canada: Removal of Nutrients, Pharmaceuticals, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Municipal Wastewater 235 Julie C Anderson, Jules C Carlson, Jennifer E Low, Jonathan K Challis, Charles S Wong, Charles W Knapp, and Mark L Hanson 11 Irrigation with Treated Wastewater: Quantification of Changes in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties 271 Pradip Adhikari, Manoj K Shukla, John G Mexal, and David Daniel 12 Spatial Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Groundwater beneath Two Large On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems 297 Charles Humphrey, Michael O’Driscoll, and Jonathan Harris 13 Detection of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonistic Activity and Identification of Causative Compounds in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Japan 323 Kazuko Sawada, Daisuke Inoue, Yuichiro Wada, Kazunari Sei, Tsuyoshi Nakanishi, and Michihiko Ike Author Notes 345 Index 351 Acknowledgment and How to Cite The editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed to this book The chapters in this book were previously published elsewhere To cite the work contained in this book and to view the individual permissions, please refer to the citation at the beginning of each chapter Each chapter was read individually and carefully selected by the editor; the result is a book that provides a nuanced look at the the treatment of wastewater around the world The chapters included are broken into two sections The articles in the first section were chosen to cover topics related to wastewater treatment in developing countries (according to the United Nations’ categories) Topics include: • • • • • Reclaimed water for irrigation reuse in developing countries (chapter 1) Sludge-handling practices in Micronesia (chapter 2) The removal of phthalate esters from Chinese water sources (chapter 3) Disposal of domestic wastewater in Nigeria (chapter 4) Ameba-enrichment in a South African wastewater treatment plant (chapter 5) • Bioenergy from wastewater produced by a Brazilian meat-processing plant (chapter 6) In the second section we turn our attention to wastewater treatment in developed nations, focusing on the following topics: • The presence of various pharmaceutical contaminants in the River Thames (chapter 7) • Wastewater recycling in Greece (chapter 8) • The impact on surface water from contaminants released from German wastewater treatment plants (chapter 9) • A Canadian constructed wetland's effectiveness for the removal of various contaminants from wastewater (chapter 10) • Accessing irrigation from treated wastewater in the United States (chapter 11) Detection of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonistic Activity 337 (x100,000,000) TIC (1.00) 315.1955 (100.00) a 0.5 0 2.5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 (x1,000,000) 315.1955 (1.00) b 2.5 0 2.5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 (x100,000,000) TIC (1.00) 315.1955 (100.00) c 0.5 0 2.5 (x1,000,000) 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 315.1955 (1.00) d Intensity 2.5 0 2.5 (x100,000,000) 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 TIC (1.00) 301.2162 (100.00) e 0 2.5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 (x1,000,000) 301.2152 (1.00) f 0.5 0 2.5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 (x100,000,000) TIC (1,00) 301.2162 (100.00) g 0.5 0 2.5 (x1,000,000) 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 301.2162 (1.00) 1.5 h 0.5 0 2.5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 Retention time (min) FIGURE 5: Mass chromatograms of peaks A (a), B (c), E (e), and F (g) obtained from third high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and 4-oxo-all-trans retinoic acid (4-oxo-atRA [b]), 4-oxo-13-cis RA (4-oxo-13cRA [d]), 13cRA (f) and atRA (h) analyzed by liquid chromatography ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry system 338 Water Treatment in Developed and Developing Nations Relative RARα agonistic activity (%) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0.001 0.1 10 1000 100000 Concentration (log nM) FIGURE 6: Dose–response curves of retinoic acid (RA) receptor agonistic activity of all-trans RA (atRA, circle), 13-cis RA (13cRA, square), 4-oxo-atRA (triangle), and 4-oxo13cRA (diamond) Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation in triplicate measurements 13.3.3 RAR AGONISTIC ACTIVITIES OF IDENTIFIED RAR AGONISTS Retinoic acid receptor agonistic activity of four identified RAR agonists, namely, atRA, 13cRA, 4-oxo-atRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA, was evaluated by the yeast two-hybrid assay Figure shows the dose–response curves of RAR agonistic activity of the four compounds, where the highest mean activity of each compound was set at 100% Based on the dose–response curves, the EC50 values for atRA, 13cRA, 4-oxo-atRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA were estimated to be 1.6 nM, 240 nM, 0.58 nM, and 4.2 nM, respectively Thus, the atRA equivalency factors for atRA, 13cRA, 4-oxo-atRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA were calculated to be 1, 0.0067, 2.8, and 0.38, respectively Detection of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonistic Activity 339 The RAR agonistic potencies of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs determined here were roughly comparable to those obtained in the yeast two-hybrid assays of Zhen et al [11] and Wu et al [23] In addition, based on the maximum mean -galactosidase activities induced by four compounds, the maximum RAR agonistic activities of 13cRA, 4-oxo-atRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA were estimated to be 1.3 times lower, 1.3 times higher, and 1.2 times higher, respectively, than that of atRA (data not shown) 13.3.4 FATES OF RAS AND 4-OXO-RAS IN WWTPS The fates of RAs, 4-oxo-RAs, and total RAR agonistic activity in six WWTPs (WWTPs-A to -F) were investigated in March 2010 using a newly established quantitative method for RAs and 4-oxo-RAs (Supplemental Data, Fig S4) and yeast two-hybrid assay Because grab samples of influent and effluent collected at similar time were applied in the present study, concentrations of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs and total RAR agonistic activity in the samples were not necessarily representative; thus, we tentatively determined the fates and removal efficiencies of RAs, 4-oxoRAs, and total RAR agonistic activity in WWTPs based on the results of these investigations Concentrations of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs and atRA-EQchem values, which were estimated from measured concentrations and atRA equivalency factors of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs, are shown in Table with and without correction applying the recoveries of RAs and 4-oxo-RAs given in the Supplemental Data Retinoic acid all-trans equivalents values, which were estimated from the RAR agonistic activity detected with the yeast assay, are also presented in Table In influent samples, atRA, 4-oxoatRA, and 4-oxo-13cRA were detected, and their concentrations without recovery correction ranged from