Tai Lieu Chat Luong HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Land and Groundwater Pollution Control Volume 8699 tp.indd 18/11/13 10:55 am Also Published by World Scientific Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Volume 1: Air and Water Pollution Control ISBN 978-981-4327-69-5 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control ISBN 978-981-4449-16-8 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Land and Groundwater Pollution Control Volume edited by Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University, USA Lawrence K Wang Lenox Institute of Water Technology, USA Nazih K Shammas Lenox Institute of Water Technology, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY 8699 tp.indd • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI 18/11/13 10:55 am Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956067 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control Copyright © 2014 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher ISBN 978-981-4449-16-8 In-house Editors: Dr Ng Yan Hong/Amanda Yun Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore November 15, 2013 13:37 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-fm Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol DEDICATION Professor William Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr., D Sc., P.E., DEE (November 15, 1926–March 28, 2010) The editors of the Handbook of Environment and Waste Management dedicate this volume to the loving memory of Professor William Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr D Sc., P.E., DEE, Distinguished Professor of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, the USA Prof Eckenfelder passed away on March 28, 2010, in Nashville, Tennessee, the USA He was 83 He was born in NewYork City on November 15, 1926, and graduated from high school at age 16 He received bachelors’ degree in civil engineering from Manhattan College in 1946 He earned a masters’ degree in sanitary engineering from Pennsylvania State University in 1948, and a masters’ degree in civil engineering from New York University in 1954 He also pursued post-graduate studies at North Carolina State University and Pennsylvania State University He was deemed the godfather of industrial wastewater management by his colleagues, former students, and peers He was an Environmental Engineering Professor at Manhattan College, NewYork, the USA, the University of Texas at Austin (1965–1969), Texas, the USA, and Vanderbilt v November 15, 2013 vi 13:37 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-fm Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Dedication University (1969–1989), Nashville, Tennessee, the USA He was the best professor and mentor to his students His office door is always open for his students He was very caring and helpful to his students He has touched and changed the lives of his students He will be missed by all of his students He was the Ph.D dissertation supervisor of Prof Yung-Tse Hung, the editor of Handbook of Environmental and Management Prof Hung received excellent preparation for his university teaching career from Prof Eckenfelder Prof Hung was Prof Eckenfelder’s last Ph.D student at the University of Texas atAustin in 1970 and has the same birthday of November 15 as of Prof Eckenfelder November 15, 2013 13:37 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-fm Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol PREFACE The environmental system has existed from the earliest time that life in its primitive forms appeared on this planet of earth Before the civilization, many animal and plant species emerged, evolved, or become extinct, as environmental system changed The earth generally purified itself by its unique self-purification process and the availability of natural resources remained unchanged Civilization has created environmental pollution, especially after the industrial revolution Air, water, and land in some industrial and developing countries have been heavily polluted to an unacceptable level that Mother Nature can no longer be able to purify itself As a result, the renewable resources, such as farm lands, rain forests, surface water supplies, groundwater supplies, ocean/lake fisheries, and watersheds, are contaminated by the human activities rapidly The nonrenewable resources, such as coal, oil, natural gases, metallic ores, and rare nonmetallic ores, are consumed or wasted at an ever-increasing rate and will be exhausted in a few decades, if proper conservation actions are not taken in a timely manner Radioactive pollution is extremely serious because the normally renewable resources, such as land and groundwater, could become nonrenewable and be almost forever gone, if contaminated by high-level radioactive wastes Oil and hazardous substances spills on land or in ocean may endanger the ecosystem for a very long time Destruction of ozone layer by the chlorinated hydrocarbons will increase the dangerous UV exposure Burning fossil fuels at the current rate will cause global warming and climate changes, in turn, causes the chain reactions of ice melting, land flooding, desert formation, hurricanes, tornadoes, species extinction, ocean current diversion, and perhaps even arrival of another ice age Once upon a time, fresh air, palatable water, and beautiful clean land were taken by people for granted worldwide In many heavily polluted regions now, drinking bottle water instead of tap water has become routine It would be horrible if one day the human beings would face the situations that (a) the air is contaminated by toxic substances, so we must breath air from the pressurized cylinders; (b) the ozone layer vii November 15, 2013 viii 13:37 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-fm Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Preface in the sky is destroyed, so we must all wear the sun glasses and special clothing for protection of eye sight and skin, respectively, from the excessive UV lights; (c) the surface and ground water resources are contaminated by acid rain, toxic organics, and heavy metals, so we lose potable water supplies, fisheries, irrigation values, or recreation values; (d) the ocean is polluted by oil spills and ocean waste disposal, so we lose ocean fisheries, aquatic species, beautiful coastal areas, etc.; (e) the land and groundwater are polluted by hazardous substances and solid wastes, so the contaminated sites are no longer inhabitable; and (f) the continuous release of green house gases to the air to cause global warming and climate changes, so we lose lands, many animal and plant species, and may even lose human species if the ice age arrives The two volumes of the Handbook of Environment and Waste Management series have been developed to deal with the aforementioned environmental pollution problems and to provide proper treatment and waste management solutions Specifically, the entire handbook series is a comprehensive compilation of topics that are at the forefront of many of the technical advances and practice in controlling pollution in air, surface water, groundwater, and land The text covers biological, physical, chemical, agricultural, meteorological, medical, radioactive, and legal aspects of environmental engineering Each volume covers basic and advanced principles and applications and includes figures, tables, examples, and case histories Internationally recognized authorities in the field of environment and waste management contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise The authors who were invited to contribute to this handbook series include the environmental experts from the USA, China, Malaysia, Jordan, Iran, Nigeria, Turkey, Brazil, India, Spain, Cuba, Singapore, Ukraine, France, Australia, Taiwan, Canada, Egypt, Russia, and Poland The editors believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in the handbook is a logical step in the evolution of environmental pollution control and hope that the handbook series becomes a one-stop reference source for readers to get all necessary technical information on air, water, and land resource managements This particular book, Volume 2, Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, deals with mainly with control technologies and methods for management of land and groundwater resources and is a sister book to Volume 1, Air and Water Pollution Control This book (Volume 2) covers the subjects of biosolids management, sludge management, solid waste disposal, landfill liners, beneficial reuse of waste products, recycling of foundry sand as construction materials, stabilization of brown coal fly ash using geopolymers, municipal solid waste recovery, reuse of solid wastes as construction materials, biological methods for toxicity evaluation of wastes and waste-amended soils, groundwater contamination at landfill site, remediation of contaminated groundwater, radioactive pollution and control, plastics waste management, and water utility sludge management November 15, 2013 13:37 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-fm Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Preface ix The sister book, Volume 1, Air and Water Pollution Control, deals mainly with control technologies and methods for management of air and surface water resources The sister book introduces the subjects of air pollution and its control, air quality modeling and prediction, air biofiltration for odor treatment, drinking-water-associated pathology, wastewater disinfection, chemical and photochemical advanced oxidation processes, membrane separation for water and wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment and reuse, agricultural irrigation, combine sewer overflow treatment, storm water management, biological wastewater treatment, aerobic granulation process, sequencing batch reactors, environmental impact assessment on aquatic pollution, decentralized sewage treatment technologies, wetland waste treatment technologies, land waste treatment technologies, landfill leachate treatment and management, river and lake pollution control, dye wastewater treatment, olive oil manufacturing waste treatment, medical waste management, environmental enzyme technology, various microorganisms for environmental biotechnology processes, and flotation technologies The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and effort and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments We are very grateful to our respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying times The editors are especially indebted to Mrs Kathleen Hung Li, who is the daughter of Chief Editor Yung-Tse Hung, and was a manager of the Texas Hospital Association, Austin, Texas, for her services as consulting editor of this handbook series Yung-Tse Hung, Ohio, the USA Lawrence K Wang, New York, the USA Nazih K Shammas, California, the USA Kathleen Hung Li, Texas, the USA November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-ch18 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Water Utilities Sludge Management Table Experimental Conditions and Results (Continued) Test E (Control) Flotation–filtration effluent quality pH, unit Color, unit Turbidity, NTU Aluminum, mg/L Al Iron, mg/L Fe Phosphate, mg/L PO4 1077 6.6 0.30 0.05 0.04 Test F Test G 6.9 0.36 0.10 0 6.5 0.27 0.05 0.05 Table Treatment of Lenox Raw Water Containing Phosphate by Sandfloat Process with Recovered Filter Alum and Soda Alum Experimental Conditions and Results Test H (Control) Test I Test J 4.6 1.5 0 0 5.0 8.3 0 2.8 4.7 Flotation–filtration influent-quality pH, unit Color, unit Turbidity, NTU Aluminum, mg/L Al Iron, mg/L Fe Phosphate, mg/L PO4 6.8 25 2.2 0.06 0.02 2.02 6.8 25 2.2 0.06 0.02 2.02 6.8 25 2.1 0.06 0.02 2.02 Flotation–filtration effluent quality pH, unit Color, unit Turbidity, NTU Aluminum, mg/L Al Iron, mg/L Fe Phosphate, mg/L PO4 6.6 0.29 0.05 0.04 0.03 6.9 0.35 0.09 0.02 6.5 0.27 0.05 0.05 0.03 Coagulants (as Al2 O3 ) Virgin filter alum, mg/L Virgin soda alum, mg/L Recovered filter alum, mg/L Recovered soda alum, mg/L 2.4.2 Experimental Results of Flotation–Filtration Pilot Plant Flotation–filtration (sandfloat) Tests E, F, and G (Table 7) were conducted to treat the Lenox Upper Root Reservoir raw water (pH = 6.7; turbidity = 2.1 NTU; color = 25 units; and phosphate = mg/L) using virgin alums and recovered alums Virgin filter alum, also known as aluminum sulfate or alum, was supplied by Holland Chemicals, November 15, 2013 11:11 1078 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-ch18 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol L K Wang et al Adams, Massachusetts Virgin soda alum, also known as sodium aluminate, was supplied by Astro Chemicals, Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts The results of Test E indicate that the pilot flotation–filtration unit performed as good as the full-scale Lenox flotation–filtration plant when 4.6 mg/L virgin filter alum and 1.5 mg/L soda alum (both as A12 O3 ) were dosed The pilot plant effluent quality was excellent: pH = 6.6 units; color = unit; turbidity = 0.30 NTU; residual Al = 0.05 mg/L; and residual Fe = 0.04 mg/L Considering Test E was the control test, the pilot flotation–filtration plant was operated at the same physical and mechanical conditions, but fed with recovered filter alum and recovered soda alum, instead Experimental results are presented in Table under Tests F and G In both tests, it appears that the two recovered alums were as effective as the virgin alums for water purification To determine whether or not the reclaimed alums can be used for phosphate removal, the raw Lenox Upper Root Reservoir water was spiked with 3.7 mg/L of potassium phosphate K2 HPO4 (or 2.02 mg/L as PO4 ) before the raw water was treated by the pilot flotation–filtration plant Experimental results are documented in Table Again a control test (Test H) was conducted using virgin alums (4.6 mg/L filter alum and 1.5 mg/L soda alum; both as Al2 O3 ) Two flotation–filtration pilot plant tests (Tests I and J) were conducted using recovered filter alum and soda alum It was very encouraging to note that both the virgin alums and the recovered alums performed equally well for removal of turbidity, color, and phosphate References Wang, L.K., Wang, M.H.S., and Renak, V (1985) Determination of Solids and Water Content of Highly Concentrated Sludge Slurries and Cakes, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Report No PB85182624/AS, March 1985 Wang, L.K., Barris, D., Milne, P., and Mulloy, M (1982) Investigation of New Microwave Methods and a Modified Standard Method for Solids Analysis, US Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA Report No PB83-124644/AS, August 1982 Wang, L.K and Yang, J.Y (1975) Total waste recycle system for water purification plant using alum as primary coagulant Resource Recovery and Conservation 1: 67–84 Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1987) Winter Operation of Nation’s First Potable Flotation Plant Technical Paper Presented at the 1987 Joint Conference of American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Cheyenne, Wyoming, the USA September 20–23 Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1987) Winter Operation of Nation’s Largest Potable Flotation Plant Technical Paper Presented at the 1987 Joint Conference of American November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-ch18 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Water Utilities Sludge Management 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1079 Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, Cheyenne, Wyoming, the USA September 20–23 Wang, L.K (1987) Poly Iron Chloride and Poly Aluminum Chloride Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Technical Report No LIR/03-87/252, p 26, March Westerhoff, G.P (1978) Water treatment plant sludges Part I, Journal American Water Works Association 70(9): 498 Westerhoff, G.P (1978) Water treatment plant sludges Part II, Journal American Water Works Association 70(10): 548 Editor (1969) Disposal of wastes from water treatment plants Part I, Journal American Water Works Association 61(10): 541 Editor (1969) Disposal of wastes from water treatment plants Part II, Journal American Water Works Association 61(11): 619 Editor (1969) Disposal of wastes from water treatment plants Part III, Journal American Water Works Association 61(12): 681 Westerhoff, G.P and Daly, M.P (1974) Water treatment wastes and disposal Part I, Journal American Water Works Association 66(5): 319 Westerhoff, G.P and Daly, M.P (1974) Water treatment wastes and disposal Part II, Journal American Water Works Association 66(6): 378 Westerhoff, G.P and Daly, M.P (1974) Water treatment wastes and disposal Part III, Journal American Water Works Association 66(7): 441 Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1982) Potable water treatment by dissolved air flotation and filtration Journal American Water Works Association 74(6): 304–310 Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1986) Municipal Waste Treatment by Supracell Flotation, Chemical Oxidation and Star System Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Technical Report No LIR/10-86/214, p 22, October Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1988) Recycling of Filter Backwash Water and Alum Sludge for Reuse in Water Treatment Plants Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Technical Report No LIR/06-88/305, p.38, June Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1985) Application of dissolved air flotation to the Lenox Massachusetts water supply: Water purification by flotation Journal of New England Water Works Association, pp 249–264 Krofta, M and Wang, L.K (1985) Application of dissolved air flotation to the Lenox Massachusetts water supply: Sludge thickening by flotation or lagoon Journal of New England Water Works Association, pp 265–284 Wang, L.K (1983) Laboratory Simulation of Physical-Chemical Treatment Processes U.S Dept of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA NTIS No PB86-188794/AS, p 42, November Wang, L.K., Wu, B.C., and Sykes, A (1987) The Fifth Year of Lenox Water Treatment Plant, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Technical Report No LIR/0787/308, p 94, July Wang, L.K., Wu, B.C., Feltmate, K., and Bullwinkel, M (1988) Optimization of Magnesium Coagulation by a Streaming Current Detector for Removal of Extremely High Color (Humic Acid), Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Report No LIR/11- 88/327, November Wang, L.K and Wang, M.H.S (1991) Sludge Treatment Apparatus, US Patent No 5068031, US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC November 15, 2013 1080 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-ch18 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol L K Wang et al 24 City of Durham (1985) Alum Recovery at a Drinking Water Treatment Plant, City of Durham, NC, December 25 Goldman, M.L and Watson, F (1975) Feasibility of Alum Sludge Reclamation, Report A-001-DC, Water Resources Research Center, Washington Technical Institute, Washington, DC, July 26 Townsend, T.G., Jang, Y.C., Jain, P., and Tolaymat, T (2001) Characterization of Drinking Water Sludges for Beneficial Reuse and Disposal, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Gainesville, FL November 27 Lai, J.Y and Liu, J.C (2004) Co-conditioning and dewatering of alum sludge and waste activated sludge Water Science Technology 50(9): 41–48 28 Wang, L.K., Hung,Y.T., and Shammas, N.K (Eds.) (2005) Physicochemical Treatment Processes, NJ: Humana Press, p 723 29 Pallo, P.E., Schwartz, V.J., and Wang, L.K (1972) Recycling and reuse of filter backwash water containing alum sludge Water and Sewage Works 115(5): 123 30 Wang, L.K., Pallo, P.E., Schwartz, V.J., and Kown, B.T (1973) Continuous pilot plant study of recycling of filter backwash water Journal American Water Works Association 65(5): 355–358 31 Teringo III, J (1986) Magnesium hydrixide for neutralizing acid waste containing metals Plating and Surface Finishing, October, pp 36–39 32 Teringo III, J (1987) Magnesium hydroxide reduces sludge and improves filtering Pollution Engineering, April pp 78–83 33 U.S Department of the Interior (2010) Lime softening Reclamation U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington DC www.usbr.gov/pmts/water/ publications/primer.html 34 Wu, Q (2002) Potential Applications of Magnesium Hydroxide for Municipal Wastewater Treatment — Sludge Digestion Enhancement and Nutrient Removal PhD dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 35 Aries Chemical (2012) Magnesium Hydroxide for Biological Treatment of Wastewater Activated sludge and Nitrification Processes at a Chicken Processing Plant Technical Report Aries Chemical, Beaver Falls, NY www.arieschem.com 36 U.S Environmental Protection Agency (1976) Magnesium carbonate — A Recycled Coagulant for Water Treatment U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC www.nepis.epa.gov 37 Xu, G R.,Yan, Z C., Wang,Y C., and Wang, N (2008) Recycle of alum recovered from water treatment sludge in chemically enhanced primary treatment Journal Hazardous Material 161(2–3): 663–669 38 Huang, S H., and Chiswell, B (2000) Phosphate removal from wastewater using spent alum sludge Water Science & Technology 42(3–4): 295–300 39 Qi, L., Cheng, R., Wang, H C., Zheng, X., Zhang, G M., and Li, G B (2011) Recycle of alum sludge with PAC (RASP) for drinking water treatment Desalination and Water Treatment 25(1–3): 170–175 40 Chu, W (1999) Lead metal removal by recycled alum sludge Water Research 33(13): 3019–3025 41 Chu, W (2001) Dye removal from textile dye wastewater using recycled alum sludge Water Research 35(13): 3147–3152 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol INDEX 1H, 471 alternatives, 465 alum recovery (STAR) System, 1062, 1070 alum sludge, 1069, 1073–1075 alum sludge recovery, 1070 Alum STAR system, 1070 aluminosilicate-based materials, 553 aluminum hydroxide, 1068 aluminum recovery, 1073–1075 aluminum sulfate, 1068 anaerobic, 215, 218 anaerobic bioreactor, 368 anaerobic digestion, 5, 37, 55, 59, 123 acetogenesis, 60–62, 70 acetogenic bacteria, 61 acidogenesis, 60, 62 anaerobic contact, 65, 69 digestate, 62, 71 fermentative bacteria, 61, 64 high rate AD, 65–67 hydrolysis, 60–62, 69, 70 hydrolytic enzymes, 60 low rate AD, 65, 66 methane, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69–71, 74, 85 methanogenesis, 60, 62 methanogens, 62 phase separation, 65, 69, 70 analyses of class F fly ash, 639 analytical methods, 471 analyzing, 471 aqueous waste, 986 aqueous waste treatment, 997 aquifer, 781, 784, 798, 801, 802 groundwater, 781–784, 786, 788, 794, 795, 798–808, 810–813 groundwater level, 806, 807 saturated zone, 782–784 absence, 465 absorbed dose, 952, 956 accidents, 962, 965 acid, 466 Acid-mixing reactor, 1072 acute exposure, 957 adsorbent materials, 457 adsorption, 455 advantages, 461 aerobic, 215 aerobic bioreactor, 368 aerobic cometabolism, 869 aerobic digestion, 5, 37, 55, 71–78, 120, 121, 124 autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD), 72 conventional aerobic digestion, 72, 73 dual digestion, 72–74 high-purity oxygen digestion, 72, 73 agglomeration, 482 agreements and declarations, 968, 969 agricultural land application, 658 agro-industrial wastewaters, 439 air, 465 air classification, 611 air pollution, 429 air sparging, 819 alcohol, 466 alcohol quantity, 470 alcoholysis, 466 aliphatic, 466 alkali, 466 alkali-silica reactive aggregates, 668 Alkaline-mixing reactor, 1075 alkalis, 640 1081 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index 1082 unsaturated zone, 782–784 water table, 783, 784, 794, 804 aromatic, 462 artificial radiation sources, 955 asphalt concrete mineral filler, 656 asphalt paving, 649 ASTM, 464 attenuation, 783, 788, 795–798, 810 adsorption, 796, 797, 799, 811 diffuse, 783, 788 dilution, 783, 794, 795, 798, 799 dispersion, 795, 798, 799 dissolution, 795, 798, 811 infiltration, 782, 787, 788, 792, 794, 804, 812 sorption/desorption, 795, 798 Atterberg limits, 254, 255, 259, 281 bag-house filter, 651 base, 466 belt filter press, 1064, 1066, 1067 belt press, 1064 beneficial reuse, 461 beneficial uses, 655 Benthic Infauna Surveys, 917 bentonite, 199, 237, 255, 256, 281, 379 BET surface area, 640 bio-window, 389 bioaccumulation factors, 916 bioaccumulation tests, 903 bioaugmentation, 871 biodegradability, 461 biodiesel conversion, 471 biodiesel production, 460 biofilter, 388 biogasoline, 465 bioindication and biotesting, 739 Bioindication method, 738 Bioindicator, 739 biological assessments, 890 biological processes, 445 biological unit processes, 448 biological waste, 990 biomass aggregate, 687, 705, 720 biomass silica foamed concrete, 686, 687, 699 bioremediation, 819 biosolids, 1–17, 19, 21–23, 38–45, 47, 54–56, 75–77, 82, 86, 87, 98, 111, 113–142 biological biosolids, 10, 13, 38 chemical biosolids, 6–8, 10, 12, 13 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index coupled attached-suspended growth biosolids, 22 denitrification biosolids, 23 primary biosolids, 3, 6–13, 98 rotating biological contactor biosolids, 21 trickling filter biosolids, 7, 19, 21, 22 biosolids management, 1, 2, 5, 39, 77, 116, 125, 129, 138 composting, 5, 37, 55, 77–86, 89, 98, 120, 121, 123, 132, 139 conditioning, 2, 5–7, 37, 39, 53, 54, 89–98, 107–110, 113 dewatering, 2, 3, 5–7, 12, 26, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 75, 76, 78, 89–91, 93, 95–99, 103–112, 127, 128, 132, 139, 140 disinfection, 6, 76, 91 disposal, 2, 4–6, 20, 23, 26, 28, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 53, 54, 59, 75, 97, 98, 115, 117, 120–124, 131–142 drying, 5, 6, 55, 86–89, 98–107, 120, 121, 123, 129, 132, 139 biosolids treatment and processing, 2, 38, 39 conditioning, 2, 5–7, 37, 39, 53, 54, 89–98, 107–110, 113 chemical conditioning, 90, 91, 95, 108, 109 thermal conditioning, 90, 91, 93–95 borehole, 782, 800–807, 811, 812 groundwater-monitoring, 782, 783, 786, 800, 803, 813 monitoring point, 788, 800, 801, 804, 806, 813 monitoring well, 782, 800, 803, 804, 813 bottom ash, 636 brake torque, 464 brown coal, 552, 556, 557, 562, 566 BTEX, 852 building construction, 677 bulk density, 374 bulk fill, 675 buy-back centers, 597 C & D, 430 calcareous fly ash, 641 calcium hydroxide, 1061 capping layer, 675 carbon content, 643 carbon content in fly ash, 644 carbon dioxide, 215 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index carbonates, 466 carboxylic acids, 465 catalyst types, 466 catalytic cracking, 462 catalyzed, 466 cement and concrete production, 647 cement kiln dust, 650 cement replacement material, 656 censored data, 492, 514–516 centrifugation, 1075 cetane number, 463 chemical, 445 chemical decontamination, 984 chemical monitoring, 901 chemical precipitation, 454 chemical properties, 462, 652, 666 chemical recycle, 1061 chemical recycling method, 620 chemical requirements of fly ash, 640 chemical unit processes, 454 chlorides, 667 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 852 chromatography, 471 chronic exposure, 955, 956 civil construction, 645 class C fly ash, 641 class F fly ash, 641 classification, 638, 659 clay, 403, 411–414, 416, 418–420, 422 cleaning, 479 cleanup strategy, 832 cleanup technologies, 819 clogging, 221, 233, 260, 261, 268, 269, 272, 276–279, 285, 354, 355 closed landfills, 435 closure and post-closure, 178, 184, 231, 232, 291, 348 coding system, 481 coking, 463 collection, 479 colloidal, 464 composite liner(s), 178, 184, 225, 230–233, 237, 250–252, 261, 268, 271, 349 composition, 638 composting, 5, 37, 55, 77–86, 89, 98, 120, 121, 123, 132, 139, 153 aerated static piles, 5, 78–80 agitated bin reactor, 82 compost, 79–86, 123 force ventilation, 80 1083 horizontal plug flow reactor, 81 in-vessel, 5, 78, 80–82, 123 mesophilic, 64, 67, 72, 74, 76, 77, 83 thermophilic, 64, 67, 72–74, 77, 78, 83, 120, 139 vertical plug flow reactor, 81 windrow, 5, 78–80, 123 composting methods and technologies, 438 compression ignition, 462 compressive strength, 670 concentration, 471 concrete, 491, 492, 523–526, 529, 532, 534–537, 543, 544 concrete pavements, 676 conditioning, 995 containment method, 835 contaminant, 782, 783, 788, 789, 792, 794–800, 805, 807, 810, 811 ammoniacal nitrogen, 789, 791, 815 BOD, 789, 791, 795, 807, 810, 811, 813, 814 COD, 789, 791, 794, 795, 797, 798, 807, 810, 811, 813, 814 contaminant transport, 782, 783, 795 inorganic, 782, 789, 807 organic, 782, 785, 789, 794, 795, 798, 799, 807, 811, 815 organic chemical, 782 pH, 791, 794, 795, 798, 799, 807, 808, 810, 813 contaminant plume, 824 continuous trench system, 859 controlled landfills, 435 controlled low-strength material (CLSM), 529, 544, 649 cosmic radiation, 954 cosolvation, 823 covers, 382 critical micelle concentration, 846 crushed demolition debris, 659 crushers, 661 cutting, 481 DAF, 1065, 1068, 1070, 1072 DAF thickeners, 1069 daily cover, 382 darcian flow, 236 Darcy’s Law, 239, 251, 278, 304 dechlorination, 455 decision-making route, 155 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index 1084 decontamination, 982 decontamination agent, 984 decontamination technique, 984, 985 decontamination technology, 987 degassing systems, 391 deleterious substances, 666 demolition of buildings, 660 dense NAPLs, 827 density, 643 design criteria, 178, 232, 276, 348, 353, 354 dewatering, 2, 3, 5–7, 12, 26, 35, 39, 40, 44, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 75, 76, 78, 89–91, 93, 95–99, 103–112, 127, 128, 132, 139, 140, 154 dewatered sludge, 79, 95, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110 drying beds, 6, 98–101, 103–105 mechanical dewatering systems, 98, 104, 105 nonfluid material, 98 paved, 98, 100–102, 123 sand, 25, 38, 98–102, 104, 105, 123, 129 vacuum-assisted, 98, 100, 104, 105 wedge wire, 98, 100, 103, 104 diesel fuel, 465 dilution, 462, 463 direct use, 462 disinfection, 455 disk screen, 611 dispersion, 464 disposal, 150, 154, 432, 433, 461, 970, 1000, 1010, 1017, 1018, 1020 Disposal at Sea, 889 disposal design, 1004, 1006 disposal of waste cooking oil, 461 dissolved air flotation (DAF), 1061, 1065 dissolved organic matters, 403–409 distilled, 465 domestic sewage, 439 dose, 954–957, 962, 972, 973, 975, 977 drainage, 198, 200, 206–208, 233, 252, 261, 265, 267–270, 272, 273, 276–279, 285, 302, 348, 349, 351, 354–356 dredged materials, 888 drop-off centers, 596 dry process, 651 drying, 479 drying shrinkage, 670 Dutch, 659 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index eddy current separation, 618 electronic waste (e-waste), 179 electrostatic precipitator, 651 embankment, 491, 492, 524–526, 528, 529, 541, 543 energy recovery, 1029, 1046, 1050, 1052, 1054, 1056 Environment Canada, 889 environment restoration, 738 environmental, 178–180, 183–185, 191, 207, 209, 224, 296, 338, 344, 348, 359 environmental friendly way, 461 environmental pollution, 403, 426 environmental properties, 654 environmental protection, 738 enzyme, 466 equilibrium, 464 equivalent dose, 952 ester, 468 esters of fatty acids, 462 ethanol, 466 european coal combustion products association (ECOBA), 642 European standard for Fly ash, BS EN 450, 641 excellent lubricity, 461 exhaust emissions, 461 ex-situ remediation technology, 981 FA esters, 465 factors, 470 FAs, 466 fast, 471 Fault area(s), 185, 186, 194, 230 ferric hydroxide, 1068 filter alum, 1068, 1076 filter alum recovery, 1070, 1072 filter(s), 229, 230, 252, 268–270, 272, 276–279, 285, 303, 311, 313, 317, 319–323, 326, 354, 355 final cover, 178, 196, 197, 199, 213, 218, 221, 227, 232, 291, 348–359, 361, 382 final drying, 87, 88 fine material, 668 fineness, 643 flare, 385 flash point, 461 flexible membrane liner (FML), 196 floodplain(s), 184–186, 188–191, 198, 230, 1062, 1063 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Index flotation–filtration, 1070, 1071, 1076–1078 flowable fill, 492, 523–526, 529–533, 543, 649 fly ash, 551, 552, 555–589, 636, 686–693, 695–697, 724 fly ash properties, 643 foundry sand, 491–493, 502, 504, 505, 507, 509–514, 516–544 free lime, 651 FTIR, 471 funnel-and-gate system, 859 furnace, 472 garbage bank, 600 gas collection, 384 gasification, 438 gas treatment technologies, 386 gas utilization, 386 gauges, 961 GC, 471 gel permeation chromatography, 471 geographical information system (GIS), 188 geological barrier, 378 geomembrane(s), 178, 184, 217, 218, 236, 237, 251, 252, 260–267, 269, 271, 272, 278–280, 282–284, 340, 350, 351, 354–357, 360, 403, 411–414, 417–422 geonet, 403, 411, 412, 422 geopolymer, 551–589 geosynthetic, 178, 207, 214, 221, 237, 261, 263, 268–270, 284, 348, 354–356 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), 261, 403, 411–414, 419 geotextile(s), 207, 237, 260, 261, 263, 266, 270–272, 277–279, 284, 285, 357, 379, 403, 411, 412, 422 glass fraction in fly ash, 641 glycerol, 462 GPC, 471 gradation, 665 grading of crusher products, 664 gravity thickener, 1062, 1066 gravity thickening, 1066, 1067 groundwater, 178, 183, 184, 191, 194, 200, 201, 204–207, 231–235, 238–243, 245–250, 285–293, 295, 297–302, 304–313, 315–319, 322–332, 334–340, 342–348, 359, 361, 392 groundwater cleanup, 819 groundwater seepage, 381 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol 1085 hazard of radioactive materials, 955 hazardous waste(s), 181, 209–212, 231, 262, 263, 327, 375 heat, 465 heat drying, 5, 55, 86–89, 120, 132, 139 direct dryers, 87, 88 flash dryers, 87 rotary dryers, 87 spray dryers, 87 toroidal dryers, 87 heavy metals, 403–405, 407–409, 418 high density poly ethylene (HDPE), 251 high temperature process, 121 HPLC, 471 humic acid, 1061, 1062, 1064, 1068 hydraulic, 783, 784, 787, 799, 815 conductivity, 784, 787, 807, 808, 815 permeability, 783, 784, 787–790, 802 porosity, 783, 784, 788–790, 800, 815 specific yield, 789, 790, 792 hydraulic and pneumatic fracturings, 835 hydraulic conductivity, 203, 237–239, 249–260, 268–270, 279, 281, 282, 289, 297, 300–305, 308, 309, 311, 336, 349, 350, 354, 355, 374 hydraulic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP), 235 hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 355 hydrology, 191, 248, 291, 297 identifying types of plastics, 480 importance measure, 974, 975 impurities, 664 in-situ, 878 in-situ chemical oxidation, 835, 878 in-situ thermal treatment, 835, 877 in-situ remediation technology, 981 incineration, 153, 435, 1029, 1031, 1035, 1038, 1039, 1042, 1043, 1046, 1047, 1049–1054, 1057, 1067 indirect dryers, 87, 88 hollow flight dryers, 88 initial drying, 87, 88 steady-state drying, 87 steam dryers, 88 tray dryers, 88 industrial wastewaters, 439, 441 inert waste, 375 infiltration, 207, 220, 221, 234, 235, 258, 273, 321, 322, 325, 335, 348–351, 353–356, 360 initial, 472 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index 1086 inorganic matters, 403–406, 408, 409, 418 instantaneous, 472 institutional, commercial, and industrial, 430 instrument, 472 integrated risk information system (IRIS), 361 ion exchange, 456 its disposal, 636 kinetics, 468 land application, 2, 35, 37, 77, 86, 98, 111, 113–121, 123–125, 127–129, 132, 133, 135, 139, 153 40 CFR Part 258, 135, 136 40 CFR Part 503, 55, 117, 137 annual pollutant loading rate (APLR), 118 best management practices (BMPs), 128 beta-ray irradiation, 120 buffer zones, 35, 115 Class A biosolids, 75, 86, 120, 121 Class B biosolids, 55, 120–122, 139 clean water act amendments, 117, 135 cumulative pollutant loading rate (CPLR), 118 dedicated land disposal (DLD), 6, 139 direct land application, 139 exceptional quality (EQ), 118 fertilizer, 2, 3, 54, 62, 78, 86, 113–117, 120, 128, 133, 140 gamma-ray irradiation, 120 heat drying and land application, 139 incineration, 5, 25–27, 32, 92, 98, 117, 132–135, 139, 140 land application systems, 117, 127 landfilling, 6, 28, 32, 98, 133, 134, 139, 140 monofills, 117, 141 part 258 landfill rule, 134, 135 part 503 biosolids rule, 132, 134 pasteurization, 120 pollutant concentration (PC) limit, 118 processes to significantly reduce pathogen (PSRP), 122 publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), 131 slow-release fertilizer, 115 surface disposal system, 117 vector attraction reduction, 38, 118, 121, 123, 124, 135, 137, 138 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index vegetation, 111, 113–115, 117, 124, 125, 135 water holding capacity, 113 landfill, 150, 178, 179, 180, 182–185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193–198, 200–203, 212, 213, 215–222, 224–228, 230–237, 242, 248, 260–262, 267, 269–271, 273, 276, 281, 286, 287, 293, 308, 309, 324, 342, 348, 349, 351, 353, 355–358, 360, 361, 403–414, 417, 419, 421, 422, 434, 781–795, 799–804, 806, 807, 812, 813, 815 co-disposal, 785, 788 landfill layer, 782, 786, 788, 789, 794 landfill site, 781–785, 787–795, 800–804, 806, 807, 812, 813, 815 sanitary landfill, 782, 784, 785, 790 landfill after use, 398 landfill caps, 382 landfill closure, 396 landfill gas, 183, 215–222, 230, 232, 235, 348, 355, 361, 372, 384 landfill mining, 398 landfill unit, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 202, 203, 216–218, 221, 224, 225, 227, 230, 235–237, 248, 260, 262, 267, 269, 273, 276, 281, 286, 287, 357, 358, 360 landfilling, 179, 182, 193, 357 leachate, 178, 184, 196–198, 202, 214, 221, 227–238, 240–242, 250–255, 260–262, 267–270, 272–274, 276, 278, 279, 285, 286, 288, 289, 292, 335, 338, 340, 341, 348, 351, 354, 356, 359–361, 403–411, 413, 414, 416, 418–422, 781–792, 794, 795, 797–800, 803, 804, 806, 807, 811, 812 leachate collection pond, 785, 786, 789, 794, 800 leachate collection system, 782, 785, 789 perimeter drain, 784, 785 recirculation, 785, 788 leachate collection, 178, 184, 196–198, 202, 221, 228, 253, 260, 261, 267, 268, 272, 274, 276, 278, 356, 359–361, 384 leachate collection systems (LCSs), 178, 184, 196, 267 leachate recirculation, 368 leaching, 493, 506–514, 518, 519, 523, 543, 544 leaching of heavy metals, 552, 556, 562 Lenox Institute, 1072 Lenox Institute of Water Technology, 1062, 1067–1069 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index Lenox Water Treatment Plant, 1071, 1072, 1076 light NAPLs, 827 light weight concrete, 687 lime–pozzolan reaction, 645 limitations, 472 liner, 525–528, 530, 540, 782, 783, 786–788, 794, 795, 804 bentonite, 787, 802, 806 clay, 784, 787, 788, 790, 798, 800 geosynthetic, 786–788 natural liner, 786, 788, 804 liner system, 378 liquid organic waste, 986 liquid organic waste treatment, 998 London Convention 1972, 889 Los Angles abrasion, 666 loss on ignition, 640 low-cost, 471 low-cost biodiesel feed stock, 461 lower explosive limit (LEL), 215 lubricating, 464 magnesium chloride, 1061 magnesium coagulant, 1061, 1062 magnesium oxide, 638 magnesium sludge, 1062, 1064 magnesium sludge recovery system, 1062 magnetic separation, 616 management, 149, 474 manual sorting, 602 manufacture of Portland cement, 651 mass, 471 material properties, 665 materials handling, 602 materials recovery facilities, 621 maximum contamination limit (MCL), 233 mechanical decontamination, 984 mechanical properties, 653, 670 mechanical recycling, 476 mechanical recycling stages, 479 mechanism, 468 medical waste, 991 membrane, 379 metal casting, 491–495, 519 methane, 372 methane (CH4 ), 215 methane oxidation, 386 methanogenesis, 372 methanol, 466 methanotrophic bacteria, 372 1087 methoxide, 466 microemulsification, 462 micronized silica, 687, 705, 718, 719, 722, 724–726 microwave, 1063, 1066 microwave process, 1064 military activities, 962 mineral filler, 649 modulus of elasticity, 672 moisture content, 666 mole, 468 monitored natural attenuation, 835 monitoring, 392 monitoring wells, 841 monoalkyl, 466 monohydric alcohol, 466 moulded concrete bricks and blocks, 677 mound model, 272, 273 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 178 municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF), 183 Natural Resources Canada, 889 NIR, 471 NMR, 471 nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), 823 nonhazardous waste, 375 nonionic, 464 NORM, 968 nuclear fuel cycle, 966 nuclear medicine, 960 ocean disposal sites, 887 odor control, 394 oils, 463 old landfill, 397 open dumps, 370 open landfills, 435 operational phase, 1010 organic substances, 670 other structures, 660 oxygen, 465 oyster beds, 677 pathogens, 443 pelletizing, 483 performance assessment, 1017 permeability, 217, 221, 224, 238, 251, 252, 254, 258, 260, 268–270, 272, 277, 278, 284, 303, 306, 311, 349, 352, 354, 356 permeable reactive barrier, 819 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index 1088 petroleum diesel, 461 phosphate removal, 1078 physical, 445, 462 physical monitoring, 891 physical properties, 653, 665 physical recycling methods, 601 phytoaccumulation, 874 phytodegradation, 875 phytoremediation, 835 phytostabilization, 875 phytovolatilization, 874 Pittsfield Wastewater Treatment Plant, 1070 Pittsfield Water Treatment Plant, 1070 plastic, 474 plastic waste recycling, 472 plasticity index, 648 plastics, 474, 1029–1035, 1038, 1040, 1041, 1043–1049, 1051–1058 pollutants, 403, 405, 406, 408–410, 416–418, 420–422 poly aluminum chloride (PAC), 1069 poly iron chloride (PIC), 1069 poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), 262 polymer, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1035, 1045–1047, 1049, 1052, 1054, 1056, 1057, 1061 polymer conditioning, 1063, 1064, 1066, 1067 portability, 462 Portland–pozzolan cement, 648 post-closure phase, 386, 1016 post-treatment, 154 potential outlets of recycled concrete aggregates, 673 pozzolanic activity, 643 preserving petroleum, 461 pretreatment, 154 prevention, 432 probabilistic safety assessment, 974 process, 468 production and properties of biosolids, stabilization, 2, 4, 5, 13, 15, 37, 39, 48, 53–57, 59–62, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77–79, 85, 86, 89, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 128, 139, 140 thickening, 2, 3, 5, 12, 21, 39–42, 44–48, 50–54, 66–68, 76, 95, 97, 98 utilization, 5, 6, 131, 132, 139 production methods, 462 production of CLSMs, 657 production of recycled aggregate, 660 pump-and-treat, 819 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index pyrolysis, 462 pyrolysis and gasification, 438 quantitating, 472 radiation, 949–954, 956, 971–973 radiation doses, 969 radiation source, 953, 955, 971 radiation units, 952 radioactive waste management, 993 radiography, 958 radioisotope tracing, 957, 958 radius of influence, 855 rainfall, 783, 784, 789, 790, 792, 794, 796, 797, 799, 806, 807, 812 evaporation, 790, 792 infiltration, 782, 787, 788, 792, 794, 804, 812 leakage, 783, 787, 788, 795, 804 moisture, 782, 788, 790, 792, 800 precipitation, 781, 790, 795, 798, 811 surface run-off, 783, 788, 807 rate of strength development, 670 reaction temperature, 470 reaction time, 470 recarbonation, 1061, 1067, 1068 reclaimed filter alum, 1072 reclaimed soda alum, 1075 recovered alums, 1078 recovered filter alum and soda alum, 1076, 1077 recovery, 433 recyclable materials, 598 recycle, 432, 1029 recycled demolished concrete, 658 recycling, 437, 594 recycling of waste plastic, 438 recycling program, 626 recycling/resource recovery/waste-to-energy (R3WE), 432 reduce, 432 Reduce-Reuse-Recycle, 431 reducing, 461 reduction, 461 reductive dechlorination, 861 regulation, 972–974 release, 962, 966 remediation, 396, 977–980 remediation technology, 831 renewability, 462 renewable, 461 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Index renewable fuel, 462 residential, 430 residual saturation, 828 restaurant waste oils, 460 retaining structure, 206, 208 retaining wall, 207, 208 reusable magnesium coagulant, 1067 reuse, 432, 491–493 ring sticking, 463 risk informed, 974, 975 road construction, 675 safely, 461 safer handling, 461 safety assessment, 1016–1018 safety case, 1016 sanitary landfill, 370 screening, 608 secondary waste, 477 sediment toxicity, 903 sedimentation, 1061, 1063 seismic impact zones, 185, 186, 196, 197, 230 selective fill, 675 separation, 605 settlement, 374 shape, 665 shredding, 481 site selection criteria, 1005 size reduction, 603 size reduction techniques, 481 sludge, 149 sludge conditioning, 1062 sludge dewatering, 1062, 1069 sludge process system, 1066 sludge production, 1062, 1064 sludge reducer, 1062 sludge reducer screening, 1063, 1064, 1066, 1067 sludge thickening, 1062, 1070, 1072 soda alum, 1068, 1070, 1076 sodium aluminate, 1068, 1073–1075 sodium hydroxide, 471 soil, 782–784, 786–790, 792, 795, 796, 798–800, 802, 810 soil conservation service (SCS) method, 227 soil erosion, 352, 353 soil liner(s), 196, 233, 236, 237, 251–260, 265, 266, 281, 282, 348–350 soil stabilization, 638, 648, 655 soil vapor extraction, 852 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol 1089 solid waste, 178, 180–185, 188, 190, 193, 210, 213–215, 226, 228, 230, 254, 267, 324, 428, 989 sorting, 479 source separation, 596 source zone, 831 sources of radioactive pollution, 962 soybean, 465 sparge wells, 854 specific gravity, 665 stabilization, 2, 4, 5, 13, 15, 37, 39, 48, 53–57, 59–62, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77–79, 85, 86, 89, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 128, 139, 140, 551–559, 561–563, 565–575, 580, 586, 588, 589 alkaline stabilization, 5, 55, 89, 139 exothermic reaction, 57 hydrated lime, 56–58, 91 lime stabilization, 55–57, 59–62, 121, 123 pathogens, 4, 37–39, 43, 55, 64, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 83, 86, 114, 120–122, 136, 139, 140 quicklime, 12, 56–58 slaking, 57 standards, 969, 971, 972 STAR system, 1067, 1068, 1070, 1072 storage, 996 storm water management, 393 stormwater, 227–229, 235, 265 structural fill, 650 sub base and base layers, 676 sulfates, 667 sulfite, 640 sulfur content, 462 surfactant/cosolvent flushing, 819 sustainable landfill, 366 synthetic sealing barriers, 379 techniques thermogravimetric analysis, 471 temporal covers, 382 terrestrial radiation, 954 tetrahedral, 468 TGA, 471 thermal treatment, 438 thickening, 2, 3, 5, 12, 21, 39–42, 44–48, 50–54, 66–68, 76, 95, 97, 98, 463 centrifugal thickening, 5, 39, 41, 42 centrifugal forces, 43, 48 cylindrical bowl, 42, 43 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index 1090 disc nozzle centrifuge, 42, 48–50 imperforate basket, 42, 45–47 solid bowl centrifuge, 43, 44, 47 floatation thickening, 5, 39, 50 dispersed air floatation, 50 dissolved air floatation (DAF), 50, 51 pressurization system, 52 skimming mechanism, 51 supersaturation, 50 vacuum floatation, 50 gravity belt thickening, 5, 39, 53 gravity belt, 5, 39, 42, 53, 54 gravity belt thickener, 53, 54 plow blades, 53 gravity thickening, 5, 39, 40, 68 clarified supernatant, 40 gravity settling, 40 gravity thickener, 30, 39–42, 52 hindered settling, 40 primary clarifier, 8, 31, 39, 40, 96 sedimentation zone, 40 thickened biosolids, 40, 44 thickening zone, 40 rotary drum thickening, 5, 39, 53, 54 rotating cylindrical screens, 54 WAS conditioning system, 54 timber industrial ash, 686, 687 TLC, 471 top cover soil, 381 total petroleum hydrocarbon, 829 Town of Lenox, 1071 toxic compounds, 738 toxicity, 492, 505–507, 509, 511, 512, 518, 531, 538, 544 Toxicity index, 739 toxicity of cement kiln dust, 652 toxicity tests, 903 transesterification, 462 transform infrared spectroscopy, 471 transportation, 993 treatment, 432, 990, 994 triacylglycerols, 462 Triglycerides, 466 types of recycled aggregate, 659 underground storage tanks (USTs), 821 universal soil classification system (USCS), 355 unsaturated hydrocarbon, 463 upper explosive limit (UEL), 218 Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index US Army Corps of Engineers, 889 Using biological methods, the presence of toxic compounds and their ecological risks can be determined, 738 utilization of fly ash, 645 utilization of waste, 636 vegetable oil, 460 vertical permeability, 374 vibrating screen, 611 viscosity, 462 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 215 volatility, 463, 471 washing, 479 waste, 429, 474, 781–786, 788–790, 792–794, 804, 805 solid waste, 782, 784, 785, 793 waste layer, 781, 785, 788, 790, 792, 794, 804, 805 waste acceptance criteria, 1010, 1011, 1013–1015 waste acceptance specification, 1012 waste compaction, 391 waste cooking oil, 460 Waste Directive, 381 waste generation, 636 waste management, 431, 433, 1029–1031, 1034–1043, 1045, 1049–1051, 1054, 1055, 1057, 1058 waste oil management, 438 waste reduction in OECD countries, 674 waste sludge, 1061 waste solidification, 648, 656 waste streams, 1068 wastewater, 428, 443 wastewater solids, 4, 10, 12, 23, 26, 29, 33, 42, 43, 53, 54, 78, 80, 86–90, 116, 117 filter backwash, 23, 38 grit, 2, 3, 5, 9–11, 13, 23, 25–29, 35, 39, 45, 47, 49, 52, 58 screenings, 2, 3, 5, 10, 23–27 scum, 5, 23, 26, 27, 29–35, 51, 65, 66 septage, 2, 23, 27, 29, 34–37, 59–61, 124, 136 wastewater treatment, 438, 440, 458 wastewater treatment technologies, 444 water absorption, 665 water clarification, 1062, 1064 water erosion, 394 November 15, 2013 11:11 9.75in x 6.5in b1272-index Handbook of Environment and Waste Management Vol Index water plant sludge, 1069 water purification, 1068, 1071, 1076 water utility, 1061 well design, 312, 314, 315, 318, 323 wet process, 651 wet solid waste, 990 wetlands, 184–186, 191–193, 200, 228, 230 world production of coal, 637 1091 xenobiotic organic compounds, 403–405, 408, 409 yield, 470 zeolite synthesis, 638