Handbook of marine macroalgae biotechnology and applied phycology

Tai Lieu Chat Luong JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come Handbook of Marine Macroalgae JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come Handbook of Marine Macroalgae Biotechnology and Applied Phycology Se-Kwon Kim Pukyong National University A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wile’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Other Editorial Offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright 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damages arising herefrom Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kim, Se-Kwon Handbook of marine microalgae : biotechnology and applied phycology / Se-Kwon Kim p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-97918-1 (cloth) Microalgae–Handbooks, manuals, etc Microalgae–Biotechnology–Handbooks, manuals, etc Algology-Handbooks, manuals, etc Marine algae culture–Handbooks, manuals, etc I Title QK568.M52K56 2011 579.8 1776–dc23 2011023327 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781119977094; Wiley Online Library 9781119977087; ePub 97811199776550; Mobi 9781119977667 Typeset in 9.75/11.75pt Minion by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India Printed in [Country] by [Printer] First Impression 2012 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come Contents List of Contributors Preface Editor xvii xxi xxiii PART I Introduction to Algae and Their Importance Biological Importance of Marine Algae Ali A El Gamal 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds) 1.2.1 Chlorophyta (green algae) 1.2.2 Phaeophyta (brown algae) 1.2.3 Rhodophyta (red algae) Acknowledgment References Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans 17 27 27 36 Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty and Amit Kumar Banerjee 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Introduction Need for marine resources Various marine resources Producers in the marine environment Emergent plants Seaweed diversity Uses of seaweeds Marine farming: global scenario SEAPURA: an EU effort Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds 2.11.1 Metagenomics in understanding seaweeds 2.11.2 Role of bioinformatics 2.11.3 Data storage and retrieval 2.11.4 Different kind of information analysis 2.11.5 Phylogeographical and evolutionary analysis 2.12 Future prospects 2.13 Conclusion References 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 39 39 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come vi CONTENTS Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta 45 Rajrupa Ghosh, Kakoli Banerjee and Abhijit Mitra 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Seaweeds: an overview Commercial uses of seaweeds Indian scenario Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans References Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories 45 46 46 51 55 58 Nathalie Bourgougnon and Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau 4.1 4.2 Introduction Exploitation of marine algal resources 4.2.1 International context 4.2.2 French and Breton context 4.3.3 French research network on marine bioactive compounds extracted from macroalgae 4.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds? 4.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities 4.4.1 Polysaccharides 4.4.2 Phycoerythrin 4.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities 4.5.1 Polysaccharides 4.5.2 Phenolic compounds (phloroglucinol and derived products) 4.5.3 Terpenes 4.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense 4.6.1 Biotic interactions of marine red and brown algae (pathogens, grazing, etc.) 4.6.2 Biofouling 4.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy 4.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae 4.8.1 Algae for nutritional foods 4.8.2 Algae for health and cosmetics 4.8.3 Algae against microorganisms 4.10 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides 58 60 60 60 61 64 64 65 67 68 68 69 72 73 73 75 81 82 82 85 88 89 89 90 106 Jes´us M Mercado 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Light absorption 5.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 5.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition 5.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides? 5.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 106 107 108 110 111 111 112 112 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come CONTENTS Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds vii 116 Antonio Moreda-Pi˜neiro, Elena Pe˜na-V´azquez and Pilar Bermejo-Barrera 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mineral content in seaweed 6.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds 6.3.1 Legislation concerning seaweed consumption 6.3.2 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: studies concerning seaweed edibility 6.3.3 Radionuclides in edible seaweed 6.4 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: pollution biomonitoring 6.4.1 Seaweeds as bioindicators 6.4.2 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: studies concerning environmental monitoring 6.4.3 Seaweeds as bioindicators of radioactive pollution 6.5 Chemical speciation 6.5.1 Importance of the chemical species of an element 6.5.2 Sources of organometallic species in the environment and foodstuffs 6.5.3 Organometallic compounds (elemental chemical species) in algae 6.5.4 Analytical chemistry of elemental speciation in algae References 116 117 117 117 147 148 148 148 150 152 154 154 154 154 162 164 PART II Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds Chemical Composition of Seaweeds 173 Ladislava Miˇsurcov´a 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Various components of seaweeds 7.2.1 Proteins and amino acids 7.2.2 Minerals 7.2.3 Vitamins 7.2.4 Lipids 7.2.5 Dietary fiber 7.3 Conclusion References Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast 173 174 174 176 179 181 182 186 186 193 Anna O Barabanova and Irina M Yermak 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East 8.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle 8.3.1 The polysaccharides of Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) 8.3.2 The polysaccharides of Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) 8.3.3 Influence of environmental conditions on polysaccharide composition of T crinitus 8.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C pinnulatus and T crinitus References 193 196 197 197 197 199 200 201 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come viii CONTENTS Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric 205 Sivalingam Thambidurai 9.1 9.2 Introduction Textile materials 9.2.1 Cotton fiber 9.2.2 Cotton yarn 9.2.3 Cotton fabric 9.2.4 Preparatory process 9.3 Antimicrobial agents 9.3.1 Organic chemicals 9.3.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 9.3.3 Oxygen bleach 9.3.4 Plant products 9.3.5 Chitin and chitosan 9.4 Seaweeds 9.4.1 Bioactive compounds from seaweed 9.5 Extraction and characterization 9.5.1 Crude extract 9.5.2 Nanoparticle extraction 9.5.3 Characterization of nanoparticles 9.6 Antibacterial finishing 9.6.1 Padding of extract 9.6.2 Antibacterial test 9.6.3 Antibacterial property 9.7 Permanent finish Acknowledgments References 10 Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds 205 205 205 206 207 207 208 209 209 209 210 210 211 211 212 212 212 212 216 216 217 217 217 217 218 221 You-Jin Jeon, W.A.J.P Wijesinghe and Se-Kwon Kim 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Introduction Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds Role of cell wall degrading enzymes Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions Bioactive peptides from seaweeds 10.6.1 Polyphenols and brown algal phlorotannins 10.6.2 Carotenoids 10.6.3 Polysaccharides 10.7 Conclusions References 11 Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans 221 222 222 222 222 223 224 225 225 226 226 229 Vitor H Pomin 11.1 11.2 11.3 Introduction Phylogenetic distribution Common methods for extraction and structural analyses 11.3.1 Methods for isolation 11.3.2 Methods for detection, quantization, and purity control 11.3.3 Methods for molecular weight determination 11.3.4 Methods for structural characterization 229 230 230 230 231 233 233 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come CONTENTS ix 11.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence 11.4.1 Phylogenetic implications: how has the 3-linked, β-galactopyranose unit occurred in the marine environment throughout the course of evolution? 11.4.2 Restricted occurrence of SFs in brown algae 11.4.3 SGs in green algae 11.4.4 Red algal SGs occur usually in disaccharide repeating units within heterogeneous sulfation patterns: carrageenans and agarans 11.5 Industrial applications 11.5.1 SFs/fucoidans as food supplements and cosmetic hydrators 11.5.2 Carrageenans and agarans: the most industrially used SG molecules 11.6 Pharmacological properties 11.6.1 Antiviral actions 11.6.2 The use of SFs and SGs in therapy for preventing thrombosis and coagulation 11.6.3 Inhibiting inflammation 11.6.4 Pro- and antiangiogenic actions of SFs/fucoidans 11.6.5 Algal SPs helping the fight against tumor 11.6.6 Combating infection of parasites with algal SPs: a new avenue against parasitoses 11.6.7 Effects on cellular growth, migration and adhesion 11.7 Major conclusions Acknowledgments References 239 12 Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds 239 240 242 242 242 242 244 247 247 249 250 251 253 254 254 255 255 255 262 Jing Hu, Bin Yang, Xiuping Lin, Xue-Feng Zhou, Xian-Wen Yang, and Yonghong Liu 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Chemical constituents 12.2.1 Sesquiterpenes 12.2.2 Diterpenes 12.2.3 Other skeletons 12.2.4 Meroterpenoids 12.2.5 C15 -acetogenins 12.2.6 Phlorotannins 12.2.7 Steroids 12.3 Conclusions References 13 Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination 262 263 263 268 271 274 275 277 279 280 281 285 Ladislava Miˇsurcov´a 13.1 Digestibility 13.1.1 Protein digestibility 13.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment 13.2.1 In vivo methods of digestibility assessment 13.2.2 In situ methods of digestibility assessment 13.2.3 In vitro methods of digestibility assessment 13.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products 13.3.1 Endogenous factors influencing seaweed digestibility 13.3.2 Exogenous factors influencing seaweed digestibility 13.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility 13.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility 285 285 287 287 288 289 291 291 292 295 296 JWST079-FM JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 x 13:34 Printer Name: Yet to Come CONTENTS 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding 297 297 302 Thanh T Ngu and Martin J Stillman 14.1 14.2 14.3 Introduction Characterization of the rfMT Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques 14.3.1 Equilibrium data for cadmium binding 14.3.2 Equilibrium data for arsenic binding 14.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques 14.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 302 303 304 304 305 306 315 315 315 PART III Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds 15 In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid 321 Yoshimi Niwano and Fumiaki Beppu 15.1 Introduction 15.2 In vivo oral toxicity study 15.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Brown Seaweed Lipids as Potential Source of Omega-3 PUFA in Biological Systems 321 321 324 327 327 329 Kazuo Miyashita, Bhaskar Narayan, Takayuki Tsukui, Hiroyuki Kamogawa, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA 16.3 Importance of omega-3 PUFA on human health 16.4 Brown seaweed lipids 16.5 Bioconversion of LN to DHA 16.6 Hepatic DHA enhancement in mice by fucoxanthin 16.7 Conclusion References 17 Immune Regulatory Effects of Phlorotannins Derived From Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) 329 330 331 332 333 333 335 335 340 Phuong Hong Nguyen, il-Whan Choi, Se-Kwon Kim and Won-Kyo Jung 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Introduction Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins on RAW264.7 macrophage cells Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins on BV2 microglial cells Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins 17.4.1 Anti-asthma 17.4.2 Anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 17.4.3 Other phlorotannins 17.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 340 343 344 344 344 345 345 346 346 346 JWST079-36 JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 552 13:29 Printer Name: Yet to Come SEAWEED POLYSACCHARIDES – FOOD APPLICATIONS Table 36.8 Selected seaweed polysaccharides permitted by the European Council Name of polysaccharide and E Number Alginic acid (E400), Sodium alginate (E401), Potassium alginate (E402) Ammonium alginate (E403) Calcium alginate (E404) Propylene glycol alginate(E405) Agar (E406) Carrageenan (E407) Source Functions, food products and permitted levels Large brown seaweeds such as Laminaria hyperborea, Ascophyllum nodosum and Macrocystis species Functions Emulsifier, suspending, stabilizer, gelling agent, thickener Products Jam, jellies and marmalades Sterilized, pasteurized and UHT cream, low calorie cream, pasteurized low fat cream, weaning foods for infants and young children in good health Mainly species of Gelidium, Pterocladia, and Gracilaria Mainly Eucheuma, Betaphycus, Kappaphycus, amd Chondrus crispus Carrageenan (E407) Permitted levels 10 g/kg (individual or in combination) 0.5 g/kg in weaning foods (individual or in combination) Functions: Emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling agent, thickener Products: Ice-creams, tinned goods, glaze for meats, etc Ice-creams, milk shakes, instant desserts, custard tarts Suspending agent in soft drinks Spreads and many others Partially dehydrated and dehydrated milk Permitted level Quantum satis Functions Emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling agent, thickener Products Ice-creams, milk shakes, instant desserts, custard tarts Suspending agent in soft drinks Spreads and many others Permitted level 0.3g per l in infant formulae Source: Directive 95.2 EC 20 February 1995 European Parliament and Council Directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colors and sweeteners Euchema seaweed (PES) (Seisun, 2009) A recent survey has shown world wide availability of about 200 carrageenancontaining food products (Shah and Huffman, 2003) In summary seaweed polysaccharides have established themselves as food additives having interesting functional properties References Angelin, T.S et al (2004) Physicochemical properties of carrageenans extracted from Sarconema filiforme and Hypnea valentiae Seaweed Research and Utilization, 26, 197 JWST079-36 JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:29 Printer Name: Yet to Come REFERENCES Annapure, U.S., Singhal, R.S., Kulkarni, P.R (1999) Screening of hydrocolloids for reduction in oil uptake of a model deep fat fried product, Lipids, 101, 217 Armisen, R (1999) Agar In: Thickening and Gelling agents for food, 2nd edn (ed A Imesen) 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(2009a) Seaweed: nutritional value, bioactive properties and uses In: Marine Products for Healthcare CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Ch.9 Venugopal, V (2009b) Seaweed hydrocolloids In: Marine Products for Healthcare CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Ch 10 Verbeken, D Thas, O and Dewittinck, K (2004) Textural properties of gelled dairy desserts containing κcarrageenan and starch Food Hydrocolloids, 18, 817–823 Walkenstrom, P (2003) The creation of new food structures and textures by processing In: Texture in Food, Vol.1 (ed 555 B.M McKenna) Woodhead Publishers, Cambridge, UK, p 201 Wang, B., Xiong, Y.L and Wang, C (2001) Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of flavored soymilk during refrigeration storage J Food Quality, 24, 513– 519 Weilin, K and Keeton, J.T (1998) Textural and physicochemical properties of low-fat, precooked ground beef patties containing carrageenan and sodium alginate J Food Sci., 63, 571–574 Wheaton, F.W and Lawson, T B (1985) Processing of Aquatic Food Products John Wiley & Sons, New York, p 42 Williams, P A and Phillips, G.O (2003) The use of hydrocolloids to improve food texture In: Texture in Food, Vol (ed B.M McKenna) Woodhead Publishers, Cambridge, UK, p 251 Yamashita, S., Sugita, K.Y and Shimizu, -M (2001) In vitro bacteriostatic effects of dietary polysaccharides Food Sci Technol Res., 7, 262 Yu, S., Blennhow, A., Bojko, M., Madisen, M., Cisen, C.F., and Engeisen, S.B (2002) Physico-chemical characterization of Floridean starch of red algae Starch/Stăarke, 54, 6669 Yuan, H., Zhang, W., Lu, X., Li, H., Geo, X and Song, J (2005) Preparation and in vitro antioxidant activity of κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides and their oversulfated, acetylated, and phosphorylated derivatives Carbohydr Res., 340, 685 Zvyagintsova, T.N Shevehenko, N.M., Popivnieb, I.B., Iskov, V.V., Sundukova, V and Elyakova, L.A (2004) A new procedure for the separation of water-soluble polysaccharides from brown seaweed Carbohydr Res., 322, 32–38 Zvyagintseva, T.N., Shevchenkoa, N.M., Popivnicha, I.B., et al (1999) A new procedure for the separation of watersoluble polysaccharides from brown seaweeds 322, 32– 39 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come Index Acanthophora 46 acetaminophen toxicity 389–95 acetogenins (C15 ) 275–6 2-acetoxy-15-bromo-6,17-dihydroxy3palmitoyl-neoparguera-4(19), 9(11)-diene 18 acid detergent fiber (ADF) 183 adhesives from seaweeds 38 agar 17, 184, 186, 501–2, 523 agarans applications 246 culinary 247 molecular biology 246 motility assays 246 plant biology 246–7 agricultural applications 514 agricultural uses for macroalgae 89 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 13 Alcaligenes aquamarinus 19 aldose reductase inhibitor rhodophyta 27 Alexandrium catanella 14 algae algicidal substances phaeophyta 14 alginates 68, 501, 522–3 alginic acid 186 α-alkokainic acid 23 aluminium content of seaweeds 131–7 Alzheimer’s disease 344 amarouciaxanthin 322, 404 amino acid score (AAS) 176, 286, 287 amino acids 174–6, 504 2-aminoanthracene amylase 184 amylopectin 184 3,6-anhydrogalactose 65 animal feeds 486–7, 527 animal breeding studies using seaweed extracts lambs 483 pigs 483–4 rats 483 animal breeding studies using seaweed meals 482 aquatic animals 483 cattle and lambs 483 pigs 483 poultry 482 rats 483 sheep 483 aquaculture 484, 528 biosorption enriched 484–5 biofortification 485 increasing bioavailability 485–6 microelement carriers 486 microelement hunger 485 general aspects 481 historical aspects 481 nutraceuticals 482 nutritional properties of seaweeds 482 poultry 528 terrestial animals 527–8 anthropogenic pressure, seaweeds as indicators 106–7, 111–12 inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107–8 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 role of bicarbonate use in green tides 111 anti-allergenic substances 345–6 anti-asthmatic substances 344–5 antibacterial substances biomedical applications 535 chlorophyta anticoagulants 249–50, 512 antidiabetic substances 362–4, 371–2, 375 active components fucoidan 374 fucoxanthin 373–4 phlorotannins 374 Handbook of Marine Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology, First Edition Edited by Se-Kwon Kim © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd phaeophyta 17, 372, 409–10 Ascophyllum nodosum 373 Hizikia fusiforme 373 Laminaria japonica 373 Petalonia binghamiae 373 Sargassum yenzoense 373 Undaria pinnatifida 372 anti-elastase activity against porcine pancreas elastase rhodophyta 27 antifeedent substances phaeophyta 17 rhodophyta 26–7 antifungal substances chlorophyta phaeophyta 13 antihelmintic substances rhodophyta 22 anti-HIV substances 417, 421 diterpenes 420 lectins 420–1 peptides 421 phlorotannins 419–20 sulfated polysaccharides 417–19 antihypertensive substances phaeophyta 17 anti-inflammatory substances 512 chlorophyta phaeophyta 13–14 phloroglucinol 381–2 rhodophyta 23 sulfated fucans (SFs) 250–1 sulfated galactans (SGs) 251 antimicrobial substances 89 agriculture 89 aquaculture 89 rhodophyta 25–6 antimony content of seaweeds 138–44 antimony species 161 antimutagenic substances chlorophyta JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 558 anti-obesity substances 371–2, 375 active components fucoidan 374 fucoxanthin 373–4 phlorotannins 374 phaeophyta 372, 409–10 Ascophyllum nodosum 373 Hizikia fusiforme 373 Laminaria japonica 373 Petalonia binghamiae 373 Sargassum yenzoense 373 Undaria pinnatifida 372 antioxidant substances 87 biomedical applications 510–11 food components 506–8 food industry 398, 401 carotenoids 400–1, 403–10 phlorotannins 399 sulfated polysaccharides 399–400 mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) 88–9 phaeophyta 15–17 phenolic compounds 87 phloroglucinol 382 antioxidants biomedical applications 535 antiparasitic substances 254 anti-photoaging substances phloroglucinol 382–3 antiplasmoidal substances chlorophyta anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) substances 345 antithrombal agents 249–50 antitumor substances 511–12 phloroglucinol 383–4 sulfated fucans (SFs) 253–4 sulfated galactans (SGs) 254 antiviral substances biomedical applications 535–6 chlorophyta 7–8 phaeophyta 14–15 rhodophyta 21–2 sulfated fucans (SFs) HSV and influenza 247–8 sulfated galactans (SGs) 248–9 sulfated polysaccharides 247 Aplysia californica 20 aplysiatoxin aplysin-9-ene 21 apparent protein biological value (ABV) 286 apparent protein digestibility (APD) 286 aquacultural uses for macroalgae 89 feeds 484, 528 arachidonic acid 26, 81, 182 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX Arrainvilla rawsonii arsenic content of seaweeds 131–7 arsenic species 155, 157–8 metallothionein binding 305–6 Ascochyta salicorniae Ascophyllum nodosum 373 diabetes management 362–4 ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 179–80 ascosalipyrrolidinones A and B Asparagopsis armata polysaccharides 66–7 astaxanthin 51, 55, 322–3, 404, 525–6 Avrainvillea nigrans Bacillus subtilis 5, 25 barium content of seaweeds 131–7 Beckerella subcostatum 25 Betaphycus 17 6,6 -bieckol 341, 342, 343 anti-HIV activities 419 6,8 -bieckol 341 8,4 -bieckol 14 anti-HIV activities 419 8,8 -bieckol 14, 341, 343 anti-HIV activities 419 bifurcadiol bifurcane 72 Bifurcaria bifurcata 9, 11 bioaccessibility studies 349 cell culture models 352 comparison between in vivo and in vitro methods 352 in vitro methods 349–50 bioaccessible fraction 350–1 dialyzable fraction 351 in vivo methods 349 animals 349 humans 349 bioaccumulation 445 bioactive metabolites 262–3, 280–1 chemical constituents acetogenins (C15 ) 275–6 diterpenes 268–73 meroterpenoids 274 phlorotannins 277–8 sesquiterpenes 263–7 steroids 279 biodiversity 59 bioenergy 426–7, 453, 515–16 algal biomass characteristics 455 bioethanol types and characteristics 453–4 future direction 459 international industries and technologies 454–5 red algae bioethanol production technology fermentation 457–9 overview 455–6 saccharification process 456–7 separation and distillation 459 biofouling 58 antifouling from French brown seaweeds 80–1 Grateloupia turuturu 79–80 screening 76–7 context 75–6 organisms 76 bioinformatics 41 biological treatment of wastes using seaweeds 46 biomedical applications 510, 532–4 antibacterial effects 535 anticoagulant activity 512 anti-inflammatory activity 512 antioxidants 510–11, 535 antitumor and immunomodulatory activities 511–12 antiviral effects 535–6 heme-agglutinating properties 536 hepatoprotective properties 536 importance of seaweeds 534 treatments 534–5 ulcers and allergies 535 tissue engineering 512–13 weight control 536–7 bioprocess technology 436–8 biosorption 444–5 biotechnology 424, 427 bioremediation and bioenergy 426–7 blue farming 424–5 chemical and pharmaceutical industries 425–6 heavy metal detoxification 447–8 blue farming 424–5 Bostrychia 50 Bostrychia calliptera 445–6 brevetoxins 3, bromine content of seaweeds 131–7 bromine species 156–7, 158, 159–60 3-bromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5dihydroxybenzyl)-5methoxymethylpyrocatechol 27 1,2-bis(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl ethane 23 bromobeckerelide 25 bromophycolides 20 Bryopsis 6–7 3-butyl-4-vinylcyclopentene 17 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX Caco-2 cell culture digestibility method 291 cadmium content of seaweeds 131–7 metallothionein binding 304–5 calcium content of seaweeds 118–30, 180 Callophycus serratus 20, 25 callus culture 435–6 Caloglossa leprieurie 50 Calurepa prolifera Candida albicans 7, 13 canthaxanthin 322, 526 capillary electrophoresis (CE) 163 capisterones A and B carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) 110–11 carotene 37 carotenoids (provitamin A) 181, 404–5, 525–6 food antioxidants 400–1, 405–6 brown seaweeds 406–9 carrageen moss 17 carrageenans 17, 65, 184, 186, 193–6, 501, 523 applications 244–5 disaccharide units 194–5 health concerns 246 polysaccharide composition and life cycle phase Chondrus pinnulatus 197, 200–1 Tichocarpus crinitus 197–201 rheological and viscosity properties 200-1 sources in Russian Far East 196–7 Catenella repens 46, 50, 55 caudoxirene 17 Caulerpa 46 Caulerpa racemosa 22 Caulerpa taxifolia caulerpals A and B cell suspension culture 435–6 cellobiose 206 cellulose 184–5, 206 Ceratodictyon spongiosum 23 ceratospongamides 23 chaetoglobosin O Chaetomorpha inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 role of bicarbonate use 111 Chaetomorpha aerea 49 chemical composition of seaweeds 173–4, 186 components dietary fiber (DF) 182–6 lipids 181–2 minerals 176–9 proteins and amino acids 174–6 vitamins 179–81 chemical industry applications 425–6 chemical speciation importance of 154 organometallic species, sources of 154 organometallic species in algae 154–61 chitin 210 chitosan 210 chlorine content of seaweeds chlorine species 156–7, 158, 159–60 chlorobeckerelide 25 chlorophylls 37, 524–5 chlorophyta (green algae) 5, 37, 45 biologically active components antibacterial activity antifungal activity anti-inflammatory substances antimutagenic activity antiplasmoidal activity antiviral activity 7–8 cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activities protein tyrosine phosphate 1B inhibitors (PTP1B) diterpenes 273 sesquiterpenes 267 sulfated glucans (SGs) 242 cholesteryl formate 81 Chondria arnata 24 Chondria atropurpurea 22 Chondria oppositiclada chondriamide 22 Chondrus crispus 17, 73 Chondrus pinnulatis structural peculiarities of sulfated polysaccharides 193–6 carrageenan sources in Russian Far East 196–7 polysaccharide composition and life cycle phase 197 Chorda tomentosa 17 chromium content of seaweeds 131–7 chromium-contaminated wastewater treatment case study using Hydrilla verticillata adsorption isotherm study 475 adsorption kinetics study 471–2 characterization of absorbent 465–7 559 effect of adsorbate concentration 470 effect of adsorbate dose 470 effect of contact time 468 effect of pH 468–9 effect of stirring speed 467–8 effect of temperature 470–1 materials 465 method 465 rate controlling mechanism 473–5 harmful effects of Cr(VI) 461–2 importance of chromium 461 treatment methods 462 adsorption 462–5 ciguatoxins 3, circular dichroism (CD) 303 Cladophora green tides inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 role of bicarbonate use 111 Cladophora fascicularis Cladophora socialis cobalamin (vitamin B12 ) 181 cobalt content of seaweeds 131–7 Codium iyengarri communesins A and B copper content of seaweeds 131–7, 178 cord grass 37 cosmetics from seaweeds 86–7, 537 cosmeceuticals 513–14 osmolytes 87 sulfated polysaccharides 242–4 cotton fabric applications 205 antimicrobial agents 208–9 inorganic nonparticles 209 organic substances 209 oxygen bleach 209–10 plant products 210 chitin and chitosan 210 seaweed nanoparticles 211 antibacterial finishing 216–17 bioactive compounds 211–12 characterization 212–16 extraction 212 permanent finish 217 textiles cotton fabric 207 cotton fiber 205–6 cotton yarn 206–7 preparatory process 207–8 crude fiber (CF) 183 Culex pipens pallens 24 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 560 cupalaurenol 25 cycloartenol disulfate cycloeudesmol cymobarbatol Cymopolia barbat Cystophora siliquosa 17 cystophorene 17 Cystoseira crinita 15 Cystoseira myrica 11 Cystoseira tamariscifolia 13 cystoseirol monoacetate 11 cytokinin 173 cytotoxic substances chlorophyta phaeophyta 9–12 rhodophyta 17–21 dairy products from seaweeds 38 debromoepiaplysinol 21 dehydrothyrsiferol 21 Dendroyphiella salina 13 9-deoxyelatol 25 deoxylapachol 13 deoxyparguerol-7-acetate 22 deoxyprepacifenol 24 Desmia hornemanni 19 diabetes management 362–4 10,18-diacetoxy-8-hydroxy 2,6-dollabeladiene 14, 17 dialysis cell digestibility methods 289 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol 27 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether 27 3,5-dibromo-4hydroxyphenylethylamine 27 3,5-dibromo-4hydroxyphenylethylamine 27 2-(2 ,4 -dibromophenoxy)4,6-dibromoanisol dichloroacetamide 25 dictyol F monoacetate 11 dictyol J 14 dictyolactone 14 dictyone acetate 11 dictyopterene 17 Dictyopteris zonaroides 13 Dictyota crenulata 12 Dictyota dichotoma 10, 14 Dictyota menstrualis 14 Dictyota pfaffi 14, 15, 17 Dictyota spinulosa 12 dictyotins 10 dieckol 14, 17, 341, 342, 343 dietary fiber (DF) content of seaweeds 182–6 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX Digenea simplex 23 digestability 285, 297 contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility 296–7 evaluation of seaweed digestibility 295–6 factors influencing seaweed digestibility 291 chemical composition and antinutritional factors 293–4 digestibility model organism 291–2 digestive enzyme systems 292 enzyme hydrolysis conditions 292–3 food processing 294–5 methods 287 in situ assessment 288 in vitro assessment 289–91 in vivo assessment 287–8 proteins 285–6 amino acid score (AAS) 286, 287 essential amino acid index (EAAI) 286–7 4,18-dihydroxydictyolactone 12 8α,11-dihydroxypachydictyol 12 1-(3 ,5 -dihydroxyphenoxy)-7-(2 ,4 ,6trihydroxyphenoxy)-2,4,9trihydroxydibenzo-1,4-dioxin 341, 342, 343 cis-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran 13 Dilophus okamurae 17 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMB) 231 3,5-dinitriguaiacol 25 dinophysistoxins 3, dioxinodehydroeckol 341, 342, 343 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavengers 15, 16 diphlorethol 68 diphloroethohydroxycarmalol 342, 343 anti-HIV activities 419 diterpenes 72, 268 anti-HIV activities 420 dolabellane skeleton 270 dolastane skeleton 270 hydroazulenoids 270 other skeletons 271 xenicane skeleton 269 green algae 273 red algae 272–3 Dityota dichotoma 11 DNA methyl transferase-1 20 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 182, 329, 330 biosynthesis from α-linolenic acid 333 hepatic enhancement by fucoxanthin 333–5 importance 331–2 Dolabella californica 15 dolabellane 10, 15 dolastatin 3, dollabelladiene 14 dry matter digestibility (DMD) 290 dulse 17 E coli 19 Ecklonia cava 14, 16 health benefits 359–61 Ecklonia stolonifera 14, 15, 17 eckol 14, 17, 341, 342, 343 eckstolonol 14, 15 ecological value of seaweeds 46 ectocarpene 17 Ectocarpus siliculosus 73 edibility of seaweeds 146–7 eicosanoids 26 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 83, 182, 329, 330 importance 331–2 elatol 25 electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) 163, 303 eleganediol 72 eleganolone 73 Elysia rufescenes emergent plants 37 Enteromorpha 46 Enteromorpha compressa 48 Enteromorpha intestinalis 5, 6, 46, 48, 55 Enteromorpha prolifera 46 green tides 106–7 environmental sources of organometallic species 154 enzyme-assisted extraction and recovery of bioactive compounds 221–2, 226 cell wall degrading enzymes 222 enzyme selection 222–3 importance 222 peptides 223–4 polyphenols and phlorotannins 224–5 polysaccharides 225–6 seaweeds 222 epiaplysinol 21 epiphytism 73 epipolythiodioxopiperazine Escherichia coli 5, 13 essential amino acid index (EAAI) 286–7 ethylmethanesulfonate Eupomocentrus leucostictus 12 European Union (EU) SEAPURA project 39–40 evolutionary analysis 42 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX Farlowia mollis 26 fatty acids 503–4, 526–7 feeding-deterrent substances phaeophyta 12 fertilizers 478, 486–7, 528–9, 537 commercial seaweed fertilizers 479 general aspects 478–9 plant biostimulants 479 plant cultivation studies 479–80 seaweed extracts 479 value-added product from manure 480–1 flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 180–1 flavin mononucleotide (FMN) 180–1 floating seaweeds 37 Floridean starch 65, 184 floridoside 26 fluconazole fodder from seaweeds 46 food products from seaweeds 38, 46, 522, 529 antioxidants 398, 401, 506–8 carotenoids 400–1, 403–10 phlorotannins 399 sulfated polysaccharides 399–400 context 83 edible food coatings 510 functional foods 356–7, 365–6 Ascophyllum nodosum 361–4 Ecklonia cava 359–61 fucoidan polysaccharides 358 fucoxanthin 358–9 future directions 364–5 health benefits of phytochemicals 359 laminarin polysaccharides 358 microencapsulation of bacteria 505–6 prebiotics 505 functional foods, meat-based 491–2, 495–6 meat products 494–5 specific seaweed components 492–4 macroalgae-extracted compounds agar 523 alginates 522–3 carrageenan 523 furcellaran 523–4 iridophycan 524 mannitol 524 microalgae-extracted compounds 524 fatty acids 526–7 pigments 524–6 polysaccharides emulsions and foams 541–2 gelation 541 interaction with food components 542 major applications 542–51 water-binding 541 proteins from red seaweeds 84–5 regulatory and commercial aspects 551–2 seaweeds as vegetables 503 amino acids 504 antinutrients and toxic factors 504–5 fatty acids 503–4 minerals 504 sources of organometallic species 154 species identification 83–4 sulfated polysaccharides 242–4 agarans 247 France and territories coastal macroalgae 58–9, 89–90 against micoorganisms 89 agriculture 89 aquaculture 89 brown seaweed biological activities 68 phenolic compounds 69–72 polysaccharides 68–9 terpenes 72–3 focus on red and brown macroalgae 64–5 French and Breton context 60–1 metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy 81–3 metabolites for chemical defense biofouling 75–81 biotic interactions 73–5 metabolites for industrial uses foods 83–5 pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 85–9 red seaweed biological activities 65 phycoerythrin 67–8 polysaccharides 65–7 research network on bioactive compounds 61 laboratories 61–2 national scale 63 regional scale 63–4 free radical scavengers phaeophyta 15–17 rhodophyta 23 fucans, sulfated see sulfated polysaccharides fucodiphloroethol 16, 343 fucoidans 185–6, 502 antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties 374 561 fucosterol 17 fucoxanthin (FX) 8, 181, 321, 327, 404 antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties 373–4 health benefits 358–9 hepatic enhancement of DHA 333–5 in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study 324–7 in vivo oral toxicity study 321–4 fucoxanthinol (FXOH) 321, 325, 404 Fucus vesiculosus 25, 315 metallothionein 302–3 characterization 303–4 dynamic metallation studies 306–14 equilibrium metallation 304–6 functional foods see under food products from seaweeds furcellaran 523–4 furoplocamioid 19 galactans 184, 193 galactans, sulfated see sulfated polysaccharides galactoglycerolipids 81 α-D-galactopyranose 65 gamete-attracting pheromone phaeophyta 17 Ganges Delta, eco-biochemical studies of seaweeds biochemical composition 51–5 commercial uses 46 Indian scenario 46–50 overview 45–6 Garacilaria tikvahiae 51 gas chromatography (GC) 163 gas production digestibility methods 290–1 Gelidium 17 giffordene 17 Gigartina tenella 21 3–0-β-D-glucopyranosylstitmasta-5,25diene glutamic acid 176 gold content of seaweeds 131–7 gracilamides 21 Gracilaria 17, 46 Gracilaria asiatica 21 gracilarioside 21 Grateloupia turuturu antifouling compounds 79–80 phycoerythrin 67–8 gravimetric and filtering methods 290 green tides 106–7, 111–12 inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107–8 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 562 green tides (Continued ) photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 role of bicarbonate use 111 α-L-guluronic acid 68 Haemonchus contortus 13 Halimeda lamouroux Halimeda tuna halimedalactone halimediatrial halitunal halogenated β-bisabolene sesquiterpenes 22 health and safety considerations carrageenans 246 heavy metal detoxification 441–2, 448 algal mechanisms 442 exclusion 443 extracellular binding polypeptides 442–3 internal detoxification 443 metal transformation 443–4 algal–bacterial consortia 445–6 algal–bacterial mechanisms 444 bioaccumulation 445 biosorption 444–5 biological treatment 446–7 biotechnological applications 447–8 heme-agglutinating properties 536 hepatoprotective properties 536 hepatoprotective substances phaeophyta 14 herbal plants as antimicrobial agents 210 herbivorous animals, protection against phaeophyta 15 Herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) 22 Heterosigma akashiwo 14 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 163 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) 182, 322 Hizikia fusiforme 11, 373 glycoprotein protection against acetaminophen-induced liver damage 390–5 Hormosira hanksii 17 hormosirene 17 human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) 16 Hydrilla verticillata chromium-contaminated wastewater treatment adsorption isotherm study 475 adsorption kinetics study 471–2 characterization of absorbent 465–7 effect of adsorbate concentration 470 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX effect of adsorbate dose 470 effect of contact time 468 effect of pH 468–9 effect of stirring speed 467–8 effect of temperature 470–1 materials 465 method 465 rate controlling mechanism 473–5 p-hydroxybenzaldhyde 25 (6R)-6-hydroxydichototomo-3,14-diene1,17-dial 14 hydroxydictyodial 12 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid 26 hydroxyisoavrainvilleol 10-hydroxykahukuene 25 Hypnea 46 Hypnea musciformis 27, 51 Hypnea valendiae 23 iodine content of seaweeds 131–7, 179 iodine species 156–7, 158, 159–60 5-iodo-5 -deoxy-tubercidin 23 iridophycan 524 iron content of seaweeds 131–7, 178 Ishige okamurai 22 isocitrate lyase inhibitor rhodophyta 27 4-isocymobarbatol isodactyloxene 25 isodictytiol monoacetate 11 isodomic acids 24 isoepitaondiol 16 isolaureatin 24 isolaurepinnacin 24 isolaurinterol 25 isorawsonol isozonarol 12 ichthyotoxins phaeophyta 12 immunosuppressant substances chlorophyta phaeophyta 9–12 index of essential amino acids (IEAA) 176 India seaweed farming 40–1, 46–50 indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method 288 inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 117, 163 inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 117 industrial applications 500, 516 phycocolloids edible food coatings 510 extraction from seaweeds 508–9 food preparation 509 other applications 510 seaweed composition 500–1 mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) 502–3 polyphenols 502 polysaccharides 501–2 inosine-5 -monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (IMPDH) insecticidal substances rhodophyta 24 instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 117 Internet resources seaweed databases 42 Jania rubens 22 kahalalide 6–7 Kappaphycus 17 Karenia mikimotoi 14 kelps 37 Kjeldahl method 174–5 Klebsiella pneumonia 25 laminarans 184, 502 Laminaria ecology and characteristics 357 Laminaria japonica 373 glycoprotein stimulant effect 387–9 Landsburgia quercifolia 13 lanosol enol ether 25 laureatin 24 Laurencia 46 Laurencia brongniarti 25 Laurencia elata 25 Laurencia glandulifera 26 Laurencia mariannensis 25 Laurencia nipponica 24 Laurencia obtusa 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27 Laurencia okamurai 18 Laurencia pinnata 24 Laurencia pinnatifida 21 Laurencia scoparia 22 Laurencia tristicha 21 Laurencia venusta 22 Laurencia viridis 21 Laurencia yonaguniensi 19 Laurenda brongniartii 19 Laurenda microcladia 20 laurenmariallene 25 laurepinacine 24 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX laurinterol (LOEL) 18, 25 lead content of seaweeds 138–44 lectins anti-HIV activities 420–1 leptosins 9–10 Leptosphaeria species 9–10 ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) 303 light absorption 107–8 lignin 182 Lindra thalassiae 8, 13 linoleic acid (LA) 329, 330 α-linolenic acid (LN) 329, 330 bioconversion to DHA 333 lipid content of seaweeds 181–2 lipooxygenase inhibitor rhodophyta 26 Lobophora variegata 13 lobophorolide 13 Lophocladia 20 lopophorins 13 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 182 lutein 526 lyengaroside A Lyngbya majusula Lytechinus variegatus 17 magireols 19 Magnaporthe grisea 27 magnesium content of seaweeds 118–30, 180 manganese content of seaweeds 138–44, 178 β(1→4) mannan 65, 184 mannitol 524 β-D-mannuronic 68 manure from seaweeds 46 Marginisporum aberrans 25 marine farming 39 marine resources emergent plants 37 exploitation French and Breton context 60–1 French research network on bioactive compounds 61–4 International context 60 need for 36 producers 37 variety of 36–7 Mastocarpus stellatus 17 mercury content of seaweeds 131–7 mercury species 160 meroditerpenes 72 meroterpenoids 9, 274 metagenomics 41 metal-binding polychelates 161–2 metallothionein (MT) 302–3, 315 characterization 303–4 dynamic metallation studies 306–14 equilibrium metallation arsenic binding 305–6 cadmium binding 304–5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 25 methoxybifurcarenone 13 N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 20 microencapsulation of bacteria 505–6 micropropagation of seaweeds 434–5 mineral content of seaweeds 117, 176–9 molecular hybrid carrageenans 194–5 molybdenum content of seaweeds 138–44 murine coronavirus A59 Murrayella periclados 26 mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) 88–9 2,7-naphthyridine lophocladines 20 natural dyes 210 needle rush 37 nematocidal substances phaeophyta 12–13 neoirietetraol 19 neorogioldiol 21 net protein utilization (NPU) 287 neurophysiological substances rhodophyta 23–4 neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 183 nickel content of seaweeds 138–44 nigricanosides A and B Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 22 Nori 17 norxenicane 11 Notheia anomala 12, 13 nutraceuticals 482 Odonthalia corymbifera 27 oleic acid 182 organic matter digestibility (OMD) 290 organometallic species in algae 154–6 arsenic 155, 157–8 sources of 154 osmolytes 86–7 Osmundaria serrata 25 oxylipins 73–4 Padina 46 Palmaria palmata 17 palmitic acid 182 563 N -palmitoyl-2-amino-1,3,4,5tetyrahydroxyoctadecane (sphingosine) paper products from seaweeds 38 Pelvetia siliquosa 17 penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 25 Penicillus capitatus penochalasons penostatins 5–6 peptides from seaweeds 223–6 anti-HIV activities 421 perforenol 20 perfuroplocamioid 19 perinidin 404 Perithalia capillaris 12 Perithalia cudata 17 Petalonia binghamiae 373 Peyssonnelia 22 peyssonols 22 phaeophyta (brown algae) 8, 37, 45–6 biologically active components 68 algicidal activity 14 antidiabetic activity 17, 409–10 antifeedent activity 17 antifungal activity 13 antihypertensive activity 17 anti-inflammatory activity 13–14 antiviral activity 14–15 cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activity 9–12 free radical scavengers and antioxidant activity 15–17 gamete-releasing, gamete-attracting and sperm attracting pheromone activity 17 hepatoprotective activity 14 ichthyotoxins and feeding-deterrent substances 12 nematocidal activity 12–13 phenolic compounds 69–72 plant pathogen morphological abnormality 17 polysaccharides 68–9 protection against herbivorous animals 15 terpenes 72–3 commercial seaweeds 357 ecology and characteristics 357 health benefits 358–9 diterpenes dolabellane skeleton 270 dolastane skeleton 270 hydroazulenoids 270 other skeletons 271 xenicane skeleton 269 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 564 phaeophyta (brown algae) (Continued ) food antioxidants 406–9 lipids ω-3 PUFAs 332–3 phenolic phytochemicals 359 Ascophyllum nodosum 362–4 Ecklonia cava 359–61 health benefits 359 restricted occurance on sulfated fucans (SFs) 240–2 sesquiterpenes 268 pharmaceutical industry applications 425–6 pharmaceutical products from seaweeds 38, 46, 85–6 phenolic compounds brown seaweeds 69 biological functions and variation 70–1 examples from French models 71–2 properties 69–70 7-phloroethol 342, 343 phlorofucofuroeckol 14, 17, 341, 342, 343 phloroglucinol 14, 69–72, 341, 342, 343 health benefits 378, 385 additional activities 384–5 anti-inflammatory activities 381–2 antioxidant activities 382 anti-photoaging activities 382–3 antitumor activities 383–4 brown seaweeds 378–81 MMP inhibition activities 384 phlorotannins 69–72, 224–5, 277–8 antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties 374 anti-HIV activities 419–20 food antioxidants 399 immune regulatory effects 340–2, 346 anti-allergenic effects 345–6 anti-asthmatic effects 344–5 anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) effects 345 macrophage cells 343–4 microglial cells 344 phophorus content of seaweeds 117–30 phosphorus content of seaweeds 180 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107–8 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) 197 pH-stat and pH-drop digestibility methods 289–90 phycobiliproteins 526 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX phycocolloids industrial applications edible food coatings 510 extraction from seaweeds 508–9 food preparation 509 other applications 510 phycocyanin 17, 526 phycoerythrin 17, 67, 526 red seaweeds biological functions and variation 67 Grateloupia turuturu 67–8 properties 67 phylogeographical analysis 42 phytoplankton 37 P-I curves 107 pigments from seaweeds 524–6 pirene 19 plankton 37 plant pathogen morphological abnormality phaeophyta 17 plants, emergent 37 Plasmodium falciparum 7, 27 plastoquinones 16 Plocamium 20 Plocamium cartilagineum 24 Plocamium corallorhiza 21 Plocamium hamatum 18 Plocamium telfairia 24 plocaralides 20 Plocumium carttilagineum 19 pollution biomonitoring environmental monitoring 150–51 radioactive pollution 152–4 seaweeds as bioindicators 148–9 influence of algal division 149–50 influence of sampling time and sample part 149 influence of species 150 pollution detection and control 515 polybromoindoles 19 polychelates 161–2 polyphenols 224–5 polysaccharides 225–6 brown seaweeds biological functions and variation 68–9 examples from French models 69 properties 68 emulsions and foams 541–2 gelation 541 health benefits 358 interaction with food components 542 major applications 542–51 red seaweeds Asparagopsis armata 66–7 biological functions and variation 65 properties 65 Soliera chordalis 65–6 water-binding 541 polysaccharides, sulfated see sulfated polysaccharides Polysiphonia urceolata 8, 23 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 83, 329 ω-3 329–31 brown seaweed lipids 332–3 importance 331–2 ω-3 and ω-6 181–2 ω-6 181–2, 330–1 Porphyra 46 Porphyra yezoensis chemoprotection against drug toxicity 395–6 Portiera hornemannii 17, 20 Posidonia inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 potassium content of seaweeds 118–30 prebiotics 505 prenyl toluquinones 15 prevezol 21 primary colonisers in biofouling 77 protein efficiency ratio (PER) 287 protein tyrosine phosphate 1B inhibitors (PTP1B) chlorophyta proteins 174–6, 387 chemoprotection against acetaminophen toxicity 389–95 chemoprotection against drug toxicity 395–6 digestability 285–6 amino acid score (AAS) 286, 287 essential amino acid index (EAAI) 286–7 protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) 288 glycoprotein protection against acetaminophen-induced liver damage 390–5 glycoprotein protection against drug-induced liver damage 395–6 glycoprotein stimulant from Laminaria japonica 387–9 red seaweeds 84–5 Pterocladia 17 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX ptilodene 26 Ptilotafilicina 26 Pyricularia oryzae 17 radionuclides in seaweeds 148 as indicators of radioactive pollution 152–4 raw materials from seaweeds 46 recommended daily intake (RDI) of minerals 177–8 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis 84 Rhizoclonium grande 46 Rhizoclonium hookeri 49 Rhizoclonium riparium 49 Rhodomela confervoides 20 rhodophyta (red algae) 17, 37, 46 biologically active components aldose reductase inhibition activity 27 anti-elastase activity against porcine pancreas elastase 27 antifeedent activity 26–7 antihelmintic activity 22 anti-inflammatory activity 23 antimicrobial activity 25–6 antiviral activity 21–2 cytotoxic activity 17–21 free radical scavenger activity 23 insecticidal activity 24 isocitrate lyase inhibition activity 27 lipooxygenase inhibition 26 neurophysiological activity 23–4 phycoerythrin 67–8 polysaccharides 65–7 diterpenes 272–3 food products proteins 84–5 sesquiterpenes bisabolane skeleton 266 brasilane skeleton 266 chamigrane skeleton 263 cuparane skeleton 265 laurane skeleton 264 other skeletons 266 sulfated glucans (SGs) 242 riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) 180–1 ribofuranosides 11 ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) 110 rubber products from seaweeds 38 rubidium content of seaweeds 138–44 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 8, 25 Salmonella 25 Salmonella typhimurium salt grass 37 sanadaol 14 sargachromanols 15 sargaol 16 sargaquinone 14 Sargassum micracanthum 15, 16 Sargassum siliquastrum 15 Sargassum 46 Sargassum thunbergii 16 Sargassum tortile 9, 10 Sargassum yenzoense 373 sargols sargothunbergol 16 sea lettuces 37 SEAPURA project (EU) 39–40 seaweed industry France 60–1 International 60 Seaweed Metabolite Database (SWMD) 41 seaweed nanoparticles 211 antibacterial finishing antibacterial property 217 antibacterial test 217 padding of extract 216–17 bioactive compounds 211–12 extraction methods 212 seaweed collection 211 solvent selection 211–12 characterization Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 213–15 transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies 215–16 UV–Vis spectroscopy 212–13 extraction crude extract 212 nanoparticle extraction 212 permanent finish 217 seaweeds 36, 43, 348–9 as pollution bioindicators 148–9 environmental monitoring 150–51 influence of algal division 149–50 influence of sampling time and sample part 149 influence of species 150 radioactive pollution 152–4 biologically active components chlorophyta 5–8 phaeophyta 8–17 rhodophyta 17–27 chemical speciation importance of 154 organometallic species, sources of 154 565 organometallic species in algae 154–61 classification chlorophyta phaeophyta rhodophyta 17 compound bioaccessibility studies 349 cell culture models 352 in vitro methods 349–51 in vivo methods 349 current research trends 41 bioinformatics 41 data storage and retrieval 41 information analysis 42 metagenomics 41 phylogeographical and evolutionary analysis 42 diversity 37 eco-biochemical studies in Lower Gangetic Delta biochemical composition 51–5 commercial uses 46 Indian scenario 46–50 overview 45–6 edibility studies 146–7 floating 37 future prospects 42–3 marine farming 39 India 40–1 mineral content 117 see also trace and ultratrace elements uses 37–9, 46 secondary colonisers in biofouling 77 selenium content of seaweeds 138–44 selenium species 159, 160–61 Semliki forest virus (SFV) sesquiterpenes 72, 263 brown algae 267 green algae 268 red algae bisabolane skeleton 266 brasilane skeleton 266 chamigrane skeleton 263 cuparane skeleton 265 laurane skeleton 264 other skeletons 266 ship fouling see biofouling Sigmadocia symbiotica 23 snake bites snyderol sesquiterpene 27 sodium content of seaweeds 118–30 Soliera chordalis polysaccharides 65–6 sperm-attracting pheromone phaeophyta 17 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 566 sphingosine (N -palmitoyl-2-amino1,3,4,5-tetyrahydroxyoctadecane) Staphylococcus aureus 5, Staphylococcus epidermidis 25 starch 184 steroids 279 streptozotoxin (STZ)-induced diabetes 371 Strongylocentrotus intermedius 27 strontium content of seaweeds 138–44 stypodiol 16 stypolactone 11 stypoldione 12, 16 Stypopodium carpophyllum 11, 17 Stypopodium zonale 11, 12 stypoquinonic acid 12 sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) 193–6, 229–30, 255 analysis detection, quantization and purity 231–3 molecular weight determination 233 structural characterization 233–8 anti-HIV activities 417–19 carrageenan sources in Russian Far East 196–7 extraction methods isolation 230–1 food antioxidants 399–400 industrial applications carrageenans and agarans 244–7 food supplements and cosmetics 242–4 pharmacological properties 247 anti-inflammatory agents 250–1 antiparasitic activities 254 antithrombal agents 249–50 antitumor activities 253–4 antiviral actions 247–8 effect on cellular growth, migration and adhesion 254–5 pro- and antiangiogenic actions 251–2 phylogenetic distribution 230 polysaccharide composition and life cycle phase Chondrus pinnulatus 197 Tichocarpus crinitus 197–9 rheological and viscosity properties 200-1 structure and phyllogenetic occurence 239–40 brown algae 240–2 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come INDEX green algae 242 red algae 242 sulquinovosyldiacylglycerol 21 Symphyocladia latiuscula 22, 23, 27 taondiol 16 Taonia atomaria 12, 14, 17 telfairine 24 terpenes brown seaweeds 72 biological functions and variations 73 properties 72–3 tertiary colonisers in biofouling 78 2,20,3,30-tetrabromo-4,40,5,50tetrahydroxydiphenylmethane 27 2,3,5,6-tetrabromoindol 25 tetrachlorinated cyclohexane 19 tetrahydrofuran 13 tetrameric acid contiguous metabolites tetraprenyltoluquinols 16 teurilene 18 textile products from seaweeds 38 textiles 205 cotton fabric 207 preparitory process 207–8 cotton fiber 205–6 structure and chemical reactivity 206 cotton yarn 206–7 thiamine (vitamin B1 ) 180 thunbergols 16 thyresenols 21 thyrsiferol 22 thyrsiferyl 23-acetate 18, 22 tichocarpols 26 Tichocarpus crinitus 26 structural peculiarities of sulfated polysaccharides 193–6 carrageenan sources in Russian Far East 196–7 environmental influence 199–200 polysaccharide composition and life cycle phase 197–9 rheological and viscosity properties 200-1 tin content of seaweeds tin species 161 tissue culture 431–2, 438 seaweed production 432–3 active chemicals 433 bioprocess technology 436–8 callus and cell suspension culture 435–6 growth regulators 434 micropropagation 434–5 polyamines as growth promoters 433–4 tissue engineering 512–13 tocopherol (vitamin E) 181 total dietary fiber (TDF) 183 trace and ultratrace elements 116–17 analytical chemistry 162 sample preparation 162–3 separation and determination procedures 163–4 chemical speciation importance of 154 organometallic species, sources of 154 organometallic species in algae 154–61 edibility studies 146–7 legislation European 117–146 US 146–7 pollution biomonitoring environmental monitoring 150–51 radioactive pollution 152–4 seaweeds as bioindicators 148–9 radionuclides 148 2,20,3-tribromo-30,4,40,5tetrahydroxy-60hydroxymethyldiphenylmethane 27 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether 22 (2R)-2-(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5dihydroxybenzyl) cyclohexanone 23 tributyltin (TBT) 76 Trichostrongylus colubriformis 13 trifuhalol 68 triphloroethol 342, 343 true protein biological value (TBV) 286 true protein digestibility (TPD) 286 Turbinaria 46 Turbinaria conoides 11 Turbinaria ornate 10 turbinaric acid 10 Tydemania expeditionis tyrosine kinase p561ck ultratrace elements see trace and ultratrace elements Ulva 46 green tides inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107 JWST079-IND JWST079-Kim September 2, 2011 13:31 Printer Name: Yet to Come 567 INDEX photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108 role of bicarbonate use 111 Ulva fasciata Ulva lactuca 5, 46, 49, 55 ulvans 184, 502 U ndaria ecology and characteristics 357 Undaria pinnatifida 372 uranium content of seaweeds 138–44 uses of seaweeds 37–9, 46 vanadium content of seaweeds 138–44 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E faecium 25 Vaucheria 50 venustatriol 22 vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) 22 Vidalia obtusaloba 23 vidalols 23 vitamins 38, 179–81 wastewater, biological treament of 46, 537–8 weight control 536–7 World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) 58 xanthophylls 8, 37 xenicane 11 xylans 184 β-D-xylopyranose 65 zinc content of seaweeds 138–44, 178 zonarol 12, 13 zonarone 12 Zostera inorganic carbon acquisition 110–11 light absorption 107 photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 108