(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) a comparative study of the solid waste management practices of households from urban and rural communities surrounding laguna lake, philippines

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LEA BARTOLOME BUENAFRANCISCA A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advance Education Program Batch : 2015-2018 Thai Nguyen, 2019 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Buenafrancisca, Lea B Student ID DTN1454290091 A comparative study of the solid waste management Thesis Title practices of households from urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, Philippines Supervisor(s) Prof Dr Damasa Macandog (Philippines); Ms Ly Thi Thuy Duong (MA, Vietnam) Signature of Supervisor Abstract: Solid waste may come from household, agriculture, commercial and industrial sources that causes land, air and water pollution Solid waste management is now a major global environmental concern Water bodies such as oceans, rivers and lakes are commonly affected by solid wastes The ecological status of Laguna Lake, the biggest lake in the Philippines, is becoming worse since it is surrounded by households from urban and rural communities that dump their solid wastes into the lake This study aims to compare the solid waste management practices and the level of awareness on SWM of urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, to describe the types of waste they generate, to identify the impacts of their solid wastes to the ecological status of Laguna Lake and to recommend measures on proper solid waste management A face to face survey was conducted with local communities residing in four urban cities and four rural municipalities In each municipality, six (6) communities from upstream, midstream and downstream were randomly selected with five (5) households each with a total of 30 respondents per municipality/city Analysis of the surveyed respondents showed that there is a slight difference on the SWM practices of the urban and rural ii download by : skknchat@gmail.com communities The results indicate that urban communities are more aware of the term SWM but are not practicing proper SWM while rural communities practice more the proper SWM It is recommended to disseminate more information on proper SWM by conducting more seminars, training and projects in urban communities Further research is needed to identify the other negative impacts of solid wastes that affect the ecological status of Laguna Lake Keywords Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management, Urban, Rural Numbers of pages 60 pages Date of submission September 25, 2019 iii download by : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisors, Prof Dr Damasa Macandog, Professor, Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) in the Philippines for her help, guidance, suggestions and review of my thesis manuscript for this study Her patience and the encouragement she gave me throughout my research study are also deeply appreciated I am also deeply grateful to my second thesis supervisor, Ms Ly Thi Thuy Duong, Faculty, Advance Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) in Vietnam for her valuable recommendations and great support on my research study Their guidance and persistent help are the reason why this thesis is made possible.I would also like to thank Ms Rose Ann Lozano for the advices she gave me for this study I am sincerely thankful to my mother Pearly Buenafrancisca, for staying beside me and encouraging me from conducting the survey to the sleepless nights of writing this research study To my father Ely Buenafrancisca and my sister Angel Buenafrancisca, I appreciate your help, prayers, uplifting and wisdom words you have given me to complete this study I would also like to thank my best friend, Mary Celine Janella Mercado for the help and motivation since the very beginning of my study My friends, Charina Mikaela Galang, Heidilyn Patricia Sarapat, Elaiza Charm Tizon and Luis Albert Ruelo for the assistance, support and motivation throughout my study I am also thankful to Mary Joy Ongkiatco for the help she gave me in creating my maps iv download by : skknchat@gmail.com And also, I owe my deep gratitude to my friend, John Maverick De Leon for the encouragement and for helping me until the last days of my research study Above it all, I would like to thank God Almighty for the strength, knowledge and ability to complete this study Without his grace and blessing, this study would not have been possible Lea Bartolome Buenafrancisca v download by : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV TABLE OF CONTENT .VI LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 General objective 1.3.2 Specific objectives 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 1.4.1 Research questions 1.4.2 Hypothesis 1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DEFINING SOLID WASTE: ISSUES AND CONCERN 2.1.1 Municipal solid waste 2.1.1.1 Household waste a Rubbish b Food waste c Hazardous waste 2.1.1.2 Commercial waste 10 2.1.2 AGRICULTURAL WASTE 10 2.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 10 2.2.1 Contemporary solid waste management methods 12 vi download by : skknchat@gmail.com 2.2.1.1 Sanitary landfill 12 2.2.1.2 Composting 12 2.2.1.3 Incineration 13 2.2.1.4 Recycling 13 2.2.2 Solid waste management in Philippines 13 2.2.3 RELATED STUDIES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 17 2.2.3.1 Foreign studies 17 2.2.3.2 Local studies 17 PART III METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS 19 3.1 MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS 19 3.1.1 Survey questionnaires 19 3.1.2 GPS reader 20 3.1.3 ArcGIS software 20 3.2 TIME AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY 20 3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN 22 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 22 3.5 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 23 3.5.1 Household survey 24 3.5.2 Key informant survey 24 3.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA 24 3.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY 25 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27 4.1 PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS 27 4.1.1 Age and gender 27 4.1.2 Household size 28 4.1.3 Level of education 29 4.1.4 Ownership of Business Establishments 30 4.2 AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 31 4.2.1 Knowledge on ordinances regarding SWM 32 vii download by : skknchat@gmail.com 4.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 33 4.3.1 Quantity of waste generated by the surveyed households 34 4.3.1.1 Types of waste generated 35 4.3.1.2 Waste generated by business establishments 36 4.4.2 Solid waste receptacle 38 4.4.3 Disposal system of uncollected garbage 39 4.4.3.1 Frequency of uncollected garbage 40 4.4.4 Evaluation of the garbage collection system 41 4.5 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT 41 4.5.1 Observed dumped waste in street side 42 4.5.2 Dumped waste quantity in Laguna Lake 43 4.6 IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE TO HUMAN HEALTH 44 4.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF FARM AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS FROM RURAL COMMUNITIES 45 4.7.1 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed farm owners 46 4.7.1 Solid waste management of surveyed farm owners 47 4.7.2 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed livestock owners 48 4.7.2.1 Solid waste management of the surveyed livestock owners 50 PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 52 5.1 CONCLUSION 52 5.2 RECOMMENDATION 54 REFERENCES 56 APPENDICES 61 viii download by : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure Sources of Municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013 (Manzanera, 2011) Figure Surveyed households in urban areas 21 Figure Surveyed households in rural areas 21 Figure Conceptual Paradigm of the Study 25 Figure Age of surveyed households 27 Figure Educational attainment of surveyed respondents 29 Figure 8a Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents…30 Figure 8b Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents 30 Figure 9a Awareness of the surveyed respondents on SWM…………… ……31 Figure 9b Awareness of the surveyed respondents on ESWM 31 Figure 10 Respondents’ awareness on ordinances 32 Figure 11 SWM practices of surveyed households 33 Figure 12 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed households 34 Figure 13 Types of waste generated by surveyed households 35 Figure 14 Waste generated by business establishments 36 Figure 15 Actual garbage collection done in public market 37 Figure 16 Solid waste receptacle used by surveyed households 38 Figure 17a Disposal system of uncollected garbage by surveyed households 39 Figure 17b Actual uncollected garbage dumped in street side……………… 40 ix download by : skknchat@gmail.com Figure 18 Observed negative effects of solid waste in their surroundings 42 Figure 19 Observed dumped waste on street side 43 Figure 20 Observed dumped waste on Laguna Lake 43 Figure 21 Impacts of Solid Waste to Human Health 44 Figure 22 Surveyed farm and livestock owners from rural areas 45 Figure 23 Kind of livestock surveyed 46 Figure 24 Waste quantity generated during planting and harvesting of farms 46 Figure 25 SWM of surveyed farms 47 Figure 26 Waste quantity generated by the surveyed livestock 48 Figure 27 SWM of surveyed livestock 50 x download by : skknchat@gmail.com QUESTIONS FOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ONLY Do you own farms or livestock for livelihood? _a Yes _b No If yes, please fill the table below For livestock owners: Number of heads Kind of Livestock Feeds used for livestock Years in livestock business Pig Raising Chicken Poultry Duck Poultry Cattle Raising Goat Raising Others: Wastegenerated by livestock business: Kind of waste produces by livestock 5-10 Quantity of waste per day (kls) 10-20 20-30 30-50 More than 50 Livestock manure Feed losses Livestock beddings Plastics Others: 69 download by : skknchat@gmail.com For farm owners: What crop does your farm produce annually? Perennially? Kind of Farm Area of Farm (ha) Area used for planting various crops Time of planting Number of crops per year Rice Farm Vegetable Farm Fruit Farm Other: What crop residue or waste are generated by your farm? Quantity of waste (kls) During planting time During harvest time 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-50 More than 50 70 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Pesticides Kind of Pesticides (Brand) Amount of pesticides applied Times of Application Fertilizer Kind of Fertilizer (Brand) Amount of fertilizer applied Times of Application Do you apply fertilizers and pesticides on your farm? _a Yes _b No If yes, please fill in the table below 71 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 18 Where does the farm/livestock discharge its solid or liquid waste? _a Biogas _d.by the irrigation _b by the Lake _e by the drainage canal _c by the creek _f on an open space 72 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 65 download by : skknchat@gmail.com PART IV: ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS Do you have any idea on the following environmental impacts of solid wastes? Environmental Impacts of SW Yes No Water Contamination Soil Contamination Natural Habitat Degradation Hazardous gas emissions Energy Consumption Biodegradation Do you experience health problems or diseases due to solid waste? _a Yes _b No 2.1 If yes, please fill in the table below Household member Type of Diseases GP M F D S Frequency of occurrence OR Alwa ys Often Sometim es Ne ver Cough Asthma Diarrhea Malaria Dengue Typhoid fever Skin Diseases Pneumonia Other: GP= grandparents, M= Mother, F= Father, D= Daughter, S= Son OR= other relatives Do you notice the presence of the following around your community? ( Can be more than 1) _a Dark flowing water _b foul odor _c Mosquitoes and cockroaches _d Rats _e other, please specify: 73 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Rate the quality of your environment by the following criteria in your community as compared to the environment years ago Criteria for environmental quality Air Quality Soil quality Water quality Quality of River Quality of Lake SWM of your community MB B TS W MW MB= Much better, B= Better, TS= the same, W= Worse, MW= Much worse PART V: PERSONAL OPINION Does your household performs proper solid waste management? Why? Why not? 1.1 Please discuss or describe the solid waste management that you conduct Would you personally say that solid waste is a major issue in your community? Explain What would be your recommendations to your community to promote the proper solid waste management? -END OF SURVEY-THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION!- 74 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix B Questionnaire for key informant interview THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY THAI NGUYEN CITY, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE VIETNAM IN COLLABORATION WITH THE INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BANOS COLLEGE, LAGUNA 4031 PHILIPPINES RESEARCH TITLE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES PURPOSE: The main objective of this study is to analyze and compare the environmental impacts of solid waste management practices in urban and rural communities The study also aims to recommend measures on proper waste management practices of urban and rural communities The survey instrument contains five (5) parts that includes questions about their personal and demographic profile, awareness on solid waste management, the household’s collection and disposal practices, environmental and health impact and their personal opinion regarding the topic Researcher’s Name: Lea B Buenafrancisca 75 download by : skknchat@gmail.com QUESTIONNAIRE FOR KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW I RESPONDENT’S PROFILE Name of Respondent: Age: _ years old Gender: _ Barangay: _ Municipality/City: _ Designation or Position: Years employed in the office: Date of Interview: _ Main task/Responsibility in your barangay/municipality/city: II COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM Is collection of garbage being operated in every community or village in your municipality/city? _a Yes _b No How many times a week your municipality/city collects garbage? _a every day _d twice a week _b every other day _e once a week _c three times a week _d no regular schedule What time of the day is the garbage collection? _a 7:00 am to 12 pm _b 1:00 pm to 7pm _c both a & b What is the most abundant waste collected in your barangay/municipality/city? _a plastic material _c glass/bottles _b papers & cardboards _d organic wastes _e other waste (please specify) What is the average amount of collected waste your barangay/municipality/city take per day? _a occupies the whole space of the truck _b almost occupies the space of the truck _c half the space of the truck _d quarter of the truck 76 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Does your barangay/municipality/city practice waste segregation? _a Yes _b No Does your municipality/city have a designated disposal site? _a Yes _b No 7.1 If yes, where is this disposal site? 7.2 What types of waste are disposed in your municipality/city’s disposal site? 7.3 Are houses present in this disposal site? _a Yes _b No Do you experience problems regarding solid waste management in your municipality? _a Yes _b No 8.1 If yes, what kinds of problems? Do local communities practice proper waste segregation? _a Yes _b No 10 Are local communities aware of policies and ordinances regarding solid waste management? _a Yes _b No 11 How you engage local communities into proper solid waste management? 77 download by : skknchat@gmail.com III POLICIES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Do you have policies implemented in your municipality/city regarding solid waste management? _a Yes _b No 1.1 If yes, what are these policies? Please enumerate Does your municipality promote Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA 9003)? _a Yes _b No What approaches your barangay/municipalities/city promotes regarding RA 9003/ESWM? (please check the box, can be more than 1) Segregation of waste at source (members of the household are informed that waste should be segregate into recyclable, nonrecyclable, compostable and special and hazardous waste) There must be separate container for each type of waste The use of special collection schedules or separated trucks for specific type of wastes Recyclable waste are taken to Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) Compostable wastes are composed either in the backyard or in the community composting site And Hazardous waste are screened and sent to hazardous waste treatment and disposal plants Residual wastes shall be transferred to a disposal site or sanitary landfill Do you conduct seminar or training demonstration about segregation, composting and recycling? _a Yes b No 4.1 If yes, how often, when, and where? If no, please proceed to question 4.2 4.1.1 Who are the participants of your seminars/trainings? 78 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 4.1.2 How many participants per training session? a 10-15 participants b 15-25 c 25-35 d 35 and above participants 4.1.3 Please give a brief explanation of the topics you discussed in the seminar/trainings regarding solid waste management 4.2 If No, what is your barangay/municipality/city’s plan to improve the solid waste management and increase the participation of the residents in your area of jurisdiction? Please describe the present Solid Waste Management system of your barangay/municipality/city Printed name and Signature THE INFORMATION REQUESTED IS PURELY FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ONLY, THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION- 79 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix C1 Photos taken during household survey 80 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix C2 Photos taken during KII Appendix C3 Solid waste observed in communities 81 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix D: Definition of Terms Solid Waste - refers to useless or unwanted things in a solid state abandoned or dumped by household, commercial, industrial and agricultural Solid Waste Management - is the action or process done in a certain solid waste that includes the disposal, collection, transportation and treatment of waste Urban - refers to an area surrounding with the characteristics of a city Urban areas are developed and consists of buildings, houses and infrastructures Rural – refers to an area with a characteristic of a countryside, a region located outside the large city, commercial and industrial centers and mainly composed of agricultural lands Barangay – is a term referring to the smallest administrative division in a town in the Philippines Barangay Hall – refers to building or hall where local government unit of a community uses as its main office Municipality – refers to a town or village which is governed by its own local government unit Municipal hall – refers to a building or hall where local government unit of a certain town uses as its main office Sari Sari Store – referring to a small convenience store in the Philippines 82 download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... to analyze and compare the solid waste management practices of urban and rural communities 1.3.2 Specific objectives To compare the level of awareness on solid waste management (SWM) and the solid. .. their solid waste management and practices from urban and rural communities The gathered data were manually encoded and analyzed with the descriptive statistical tools and presented in spatial,... increasing their awareness and improvement of solid waste management within the barangays from the selected urban and rural areas surrounding Laguna Lake Specifically, results of the study are deemed