The history of u s higher education methods for understanding the past

Tai Lieu Chat Luong The History of U.S Higher Education The first volume in the Core Concepts in Higher Education series, The History of U.S Higher Education rebuilds a constructive relationship between the field of higher education and the disciplinary field of history Written primarily for students in higher education graduate and PhD programs, this book explores critical methodological issues in the history of American higher education, including often-overlooked issues such as race, class, gender, and sexuality Chapters include: Reflective exercises that combine theory and practice, Research Method Tips, and Further Reading Suggestions The text allows students to understand the processes that historians use when conducting their own research and addresses the following questions: What historians choose to include in their work? What historians choose to leave out of their work and why? How historians answer their research questions when sources are not available? How historians evaluate their sources? What motivates historians to pursue particular research questions? How historians frame and organize their work? Leading historians and those at the forefront of new research explain how historical literature is discovered and written, and provide readers with the methodological approaches to conduct historical higher education research of their own The contributors guide readers as they develop a rich appreciation for the craft of history and the importance of understanding higher education's past Marybeth Gasman is an Associate Professor of Higher Education in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania Core Concepts in Higher Education Marybeth Gasman and Edward P St John, Series Editors The History of U.S Higher Education Methods for Understanding the Past Marybeth Gasman, editor The History of U.S Higher Education Methods for Understanding the Past Edited by Marybeth Gasman First published 2010 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 Taylor & Francis Typeset in Minion by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The history of U.S higher education: methods for understanding the past / Marybeth Gasman, editor p cm.—(Core concepts in the history of higher education vol 1) Includes bibliographical references and index Education, Higher—United States—History Education, Higher—Study and teaching (Graduate)—United States Universities and colleges—United States—Graduate work—History I Gasman, Marybeth LA228.5.H57 2010 378.7309—dc22 2009046038 ISBN10: 0–415–87364–9 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–87365–7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–85244–3 (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–87364–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–87365–9 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–85244–6 (ebk) This book is dedicated to those who bring laughter and joy to my life Contents Series Editor Introduction EDWARD P ST JOHN List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments Introduction MARYBETH GASMAN Section I Methodological Approaches "Within These Walls": Reading and Writing Chapter Institutional Histories DARRYL L PETERKIN Chapter Chapter Oral History As Scholarship KATHERINE CHADDOCK Autobiography and Biographical Research in Higher Education WAYNE URBAN "No Food, No Drinks, Pencil Only": Checklists for Conducting Chapter and Interpreting Archival Research JORDAN R HUMPHREY The Literature Review as Scholarship: Using Critical Reviews Chapter and Historiography LINDA EISENMANN Section II Chapter Chapter Using a New Historical Lens Horizontal History and Higher Education JOHN R THELIN Photographs as Primary Sources MICHAEL BIEZE Quantification and Cognitive History: Applying Social Chapter Science Theory and Method to Historical Data JANE ROBBINS Chapter Section III Life History and Voice: On Standpoints and Reflexivity WILLIAM G TIERNEY Critical Examinations of Special Issues "Poor" Research: Historiographical Challenges When Chapter 10 Socio-Economic Status is the Unit of Analysis JANA NIDIFFER Where is Your "Home"? Writing the History of Asian Chapter 11 Americans in Higher Education SHARON S LEE Beyond Black and White: Researching the History of Chapter 12 Latinos in American Higher Education CHRISTOPHER TUDICO Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Writing through the Past: Federal Higher Education Policy PHILO HUTCHESON The Challenge of Writing the South AMY E WELLS-DOLAN Epilogue A Note on Footnotes JANE ROBBINS List of Contributors Index Series Editor Introduction The History of U.S Higher Education represents a breakthrough in texts written for higher education as a field of study It illustrates a third generation of scholarship on the history of higher education The first period started with histories of higher education written by historians, perhaps best symbolized by Frederick Rudolph's The American College and University: A History The second period witnessed an expanding number of histories, with excellent works by historians from within the field of higher education, symbolized by the ASHE Reader on the History of Higher Education, which provides a collection of important published works, including both new and time-proven histories The third phase, ushered in by this collection of thoughtful essays by leaders within this specialization, provokes us all to think critically about our field, with both historical and future perspectives A part of what is new about Marybeth Gasman's editorial leadership is that the contributing authors in The History of U.S Higher Education provide engaging, inclusive, and reflective insights into the social-critical issues that have been overlooked in the original histories; at the same time, they pay respect to those who created the foundations for contemporary historical scholarship in the field The book symbolizes the maturation of both higher education and history, two fields that seek to diversify experiences by using divergent lenses and methods to gain new insights into how the contemporary institutions known as colleges and universities came into being, how they evolved, and how they responded, and frequently failed to respond, to the new challenges that emerged in the nation's and the world's history The History of U.S Higher Education provides a text that empowers students to engage in historical scholarship that addresses new, compelling and overlooked issues The History of U.S Higher Education, therefore, is an ideal first text for Routledge's new series Core Issues in Higher Education The dual goals of this series are to: (1) provide texts for the core courses in the field, that (2) move thought, action, and scholarship forward by valuing, reconstructing, and building on the foundations of the field Moving forward involves both thinking critically about the field to discover what has been left out and what needs to be learned and providing frameworks and constructs for addressing challenges facing higher education Why focus on building on, and even reconstructing, the foundations of the field? So that scholars and practitioners educated in higher education programs are better prepared to provide authentic leadership for colleges and universities, academic communities that study these institutions, and the communities served by colleges and universities When I was asked by Sarah Burrows of Routlege to consider being a series editor for a new text series, Marybeth Gasman was the first person I thought of as an author or editor who could a book on history that empowered students and faculty to engage in the difficult task of discovering the voices that have too frequently been left out of the histories of our field, a process the moves the specialization forward and engages more people in doing this difficult work well The ASHE reader series provides collections of works previously published, providing foundations for the core courses, but a series that informs scholars and practitioners in these specialized areas about critical issues facing our community and frameworks for addressing them was also needed As co-editors of the new series on Core Issues in Higher Education, Marybeth and I will work with other scholars in moving our field—the combination of research, teaching and practice that makes our work so very special—forward into a third generation of scholarship Edward P St John List of Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 Walden Fawcett, Booker T Washington, Three-quarter Length Portrait 7.2 A.P Bedou Postcard, Principal Washington's Home, Tuskegee Institute, AL 7.3 A.P Bedou, Booker T Washington Speaking to an Audience in New Iberia, LA 7.4 A.P Bedou, Cover of The Survey, June 19, 1915 7.5 7.6 A.P Bedou, Photograph of Booker T Washington Speaking to an Audience in New Iberia, LA A.P Bedou, Washington Speaking at New Iberia, LA, On His Last State Educational Tour 7.7 Photographs of Booker T Washington during His 1915 Louisiana Tour 8.1 College and University Research Expenditures 8.2 Actual versus Predicted College Wage Premium: 1915-2005 8.3 Participant Scores on Integrative Complexity Continuum, 1935 Conference on Patent Policy 8.4 Dendogram of Conference Themes, Sentence Level (R2 = 0.81) 8.5 Focus of Discussion: Research Activity and Scientific Issues 8.6 8.7 Positions of Key Patent Conference Participants on Issues of Profit and Control NAS/NRC Patent Committees: Problem Representation and Solution in Context Tables 8.1 8.2 Percentage of HERS Alumnae Reporting Perceived Obstacles to Career Advancement, by Type and Decade of Attendance Integrative Complexity of Selected Participants, 1935 Conference on Patent Policy 10 education in the South, philanthropy, and her historical work about education in the South has appeared in the New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, History of Higher Education Annual, Urban Education, and edited volumes including Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Triumphs, Troubles, and Taboos (2008), and Women and Philanthropy in Education (2005) At the University of Mississippi, she is a founding member of an interdisciplinary liberal arts working group on the Global South, a member of the Advisory Board for the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning, and served the University as a primary project facilitator and author of the University’s Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP) for Improving Student Writing, an comprehensive community-based initiative in support of the University re-affirmation or accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) 229 Index “A mind is a terrible thing to waste” 80 A Nation at Risk 181, 182 Access to higher education 21, 57–8, 123, 137–8, 141–2, 146, 152–4, 159–60, 173, 179–80, 182, 211–12 Acuña, Rodolfo 166 Ad Council Addams, Jane 92 Advanced Placement program 96, 209 Affirmative action 158, 167, 174, 182 African American history 84–101, 187, 195 African American studies 187 AIDS 123, 126, 128–31 Aimee, Inez 19 Albers, Joseph 23–4 Allen, Walter 158 Allmendinger, David 75, 139 Alloula, Malek 88 American Association of University Professors American Association of University Women 62, 65 American Baptist Home Mission Society 166 American Council on Education 78, 180 American Educational Research Association 128, 212 American Educational Research Journal 211 American Educational Society 75 American Missionary Association 11 American Sociological Association (American Sociological Society) 78 American Studies 187 Anderson, James D 164 Angell, James 141 Ann Arbor, Michigan 143–4 Antebellum period 14, 193–4 Aoki v Deane 153 Appalachia 76 Arabic 122 Archival data Arizona 166, 169 ASHE Reader Series on the History of Higher Education x, 165 Asian American students 150–62 Asian American Studies 150–1, 155 Association for the Study of Higher Education 210, 212 Association of American Universities 78 Association of Independent Colleges of Indiana 79 Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities 78 AT&T 113 Atherton, George 78 Austin, Allan 154 Australia 40, 213 Autobiography 3, 30–43, 92 Axtell, James 12 Banks, Enoch 194 230 Barnard Bulletin 51 Barnard College 45–7, 49, 51–2 Barnett, Ross 53, 190 Barrow, Clyde W 139 Barthes, Roland 85, 89 Barzun, Jacques 24 Battey, C.M 92, 97 Battle, Kemp Plummer 13 Bauhaus 23–4 Bayh-Dole Act 109 Bedou, A.P 86, 90–97; figures 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 Beecher, Catherine 61 Behar, Ruth 127 Behle, J Gregory 142–3 Benjamin, Walter 88 Benson, Richard 88 Benson, William 97 Berea College 76 Berlin, Irving 84 Bieze, Michael 4, 84 Biography 30–43, 122–32, 193 Biology 177–8 Black education 30–2, 84–101, 184 Black Mountain College 20, 22–3 Black Scholar 32 Black/White paradigm, in the study of race and education 165 Bledstein, Burton 141–2, 148 Bloch, Mark 108 Blogging 128 Bond, Horace Mann 3, 30–4, 37, 41–2 Bond, Julian 30 Booth, Charles 140–1 Bouman, Jeffrey 142 Bowling Green State University 45 British History of Education Society 60 Brown University 12, 212 Brown vs the Board of Education 79, 172, 180 Bunting Institute 62–3, 65 Bunting, Mary Ingraham 62 Burgess, W Randolph 143 Burke, Peter 87 Burns, Ken 163 Bush, Vannevar 112 Butchart, Ronald Butler, Broadus N Caldwell, Joseph 14–15, 211 California 10–11, 150, 151, 153–4, 163–4, 166–9 Californios 163, 167–8 Cambridge, University of 73, 177 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching 76 Carnegie Institute 76 Carr, William G 37 231 Castañeda, Carlos 166 Catholicism 61, 73, 145, 164, 166, 173, 177, 180 Causality 53–4, 106, 117 Census, U.S 54, 97, 143, 145–6, 169 Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Sciences 80 Center for American Progress 146 Center for the Study of Southern Culture, University of Mississippi 190, 192 Chemistry 38, 189 Cheyney, Edward Potts 11–12 Chicago Manual of Style 205 Chicano Studies 168 Chinatowns 154 Chinese Americans 153 Chronicle of Higher Education 30, 210 Citation software 205–6 Civil Rights Act of 1964 180 Civil Rights Movement 172–3, 175, 183, 196 Civil War, U.S 11, 16, 76, 163–4, 171, 177, 183, 193–8 Clark College 76 Clarke, Thurston 25 Classical curriculum 178 Clay, Henry 193 Clayton-Pedersen, Alma 158 Cleveland, Ohio 150, 209 Clifford, Geraldine 139 Clifford, Margaret Washington 98 Cobb, James 193–4, 196 Coding, of data 11, 156, 206 Cognitive history 5, 102–21 Communicative isomorphism 114, 117 Cold War 12, 35–6 Coles, Robert 25 College of Charleston 20–2, 25 College of William and Mary 212 Collier, John 88 Collier, Malcolm 88 Colonial dame schools 60 Colonial era, U.S 13, 72, 74, 82, 165, 176, 211 Colorado 169 Colored Graded School 98 Columbia University 22, 24–5, 45, 164; Teachers College 190; International Teaching Service Bureau 190 Commission on the Education of Women, American Council on Education 65 Compton, Karl 112 Conant, James Bryant 33–41 Confederacy, in U.S history 188, 193–4 Confidentiality 131 Congregationalist missionaries 75 Conrad, Clifford 176 Contemporary History 20 Content analysis 110–17; computerized 11 Cornell University 163 Cotter, Holland 98 232 Counts, as a data type 104–5, 117 Crapanzano, Vincent 127 “Crisis of the nonprofits” 80–1 Critical Race Theory 159; see also race Crouse, Anna Erskine 24 Cultural biography 125 Cultural history 172 Cultural studies 156 Dartmouth College 45 Dartmouth College v Woodward 74 Davidov, Judith Fryer 88 Davidson College 190 Davis, Jefferson 193–4 Davis, Peter 124 De Tocqueville, Alexis 81 Declaration of Rights for Women, 1848 61 Delta Psi Fraternity, University of Mississippi 189, 197 Democracy 31, 39–40, 138–9, 142, 176, 179–82 Democratic Party, U.S 36 Dendogram 113, table 8.4 Department of Health, Education and Welfare, U.S 37 Depression, Great 21–2, 25, 34 DeVries, Diane 127 Dialectic Society, University of North Carolina 13 Diamond, Nancy 105 Diary 25–7, 44, 54, 166–7 Dickinson, Emily 124 Dillard University 9, 32, 211 Dimock, A.W and Julian 85 Dixie Week, University of Mississippi 189 “doing” history 1, 12 Donato, Ruben 152, 157 Dorchester, Massachusetts 38 Douglas, Rosslee Green 28 Douglass, John Aubrey 153 Du Bois, W E B 11, 140, 199 Duberman, Martin 23 Dutton, Fred 25 Earlham College 45–6 Economics 80, 102, 116 Educational Policies Commission 40 Educational Testing Service 128, 147 Eisenhower, Dwight D 35–7, 41, 183 Eisenmann, Linda 4, 157 Eliot, T S 14 Elliott, Carl 36 Emory University 190 Empirical research 102–3, 106, 108–10, 119 Endowments 17, 73–7, 81–2 Enlightenment 177, 179–80, 185 Epistemology 32 Erskine, John 24–5 233 Estudillo, Jesús María 166–9 Evangelical Lutheran Board 75 Evans, Stephanie Y 160 Extracurricular activities 38, 210 Faulkner, William 45 Fawcett, Walden 85–6, figure 7.1 Federal involvement in education 35–7, 40–1, 172–85, 192 Federal research funding 71, 81, 111 Feminism 57, 59, 62–3 Filipinos 153–5; pensionados 153 Financial aid 5, 33, 58, 74–6, 79, 82, 143, 145–6, 158, 184, 190; see also Pell Grant, student loans Finnegan, Cara 87 Fisher, Gordon M 141 Fisk University 3, 11–12 Foote, Shelby 163 Footnotes 203–8; abbreviations in 207; as a source of evidentiary detail 172, 204; as citations 204; as critique 204; contents 205–8; when to use 204–5 Ford Foundation 4, 76, 80 Fort Valley State College 32 Foundations, philanthropic 4, 35, 65, 71–2, 74, 75–83 France 73–4 Frank, Gelya 127 Franklin and Marshall College 32, 34, 42, 46 Franklin, Benjamin 12, 73, 178 Franklin, John Hope 195 Freedmen’s Bureau 166, 199 Fremont, John C 21 Freudianism 64 Frost, Robert 45 Fulbright Fellowship 213 Fund for Adult Education 80 Fund for the Advancement of Education 80 Fund for the Republic 80 G.I Bill 27, 65, 174 Gaddis, John Lewis 87 Gasman, Marybeth 209, 212 Gates, George A 11 Gault, Charlayne Hunter 173 Geertz, Clifford 124, 132 Geiger, Roger 104, 164, 209 Gender 1, 5, 6, 10, 64, 90, 124, 127, 129, 137–9, 144–5, 151, 159 General Education Board 77 General Federation of Women’s Clubs 194 Geology 104, 177 Georgetown University 212 Georgia State University 35, 210, 213 German, Otto 21 Germany 23, 39, 41, 96 Giamatti, A Bartlett 17 Gibbon, Edward 203 Gillespie, Joe 189 GIS Software 53 234 Gleason, Mona 159 Goldin, Claudia 106–7, table 8.2 Gong Lum v Rice 153 Gordon, Linda 166 Gorelick, Sherry 139 Guyotte, Roland 153 Graham, Hugh Davis 173, 184 Gramscian interpretation 156 Grant, Ulysses S 164 Great Butter Rebellion, Harvard University 54 Great Secession, University of North Carolina 14–15 Green, Mary 21 Grele, Ronald 22 Guess, Malcolm 189 Gutiérrez, David G 166 Haglund, Kristin 124 Hammond, John Henry 26 Hampel, Robert 30, 33–4 Harlan, Louis 95–6 Harrington, Michael 188, 190–2, 196, 198 Harvard University 13, 38–41, 43, 45, 54, 57, 62, 138, 153, 164, 207, 210; National Scholarship program 39 Harvard, John 82 Harvard’s First Fruits 138 Hatch Act 78 Hawkins, Hugh 77 Haws, Robert 190 Hedge funds 81 H-Education listserv 155, 157, 159 Henry VIII, king of England 73 Higher Education Act: of 1965 178, 180; 1972 reauthorization 79 Higher Education and Society book series 209 Higher education policy, federal see federal involvement in higher education Higher education student affairs 45, 190 Hill, Lister 36 Himmelfarb, Gertrude 141–2 Hine, Lewis 92 Hispanic Serving Institutions 166, 170 Hispanophobia 164–6, 169–70 Historically Black Colleges and Universities 3, 16, 23, 39, 211–13 Historiography 4, 56–68, 152, 154, 156, 161, 162, 169–70, 209 History of Education Quarterly History of Education Society Holmes, Henry 39 Holocaust Museum, U.S 45 Homes, Hamilton 173 Horizontal history 71–83 Horowitz, Helen 75, 147, 197 “Hot” cognition 108 House of Representatives, U.S 36 Howell, Martha 51, 156, 161, 164 Hunter, Robert 140–1 Hurley, Sam N 105 235 Hurricane Katrina 25 Hurtado, Sylvia 158–9 Immigration Act of 1965 154 Indiana University 212 Informants 20, 23–4, 27–8, 125–7 Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, University of North Carolina 195 Institute of Southern Studies 189–90 Institutional review boards 130, 159, 174 Integrative complexity analysis 110–11 Intellectual history 172–3, 178–80, 182 Internment of Japanese-Americans 150, 152, 155 Ivy League 9, 12, 138, 151 Japanese Americans 150, 152–5 Jefferson, Thomas 12, 45, 73, 176 Jewett, Frank 113, table 8.3 Jews: Jewish students 20; Jewish heritage 25 Jim Crow 195; see also segregation John Carroll University 209 Johns Hopkins University 78, 210, 212 Johnson, Charles S Johnson, Clifton 85 Johnson, Philip 23 Johnston, Frances Benjamin 97 Josiah Macy Jr Foundation 212 K-12 education 34, 41, 153, 161 Kasebier, Gertrude 85 Katz, Lawrence F 106, table 8.2 Katz, Michael 141, 167 Kaufman, Polly Welts 12 Kellogg Foundation 78 Kennedy Commission on the Status of Women 63, 65 Kennedy, John F 41, 63, 65, 146, 190 Kennedy, Robert 25 Kent State University 193 Kerr, Clark 116 Kett, Joseph 139 Kiang, Peter 153 Killian, James R 37 Kinsey Reports 64 Kokoro 90 Korean Americans 150–1, 154; immigration history 151 Kowaliga Academic and Industrial Institute 97 Kridel, Craig 31 Labaree, David 157 LaCapra, Dominick 179 Ladies Home Journal 19 Land-grant colleges and universities 138–9, 185, 210 Latinos 6, 152–3, 163–71, 212 Law: as field of study 110, 116; governing endowments 73; immigration 153–4; race and 159; schools of 26; tax 79, 81 Lazerson, Marvin 152, 157 League of Women Voters 62 Lee, Robert E 15–16, 164 236 León, David J 167 Leslie, W Bruce 158 Lever, Margaret Welsh 21 Levertov, Denise 122 Levine, David O 139 Levine, Robert 87, 99 Lewis, David Levering 88 Lewis, Oscar 125 Lewis and Clark expedition 177 Lexington, Kentucky, 188 193 Lexington, Virginia 16 Liberal arts: colleges 10, 46, 49, 75, 80, 150, 160; curriculum 11, 51, 177–8, 185 Library of Congress 25, 84–5, 91, 93, 167, figure 7.1, 7.3 Licentia docendi 178 Life history 5, 122–34 Lincoln University 3, 32 Lincoln, Abraham 23 Lincoln, Mary Todd 193 Linde, Charlotte 124 Literature review 4, 56–67, 128, 196 Little Rock, Arkansas 191 Lloyd-Jones, Esther 190, 197 Locke, John 177, 180 Los Angeles, California 151, 167–8 “Lost Cause” 194 McIntosh, Peggy 138, 147 Madsen, David 176 Management studies 102–3 Marginalization 65, 152, 155, 160 Marshall, John 74 Massachusetts Bay Colony 13 Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degree 80 Mayhew, Henry 140 McCarter, Peter Kyle 189 McCarthy, Cormac 122 McKevitt, Gerald 166 McNeil, Dan 167, 170 Media studies 110 Medical University of South Carolina 28 Memoir 20, 25–7, 29, 45, 53 Memphis, Tennessee 191 Meredith, James 53, 173, 188, 190, 192, 196 Merrill, James G 11 Mestizo 166, 170 Methodist Episcopal Church Board 75 Mexican American Movement 163, 167 Micheaux, Oscar 89 Milem, Jeffrey 158 Mill, John Stuart 180 Missouri 173 Mitchell, Reid 194 Mitchell, W.J.T 88 237 Moak, Frank 188–90, 192, 196 Monticello 45 Morehouse School of Medicine Morgan State University 211 Morocco 122 Morrill Acts: of 1862 78, 142, 177; of 1890 78 Muchmore, James 127 Muñoz, Carlos 168 Museum of Modern Art, New York 188 Nakanishi, Don 158 National Academies of Science 110–13, 116, 118, table 8.7 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Legal Defense Fund 172–3 National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities 79 National College Equal Suffrage League 62 National defense and higher education 174–5, 180–2; National Defense Education Act (NDEA) 35–42 National Education Association (NEA) 33, 35, 41, 173; Research division 33 National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities 79 National Merit Scholars Corporation 80 National Negro Business League 89 National Scholarship program, see Harvard University National Science Foundation (NSF) 37, 174 National Student Affairs Archives 45 Native Americans 25, 152 New Deal 174, 184 New England 39, 74–5, 139, 193 New Mexico 169 New York City 76, 79, 88, 139–40, 154 Newcomer, Mabel 57 Newman, Joshua Isaac 187 Nichols, H.B 143 Nidiffer, Jana 4–5 Nielsen, Waldemar 81 Nisei 154 Norrell, Robert 96 Norwood, Gerald 98 Novick, Peter 161, 164, 169, 179 Novus ordo seclorum 12 Oakland University 211 Odum, Howard 195 Office of Education, U.S (OE) 37, 41 Oklahoma 56, 60, 64, 173 “Old Bolus” 14 Olivas, Michael 165 Oral history 3, 19–29, 105, 124, 156, 158–9; Oral History Research Office 22 Organizational mantras 114, 117 Oxford, Mississippi 188 Oxford, University of 73, 177 Pak, Yoon 153 Pang, Valerie 153 Peabody Fund 76 Peace Corps 122, 129 People magazine 19 238 Pearl Harbor 173 Peer review 57, 165 Pelfrey, Patricia 10 Pell Grant 5, 79 see also financial aid, student loans Pennsylvania State University 45, 50, 53, 210 Perspectives on the History of Higher Education 165–6 Peterkin, Darryl Phi Beta Kappa 212 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 140 Philanthropic Society, University of North Carolina 13 Philanthropy 59, 62, 65, 72, 74–5, 80–2, 210, 213; northern, in support of southern education 76–7 Philosophy: legal 74; of social justice 182; of Tuskegee University 95; as a university discipline 87, 110, 116, 177, 190–1 Photography 4, 84–101; captions 84; digital 17, 47, 88–9; formats 88; photojournalism 86, 92 Physics 38, 113, 177 Pittsburgh Courier 175 Playboy 19 Poillon, Howard 112, 113, table 8.3 Political history 172–3, 178–9, 183–5 Political science 80, 110, 116, 173, 210 Political sociology 173 Polk, P.H 97 Poor laws 140 Portal, as an approach to life history 124–7 Portelli, Alessandro 159 Posadas, Barbara 153 Postmodernism 59 Post-World War II era 57, 59, 74, 77, 79, 157, 176, 210 Poverty 5, 124–5; as a research topic 137–49; definition of 140–4 Presbyterian Education Board 75 Presentism 6, 142, 157, 172–9, 183–4 President’s Commission on Higher Education, 1947 see Truman, Harry S President’s Science Advisory Committee 37 Prevenier, Walter 51, 156, 161 Princeton University 12, 14, 211 Process approach to life history 124–5, 127 Progressive era 61, 85, 92, 209 Protestantism 75, 137 145 Provalis Research, Inc., see WordStat/Simstat Psychology 64, 110 Public high schools 39–40 Puerto Rican Americans 163, 165–6, 169 Quaker Higher Education 210 Qualitative methodology 5, 33, 50, 55, 123, 156, 159, 176; software for 111 Quantification 103, 104 Quantitative methodology 5, 13, 55; in history 102–21; 123, 128, 184 Quotas, admissions 153–4 Quotas, immigration 152 Race 1, 3, 5–6, 11, 76, 90, 92, 96–7, 127, 129, 137, 144–7, 165, 169, 174, 179, 180, 182, 184, 187, 194; desegregation 22, 53, 173, 192; racism 96, 138, 151, 159, 160, 166, 191; segregation 153, 161, 187, 192; see also critical race theory, restrictive zoning laws Radcliffe College 62 Radin, Paul 125 Rasa 90 239 Raushenbush, Esther 63 Rawls, John 182 Reardon, Thomas 189–90 Reflexivity 5, 122–33 Regional history 187–199; regional economic history 146 Regression analysis 105–7, 112, 117, 119–20; see also quantitative methodology Relay effect 117 Research university 12, 65, 109, 160, 207 Reserve Officer Training Corps 190 Restrictive zoning laws 53; see also race Revolutionary War, U.S 176 Rice, Frank 22–3 Rice, John Andrew 20, 22–3 Richardson, Joe M 11 Richmond, Indiana 45 Ries, Linda 84 Riis, Jacob 140, 92 Riley, Kenneth 21 Robeson, Paul 89 Rockefeller Foundation 76, 89, 101, 195, 210 Roosevelt, Franklin D 180 Rosenwald Foundation 76 Rossman, John 112, 113, table 8.3 Rudolph, Frederick 139, 164, 166 Rueben, Julie 164 Rush, Benjamin 176 Ruth, Mississippi 189 Sánchez, George G 167 Sánchez, George I 166 Sanneh, Kelefa 84 Sansing, David 189 Santa Clara College 163, 166–7 Sarah Lawrence College 63 Scholarly critique 56–8, 204 Scholarships 38, 74–5, 79, 145, 189, 195 see also Harvard University Schomburg Library 97 Schwartz, Dona 86 Scientific Advisory Board 113 Scientific Advisory Committee, President’s 41 Scott, Emmett J 92, 93, 96 Scribner’s Magazine 140 Sears, Roebuck & Company 76 Segregation see race Seidman, Irving 24 Seldon, Anthony 20 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks 25, 157 Seven Sisters women’s colleges 61 Shearer, Charles 193 Single-sex institutions 144; see also Seven Sisters women’s colleges Singular interview 124 Sizer, Lyde Cullen 12 Slack, Mary Singleton 194 240 Slater Fund 11, 76 Slavery 11, 14, 76, 85, 191–2, 194–6 Sloan Foundation 76 Smith, Shawn Michelle 88 Smith-Lever Act 78 Smithsonian Institution 45 Social Science Research Council 77 Society for Historians of the Early American Republic 211 Socio-economic status 5, 137–49; see also poverty Solomon, Barbara 56–60, 62, 65, 147 Song of Myself 122 Sontag, Susan 87–8 South Carolina 26, 28, 193, 194 Southern Association of Colleges and Schools 213 Southern Education Foundation 211 Southern higher education 6, 76, 173, 175, 187–99, 213 Southern Historical Association 211 Southern Historical Society 194, 197 Soviet Union 36, 80 Spaulding, Francis 39 Spencer Foundation 33–5, 213 Sprague, Stephen S 90 Sputnik 36–7, 80 Stameshkin, David 32 Stanford University 76, 164 State universities 10, 13, 138, 154, 176–7 Statistical research 77, 80, 102–21, 158, 195; see also quantification, quantitative methodology, regression analysis Stetz, Margaret 89 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 92 Stowe, Lyman Beecher 92, 96 Strategic communications 212 Structural argument analysis 110 Structural diversity 158 Student loans 5, 79; see also financial aid, Pell Grant Subject (of a study) 19–20, 22–3, 126–7, 130, 142, 172 Subjectivity 159 Suffrage 61–2, 170 Sullivan, Louis W Survey data 51, 105, 117, 123, 141, 143–4 Survey Graphic (The Survey) 92–3, figure 7.4 Synnott, Marcia Graham 153 Tagg, John 88 Tamura, Eileen 152 Tape v Hur le y 153 Tarbell, John 85 Teachers College, see Columbia University “Testimonio” 127 Texas 169 Textbooks 150, 196; marketing of 195 The Mexican Voice 163, 167–8 The New Yorker 84 Thelin, John 1, 4, 164, 166, 184–5 241 Theory 1, 12, 155–6, 183; Critical 139; Critical Race 159; institutional 102, 108; neo-institutional 117; social science 102–3, 114, 116 Thibault, George E 213 Trachtenberg, Alan 86–7 Transylvania University, Lexington Kentucky 188, 193 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 163, 166 Truman, Harry S 37; Commission on Higher Education, 1947 (“Truman Report”) 6, 137, 174–5, 178, 180, 182, 210; Committee on Civil Rights 173 Tuchman, Barbara 105, 108 Tulane University 25 Turner, Addison 85, 97 Turner, Gerald 189, 191 Turner, Jonathan Baldwin 142 Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35–6 Tuskegee University 91, 93 United Daughters of the Confederacy 194 United Kingdom: British Empire 73; England 20, 72–4, 138, 140, 142, 213; Scotland 177 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 181 United Negro College Fund 2, 4, 79–80, 211 United States Military Academy 177 United States Naval Academy 177 United Steelworkers of America 45 Universidad de Puerto Rico 163 University of Alabama 35–6, 213 University of California, Berkeley 212 University of Chicago 210 University of Florida 194 University of Georgia 173 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 25, 211 University of Kentucky 193, 212 University of Massachusetts, Boston 209, 212 University of Michigan 141–3 University of Mississippi 6, 53, 173, 187–99, 213 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 13–15, 211 University of Pennsylvania 11–12, 112, 115 tables 8.3, 8.6; Graduate School of Education 167, 210, 212 University of South Carolina 26, 28, 209 University of South Florida 213 University of Southern California 212 University of Wisconsin, Madison 211 University patents 109–19 University-government-industry relations 108–10, 117 Up From Slavery 85 Valentine, Edward 16 Vanity Fair 19 Vermont 16 “Vertical” institutions 74, 76 Veysey, Laurence 164 Vietnam War 22 Virginia Military Institute 16 Wabash College 79 Wage premium 106–7, table 8.2 Wall Street 81 Walter Prevenier 164 242 Walterboro, South Carolina 28 War on Poverty 180 Washington and Lee University 15–16 Washington, Booker T 4, 11, 84–101, 209, 210; figures 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7 Washington, D.C 45, 78–9, 175 Washington, George 176, 194 Webster, Noah 148, 193 Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson 12 Wheaton College 209 Whitman, Walt 122, 124 Wichita, Kansas 98 Wiebe, Robert 77 Wilkinson, Rupert 75 Willard, Emma 61 William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation 192 Willis, Deborah 88, 97 Wilson, North Carolina 98 Women: educational history of 58–61; in higher education 4, 10, 12, 14, 44, 56–67, 137–9, 147, 154, 161, 188, 195, 209–11, 213; women’s colleges 9, 10, 45, 58, 164; women’s rights 12, 92; women’s studies 151, 160; see also suffrage Women’s Christian Temperance Union 195 Woodward, C Vann 195 Woody, Thomas 56 WordStat/Simstat 111 Working Woman 19 World War I 39, 92, 194 World War II 21–2, 25, 27, 34, 37, 39–40, 50, 54; internment of Japanese Americans during 153–5 Wright, Bobby 165 Xavier University 211 Yale University 13, 43, 75 YMCA 189, 197 Young, I Marion 182, 186 Zimmerman, Jonathan 155, 157 Zook, George F 180 243