A history of the english speaking peoples since 1900

A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISHSPEAKING PEOPLES S WCLéà M ROBERTS Tai Lieu Chat Luong $35.00 "Andrew Roberts has justly made a reputation for himself as one of today's leading young British historians." —Alistair Home, Wall Street Journal I n 1900, where Churchill ended the fourth volume of his History of the English-Speaking Peoples, the United States had not yet emerged onto the world scene as a great power Meanwhile, the British Empire was in decline but did not yet know it Any number of other powers might have won primacy in the twentieth century and beyond, including Germany, Russia, possibly even France Yet the coming century was to belong to the English-speaking peoples, who successively and successfully fought the Kaiser's Germany, Axis aggression and Soviet Communism, and who are now struggling against Islamic fundamentalist terrorism Andrew Roberts brilliantly reveals what made the Englishspeaking people the preeminent political culture since 1900, and how they have defended their primacy from the many assaults upon them What connects those countries where the majority of the population speaks English as a first language— the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Ireland—is far greater than what separates them, and the development of their history since 1900 has been a phenomenal success story Authoritative and engrossing, A History of the EnglishSpeaking Peoples Since 1900 is an enthralling account of the century in which the political culture of one linguistic worldgrouping comprehensively triumphed over all others Roberts's History proves especially invaluable as the United States today looks to other parts of the English-speaking world as its best, closest and most dependable allies 0207 ANDREW ROBERTS is the author of Napoleon and Wellington, Eminent Churchillians and Waterloo His writing appears regularly in The Sunday Telegraph He lives in London His website can be found at www.andrew-roberts.net Jacket design by Roberto de Vicq de Cumptich Front photograph © Matty Zimmerman/Associated Press Back photograph © Corbis Author photograph © Bolla Denehy Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors HàrperCollinsPublisbers www.harpercollins.com ADVANCE PRAISE FC3R ANDREW ROBERTS'S A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLES SINCE 1900 "Thought-provoking, erudite and opinionated in the best sense of the term, Andrew Roberts boldly picks up where Winston Churchill left off and provides a sweeping history of the great struggles of the last century Always unabashed and interesting, Roberts is one of Britain's most talented young historians, and in these pages, American readers will delight in discovering him." —Jay Winik, author of April 1865 "Engaging, entertaining and opinionated, Andrew Roberts's new book is a brisk tour through the epic years of the twentieth century Churchill would have approved of Roberts's style, which is anything but bland Readers will find much to think about in these pages." —Jon Meacham, author of Franklin and Winston "With passion and scholarship, Andrew Roberts embraces the faith of Winston Churchill that the English-speaking peoples are 'the last best hope of mankind.' He has Churchillian courage He marches vigorously into minefields of controversy, marshaling his evidence and his sequences with great skill Throughout he is cogent in argument and lucid in his prose Here is a history that is as timely as it is valuable." —Harold Evans, author of The American Century "The so-called special relationship between the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom is alive and well in this elegantly written interpretive history By focusing on why English has become the dominant language in the world, British historian Andrew Roberts shines a fresh light on today's geopolitical realities A truly smart and important book." —Douglas Brinkley, author of The Great Deluge ISBN 978-0-06-087598-5 53500 A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 By the same author 'The Holy Fox': A Life of Lord Halifax Eminent Churchillians The Aachen Memorandum Salisbury: Victorian Titan Napoleon and Wellington Hitler and Churchill What Might Have Been (editor) Waterloo A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 ANDREW ROBERTS YlarperCollinsPublishers A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLES SINCE IầJOO Copyright â 2OO7 by Andrew Roberts All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews For information address HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022 HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use For information please write: Special Markets Department, HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022 First published in Great Britain in 2006 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberts, Andrew, 1963A history of the English-speaking peoples since 1900 / Andrew Roberts.—1st ed p cm Continues Winston Churchill's A history of the English-speaking peoples Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: 978-0-06-087598-5 ISBN-IO: 0-06-087598-4 Great Britain—History—20th century Commonwealth countries— History—20th century English-speaking countries—History—20th century DA 16 R46 2007 909/.097521081 2 2006050123 07 08 09 10 11 •/RRD To Leonie Frieda 722 North Vietnamese Army (NVA), 477 Northern Securities Trust, 40 Norway, 74, 408, 416 adopts Prohibition, 166 German invasion of, 262 British débâcle in, 270 Nott, Sir John, 527, 528, 529, 53 Novak, Joshua Imre, 157 nuclear energy, 134—5 nuclear weapons Britain's deterrent, 84, 392-4, 458 atomic bomb pioneers, 242, 275 Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombs, 371-2 hydrogen bomb peace, 423-4 Falklands presence, 529-30 Nuremberg Tribunal, 310, 382-5 Nureyev, Rudolf: defection of, 4!9> Mimberg, 154 Obat, Gordon, 57-8 Obéd, Harry, 265 Obote, Milton, 57 O'Brien, William, 46, 47 O'Casey, Sean, 435 O'Connor, Captain, 32 O'Connor, Eugene ('Bull'), 442 O'Connor, Sandra Day, 596 October Revolution, 121, 132, 216 O'Donovan, Jim, 264 O'Dwyer, Sir Michael, 151 OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States), 543 O'Gorman, James, 77 OGPU, 170 O'Halpin, Eunan, 256^7 oil price rise (1973), 431, 495 INDEX supply security need, 562 Okinawa, battle for, 373—4 Oklahoma City bombing, 578-9 Oliver, Rear-Admiral Henry ('Dummy'), 124 Olivier, Laurence, 468 Olney, Richard, 36 Omaha beach, 339, 341-2 Oman, 75 Omdurman, battle of, 104 Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, 208 Ontario, 204-5 OPEC, 431 Open University, 517 Operation Anvil (Dragoon), 348-9, 350 Operation Barbarossa, 237, 289-91, 318 Operation Bodyguard, 335 Operation Corporate, 529-30 Operation Deliberate Force, 584 Operation Desert Storm, 565 Operation Enduring Freedom, 614-15 Operation Fortitude North, 335, 623 Operation Fortitude South, 335> 623 Operation Iceberg, 373—4 Operation Ivy, 423 Operation Jubilee, 317-19 Operation Overlord British fears, 323 briefing at St Paul's, 334 strategy disagreements, 348-5O see also D-Day Operation Restore Hope, 568-9 Operation Storm, 584 Operation Taube ('Dove'), 264 Operation Typhoon, 291 Oppenheimer, J Robert, 242 Orange Free State, 29, 182 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 213 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 543 Orlando, Vittorio, 155 Orwell, George, 410 on Kipling, 228 informs on communists, 418 Osama bin Laden see bin Laden, Osama Osborne, John, 457 Osborne naval academy, 123 Osipovich, Major Gennadie, 539 Ostler, Nicholas, 575-6 Otis, James, 27 Ottawa ambassador sent to US, 146 Britain's wartime plan, 277 Ottoman Empire, 399-400, 606 fleet of, 69 and fall of Jerusalem, 133 dissolution of, 155-6 Wilson on, 162 Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel, 34O Ousby, Ian, 351-2 Owen, Wilfred, 105, 116 Oxford University, 75 Paart, Arvo, 559 Pacific cable, 35-6 Pacific Islands, 27 Pacific Rim, 42 'Pact of Steel', 221 Pagden, Anthony, 484 Page, Max, 208 Page, Walter Hines on English-speaking alliance, 76-7 on US economic power, 76 on German peace deal, 102 INDEX on brave British women, 118 and German telegram, 127 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 521 Pakistan cricket and war, 35 female vote, 73 independence of, 398 Pal, Satya, 149 Palachjan, 559 Palestine Allied victory in, 133 British rule, 145 partition of, 167, 182 peace offers rejected, 488-9 terrorism campaign of, 488 Palestine Liberation Front, 613 Palestine Mandate, 399 Palmer, Alasdair, 627 Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount, 121, 621 imposes regime changes, and Peace of Paris, 120 and liberal democracy, 640 Panama, 19, 20 Panama Canal, 65, 70 creation of, 19—20, 47-8 shipping in, 258 as war matériel route, 279 Pankhurst, Sylvia, 101 Panmunjom, 415 Panther, 72 Pappenheim, Rabe von, 229-30 Paraguay, 75 Paris, 137 saved by Fifth Army, 136, 138 shelled by Germans, 262 Allied liberation of, 351—2 von Choltitz spares, 351 German surrender, 352 Nureyev's defection, 456-7 Hitler removes statues, 471 Princess Diana's death in, 589 Paris, Peace of (1856), 120 Paris Peace Conference Paris, Treaty of (18 US territory gains, 22 opposition to, 23 Park, Air Vice-Marshal Keith, 288 Parks, Rosa, 438 Parliament imperial workload, 83 House's peace deal, 94 post-Great War changes, in—12 Whigs vs Tories, 120 colonies appeased, 182 religious intolerance in, 197 communist MPs, 247 Welfare State debate, 324-5 Eden's Suez reception, 429 Suez attack halted by, 429, 43 Falklands debate, 528-9 Iraq War debate, 623 Parliament Act, 174 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 47 Parry, Milman, 421 Parsons, Sir Anthony, 529 Partington, Geoffrey, 535 Pas de Calais, 335 Pasqua, Charles, 620 Passchendaele, battle of, 105, 109 Paterson, Andrew ('Banjo'), 175 Patten, Chris, 589 Patterson, Flying Officer Ian, 288 Patton, George S character, 326-7 relations with fellow leaders, 326, 327, 328 'race' to Messina, 326 at D-Day briefing, 334 D-Day deception, 335 marches through Brittany, 35 ! 723 Pauker, Karl, 212 Paul, Henri, 589 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich von, 320 Pauncefoote, Lord, 47 Payne, Clement, 232—3, 234 Pearl, Daniel, 605 Pearl Harbor attack, 255, 294-5 Pearse, Patrick, 112 Pearse, Richard, 49 Pegasus Bridge, 339-40, 345 Pemberton, John, 483 penicillin, 188-91 Penney, Sir William, 393 Pennsylvania, 600 Pennsylvania Station, 208 Pentagon and technology research, 448, 5 9/11 bombing of, 600-1, 602 Pentagon Papers, 494, 509 People's Liberation Army, 413 Percival, Lt-General Arthur, 3H Percy, Earl, 53 Perlo, Victor, 403, 406 Pershing, General John on late US war entry, 89-90, 102, 114-15 on US forces' inadequacy, 90, 114 life and career, 114 German submarine plans, 122 US troops readied by, 123 troops sent to Foch, 137 destroyers for Britain, 278 Perth, 186 Peru, 69, 492 Petacci, Clara, 222 Pétain, Philippe, 353 relieved of command, 137 cheered in Paris, 352 Peters, J., 403 Peterson, Leonold, 343 724 Petrograd, 121 Petter, Sir Ernest, 209, 210 Pfaus, Oscar K., 264 Pforzheim, 363 Philadelphia, 282 Philby, Kim, 218, 219 Philip, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh on Gallipoli, 95 Gibraltar tour, 505 Philippines war with US, 4, 8, 23—5, 3O obtained by US, 22 trade boom, 22—3 US administration gains, 24, 25-6 Japanese capture of, 27, 299 Great White Fleet visits, 69 liberated by US, 356, 411 Philippines Commission, 24 Philpott, Elmore, 205 Pickering, Sir William, 484 Pilcher, Percy Sinclair, 49-50 Pilger, John, 627 Pilgrims Society, 168 Pilling, David, 372 Pineau, Christian, 427 Pinochet, General Augusto takes over junta, 501 loses plebiscite, 504 helps Task Force, 530 Pipes, Richard, 171, 475 Pitcairn Island, 74 Pitt, William {later Earl of Chatham), 3, 81 Pittsburgh, 471 Pius XI, Pope, 220 Placentia Bay talks, 291, 293, 370 Platt, Orville H., 23 Pochhammer, Commander, no Poincaré, Raymond, 161 Poindexter, Admiral John, 553, 554 Pol Pot, 219 INDEX Poland, 237 Jewish persecution, 179, 180, 310-11 ethnic cleansing of, 218 British guarantee, 236 territorial aims, 237 Jewish emigrants, 240 German Blitzkrieg, 251 Stalin/Hitler invade, 251 SS/Red Army in Warsaw, 354 returns to Soviet rule, 359, 360, 362 as NATO member, 408, 589 and Warsaw Pact, 424 Solidarity movement, 546^7 poliomyelitis vaccine, 424 political corruption relative lack of, 507-8 Watergate effect, 510 ways of dealing with, 512-14 political culture English-speaking superiority, 636-7 export of, 639-40, 641 Pollitt, Harry, 444 Popieluszko, Jerzy, 546 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 488 Port Stanley, 527 Porton Down, 388 Portsmouth, Treaty of, 19, 69 Portugal, 57, 257, 408 female vote, 74 and Angola, 449 Postmodernism, 474, 475—6 Potsdam settlement, 381 Powell, Charles {later Lord), 547 Powell, Colin, 563 on Caribbean, 15 on Vietnam, 466, 477, 494 on Resolution 678, 564 on Iraq's WMD, 608-9 Powell, Enoch on Khaled release, 488 on Heath's U-turn, 490 on Falklands, 528, 529, 616 POWs, 347, 414, 415, 492-3, 497 Prague German invasion of, 250 Soviet repression of, 425, 559 'pre-emptive strike, the', 616-17, 640, 661 Preetz, Wilhelm, 265 prestige, 12, 28, 30, 72, 149, 481, 484, 495, 585, 591, 613, 637-8 Preston, Florence, 56 Pretoria Chamberlain's despatch, 28-9 declares war on Britain, 29 Price, Brigadier Cedric, 388 Prince of Wales, H MS, 94 Princip, Gavrilo, 79 Pritchett, VS., 467-8 Probyn, Sir Leslie, 107 Proctor, John R., 33 Prohibition, 165-6, 193 Protestants and Irish partition, 166, 196 as capitalists, 195—6 US presidents as, 197-8 British prime ministers as, 198 Pryce-Jones, David, 213-14, 2i7> 556-7, 595 Puerto Rico, 22, 69 'Pumpkin Papers', 405 Putin, Vladimir, 600, 602 Pyongyang, 412 Quebec mixed Boer War views, 38 federalism of, 44 female suffrage, 74 hostility to Britain, 182 conscription opposition, 319 Queen, H MS, 94 INDEX Queen Mary's Auxiliary Corps, 76 Quine, W.V., 475 B-IB order revived, 519 becomes president, 519, 522, 523 and communism, 519, racial segregation English-speaking countries, 21, 438-43 non-English-speaking countries, 439, 441 see also individual instances; Jews radar, 252 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 398 Radio Free Europe, 435 Radioactive Resources Agreement, 415 Rahman, Sheikh Omar Abdel, 568 railways US trans-continental, 23 growth of, 40 Great Ugandan Railway, 538-9, 557, 56o economic successes, 523—4, 56 Ramsay, Archibald Maule, 248 Ramsbottom-Isherwood, Wing-Commander, 291 Ramsden, John, 437 Ramsey, Michael, Archbishop of Canterbury Macmillan's rebuke, 389~9° on South African arms sales, 463 Rashid, Ahmed, 618 Raskob, John Jakob, 207 Rawlinson, Henry Seymour, 1st Baron, 116, 139 Reagan, Ronald, 483, 548 and Thatcher, 10, 48, 524, 547-8 as Westerner, 42, 525 defence spending, 425, 524 assassination attempt, 461 Kissinger's criticism, 495~ and USSR collapse, 496 Iran-Contra affair, 510, 552-4 536 personal qualities, 524-5 strategic review, 524 Falklands help, 530-1 on KAL 007 episode, 540 and 'Star Wars', 541-2, 557-8 Grenada intervention, 542-4, 622 on US internationalism, 544-5 and Polish Solidarity, 546 re-election of, 547 Gorbachev meetings, 55O-I challenges Gorbachev, 556 arming of mujahadeens, 621 Red Guards, 472-3 Red Sea, 520 Redgrave, Corin, 627 Redmond, John, 52 Redwood, John, 588 Rees-Mogg, William, 516 refrigerators, 234 regime change, 6, 223 Rehnquist, Chief Justice, 596 Reid, Mrs Ogden, 235 religion, 10, 52, 196-7 Remarque, Erich Maria, 105, IJ Renondeau, Daston-Ernest, 229-30 Renown, HMS, 261 Renwick, Sir Robert, 584 Representation of the People Act, 74 Republican Party Roosevelt splits vote, 22 Boer War assistance for Britain, 34 1964 Nazism taunts, 467 support for Israel, 507 725 Repute, HMS, 260 Resolution, HMS, 276 Reuter, Rear-Admiral Ludwig von, 154 Revel, Jean-Franỗois, 646 Revenge, HMS, 154 Reykjavik, 542, 550 Reynaud, Paul, 244 Rhine, armies of, 381, 470 Rhineland Crisis, 229-30 Rhodes, Cecil, 5, 29 Rhodes Scholarships, 168 Rhodesia, 393, 437, 518 Ribbentrop, Joachim von Molotov pact, 248, 251 IRA visit, 264 at Nuremberg, 383, 385 Richards, Sir Brooks, 128 Richelieu, 616 Rifkind, Malcolm, 547 Rindl, Robert, 171 Ripp, Herr, 249 River Plate, battle of, 259-60 Riyadh, 586 Robbins, Frederick C , 424 Roberts, Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl, Roberts, Major-General John, 319 Roberts, Owen, 226 Roberts, Stephen H., 175 Robertson, Sir William, 122 Robeson, Paul, 435 Robespierre, Maximilien, 486 Robinson, Joan, 474 Rockefeller, John, 483 Rockefeller, John D., 40, 41 Rôhl, John, 80, 82 Rolls-Royce Ltd, 489 Romania, 75, 237, 251, 333, 424 Romanov family, 357-8 Rome, 622 Rome, Treaty of, 437 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin halted at El Alamein, 105, 320 726 retakes Tobruk, 316 D-Day absence, 338 D-Day flooding ploy, 341 Romney, George, 483 'Room 40', 124-8, 331 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 285, 368, 404 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 130, 329 and Churchill, 10, 48 and air-conditioning, 186 and capital markets, 199, 223-4 on Mussolini, 220 democracy aims, 223 banking measures, 224 character, 224, 492 'New Deal' of, 224-5 elected for second term, 225 Supreme Court battle, 225-6 opens Hoover Dam, 226 insularity of, 227 warning to Hitler, 242 sends arms to Britain, 258, 273 Graf Spee crisis, 261 Dominion messages, 273 and atomic bomb, 276, 378 Einstein's message, 276 gift of destroyers, 277—9 neutrality promise, 279 re-elected for third term, 281 Lend-Lease Act, 284 and Atlantic Charter, 293 'shoot-on-sight' order, 294 on Pearl Harbor, 295 'Germany First' policy, 299-3°°3 3°5 on Churchill's drinking, 302 war production targets, 3O5 wartime controls, 306, 330 isolationism fears, 329, 357 de Gaulle's enmity, 336 D-Day strategy, 339 INDEX on French casualties, 341 Churchill's Overlord defeat, 349-50 fourth term address, 357, 601 postwar conferences, 357 at Yalta, 358-61 Stalin telegram, 361-2 and Nazism, 367 provokes Axis powers, 367 polio sufferer, 368, 424 relationship with secretary, 368 at Placentia Bay, 370 and Japanese surrender, 374 view of civilian casualties, 378 assassination attempt on, 461 and Japanese internment, 629 as Free World leader, 635 death of, 367 Roosevelt, Theodore, 5, 12, 13, 18, 42, 223 Boer War support, 8, 32-3, 33 'trust-busting' of, 13, 40, 41 character of, 18, 19 early career, 18—19 foreign policy of, 18, 20, 223 expands US Navy, 19, 20 and Monroe Doctrine, 20, 33 as progressive Republican, 21 as voracious reader, 21 'Bull Moose' candidacy, 22 refuses third term, 22 on Manifest Destiny, 24 African hopes, 32, 34 Great White Fleet of, 33, 68-70 on vice-presidency, 34 Hay-Pauncefoote Treaty, and Salisbury, 48 and Treaty of Portsmouth, 69 on Second War, 81 isolationist article, 147 on Anglo-US relations, 148 English wedding of, 285 assassination attempt on, 461 death of, 147 Root, Elihu on Manila's problems, 25 on League of Nations Covenant, 146-7 Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of, 56 Roseman, Mark, 308, 310 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 407, 417 Ross, Brigadier-General Alexander, 129 Rostow, Walt, 465 Roth, Joseph, 144 Rothenstein, Sir William, 115 Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount, 209 Rotterdam, 262 Roussy de Sales, Raoul de, 161 Rowing, Sir Wallace, 548 Rowse, A.L., 467 Royal Air Force, Second World War and battle of Britain, 280 aid for Soviets, 291 aircraft losses, 326 bombing of Germany, 326, 362-4 D-Day cover, 340-1 Royal Dutch Shell, 272 Royal Flying Corps, 92 Royal Geographical Society, 5O Royal Naval Air Squadron, 92 Royal Navy supremacy of, 11, 32, 36, 727 INDEX and Empire growth, 48 and Entente Cordiale, 53 battleships of, 63, 64, 109-10 Silver Jubilee Review, 64 Royal Navy, Great War Gallipoli fleet, 97 losses, 100, no battle of Jutland, 109-11 Royal Navy, Second World War River Plate battle, 259-60 US destroyers deal, 277-9 Lend-Lease craft, 284 ships lost, 380-1 Ruby, Jack, 462 Rumsfeld, Donald, 600, 601, 628 Runciman, Walter, 118-19 Rundstedt, Field Marshal Gerd von, 338 Rusk, Dean, 451, 465, 469 Russell, Bertrand, 165, 452 Russell, Lord John, 436 Russell, Sir John, 505 Russell, Sean, 264-5 Russell, Wilfred, 259, 260 Russell, William Howard, 478-9 Russia population (1901), 12 Boer War 'mediation' offer, 33 railway growth, 40 federalism in, 44 Brest-Iitovsk Treaty, 51, 136 defence spending, 63 Imperial Fleet, 63, 64, 69 army numbers (1912), 64 foreign trade (1904), 65 battle of Tsushima, 69 Revolution (1905), 69 defeated by Central Powers, 82, 83 trade route problems, 95 war on Turkey, 95 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 121, 132 Great War losses, 140 oil production, 167 Bolshevik atrocities in, 170-1, 212 Jews persecuted in, 179, 180, 197 Russian Civil War, 132 Russian Federation English teaching in, 575 and Milosevic, 594 Iraq War opposition, 618 Russian Revolution, 121 Russo-Finnish War, 470 Russo-Japanese War, 19, 117, 411, 470 Russo-Polish War, 470 Rustin, Bayard, 441-2 Rutherford, Sir Ernest as nuclear pioneer, 27, l M~5, 242 background, 133-4 death, 135 Rwanda, 58 Ryan, Frank, 264, 266 Ryan, Jim, 266 Ryan, Peter, 533 Ryes cemetery, 346—7 al-Sabah, Sheikh Jaber, 562 Sageman, Marc, 604 Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) fall of, 477-8, 497 US evacuation of, 514 Saint, Clara, 457 St Lucia, 278 St Paul's Cathedral, 285 St Paul's School, 334 St Valentine's Day Massacre, 192-3 Sakharov, Andrei, 557 Salinger, Pierre, 451 Salisbury, Bishop of, Salisbury, Robert GascoyneCecil, 9th Earl of, 6, 11, 637 and Spanish-American War, 8, 22 and Venezuelan crisis, 8, 36-7, 38 Kruger outrages, 28 and Boer militance, 29, 30 rejects Russian 'mediation', 33 changes Queen's title, 36 Hay—Pauncefoote Treaty, 48 and Roosevelt, 48 on Cromer's 'superiority', 61 'Two-Power Standard', isolationism of, 199 on allies, 565 Salk, Jonas E., 424 Samoa, 8, 75, 145, 183 San Andreas Fault, 64-5 San Francisco Boer delegation in, 32 massive earthquake, 64-5 Sandhurst, William Mansfield, 1st Viscount, 142, 143 Sandinista Government, 552, 553 Santayana, George, 57, 182 Sarajevo, 79, 583 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 474 Sassoon, Siegfried, 105, 116 satellites, 484, 558 Saudi Arabia, 75 and Yom Kippur War, 506 Iraq surrounds, 562, 563 US troops enter, 562 and Iraqi missiles, 565 US bases bombed, 586, 601 Savage, Joseph, 255 Scali, John, 452 Scalia, Antonin, 596 Scapa Flow: German fleet scuttled, 79, 153-5 Scargill, Arthur, 537 Scharnhorst, 293 Scheer, Admiral Reinhardt, 109-10, 154 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr, 357 Schlesinger, James, 495 728 Schleswig-Holstein, 50 Schlieffen, General Alfred von, 62 Schlieffen Plan, 62-3, 81-2, INDEX 89 Schmidt, Major General Harry, 367 Schmitz, Oscar, 77 Schmundt, General Lieutenant Rudolf, 298 Schroder, Gerhard, 602 Schurz, Carl, 31 Schwarzkopf, General H Norman, 563, 564-5 science and technology English-speaking peoples, 23, 636 British inventions, 186—8 Second War inventions, League of Nations rejected, 163-4, 169 Prohibition passed, 166 Seoul, 410, 412, 413 September 11 events, 600-1, 602 Derrida on, 475 Bush-Blair reactions, 602-4 possible reasons for, 604—6 need for US reaction, 606-7 and anti-Americanism, 607 Serbia, 79, 81, 83 Serbs, 582-5, 593-4 Sevastapol, 95 Shakespeare, Geoffrey, 281 Shakespeare, William, 87, 275> 33 " » 338 military technology 'spinoffs', 448 Scotland, 44 Scott, Revd Frederick George, 38 Scruton, Roger, 557 Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, James, 184 Scully, Vincent, 208 SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 541-2, 557-8 Seale, Herbert, 234 SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organisation), 466 Securities and Exchange Commission, 199 Seddon, Richard, 14, 15 Segar, H.W., 65-6 Seitz, Raymond, 585 self-criticism, 194-5, 635, 644, 646 Semple, Robert 'Fighting Bob', 255 Senate (US) Versailles Treaty rejected, 147-8, 160, 164 Wilson commends Treaty, 162-3 !95 Shapiro, Michael, 415 Sharansky, Natan, 558 Sharpeville massacre, 442 Shaw, George Bernard, 214, 219 Shaw, Percy, 188 Shawcross, Hartley, 383-5 Sheffield, Gary, 320 Sheikh, Ahmed Omar, 605 Shelley, John, 467 Sheringham, 92 Sherman Antitrust Act, 40 Sherwood, Miss, 149, 150 Sherwood, Robert, 224 Shi'ites, 566, 567 Shinwell, Emmanuel {later Baron), 388, 411 Sicily, 323, 326 Simms, Bernard, 585 Simon, Walter, 265 Simplich, Frederick, 313 Simpson, Wallis {later Duchess of Windsor) reactions to, 231 Chamberlain on, 236 Singapore fall of, 255, 313-15, 498 Seletar naval base, 313 English as second language, 423 and Australia, 464 Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), 524 Sinn Fein foundation of, 16, 47 Easter Rising, 112-13 resists Ireland's partition, 166 US fundraising, 577 hostilities end, 592-3 Six-Day War (1967), 489 Skidelsky, Robert, 523 Slapton Sands, 336 Small, Ken, 336 Smith, Revd A.E., 204 Smith, F.E., 173 Smith, James, 32 Smith, Ross and Keith, 153 Smith, Thomas, 365 Smith, Major Truman, 230 Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel William, 207 Smith, Zadie, 194 Smolensk, 290 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, Smuts, Jan Christian, 443 and Great War, 80 on Wilson's defamation, 160 at D-Day briefing, 334 Snow, Edgar, 473-4 socialism failure in US, 203 Ontario attempt, 204-5 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 115, 419, 557 Somalia Congress hinders Ford, 520 US withdraws forces, 541, 568> 569> 591, 32 UN aid force in, 568-9 Sombart, Werner, 77 Somerset, Henry, 67 Somerville, Vice-Admiral Sir James, 276, 277 Somme Offensive, 105 INDEX British casualties, 108, 115, 118 British stand firm, 137 Sontag, Susan, 469, 478 Sorenson, Theodore C , 451 Soria, Georges, 456 Soros, George, 587 Sotyu, 317 South Africa supports Britain in Great War, 80 postwar autonomy, 145-6 racial segregation, 442, 443, 462-3 support for white minority, 462-3 and imperial statuary, 471 South African War see Boer War South America and Great White Fleet, 69 British arrival in, 195 South Korea invaded by North, 410 UN forces land in, 411 economic success of, 480 South Vietnam, 498 US withdrawal, 436, 478, 495 Kennedy's 'advisors' in, 456, 464-5 fall of government, 477-8, 495 497, J South Yemen, 520 South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO), 466 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 442 Soviet Army (Red Army) Stalin's purges of, 212, 290 Germans take prisoner, 290 Stalingrad victories, 291, 320 troop numbers, 291 Germans killed by, 320 and Warsaw Uprising, 354 Soviet Union Afghanistan abuses, 30 religious persecution in, 198 economy (1929), 200 Soviet gulag vs Western 'gulags', 213 GBS's visit, 214 Great Terror, 216 invasion of Hungary, 218, 425, 434-5 Nazi-Soviet pact, 218, 248, 251, 289-90 Britain-USSR war scenario, 388—9 Western spies of, 401—2, 403-6 artistic censorship, 419-20 hydrogen bomb developed, 423 Communist Party donations, 443-4 Cuban missile crisis, 450, 451-6 collapse of, 496, 515, 538, 647 and Yom Kippur War, 506 as human rights signatory, 5H-I5 Western appeasement of, 520 and 'Star Wars', 541, 542, 558 INF Treaty signed, 542, 558 dissidents in, 559 Soviet Union, Second World War Hitler's attack on, 237, 289-91, l casualties, 251, 359, 380 declares war on Germany, 25 » Lend-Lease aid, 284 Allied matériel sent, 291 expenditure, 305 siege of Leningrad, 320 declares war on Japan, 375 Sowell, Thomas, 486 729 space travel, 483—5 Spain, 57 territory lost to US, 22 female suffrage, 74 religious persecution, 197 pro-Axis stance, 257 Gibraltar claim, 505 North African enclaves of, 506 English teaching in, 575 Iraq troops withdrawn, 627 Spanish Civil War: Guernica bombed, 262 Spanish Constitution, 500 Spanish—American War Roosevelt in, 19 Lord Salisbury's neutrality, 22 peace terms, 22 Pershing in, 114 Spears, Major General Sir Edward, 353 'Special Relationship', 3, 4-5, 8, 22, 47-8, 401, 458, 562, 603, 607 Speer, Albert, 383, 385 spelling, 21 Spender, Stephen, 417, 418 Spenser, Edmund, 573 Spitzy, Reinhard, 299 sport, 34-5 Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil anti-US feelings, 78 letters from Roosevelt, 18, 32, 34 Srebenica, 582, 583 Stack, Sir Lee, 61 Stagg, Frank, 71 Stalin, Josef, 199, 397, 444 atrocities of, 211—13, 216, 218, 290, 386 wife's suicide, 212, 213 GBS on, 214 Webbs' visit, 214-15 Western reverence for, 217, 218, 219, 444 view of Churchill, 237 Barbarossa shock, 289—90 730 praises Roosevelt, 306, 330 on US war production, 329-3o feigned D-Day attacks, 335 'percentages agreement', 355" , 589 at Yalta, 358-61 and East German plant, 382 from ally to enemy, 386, 387, 621 shipbuilding obsession, 387-8 refuses Marshall Aid, 396 US war alliance, 640 death of, 218 Stalingrad, battle of, 291, 320 Standard Oil, 40 Stanford Industrial Park, 448 'Star Wars' see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Starr, Kenneth, 569 Starret Brothers and Eken, 207 statuary, 470-1 Stead, Flight-Lieutenant G.G., 288 Steele, Arch, 473 Steffens, Lincoln, 215—16 Stennis, John C , 520 Sterling Suez fears, 429, 430, 433 devaluation of, 467, 517 Sterling Area, 392 Stettinius, Edward R., 284, 390 Stevenson, Adlai, 404 loses to Eisenhower, 417 on Cuban crisis, 453 Stewart, Sir Findlater, 366 Steyn, Mark, 568 Stimson, Henry L on Roosevelt, 224 Japanese bombs justified, 373, 379 Stirling, Alfred, 245-6 Stockhausen, Hans-Gerrit von, 264 INDEX Stockwell, General Hugh, Sweeney, General Walter, 43 Stone, Harlan R, 226 Stothard, Peter, 622 Strachan, Hew, 105—6 Straight, Lady Daphne, 361 Strakosch, Sir Henry, 271-2 452 Switzerland female vote, 75 neutrality, 256, 257 Sword beach, 339, 340, 342 Sydney, 43-4 Syria, 506, 507 Strasbourg, 276 Strasser, Peter, 92 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 541-2, 557-8 Straw, Jack, 613-14 Streicher, Julius, 383 Stresa Conference, 220 'Stresa Front', 220, 221 Stringfellow, John, 49 Strizhevski, Captain, 456, 457 Strong, Benjamin, 200 Strong, James A., 200 Strong, Major General Kenneth, 363 Stubbs, Captain, 260 Sturdee, Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick, no Stuyvesant, Peter, 179-80 suburbs, 282 Sudan British rule, 57-8 civil war, 58 Sudeten crisis, 242, 244 Suez Canal Users' Association (SCUA), 429-30 Suez crisis, 425-34, 435-6, Taff Vale judgment, Taft, Judge William Howard, 22, 26 improvements for Filipinos, 25 Philippines inquiry, 25 earthquake relief, 64—5 and League of Nations, 103 Taheri, Amir, 592 Taliban, 618, 638 Talmadge, Eugene, 440 Tamarapa, Private W., 79 Tamas, Gaspar, 559 Tanzania, 75 Tarawa, 139 Tasmania, 65 Taylor, AJ.R, 435 Taylor, Frederich, 363, 364 Taylor, General Maxwell D Cuban Missile crisis, 449, 45!» 454 on Vietnam action need, 465, 480 Technical Co-operation Programme, 487 technology see science and 635-6» 637 technology Suffragette movement, 72—4 Teheran, 521, 522 Sun Tsu, 523 Teheran Conference, Supreme Court (US), 225-6 329-30, 358-9 Sussex, torpedoing of, 113-14, Teimouirian, Hazhir, 591 123 Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, 104 television Sussex Pledge, 113—14 invention of, 186-8 Sutton, Francis X., 423 and Churchill's funeral, Suzuki, Kantaro, 374, 375 468 Sweden, 74, 506 Eastern European access religion, 198 neutrality, 256, 257 to, 537 Teller, Edward, 242 Swedish Riksbank, 67 731 INDEX Tenet, George, 608 Tennessee Valley Authority, 225 Tenzing Norgay, 330, 420 terrorism Khaled release error, 488 and Palestine, 488-9 in the 1990s, 577-9 Trotsky-Mao vs Islamic, 578 9/11 as 'wake-up call' to, 600-1 Tertrais, Bruno, 614-15 Tet Offensive, 477, 494 Thailand, 466 Tharwat, Abd al-Khaliq, 62 Thatcher, Margaret {later Baroness), 371, 525, 603 and Reagan, 10, 48, 524, 547-8 assassination attempt, 461 no U-turns, 491 Falklands decision, 527-8, 529 on Europe, 533 becomes PM, 536 on Berlin Wall, 537, 548 and US Grenada invasion, 542-4 and Polish Solidarity, 546 Gorbachev visit, 547-8 elected for third term, 555 and communism, 557, 560 Kuwait stand, 563 ousted from power, 564, 586, 587 on Bosnia, 583—4 on pre-emptive strikes, 616 Thesiger, Wilfred, 58 Third Reich rearmament, 161, 220 banking crisis, 170 population, 175 Jews leave, 180, 240—1, 276 Jews persecuted, 180, 249 religious intolerance, 198 unemployment, 204 Nazi-Soviet pact, 218, 248, 251, 289-90 Rhineland entered, 229-30, 236 car ownership, 234 scientists leave, 240-1, 275-6 merchant shipping, 258 public Holocaust acceptance, 310—11, 312 partition of, 360, 362, 381 Anglophobia, 445 Third Reich, Second World War women excluded from war, 75 Allied blockade of, 140, 142 invasion of USSR, 237, 251, 289-91, 318 Britain declares war on, 239, 616 atomic programme, 275 inventions/discoveries, 275, 33*> 338 expenditure, 305 personnel raised, 305 Allied bombing of, 326, 362-4 casualties, 380 merchant fleet losses, 380 Third World failure of capitalism, 206 Kennedy's empty promises, 449 debt repayment, 638-9 Thomas, Benjamin R, 483 Thomas, Clarence, 596 Thomas, Llewellyn, 451 Thorne, Christopher, 303 Thousand Islands International Bridge, 242 Tibbets, Colonel Paul, 371, 378 Ticonderoga, USS, 464 Tillman, Benjamin, 24 Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 131-2 Tirpitz, 292 Tobruk, 316 Todd, Emmanuel, 515 Todleden, General, 95 Tokyo, 371, 377 Tomasek, Cardinal Frantisek, 559 Tonkin Gulf incident, 464, 637 Toronto, 38 Toronto University, 75 Tory Reform Committee, 325 Toubon, Jacques, 570, 571 Toye, Francis, 155 trade unions, 7, 400, 489, 516, 517-18, 535-6 Trafalgar, battle of bicentenary of, 64 naval tonnage, 155 Transvaal ill-treatment of Uitlanders, 27-9 Boer rebellion, 29, 182 Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 399 Trinidad, 274, 278 Trinidad, HMS, 292 Triple Alliance, 84 Triple Entente, 84 Trotsky, Leon, 577-8 Trudeau, Pierre, 416, 474 Truman Doctrine, 396, 410 Truman, Elizabeth, 408 Truman, Harry S becomes president, 368, 407 Japanese bombs decision, 372, 373 and British Empire, 386-7 and Stalin's hostility, 386, 387 terminates Lend-Lease, 391 Israel recognised, 399 and Berlin airlift, 402 and NATO, 408 on use of bomb in Korea, 412-13 retirement, 417 sends troops to Korea, 427 on civil rights sit-ins, 442 assassination attempt on, 461 732 Tsakhia, Elbegdorj, 567, 568 Tsushima, battle of, 69, 295, 396-7 Tucker, Jim, 569 Turing, Alan, 330 Turkey ownership of Egypt, 61 Ottoman Fleet of, 69 female suffrage, 74 Russian declares war on, 95 Gallipoli victory, 96 loss of Jerusalem, 132-3 caliphate abolished, 157, 618 Cyprus invasion, 167 pro-Allied stance, 257 and NATO, 408 Truman's aid, 410 shared missiles with US, 452, 453> 454, 455 Turner, Ted, 479 Twain, Mark, 19 tyranny, opposing, 640 U Thant, 452 U-2 spy planes, 435, 452-3, 454 Uganda single official murdered, 55-6 British rule welcomed, 56, 57 and Idi Amin, 57, 518 post-independence chaos, 57 UIL (United Irish League), 46-7 Uitlanders, 27, 28-9 Ukraine, 424 Jewish emigration, 180 starvation policy, 214, 215, 216, 218, 386 Ulster, 257-8 Ulundi, battle of, 104 Umezu, Yoshijiro, 375 Unionist Party and Lansdowne, 120, 121 Home Rule opposition, INDEX 1906 defeat, 238 unions, 232, 234, 307 United Farmers of Ontario (UFO), 204-5 United Irish League (UIL), 46-7 United Kingdom see Britain United Nations early support for, 390 failure of, 391 and Korean War, 410-11, Soviet boycott of, 410 Britain/France censured, 430 Third World supports Soviets, 520 and Kuwait invasion, 564, 565 Somalia aid force, 569 Bosnian deployment, 582, 583 and Kosovo, 594 and Iraq War, 619 Oil-for-Food scandal, 619-21 and Guantanamo Bay, 627-8 United Nations Security Council and Kosovan War, 594 and Iraq War, 614 Iraq's violations, 614, 623 United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), 609 United States economy, 12, 40-1, 67-8, 76, 167-8, 196, 200, 307, 356, 391» 448, 523-4> 626, 643 population, 12, 281-2 car ownership, 13, 41, 167, 234, 282, 306 and Latin America, 19-21 naval expansion, 19, 20 Venezuelan crisis, 20, 33, 36^7, 38 and West Indies, 20 and capitalism, 21-2, 39, 639-40 race relations, 21, 438-43 rich-poor divide, 21, 639 conservation movement, 22 Spanish colonies gained, 22-3 Philippines war, 23-5, 30 railways, 23, 40 Boer War splits, 31—4, 36, 183 sporting successes, 34 US-Canadian hostilities, 36, 37 trusts, 40, 41 Federation tested, 44 foreign trade in 1904, 65 banking crisis, 67-8 female suffrage, 74 working women, 76 merchant shipping, 100, 258 mythical status of, 143-4 isolationism of, 147, 169, 520 Prohibition, 165-6, 193 few strikes, 167-8 salesmanship, 167 immigration, 179-80, 241 and Jews, 179-80, 241-2 Anglo-US relations, 183, 285, 302-3, 458, 584-5 gangsterism in, 192-4 criticisms of, 194-5 self-criticism, 194 religion, 197, 198, 445 effect on world's economy, 199-200 failure of socialism, 203 unemployment, 204, 307 gold standard dropped, 224 rearmament of, 225 aviation, 282-3, 3°7> 44^ migration within, 282 north—south economic divide, 356-7 INDEX loan terms to Britain, 39J-2 communism fears, 403-7 nuclear arsenal, 403 McCarthyism, 406-7, 419 anti-Americanism, 408-9, 437, 478, 482, 589, 607, 644-6 and NATO, 408 and Korean War, 410, I 3" I defence spending, 425, 451, 524 EEC welcomed, 436-7, 499 voting rights, 443 assassinations in, 461-2 Vietnam conflict, 464-6, 476-81 post-Revolution place names, 471-2 eating habits, 482-3 space travel, 483—5 lawyers in, 576 Free World leadership of, 635-6 education advances, 639 obesity problems, 639 sharing of benefits, 639-40 and democracy, 640 geographical variety, 645 lack of passports, 645 United States, Great War Philippines liberated, 27 assists Britain, 33—4 war declared on Germany, 122, 128 casualties, 140 loans, 168, 169, 170 total cost, 168 United States, Second World War arms for Britain, 258, 273 neutrality, 258 bases for destroyers, 277—9 Lend-Lease scheme, 284 anti-war lobby, 293-4 and Pearl Harbor, 294-5 Hitler declares war, 295—6 'Germany First' policy, o 299-3 o, 3°5 rapid mobilization, 300 relations with Britain, 302-3 expenditure, 305 personnel raised, 305 war production, 305, 330 economic measures, 306, 33O Japanese internment, 306-7 women's services, 306 casualties, 357, 367, 380 Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombs, 371-2 were bombs necessary?, 372-9 merchant shipping losses, 380 United States Army troops in 1912, 64 size in 1935, 227 Korean War, 412, 413-14 Kennedy increases, 451 Vietnam War troops, 466, 494 Afghanistan losses, 632 Iraq losses, 632 United States Army, Great War small size of, 101 huge war force, 122-3 and Bellau Wood, 139 casualties, 139, 140 United States Army, Second World War women join, 76 battle of the Bulge, 328 D-Day action, 339, 341-2 Omaha losses, 342 Brittany march, 351 Philippines losses, 356 racial segregation, 440 United States Army Air Force (USAAF) giant bombers of, 283, 307, 353 bombing of Germany, 326 733 D-Day cover, 340—1 aircraft in 1999, 594 United States Navy, 495 Roosevelt's expansion of, 19, 20 fleet size, 33, 36, 63, 64, 101 Great White Fleet, 33, 68-70 battle of Midway, 317 Second War losses, 381 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 75 Urch, Reginald, 216 Urquhart, Major Brian, 354 US Naval War College, 20 US Office of Production Management (OPM), 306 US Steel Corporation, 40 Ushijima, General, 373 USSR see Soviet Union Utah beach, 339, 341 V-2 rocket bombs, 366 V-E Day, 369-70 V-I 'flying bombs', 364—6 Valiant, HMS, 276 Valparaiso, 504 Valyas, Vaino, 559 Van der Stoel, Alex, 613 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 40 Vansittart, Robert Vansittart, Baron, 182 Vatican, 257 Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 77 Védrine, Hubert, 589 Veesenmayer, Edmund, 264, 266, 267 Vega, HMS, 154 Véliz, Claudio, 534 Venezuela, 20 crisis in, 33, 36-7, 38 Nixon attacked in, 492, 508 Ventris, Lois, 421, 422 Ventris, Michael, 421-2 Verdun, battle of, 112, 114, 130 Vereenigde Oost-Indische 734 Compagnie (Dutch East India Company), 39 Vernon, Major Wilfred, 401-2 Versailles, Treaty of, 230 Dominions sign separately, H5 signing of, 145, 155, 157 US rejection of, 147-8, 160, 164 and High Seas Fleet, 153, !54 racial groupings in, 157-8 criticisms of, 158, 159—62 and Second War, 158, *59 Germany reneges, 229 Chamberlain blames, 250 Vespa, HMS, 154 Victoria, Queen Diamond Jubilee, 3, 36, 37 Dublin visit, 15-16, 46 Uitlanders' petition, 28 Golden Jubilee, 35 title includes colonies, 36 Victoria, 43 Vidal, Gore, 186, 578-9 Viénnot, Pierre, 337 Vietcong, 477, 478 Vietnam effect of communism, 386 Soviet Navy in, 520 see also North Vietnam; South Vietnam Vietnam War Johnson begins, 464, 465 US troop numbers, 466 aftermath of, 477-8, 481, 520 ceasefire deal, 477, 495 media opposition to, 477, 478, 479 US 'never defeated', 477, 497 total casualties, 480—1 'Christmas bombing', 494-5 and US isolationism, 520 Villa, Pancho, 114 INDEX Vimy Ridge, battle of, 128-9 Virginia, 195 Vladivostok, 95 Vo Nguyen Giap, General, 477 Voice of America promotion of English, 422 broadcasts to Hungary, 435 Volcker, Paul, 620 Volkogonov, Dmitri, 539 Volstead Act, 166 Voltaire, 571 Voronkov, General G.A., 452 Voroshilov, Kliment, 213 Voyager I, 423 Vyshinsky, Audrey, 213 Wadleigh, Julien, 403-4 Wainwright, Captain Richard, 32-3 Waitangi, Treaty of, 256 Wake Island, 299 Wales, 44 Walesa, Lech, 557 Wall Street Crash lessons from, 198-9 previous crashes, 199 effect on US, 200 Federal Reserve errors, 200-3 Roosevelt on, 223 Wallace, George, 461 Walpole, Horace, 271 Walshe, Joseph, 265, 266 Walton, Ernest, 135 Walton, R.D., 177 Wannsee Protocol, 308—10 War against Terror benefits of, 552, 638 as belated response, 601 need to start with Iraq, 603-4, 6°9> 612-13 overall need for, 606-7 worldwide coalition, 614-15 Ware, Harold, 403 Warneford, R.AJ., 92 Warsaw Germans destroy, 351, 354 Red Army takes over, 354 Warsaw Pact, 424-5 Warsaw Uprising, 354 Washington Boers feted, 31-2 air-conditioning in, 186 British in, 392 lobbyists in, 576 Washington, Booker T., 21 Washington, George, 208, 471 Farewell Address, 23, 68, 77, 130, 293, 357 realpolitik of, 621 Washington University, 75 Wassman (German consul), 126 Watergate, 481, 491, 508-10 and 'paranoia' movies, 510-12 and public distrust, 510 Waterhouse, Captain Charles, 431 Waterloo, battle of, 647 Watson, Major-General David, 129 Watson, Sir John Forbes, 325 Waugh, Evelyn, 420 weaponry, 103-5 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 214-15» 219 Weber, Max, 195 Wedemeyer, Albert, 402 Wedgwood, LieutenantCommander Josiah, 98 Weinberger, Caspar Falklands aid, 530, 531 on 'Star Wars', 541 on nuclear deterrence, 542 Weir, Revd Benjamin, 553 Weir, James, 53 Welch, Lawrence, 219, 248 Welfare State, 384, 396, 401 Weller, Thomas H., 424 Welles, Sumner, 237 Wellington, George, 32 Wells, H.G., 70, 131 Welsh language, 571-2 INDEX West Berlin economic blockade, 402, 408 supplies airlifted, 402-3, 410 building of Wall, 450 Libyan bomb, 551 West Germany, 436, 576 rehabilitation of, 223, 382-3 as NATO member, 408 defence spending, 463 economy, 463 anti-Vietnam protests, 478 NATO missiles deployed, 542, 557 Iraq War opposition, 618 West Indies US interventions in, 20 Canadian trade, 37 Federation, 44 Great War regiment, 106-9 effect of Depression, 232 effect of Second War, 274 Second War regiment, 274 US bases in, 279 and Britain's EEC membership, 437 West, Patrick, 476 Western Alliance, 390 Western Australia, 65, 186 Western Front, 136—9 Westphalia, Treaty of, 616, 621 Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, 546 White, Albert, 44-5 'White Australia' policy, 45 White, Harry Dexter, 404, 406, 407 White, Henry, 32, 33 White House, 19, 21 White, Theodore, 473 White, William Allen, 278 Whitehead, Joseph B., 483 Whitelaw, William {later Viscount), 532 Whitewater Development Corporation, 569-70 Whitlam, Gough becomes PM, 466 dismissal of, 513—14 Whitman, Walt, 194 Whitten-Brown, Arthur, 153 Wigg, George, 515-16 Wilde, Oscar, 228 Wilhelm I, Emperor of Germany, 85 Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, 55, 63 Europe domination hopes, 53, 82 dislike of British, 55, 77 war with Britain, 81 view of Jews, 82, 141 Zeppelins authorised, 92—3 on royal name change, 131 Churchill on, 141 exile in Doom, 141, 626 Boer support, 436 Wilhelmshaven, 126 Wilkins, Roy, 467 Wilkinson, Spencer, 50, 51 Will, W Marvin, 233, 234 Willey, Kathleen, 570 Williams, Desmond, 267 Williams, Hywel, 122, 484 Willkie, Wendell L., 281 Wilmeshaven, 126 Wilmot, John, 392 Wilson, Edith, 143 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry, 461 Wilson, Sir Harold {later Baron Wilson of Rievaulx), 467, 517-18 secret nuclear purchase, 84, 432, 517 becomes PM, 463 defence ceiling, 463 east of Suez withdrawal, 463-4, 505 Vietnam refusal, 464, 466 use of blackmail, 515—16 'lavender' honours list, 516 chicanery of, 517 surprise resignation, 518, 735 535 death, 518 Wilson, Woodrow, 22, 76, 599 on Germany, 55, 162-3 House's peace plan, 93-4, 102-3 U-boat control, 113 Zimmermann Telegram, 127 declares war on Germany, 128 on Great War entry, 130 and Ottoman Empire, 133 postwar London visit, 142-3 Fourteen Points of, 144, 162 and Versailles Treaty, 145, 147-8, 155, 156, 157-8, 161, 162-4 British roots of, 148 Keynes on, 159, 160 vetoes Prohibition, 165—6 anti-isolationalism of, 357 and League of Nations, 615 Wimbledon, 34 Windschutde, Keith, 474-5 Windsor, Philip, 538 Winnington, Alan, 415 'Winter of Discontent', 535-6 Winde, Justin, 566 Wodehouse, P.G., 246 Wolcoff, Captain, 125 Wolfe Murray, Sir James, 96 Wolfe, Tom, 561 Wolfowitz, Paul, 600, 622, 629-30 Wolryche-Whitmore, Revd Harry, 34 women suffrage, 74-5 working women, 74, 75 economic impact of, 75 higher education, 75 wartime bravery, 118 Second War service, 288 736 Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, 76 Women's Social and Political Union, 73 Woodsworth, J.S., 205 Woodward, Admiral Sandy, 532 World Trade Center (WTC) construction of, 207, 208 9/11 bombing, 475, 600—1, 602 1993 bomb, 568, 601 World Wide Web, 555-6 Wright, Sir Almroth, 189, 190-1 Wright, Orville, 48-9 Wright, Robert, 280 Wright, Susan, 570 Wright, Wilbur, 48-9, 50 Wurzberg, 363 WyclifFe, John, 573 INDEX Wyoming, 74 Yalta Conference, 357-62, 381, 434 Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku, 299 Yassin, Abdul Rahman, 568, 613 Yeltsin, Boris, 567 Yemen, 75 Yenukidze, Abel, 213 Yezhov, Nikolai, 213 Yom Kippur War, 506—7 York, Christopher on Chamberlain, 250-1 on Cabinet trivia, 273 Torktown, USS, 317 Young, G.M., 271 Young, Sir Mark, 233 Yousef, Ramzi Ahmed, 568, 590, 59 ! Ypres, second battle of, 93 Yugoslavia female vote, 75 creation of, 158 Yusopov House, 358 Zhironovsky, Vladimir, 620 Zhukov, Georgi, 424 Ziegler, Philip, 270 Ziegler, Ron, 491 Zimbabwe, 545, 621 Zimmermann, Count Arthur, 94, 127, 128 'Zimmermann Telegram', 127-8 Zinoviev, Grigori, 212 Zonhoven, 328 Zulu War use of machine-guns, 104 British casualties, 115