Luận văn thạc sĩ a critical discourse analysis of hillary clinton’s 2015 presidential campaign launch speech

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* NGUYỄN THU HẰNG A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON‟S 2015 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN LAUNCH SPEECH Phân tích diễn ngơn phê phán phát biểu phát động chiến dịch tranh cử Tổng thống Mỹ năm 2015 Hillary Clinton M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Hanoi, 2018 z VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* NGUYỄN THU HẰNG A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON‟S 2015 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN LAUNCH SPEECH Phân tích diễn ngơn phê phán phát biểu phát động chiến dịch tranh cử Tổng thống Mỹ năm 2015 Hillary Clinton M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Prof Dr Nguyễn Hoà Hanoi, 2018 z DECLARATION I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A critical discourse analysis of Hillary Clinton‟s 2015 Presidential Campaign Launch Speech” is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, and that this thesis has not been submitted for any other degrees Hanoi, 2018 Nguyễn Thu Hằng z ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Dr Nguyễn Hoà for helping me complete this study This paper would not have been accomplished without his expert, constant and valuable guidance and encouragement His patience and helpful criticism helped me confidently express my ideas into this paper I also wish to express my sincere thanks to all my lecturers at the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies for their valuable lectures which have helped me a great deal in gaining a lot of theoretical background as well as practical knowledge My special thanks also go to my friends and colleagues for their enthusiastic help and support with my working schedule at school which gave me precious time to deal with my thesis Finally, I would also like to express my deep gratitude and love to my family who gave me time and encouragement to overcome all obstacles during the completion of this study z ABSTRACT In the light of CDA framework suggested by Norman Fairclough, this study attempts to uncover underlying discursive structures in Hillary Clinton‘s presidential campaign discourse The specific aim is to identify elements of gender references, persuasive techniques and social inclusion and exclusion The analysis shows that gender references are marked by implicitness, and Clinton performs both stereotypical masculine and feminine genders As for social inclusion and exclusion, Clinton‘s use of pronouns revealed her attitude towards her supporters and opponents According to the results, it might seem that Clinton‘s main purpose of her campaign discourses is to construct an image of herself as President of the United States of America, and additionally, she contributes to eliminating the boundaries of the historical perception of the American presidency in regards to gender z TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Significance of the study Scope of the study Aims and objectives of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT .5 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Hillary Clinton‘s background 1.2 An overview of CDA 1.2.1 History of CDA 1.2.2 What is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)? 1.3 Key concepts in CDA 1.3.1 Ideology .7 1.3.2 Power 1.4 Three principal approaches to CDA 1.4.1 The socio – cognitive approach by Teun van Dijk 1.4.2 The discourse – historical approach by Ruth Wodak 1.4.3 The dialectical - relational approach by Norman Fairclough 10 1.5 Review of previous studies 13 1.6 Five common features among the approaches 14 1.7 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) in CDA 15 1.8 Chapter summary 19 z CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 20 2.1 Research questions restated 20 2 Methods of the study 20 2.3 Data of the study 21 2.4 Analysis procedure of the study 21 CHAPTER 3: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON‟S SPEECH 23 3.1 Functions of Hillary Clinton‘s underlying ideology in the speech 23 3.1.1 Ideology as a weapon of positive self-representation of ―us‖ and negative other representation of ―them‖ 23 3.1.2 Ideology as a weapon of persuasion 26 3.1.3 Ideology as a weapon of negotiation 28 3.1.4 Ideology of personality profiling 30 3.2 Textual description and Analysis 31 3.2.1 Vocabulary use 31 3.2.2 Grammatical features 34 3.2.2.1 The use of personal pronouns 34 3.2.2.2 The use of voice 35 3.2.2.3 Modes of the sentence 36 3.2.2.4 Modality 37 3.2.2.5 Connective values of the text 39 3.2.3 Transitivity 43 3.2.4 Thematization 44 3.3 Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and interpretative processes53 3.4 Explanation of the relationship between discourse and social processes 54 3.5 Chapter summary 55 PART C: CONCLUSION 56 Summary of findings 56 Implications 57 Limitations of the study and Recommendations for further study 58 APPENDICES 61 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA Critical Discourse Analysis CL Critical Linguistics MR Members‘ Resources SFG Systemic Functional Grammar SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics 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37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Overview of process type (Halliday, 1994:143) 17 Table 2: Components of a multiple theme (adapted from Halliday, 1994:54) 18 Table 3: Lexical items for ‗in – groups‘ and positive terms .32 Table 4: Lexical items for ‗out – groups‘ and negative terms 33 Table 5: Frequency of personal pronouns 35 Table 6: Summary of modes of the sentences 36 Table 7: Summary of relational modality 37 Table 8: Summary of expressive modality .38 Table 9: Summary of transitivity analysis data 43 Table 10: Summary of thematic analysis 44 Figure 1: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001, p.119) 12 Figure 2: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001, p.136) 12 Figure 3: Aspects of interpersonal management (Thompson, 1996:69) 17 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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Carrier Is Relational 444 I Sensor Can hear 444 Life Carrier Is Relational 444 It Carrier Is Relational 446 She Actor Lived Material 446 I Sensor Think about Mental 447 She Actor Witnessed Material 448 Americans Actor Refused Material 449 She Actor Was born Material 449 Women in America Actor Had Material 450 Congress Actor Passed Material 452 The story of America Carrier Is 453 It Actor Continues Mental Relational Material 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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We Actor Don‘t leave Material 466 A father Actor Can tell Material 466 You Carrier Can be Relational 467 You Carrier Want to be Relational 468 God Sensor Bless Mental 468 God Sensor Bless Mental Are going to build Material 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z Relational 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 APPENDIX IV Thematic Analysis Line Theme It 11 President Type Topical Roosevelt‘s Four Interpersonal Markedness Unmarked Marked Freedoms 13 His legacy Topical Unmarked 14 One Textual Marked 16 That Topical Unmarked 16 They Topical Unmarked 19 President Roosevelt Interpersonal Marked 25 That Topical Unmarked 26 It Topical Unmarked 26 If Textual Marked 27 And Textual Marked 29 It Topical Unmarked 31 It Topical Unmarked 33 It Topical Unmarked 35 And Textual Marked 36 When Textual Marked 40 When Textual Marked 44 We Topical Unmarked 46 We Topical Unmarked 57 As Textual Marked 58 You Topical Unmarked 59 You Topical Unmarked 59 And Textual Marked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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decades Topical Marked 99 Advances in technology and the Topical Unmarked rise of global trade 103 The final industry and many Topical Unmarked multi-national corporations 108 Our political system Topical Unmarked 109 And Textual Marked 112 Now Topical Marked 115 Our next President Topical Unmarked 116 And Textual Marked 118 At our best Topical Marked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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Unmarked 157 I Topical Unmarked 158 My mother Topical Unmarked 160 Her own parents Textual Marked 161 Years later Topical Marked 168 That Topical Unmarked 169 And Textual Marked 170 That Topical Unmarked 175 I Topical Unmarked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.2237.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.66 176 As a young girl Textual Marked 178 And later Textual Marked 181 My first job out of law school Topical Unmarked 181 I Topical Unmarked 185 As a leader of the Legal Textual Marked Services 186 And Textual Marked 188 In Arkansas Textual Marked 192 As Senator Textual Marked 195 It Topical Unmarked 197 There Topical Unmarked 199 Just weeks ago, Textual Marked 201 She Topical Unmarked 201 But Textual Marked 203 I Topical Unmarked 204 If Textual Marked 205 The first Textual Marked 209 The middle class Topical Unmarked 210 Growth and fairness Topical Unmarked 210 For lasting prosperity Textual Marked 213 I Topical Unmarked 215 But Textual Marked 217 We Topical Unmarked 219 There Topical Unmarked 222 There Topical Unmarked 224 There Topical Unmarked 225 We Topical Unmarked 227 In the coming weeks, Textual Marked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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Topical Unmarked 282 I Topical Unmarked 283 I Topical Unmarked 285 I Topical Unmarked 287 That Topical Unmarked 289 I Topical Unmarked 301 And Textual Marked 303 This Topical Unmarked 308 In America Topical Marked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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Unmarked 353 We Topical Unmarked 356 We Topical Unmarked 358 If Textual Marked 360 I Topical Unmarked 360 That Topical Unmarked 362 I Topical Unmarked 364 What part of democracy Topical Unmarked 365 No matter how Interpersonal Marked 367 Government Topical Unmarked 369 That Topical Unmarked 37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.99 z 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