Rationale
Discourse is a form of socially important interaction and communication The nature of a discourse is determined by the speaker, the listener and the context in which it happens Therefore, the knowledge of how to affect other people with a well – constructed discourse is a very powerful tool to influence people in all the fields in general and political world in particular where one‘s words are the means of communicating visions, ideologies, power relations in society and/or finally making people advocate wholeheartedly or even comply with strict orders
We all know that political speeches, especially speeches delivered by Presidents are highly well – organized discourses Hence, in the light of the recent American presidential election, I find that it is really interesting to place political discourses in the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis Despite the fact that the current situation for women has improved enormously in comparison with the social context from several decades before, and there are a variety of laws that guarantee the well-being of every citizen, especially women and children It cannot be denied that the women in many situations are still considered as inferior to their male counterparts And that is this situation has inspired the interest of many researchers who are ready to devote their time to analyzing the role of women within the traditional and modern society and how gender inequalities influence their public image
Having the same perspective with the previous researchers, the focus of my research will be centered on the story of Hillary Clinton First and foremost, she is an active candidate who has launched her candidacy for the presidency of the United States in the present And another reason for choosing Hillary Clinton‘s speech comes from my own personal interest As far as I can remember, that was my 18 th birthday and it was also my first time in Hanoi After class, I strolled along a street named Trần Quốc Hoàn where lots of old books are on sale on the pavement I came across a book called "Living History" by Hillary Clinton, and this is the first memoir I have ever read that was by the First Lady I read that book and I must admit that I enjoy it so much that I could not put it down Then I decided to buy it as my own birthday present for the age of 18, an unforgettable and fantastic present Living History is her revealing memoir of life through the White House years It is a story of her life, with a little background on her family, and how she came to be where she is now She grew up with a strong Christian belief and has worked tirelessly all her life to help people She worked hard for women and children's rights, health care, better working conditions, and the betterment of her country Intimate, powerful, and inspiring, Living History captures the essence of one of the most remarkable women of our time and the challenging process by which she came to define herself and find her own voice—as a woman and as a formidable figure in American politics
Therefore, through critical discourse analysis, the aim of this paper is firstly to conduct an analysis on appraising Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Launch Speech from
2015 in order to analyze how she characterizes herself as a woman, to discover hidden factors such as gender, ideology, persuasive techniques, pronouns, family models and coordinating conjunctions.
Significance of the study
This research is carried out in the hope to discuss on how ideology is embedded in political discourse by means of language use, specifically focusing on the Hillary
Clinton‘s Campaign Launch Speech from 2015 In a political environment, politicians also use effective and appropriate elements of language to persuade and convince the target listeners
Theoretically, this study provides support to CDA theories, though at a minimum scale From an objective view as linguists when approaching discourses, CDA analysts can find out identity and ideology hidden behind words
Practically, this study may provide me another approach to language teaching and learning: looking at language teaching and learning from CDA viewpoint
Moreover, with the investigation of Hillary Clinton‘s speech, the study is hoped to help English language learners as it is commonly seen that they usually find discourses difficult to fully understand This is mainly due to their failure to interpret the authors‘ underlying assumptions The awareness of the ideological meanings of the discourse will enable the comprehensive understanding of discourses, especially political ones.
Scope of the study
The analysis of Hillary‘s speech is confined to verbal aspects of the speech and the social context in which the speech was delivered Nevertheless, the limitations of the time and the intellectual capacity of author preclude discovering all the available features in the data Only salient points relating to the aims of the thesis are being concerned The study also excludes paralinguistic (intonation, speed, loudness, etc.) and extra – linguistics (body languages such as facial expressions, eye contact, etc.) factors although the author is fully aware of the fact that these ones are very influential in conveying the speaker‘s ideology and identity
This is a pure linguistic study and for academic purpose only I will not express my own political view And this study is not for or against any parties or to change anyone‘s political viewpoint.
Aims and objectives of the study
The study aims to discover the connection between discourse and power as well as to raise the awareness of using CDA as an effective way in social studies Moreover, the study is also expected to contribute to the development of English language education, especially in studying CDA by giving some suggestions for the learners
In order to achieve these above aims, the objectives are specified to:
- Provide a theoretical background of CDA – its concepts, its analysis procedures as well as its role in social scientific research in general and linguistics in particular
- Figure out how ideologies are expressed via linguistics elements of the speech given by Hillary Clinton
In order to achieve the aims and objectives of the investigation, the researcher attempts to give answers to the following questions: a, What are the functions of ideology Hillary Clinton expressed in the speech? b, How are they realized linguistically?
CDA as an approach will be applied in the speech analysis to uncover hidden power/struggle and ideology The three stages of CDA given by Norman Fairclough
(2001) will be used To put it more specifically, following are three stages involving in the analysis
Description: A general textual description of the speech is made in terms of lexis and syntax in order to uncover ideologies in Hillary‘s discourse
Interpretation: is concerned with the relationship between the text and interaction – with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as a resource in the process of interpretation
Explanation: The speech is placed in social context to see how it is determined by social structures and what productive effects it has on those structures vice versa.
Design of the study
The thesis consists of these following parts:
Part A: Introduction: This part presents the rationale, significance, scope, aims and objectives, methodology and design of the study
Part B: Development: This is the main partand it consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical Background and Literature Review: This chapter gives an overview of CDA – definition, its principal approaches and a review of previous studies is carried out and the theoretical background is provided
Chapter 2: ―Data analysis and Discussions‖: This chapter presents the analysis of the address in three stages: description, interpretation and explanation
Part C: Conclusion: This part summarizes the main findings of the study, gives important conclusions and implications It also presents some limitations and offers some suggestions for further research.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Hillary Clinton‘s background
Hillary Clinton was born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois, the United States going on to earn her law degree from Yale University She married a fellow law school graduate Bill Clinton in 1975 She later served as the First Lady from
1993 to 2001 when her husband was elected as the United States president in the elections of 1992 Since then, she has had an active career in the political life until now In 2000, she was elected as senator of New York, becoming the only first lady of the United States who sought elective office from 2001 to 2009 In early 2007, Clinton announced her plans to run for the presidency During the 2008 Democratic primaries, she conceded the nomination when it became apparent that Barack Obama held a majority of the delegate vote After winning the national election, Obama appointed Clinton secretary of state She was sworn in as part of his cabinet in January 2009 and served until 2013 In the spring of 2015, she announced her plans to run again for the U.S presidency In 2016, she became the first woman in U.S history to become the presidential nominee of a major political party After a polarizing campaign against GOP (Grand Old Party) candidate Donald Trump, Clinton was defeated in the general election that November.
An overview of CDA
CDA was first known as Critical Linguistics (CL), which as developed by a group of linguists and literary theorists at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s
(Fowler et al., 1979) Their approach was based on Halliday‘s Systemic Functional
Linguistics (SFL) They tried to marry a method of linguistic text analysis with a social theory of the functioning of language in political and ideological processes
The paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis is not homogeneous The British variety, represented by such figures as Gunther Kress, Robert Hodge, Roger
Fowler, Norman Fairclough and Theo van Leeuwen have drawn upon Foucault‘s theory of discourse and, in its linguistic dimension, is closely associated with the systemic linguistic theory formulated by William Firth and M.A.K Halliday
The cognitive-oriented approach of Dutch Critical Discourse Analysis exemplified by the work of Teun van Dijk, has used triadic model to show how personal and social cognition mediates between social structures and discourse structures
German CDA, as practiced by Utz Maas, Siegfried Jager and Jurgen Link, has been influenced even more strongly by Foucault‘s concept of discourse than has the British
CDA concentrates on authentic everyday communication in media, political or other locations rather than in sentences or texts constructed in linguistic minds
CDA regards both spoken and written discourse as a form of social practice
(Fairclough and Wodak, 1997) It assumes a relationship between discursive acts and the situations, institutions and social structures in which they are embedded
The situational, institutional and social contexts shape and affect discourse, and in turn, discourses influence social and political reality In other words, discourse constitutes social practice and it is at the same time constituted by it
1.2.2 What is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)?
By the 1990s, the terminology Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) came into existence and rapidly emerged as ―a distinct theory of language, a radically different kind of linguistics‖ (Kress, 1990, quoted in Wodak & Meyer, 2001, p.5) The terms CL and
CDA are sometimes interchangeably utilized by some linguists until nowadays
According to Leeuween (1993), CDA is, or should be concerned with discourse as the instrument of power and control as well as with discourse as the instrument of the social construction of reality
In Van Dijk (1998a)‘s point of view, CDA is a field that is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias It examines how these discursive sources are maintained and reproduced within specific social, political and historical contexts
Fairclough (2001:229) defines that CDA aims to show non – obvious ways in which language is involved in social relations of power and domination
From these above statements, it can be easily seen that CDA is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.
Key concepts in CDA
Ideology is an important feature of CDA The notion of ―ideology‖ was first invented by a French philosopher Destutt de Tracy at the end of the 18th century:
―Ideology was nothing less than a general "science of ideas" (the study of "how we think, speak and argue…"), something what today would be called psychology or even 'cognitive science‘
According to Thompson (1990:12), ―ideology refers to social forms and processes within which, and by means of which, symbolic forms circulate in the social world Ideology is an important aspect of establishing and maintaining unequal power relation.‖
For Thompson, the study of ideology is the study of the way in which meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds This study also investigates the social contexts within which symbolic forms are used and not used
―A dominant ideology typically owes its success not to brute power and conscious imposition, but to the ability to convince people that it is not in fact a matter of ideology at all, but simply natural, ‗the way things are‘ We refer to this process as
‗naturalization‘ This use of the term ‗naturalization‘ does not necessarily refer to biological naturalness, but to people‘s sense of what needs no explanation‖ (Eckert
We will always have a set of values, beliefs and feelings that guide our behavior, determining how we think, feel and act These may change over time and we will probably be aware of changes we have gone through in our own life But in losing one ideology we replace it with another This is not a bad or good thing but it is just the way things are We may think that some ideology is better than others but it is simply used to describe the state we live in
Power is a fundamental feature of CDA studies Being distinguished from other linguistic analysis, CDA seeks to uncover and understand power relationships in the society through an examination of language, which is closely entwined in social power and power is a central condition of social life (Wodak, 2007c)
According to Fairclough (2001), ideologies are closely linked to power because the nature of ideological assumptions embedded in particular conventions, and the nature of those conventions themselves, depend on the power relations which underlie the conventions Moreover, ideologies are closely linked to language, because using language is the commonest form of social behavior where we rely most on ‗common sense‘ assumptions
For CDA, language is not powerful on its own – it gains power by the use of powerful make of it Wodak explains why CDA often chooses the perspective of those who suffer and critically analyses the language use of those in power, those who are responsible for the existence of inequalities and who also have the means and the opportunity to improve conditions.
Three principal approaches to CDA
In spite of the fact that all the approaches to CDA present the concepts of ideology, critique, and power, they still differ in terms of theoretical foundations and the tools they use to analyze discourse In addition, they emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of CDA and show the dialectic relationship between language, culture, society, and politics
1.4.1 The socio – cognitive approach by Teun van Dijk
Teun Van Dijk is one of the leading figures and pioneers of study and research in domain of CDA Most of his critical works are concerned with prejudice and racism in discourse As early as the 1980s, Teun van Dijk started to apply his discourse analysis theory to texts mainly focusing not only on what he called structural analysis (including the grammatical, phonological, morphological and semantic level but also the ―higher level properties‖ such as coherence, overall themes and topics of news stories and the whole schematic forms and rhetorical dimensions of texts), but also on the production processes (the influence of journalistic and institutional practices as well as of economic and social practices on the creation of the media discourse) and on the reception processes (the comprehension,
―memorization and reproduction‖ of news information)
The innovative aspect of van Dijk‘s approach lies especially in the interest taken in sociocognition, i.e social cognition (―the system of mental representations and processes of group members‖) and personal cognition (indirectly influenced by ideologies as mental representations in the act of comprehension of discourse among other actions and interactions) On that basis, Van Dijk (1998b, pp.61-63) suggests a procedure in making CDA including five main steps:
1 Examining the context of the discourse: historical, political or social background of a conflict and its main participants
2 Analyzing groups, power relations and conflicts involved
3 Identifying positive and negative opinions about Us versus Them
4 Making explicit the presupposed and the implied
5 Examining all formal structure: lexical choice and syntactic structure, in a way that helps to (de)emphasize polarized group opinions
1.4.2 The discourse – historical approach by Ruth Wodak
Ruth Wodak and his colleagues at Vienna University have chosen to work within the sociological model for their CDA studies This model is based upon Bernstein‘s tradition in sociolinguistics and Frankfurt School, especially Jurgen Habermas The distinctive feature of this approach is that it attempts to use all the background information in analyzing different layers of a spoken or written text
Wodak (2001b: PP 69-70) has put forward some features for the historical approach to CDA as follows: i This approach is interdisciplinary Like other critical linguists, Wodak acknowledges the intricacy of the relationship between language and society As a result he believes that CDA is interdisciplinary in nature ii This interdisciplinary nature could be seen both in theory and practice She combines argumentation theory and rhetoric with Halliday‘s Functional Linguistics iii This approach is problem-oriented rather than emphasizing some special language issues iv Methodology and theory are chosen through eclecticism v In this approach the analyst is always on the move between theory and empirical data vi Historical context will go under investigation and will be incorporated into the analysis of discourse and texts
1.4.3 The dialectical - relational approach by Norman Fairclough
Fairclough is considered to have the most significant contribution to the field of
CDA His model may be the core section of the entire field of CDA, because he was the first to create a theoretical framework, which provided guidelines for future
Fairclough believes that our language, which shapes our social identities and interactions, knowledge systems, and beliefs is also shaped by them in turn Like Kress and Van Leeuwen, he bases his analyses on Halliday‘s systemic-functional grammar
Norman Fairclough in his book Language and Power (2001) provides a more detailed and clearer method In his opinion, ―The systemic-functional theory of language is particularly helpful in textual analysis (Halliday 1978; 1985; Hodge and
Kress 1988; Thibault 1991), both because its approach to studying grammar and other aspects of language form is a functional one, and because it is systematically orientated to studying the relationship between the texture of texts and their social contexts‖ and ―Systemic-functional linguistics also has a view of texts which is a potentially powerful basis not only for analysis of what is in texts, but also for analysis of what is absent or omitted from texts.‖ (Fairclough, Linguistic and intertextual analysis within discourse analysis, 1992) As a result, Fairclough suggests first of all structural analysis of the context, and secondly interactional analysis, which focuses on linguistic features such as: agents, time, tense, modality, and syntax More concretely, he sets out three stages of CDA as follows
Three stages of CDA are description, interpretation and explanation Description is the stage which is concerned with the formal properties of the text Interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction – with seeing the text as a product of a process of production, and as a resource in the process of interpretation And explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context – with the social determination of the processes of production and interpretation, and their social effects Fairclough (2001: 21-2)
In the first stage, ten main questions and a number of sub-questions introduced by Fairclough could be useful when analyzing a text in terms of formal features This is not intended as an exhaustive or all-encompassing list, but is a suggested list of possible directions or areas that could be investigated The ten questions are divided into three main groups including: vocabulary, grammar and textual structures followed by sub – questions (See Appendix I)
Values of textual features only become realized when they are put in social interaction In other words, texts are produced and interpreted against the background of common-sense assumptions (part of members‘ resources - MR)
Here, the second stage interpretation is needed to deal with these discourse processes and their dependence on background assumptions A summary of interpretative procedures are shown in Figure 1
Explanation is the third stage in CDA According to Fairclough, the objective of this stage is to portray a discourse as part of a social process, as a social practice It tries to show how discourses are determined by social structures, and what reproductive effects discourses can have on those structures, sustaining them or changing them These social determinations and effects are mediated by MR: that is social structures shape MR while MR in turn shape discourses; and discourses sustain or change MR, which in turn sustain or change structures These processes can be summarized in Figure 2
Review of previous studies
There are a variety of perspectives and studies on CDA regarding political speeches in general and the position of women in society in particular These topics have been becoming a matter of main interest in doing researches
For example, a Chinese researcher, Junling Wang (2010) used M.A.K Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Grammar in ―A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama‘s Speeches‖ in terms of three meta-functions: ideational functions, interpersonal function and textual function in order to find out the relationship among language, ideology and power and how Obama used language features to persuade the public to support him in presidential campaign
Cooray (2012) examined the influence of women‗s suffrage and democracy on gender equality in education in a sample of 80 countries, covering Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and Eastern Europe The findings revealed countries with a longer duration of suffrage tend on average to perform better in terms of gender equality in education In general, results from studies present a fact that women even in the past or in recent years, are still under discrimination and gender in equality need right solutions
The third previous research ―American Political Discourse as Manifested in Hillary Clinton's Interviews: A Critical Approach‖ by Doha Mahmoud Abdel-Moety (2014) concerned with American political discourse of interview genre The study attempts an analysis of a number of TV interviews with the former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton It adopts a critical discourse analysis approach that draws on work from different disciplines, namely, genre theory, systemic functional grammar, and critical discourse analysis The study aims at achieving a number of goals First, it attempts to explore some characteristics of American interview genre Second, it aims at depicting features of Clinton's political discourse Third, it tries to unravel the use of power through language Fourth, it aims at exploring the hidden strategies that are involved in conveying ideological messages
Generally, after review the previous researches, the difference of this research is mostly on the purposes of the research The aim of this research is to figure out the ideologies that Hillary Clinton used in her speech and how these ideologies were expressed via linguistics elements of the speech given by Clinton Although Junling
Wang‘s research also aims to find out the ideology but the theory is different
Junling Wang applied Halliday‘s theory, meanwhile the theory used in this research was developed by Norman Fairclough.
Five common features among the approaches
Among the different approaches to CDA, five common features can be identified It is these that make it possible to categorize the approaches as belonging to the same movement The following account is drawn on Fairclough and Woodak‘s overview
(1997: 271ff.) i The Character of Social and Cultural Processes and Structures is Partly Linguistic
Discursive practices – through which texts are produced (created) and consumed
(received and interpreted) – are viewed as an important form of social practice which contributes to the constitution of the social world including social identities and social relations It is partly through discursive practices in everyday life
(processes of text production and consumption) that social and cultural reproduction and change take place ii Discourse is Both Constitutive and Constituted
For critical discourse analysts, discourse is a form of social practice which both constitutes the social world and is constituted by other social practices As social practice, discourse is in a dialectical relationship with other social dimensions It does not just contribute to the shaping and reshaping of social structures but also reflects them iii Language use should be Empirically Analyzed within its Social Context
Critical discourse analysis engages in concrete, linguistic textual analysis of language use in social interaction iv Discourse Functions Ideologically
In critical discourse analysis, it is claimed that discursive practices contribute to the creation and reproduction of unequal power relations between social groups – for example, between social classes, women and men, ethnic minorities and the majority These effects are understood as ideological effects v Critical Research Critical discourse analysis does not, therefore, understand itself as politically neutral (as objectivist social science does), but as a critical approach which is politically committed to social change In the name of emancipation, critical discourse analytical approaches take the side of oppressed social groups.
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) in CDA
As Fairclough‘s model is chosen as basis for my study, his method and analyzing procedure have been presented in detail Besides Fairclough‘s model, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is also taken into account and the following part is a brief look at SFL and the reason why and how it is used in CDA
Systemic functional grammar (SFG) or systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a model of grammar that was developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s It is part of a broad social semiotic approach to language called systemic linguistics The term
"systemic" refers to the view of language as "a network of systems, or interrelated sets of options for making meaning" The term "functional" indicates that the approach is concerned with meaning, as opposed to formal grammar, which focuses on word classes such as nouns and verbs, typically without reference beyond the individual clause
It now can be seen that both CDA and SFL approach functionally to textual analysis through studying grammar and other aspects of language form, and they are systematically orientated to studying the relationship between the texture of texts and their social contexts This also explains why SFL is of great help in doing CDA
According to Halliday (1985), language simultaneously conveys three kinds of meanings: ideational or experiential, interpersonal and textual The following quotation illustrates the relationship among these meanings or metafunctions:
―… the fundamental components of meaning in language are functional components
All languages are organized around two main kinds of meaning, the ―ideational‖ or reflective, and the ―interpersonal‖ or active These components, called ―manifestation in the terminology of the present theory, are the manifestations in the linguistic system of the two very general purposes which underlie all uses of language: (i) to understand the environment (ideational), and (ii) to act on the others in it
(interpersonal) Combined with these is a third metafunctional component, the
―textual‖, which breathes relevance into the other two‖ (Halliday, 1985)
In SFL, lexicogrammar is seen as functional grounded, shaped by the social functions it serves, and in particular built around the intersection of the
Correspondingly to these three macrofunctions are three major networks of grammatical system which are transitivity, mood and modality, and information – including theme – rheme and given-new The unit for analyzing the meanings at the lexico - grammatical level is clause
The Experiential meaning is realized through the Transitivity system (or the system of process type) The Experiential meaning is the means of representing reality in the linguistic system It answers the question ―What‘s going on?‖ And the language has the function to express the experiential aspect of meaning through the system of transitivity This system consists of different process types, participants and circumstances In English, six process types are recognized: material process, behavior process, mental process, verbal process, relational process, and existential process:
Actor, Goal, Recipient The mayor dissolved the committee
The boy loved the girl
You can imagine his reaction
I explained to her what it meant
Existential: ‗existing‘ Existent Maybe there’s some other darker pattern
Table 1: Overview of process type (Halliday, 1994:143)
The Interpersonal Meaning is realized through the Mood Structure Through Interpersonal meaning, we answer the question ―How do we use language to exchange?‖ Besides Mood structure, Thompson (1996) offers kinds of areas to be explored in the analysis of Interpersonal meaning in text and these areas seem useful in my textual analysis
Figure 3: Aspects of interpersonal management (Thompson, 1996:69)
In terms of Textual meaning, thematic structure is under investigation The textual meaning deals with creating relevance between parts of what is being said and between the text and the context It asks ―How the content of the text organized?‖
Lexico - grammatically, it is expressed through the system of theme and information focus Relevant to the realization of the system of theme are two elements: the Theme and the Rheme The Theme serves as the point of departure of the message, which in
English is initial elements of the clause; and the Rheme is the remainder of the message By analyzing the thematic structure of the clauses in a text we can find out the text‘s mode of development, i.e how speakers construct their messages in a way which makes them smoothly fit into the unfolding language event
A theme is single when the thematic element itself is presented by just one constituent – a nominal group, an adverbial group, or a prepositional phrase, or even a clause in the case of predicated theme Meanwhile, the theme is multiple when it has further internal structure of its own The following is the summary of components of multiple theme
Metafunction Components of theme Example
Topical elements (participant, circumstances, process)
Actor / Agent, Goal / Medium, Circumstance in the clause Textual theme
Continuative elements Structural elements (conjunction or WH- relative)
Table 2: Components of a multiple theme (adapted from Halliday, 1994:54)
Example: please doctor don’t give me any more of that nasty medicine modal vocative finite topical
Theme may be marked or unmarked An unmarked theme is one that is usual or typical, whereas a marked theme is one that is unusual Unmarked theme choice can be understood by considering the communicative purpose Thus, in the declarative clause, an unmarked theme is one that conflates with the subject, while a marked theme is a constituent functioning as some element of the Residue: Complement, Adjunct or even Predicator Similarly, in non-declarative clauses, a marked theme choice in a WH-question is when the WH-word or group does not come in first position, and more commonly in imperative clauses with the use of ‗you‘
The above-mentioned functions of language have been proved to be useful in many discourse analyses In addition, there is one aspect that I found of particular importance to my analysis of the text It is the macrostructure of text In Halliday ‗s viewpoint, the macrostructure represents relations between blocks of sentences and the global organization of texts, while the microstructure represents the relations between sequences in actual text The macrostructure of a text can be understood as the construction of global organizational patterns As communicative purpose plays an important role in determining the macrostructure for writers/ speakers, when doing CDA, one cannot ignore mentioning how ideology is revealed in the writer/ speaker‘s choice of the text‘s overall scheme.
Chapter summary
This chapter has discussed various approaches to understanding political discourse and attempted to show how it relates to ideology The principles of SFL were discussed in relation to their realization of patterns in the representation of processes and participants These principles provided a foundation for a discussion and the specific ways in which ideology is constructed The next chapter will present the data set to be analyzed.
METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Research questions restated
As presented previously, the study seeks the answer to the following research questions:
1 What functions of ideology did Hillary Clinton express in the speech?
2 How are they realized linguistically?
The data in the study tend to be discussed from the viewpoint of CDA framework given by Fairclough (2001) with three stages of analysis: Description, Interpretation and Explanation
The three-stage practical framework of CDA given by Norman Fairclough (2001) will be employed The three stages include description, interpretation, and explanation However, it is notable that not all the questions suggested by
Fairclough are covered in this study Only the outstanding features of the speech are focused on in order to enlighten the assertion of ideology and power
In the first step, a general textual description of the speech is made in terms of lexis and syntax in order to uncover ideologies in Hillary‘s discourse
In the next step, questions relating to situational context will be discussed to find out the ideologies and power embedded in the text
Finally, in the last step, explanation, the text is portrayed as part of social process
All three steps of Fairclough‘s framework are followed Three stages are intertwined instead of being given separately.
Data of the study
The data of the study is the underlying power and ideologies embedded in Hillary Clinton‘s launch campaign speech in 2015
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton held the first major event in her campaign for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination at a rally in which she outlined why she was making a second run for the presidency At the rally held in Franklin
D Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park on Roosevelt Island in New York City she laid out a theme of ―four fights‖ involving the economy, families, increased opportunities, and democracy She talked about her upbringing and ideals, and topics including the divide between the rich and poor, the need to strengthen middle class families, and the foreign policy challenges the country faces She was joined onstage by her husband and daughter at the end of her speech
This study tends to focus on the critical analysis of the speech to uncover intentions and ideology embedded.
Analysis procedure of the study
The study is attached to CDA approach and is carried out following some basic stages:
The first stage taken during the whole course of the research is to conduct a literature review in order to gain and present an understanding of the issues relevant to the research topic A host of reference books, materials, studies and articles related to the field of CDA and the theme of the thesis will be collected, read, classified and interpreted
In the second stage, the two speeches on women delivered by Hillary Clinton and needed information concerning the aspects introduced will be collected The selected data are thoroughly examined by appropriate analytical tools
Last but not least, a careful analysis and a thoughtful investigation are made to unravel the underlying ideology and to cover the hidden meanings intended in the speech.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON‟S SPEECH
Functions of Hillary Clinton‘s underlying ideology in the speech
When analyzing the vocabulary of a text, an indication of a text being influenced by a certain ideology can be found It is impossible to clarify which ideology is used in every single sentence, but the analysis of context can capture discourse structures that have implications for ideology
3.1.1 Ideology as a weapon of positive self-representation of “us” and negative other representation of “them”
According to van Dijk (1998:125), people ―engage in intergroup discourse for reasons of self-presentation, self-defense, legitimation, persuasion, recruiting, and so on.‖ Therefore, discourse is a platform for processes that help to create and sustain groups as well as intergroup relations Often times, intergroup discourse is polarized between Us versus Them dichotomy Van Dijk (1998:267) presents a four-dimensional classification that characterizes ideological intergroup discourse
The ideological square is reproduced below:
A Emphasizes positive things about us;
B Emphasizes negative things about them;
C De-emphasizes negative things about us; and
D De-emphasizes positive things about them
The ideological square is one of the principal concepts in van Dijk‘s framework
The central tenet of the ideological square is expressed in terms of emphasizing the positive actions of what a writer considers the in-group and deemphasizing its negative actions while, on the other hand, deemphasizing the positive actions of the out-group, and emphasizing its negative actions
The extracts below represent the ideology of positive self- representation of ―us‖ and negative other representation of ―them‖ The political candidate tends to present herself and her group in positive terms and other groups in negative terms
―When President Clinton honored the bargain, we had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we all grew together, with the bottom 20 percent of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 percent.‖ [line 36 – 39]
When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of
Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people, and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash.‖
This is a typical example of positive representation of ―us‖, ―self‖ or ―in – group‖
Hillary Clinton considers her party – Democrats in the positive light The speaker represents her party ―We‖ as good Through the exploitation of lexical items with positive expressive value like: ―longest peacetime expansion‖, ―balanced budget‖,
―increase incomes‖, ―‖pulled back from the brink of Depression‖, ―saved the auto industry‖, ―provided health care‖, ―replaced jobs‖, the speaker emphasizes certain meaning, controls comprehension and influences her audience‘s opinions and attitudes
Ideology of positive self – presentation of ―us‖ is also utilized in the tracts below:
―We’re still working our way back from a crisis that happened because time-tested values were replaced by false promises [line 46 – 47]
Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else.‖ [line 48 – 50]
―As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning [line 57]
… So we’re standing again But, we all know we’re not yet running the way America should.‖ [line 62 – 63]
The speaker, through illustration strategy projects the good things of her party and indicates the bad things of the other The subject pronoun ―we‖ plays a significant role in this context to bring both the candidate and the audience in the sense of common destiny together
Extract below is another typical example where opponents are represented in the negative light by the speaker The purpose of this information- giving strategy is to make the audience reject her opponent and accept her perspectives
―These Republicans trip over themselves promising lower taxes for the wealthy and fewer rules for the biggest corporations without regard for how that will make income inequality even worse [line 129 – 131]
They pledge to wipe out tough rules on Wall Street, rather than rein in the banks that are still too risky, courting future failures In a case that can only be considered mass amnesia [line 136 – 138]
They want to take away health insurance from more than 16 million Americans without offering any credible alternative [line 139 – 140]
They shame and blame women, rather than respect our right to make our own reproductive health decisions [line 141 – 142]
They want to put immigrants, who work hard and pay taxes, at risk of deportation
And they turn their backs on gay people who love each other [line 143 – 144]
Fundamentally, they reject what it takes to build an inclusive economy It takes an inclusive society What I once called ―a village‖ that has a place for everyone.‖
The use of lexical items with negative expressive value such as ―income inequality‖, ―risky‖, ―mass amnesia‖, ―take away health insurance‖, ―shame‖,
―blame women‖, ―risk of deportation‖, ―reject‖ is deployed to deface the image of her opponent Clinton uses the metaphor ―turn their backs‖ to emphasize the disregard of Republicans about the concerning matter in America
The speaker suggests that the other party – Republicans is powerless, inferior while she and her party - Democrats should be seen as everybody‘s choice and the only one that can deliver the goods as promised for every single American
3.1.2 Ideology as a weapon of persuasion
In the extracts that follow, the speaker deploys ideology as a weapon of persuasion and pleads to get the audience to accept her and her party and to reject others and their parties
Hillary Clinton speech is opened by highly praising Roosevelt:
―You know, President Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation’s unmatched aspiration and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad
His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed‖ [line 11 – 14]
Textual description and Analysis
According to Van Dijk (2001), the ideological semantics underlying lexical selection, to a certain extent, follow a clear strategic pattern that, in general, ‗in – groups‘ and their members, as well as friends, allies or supporters, tend to be described in positive terms, whereas, ‗out – groups‘, enemies or opponents are described in negative terms
It is obvious that a discourse of giving a speech involves a speaker and the audience The speaker in the text is Hillary Clinton, the only woman in the
Democrat nomination who was running for presidency in the election on 8 th
November 2016 She launched her campaign for the first time on June 13 th 2015, which was established as the starting point of the data gathered for the present research It is sufficient to say the targeted audience of the text is all the American people Therefore, the ‗us – groups‘ includes ‗America‘, ‗the American people‘,
‗Democrats‘ and ―We‖ In Hillary Clinton‘s wording, this group is described as ‗a strong and prosperous America‘
Line Lexical items Line Lexical items
Security Privilege, liberties Wider, constantly, rising Longest, peacetime Expansion, balanced Grew
New beginning Energy superpower Success
Power, smart Leadership, peace, security, prosperity Grateful
Progress Tolerant, generous compassionate, better, stronger prosperous, talent, hard work, ingenuity
Table 3: Lexical items for „in – groups‟ and positive terms
While a lot of efforts are placed into creating a positive image of the ‗us – group‘, attention is also paid to the ‗other‘, ‗they‘ or ‗Republicans‘
Line Lexical items Line Lexical items
Debt, twice cut taxes Borrow, war
Drop, end up Displaced jobs, undercut wages Same old song
Yesterday Troubles Inequality, worse Climate change, threats Tough rules, rein
Risky, failures Mass amnesia Shame, blame women Risk
Deportation Turn their backs on gay people
Table 4: Lexical items for „out – groups‟ and negative terms
In her speech, Hillary Clinton highlighted the perspective that America is a great country which needs to break the barriers, be united and become a better place for everyone By using her speeches, Hillary hopes to encourage American people to believe in her campaign Hillary constantly refers to American as the nation that need to be ‗united‘ and ―we‖ can take action for its unity and prosperous
―America can’t succeed unless you succeed That’s why I am running for President of the United States.‖ [line 79]
With this, Hillary does not only give hope to the Americans but also arouse them to take their responsibility for the changes, and voting is one of the most important things they need to accomplish Then she emphasizes that America‘s success intimately relates to the reason why she is running for President of the country
From that, she describes herself as the solution for the United States‘ problems
Although we all know that all politicians use the same rhetoric techniques to persuade people voting for them, this still asserts that Hillary share the common perspectives with other male politicians and especially constitutes the equal relations in term of politics
In addition, Hillary also wants to characterize herself by referring to her experience before She mentions her own contributions in the political history of the United
States since her early years and how she confronted with many different obstacles since her first job for the Children‘s Defense Fund, then the leader of the Legal
Services Corporation and as Senator With this, she both reaffirms her public image as an experienced candidate and breaks the gender stereotypes
My first job out of law school was for the Children’s Defense Fund… [line 181]
As a leader of the Legal Services Corporation… [line 185]
In Arkansas, I supervised law students [line 188]
Furthermore, she succeeds in mentioning her identity as a woman She constantly emphasizes the fact that she is close to be ―the first woman president in the history of the United States‖
Well, I may not be the youngest candidate in this race But I will be the youngest woman President in the history of the United States! [line 420, 421]
She also describes in her speech how she becomes the source of inspiration for girls whose fathers take her as an example to prove their daughters that they ―can be anything‖ they want
An America where a father can tell his daughter: yes, you can be anything you want to be Even President of the United States [line 466, 467]
In summary, by using a wide range of sources and descriptions in the speeches,
Hillary Clinton wants to reinforce her public image as a valuable candidate She describes herself as being equal as other remarkable male politicians In addition, she stresses her long experience within politics and she covers different issues in her speech, from family, childcare and welfare to military, economic and environment issues
3.2.2.1 The use of personal pronouns
In the discussion of relational values of grammatical features, Fairclough (2001) mentions the use of pronouns ―we‖ and ―I‖ as one of the keys to uncover ideology and power
First, a quantitative analysis was carried out in order to figure out the difference in use rate of ―I‖ and ―we‖ employed by Hillary Clinton in the speech (See table below)
Table 5: Frequency of personal pronouns
On the one hand, according to Walsh (2001) it is important to mention the two uses of the pronoun ―we‖ These two uses are inclusive and exclusive While the exclusive ―we‖ can lead to an impersonal and/or authoritative address, the inclusive
―we‖ presupposes common ground between text producers and assumed readers/listener
In this speech, most of the sentences that Hillary Clinton uses the pronoun ―we‖ are inclusive connotation because she wants to emphasize the unity of nation, all the Americans have the responsibility for constructing a better place for everyone
Besides, she wants to encourage the listeners to participate in her action struggling with the urgent problems such as ISIS, the economic crisis
It can be easily seen that the use of the pronoun ―we‖ in comparison with the pronoun ―I‖ is almost equal Hillary tends to use the pronoun ―I‖ for her own personal descriptions such as her perspectives, her beliefs and her experience as a politician
It is said that the use of voice also contributes to the expression of the speaker‘s ideology when delivering the speech
In the speech, the speaker stays persistently faithful with the active voice In the text, 19 out of 299 sentences are passive ones, which makes up 6.4 % while 280 sentences are active ones accounting for 93.6% The high percentage of active sentences makes it easier for the speaker to access the audience and express his ideology By using this technique, most agents are clearly presented This helps the speaker bring clarity to what she wants to deliver, thus misunderstanding and ambiguity are limited for the audience For example, she favors the active voice to blame Republicans for their severe mistakes:
They pledge to wipe out tough rules on Wall Street… [line 136]
They want to take away health insurance from more than 16 million Americans without offering any credible alternative [line 139]
They shame and blame women, rather than respect our right … [line 141]
They want to put immigrants, who work hard and pay taxes, … [line 143]
And they turn their backs on gay people who love each other [line 145]
Especially, with the frequent use of active voice in combination with the employment of pronoun ―we‖ and modal verbs, Hillary points out who should take the responsibility of making the United States stronger and more prosperous in every single field:
We can win these four fights [line 400]
We can build an economy where hard work is reward [line 401]
We can strengthen our families [line 402]
We can defend our country and increase our opportunities all over the world
And we can renew the promise of our democracy [line 405]
All the three kinds of modes suggested by Fairclough (2001) respectively declarative, grammatical questions and imperative are found in the text, which differently contributed to the ideology expression Among 266 sentences, 251 sentences have declarative mode, 7 sentences are imperative, and 8 sentences are questions
Table 6: Summary of modes of the sentences
It can be easily seen that the speaker focuses on giving information as declarative sentences are mainly used in the speech Hillary Clinton takes on the subject position as a giver of information and the audience‘s position is that of a receiver In this case, Hillary‘s purpose of informing the American people about her presidential campaign is shown clearly She intends to tell them about the history of her life, the difficulties that the nation is facing, the great achievements she attains and the solutions she supposes By doing so, she tries to convince them to vote for her in this presidential campaign
Interpretation of the relationship between the productive and interpretative processes53
Chouliaraki, L and Fairclough, N (1999:67) state, ―Despite the fact that ideology resides in the text, we cannot ―read off‖ ideologies from text because what we want to get from the text is based on the interpretation and the interpretation is also diverse depending on the position of the interpreter‖ That is why this part will help readers to uncover the ideology of the speaker when delivering the speech
In term of situational context, the following questions are taken into consideration:
―What‘s going on?‖, ―Who‘s involved?‖, ―What relationships are at issue?‖ and
―What‘s the role of language in what‘s going on?‖
With regard to ―what‘s going on?‖, the activity type is a televised speech presented to the American public The speech emphasizes the idea of America as a nation in which needs to be united to make the country great for everyone By using her own speeches, Hillary Clinton wants to give her wishes to the American people in particular and the whole country in general, arouses them to believe in her presidential campaign
The question ―who‘s involved?‖ concerns with subject positions of the discourse In this case, Democratic presidential candidate, former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks in front of more than 5,500 including American people and supporters on a bright June morning, 2015, on Roosevelt Island in New York City, in a speech promoted as her formal presidential campaign debut
Hillary Clinton is the main speaker while her speech is to American of all social identities Therefore, it is hard to determine whether the audience interprets the speech in the same way as what is meant by the speaker However, the main purpose of Clinton‘s speech is to give hope to people that a bright future has yet to come and their country will be better and better if she becomes the 45th President of the United States
What‟s the role of language?
Language has been used in an instrumental way to give information, direct actions, convey feelings, persuade people, and call for cooperation In other words, if the speech is seen as a speech act, it has various characteristics including informative, directive, expressive and commissive as well.
Explanation of the relationship between discourse and social processes
According to Fairclough (2001:135): ―The objective of the stage of explanation is to portray a discourse as part of social process, as a social practice, showing how it is determined by social structures, and what reproductive effects discourses can cumulatively have on those structures, sustaining them or changing them‖
In term of the institutional level, it can be said that this discourse is ideologically determinative with respect to social relationship in so far as it affects the image and the voice of the candidate and it also emphasizes the powerful status of
Hillary Clinton in the presidential campaign with her opponents Furthermore, the audience‘s ideology is remarkably affected by the speech They may change their thought and prejudice, turn their hatred and suspicion to completely support the candidate Therefore, it is believed that the discourse contributes to institutional struggles
In term of the societal level, we look at the relationship between discourses and social structures Discourses are not only determined by social structures, but it also has effects on social structures and contributes to the achievement of social change
The social relationship in the discourse is the one between the political leader
(Hillary Clinton) and the public (the American people) In this relation, she plays a role as a controlling and authoritative member To the public, her positive identity can be built from her concern about nation‘s honor and interests, the hottest problems all over the country, especially the women and children‘s rights She has created a narrative of herself as a strong, righteous and embracing leader, who is willing and able to protect and serve her country Thus, she partly succeeds in persuading the voters of supporting her in this campaign.
Chapter summary
This section has discussed the analysis of Hillary Clinton‘s speech throughout her quest to become the next president of the United States At the heart of Clinton‘s speech lies the perception of power and the world is organized through its representation The next chapter will provide a summary of the results before discussing limitations of this study Finally, it will conclude with suggestions for future research
This chapter presents a summary of the results This is followed by a discussion of the contributions and limitations of this study and conclude with suggestions for future research.
Summary of findings
The study employs the CDA framework suggested by Fairclough (2001) with three main stages: Description, Interpretation and Explanation The Campaign Launch
Speech by Hillary Clinton in 2015 has been chosen for analysis The discourse of this speech was a fertile soil for Hillary Clinton to present her power and ideologies
Through a thorough analysis based on the concerned theoretical background, the relationship between power, ideology and language has been revealed
The research has confirmed the assumption that the language campaign is able to construct visions and imaginaries which can change reality and construe them ideologically This study is not merely concerned with the linguistic analysis or general discourse analysis of the text but explores deeper into the discursive strategies for the relations between language and power Power as well as dominance is accomplished through imperatives and the use of pronominal selection which enable the speaker to impose her views on others The research is designed to project different ideological strategies as weapons of persuasion and negotiation, positive self – representation and negative other representation and of course, a strong weapon of personality profiling
In term of vocabulary, the discourse has a clear classification presented by the speaker‘s knowledge about achievements, contributions as well as challenges to their country and the speaker‘s efforts to protect the prosperity of the country and the rights of every single American The lexical choice reveals Clinton‘s advocacy for equal rights, plans and opportunities for their country‘s development and disapproval of her opponents‘ policies
The speaker‘s power and ideologies are also encoded by the use if grammatical features, including the use of pronouns ―I‖ and ―we‖ as well as the use of voice
With the use of pronoun ―I‖, Clinton wants to emphasize that she can understand the problems and difficulties that the United States and all the Americans are encountering
Since then, she shows her competency and self – confidence As being a political leader, she also expresses her awareness and enthusiasm to deal with problems in her country Besides, by using pronoun ―we‖, she wants to actuate the solidarity among the American people and gender equality for people, especially for women
The high percentage of material process in transitivity and topical theme serve the speaker‘s aim of describing actions and events and creating reliability
Likewise, macro - structures play an important role in exhibiting power and ideologies the speaker embedded in the discourse The development of the discourse is organized in the structure of argumentation followed by the evidences that are Clinton‘s personal experience since she was a young girl
In conclusion, through analysis, it can be seen that language is an effective means to assert power and ideology, thus it can be used to create great influences upon people‘s way of thinking and their actions This study is conducted based on the theoretical framework proposed by Norman Fairclough Actually, Norman Fairclough‘s suggestions in doing CDA are of great values, especially for those who are taking their first steps in this field.
Implications
According to Fairclough, N and Chouliraki, L (1999:4), ―The basic motivation for critical social science is to contribute to an awareness of what it is, how it has come to be, and what it might become, on the basis of which may be able to make and remake their lives And this is also the motivation for CDA.‖
When investigating the political discourse, critical awareness of readers is required to understand the socio – political and historical context Since then, the readers can deeply understand the messages that the writer or the speaker wants to convey
Besides, the widespread understanding of critical language analysis and the power relations hidden in the language can considerably contribute to the awareness of the realities of the social order, even help create a more equal society
Furthermore, the purpose of writer when carrying out this study is to create some useful applications of CDA in language education in general and English education in particular Instead of paying much attention on teaching language itself, the language education should concentrate more on raising the learners‘ awareness of language‘s roles in shaping power and ideology, then directly affecting social situations
Another implication is, as Fairclough (2001) states, there is an intimate relationship between the development of people critical awareness of language and the development of their own language capabilities and practices Therefore, as an effective way of improving language capacities, doing critical analysis (critical thinking, critical reading, critical writing) should be employed.
Limitations of the study and Recommendations for further study
The study serves as the initial exploration of the researcher in CDA of political speeches Hence, limitations of the study cannot be avoided Because of the limited time and ability, the study focuses only on analysis of some textual features of the speech and many potential aspects of the speech remain under cover
For a better understanding of the relationship between language and power, it is suggested that more studies on the field be carried out
The study can focus on how ideology and identity is hidden in particular types of discourse such as political speeches, advertisements, journal articles and so on The investigation can be conducted into other textual aspects of the speech in connections with non – verbal features such as voice, tone, facial expressions and gestures
The researchers can explore the series of discourses in chorological order to see the changes in the speaker‘s ideology and identity which may serve as cues for social changes Since then, the researcher can demonstrate how the decisions made in present are the products of discourse practices in the past
Furthermore, the researchers also can seek analysis of two speeches on the same issue, at the same time, but made by two different speakers to find out similarities and differences in the way power and ideology are revealed
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21 Hillary Clinton‘s Campaign Launch Speech (2015) Available from: http://time.com/3920332/transcript-full-text-hillary-clinton-campaign-launch/
APPENDIX I: LIST OF QUESTIONSAND SUB – QUESTIONS SUGGESTED BY NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH IN DOING CDA
1 What experiential values do words have?
What classification schemes are drawn upon?
Are there words which are ideologically contested?
Is there rewording or overwording?
What ideologically significant meaning relations (synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy) are there between words?
2 What relational values do words have?
Are there markedly formal or informal words?
3 What expressive values do words have?
5 What experiential values do grammatical features have?
What types of process and participants predominate?
Are processes what they seem?
Are sentences active or passive?
Are sentences positive or negative?
6 What relational values do grammatical features have?
What modes (declarative, grammatical question, imperative) are used?
Are there important features of relational modality?
Are the pronouns we and you used and if so, how?
7 What expressive values do grammatical features have?
Are there important features of expressive modality?
8 How are (simple) sentences linked together?
What logical connectors are used?
Are complex sentences characterized by coordination or/ subordination?
What means are used for referring inside and outside the text?
9 What interactional conventions are used?
Are there ways in which one participant controls the turns of others?
10 What larger scale structures does the text have?
Line APPENDIX II: HILLARY CAMPAIGN LAUNCH SPEECH
Thank you! Oh, thank you all! Thank you so very, very much
It is wonderful to be here with all of you
To be in New York with my family, with so many friends, including many New Yorkers who gave me the honor of serving them in the Senate for eight years
To be right across the water from the headquarters of the United Nations, where I represented our country many times
To be here in this beautiful park dedicated to Franklin Roosevelt‘s enduring vision of America, the nation we want to be
And in a place… with absolutely no ceilings
You know, President Roosevelt‘s Four Freedoms are a testament to our nation‘s unmatched aspirations and a reminder of our unfinished work at home and abroad His legacy lifted up a nation and inspired presidents who followed One is the man I served as Secretary of State, Barack Obama, and another is my husband, Bill Clinton
Two Democrats guided by the — Oh, that will make him so happy
They were and are two Democrats guided by the fundamental American belief that real and lasting prosperity must be built by all and shared by all
President Roosevelt called on every American to do his or her part, and every American answered He said there‘s no mystery about what it takes to build a strong and prosperous America: ―Equality of opportunity… Jobs for those who can work… Security for those who need it… The ending of special privilege for the few… The preservation of civil liberties for all… a wider and constantly rising standard of living.‖
That still sounds good to me
It‘s America‘s basic bargain If you do your part you ought to be able to get ahead And when everybody does their part, America gets ahead too
That bargain inspired generations of families, including my own
It‘s what kept my grandfather going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years
It‘s what kept my grandfather going to work in the same Scranton lace mill every day for 50 years
It‘s what led my father to believe that if he scrimped and saved, his small business printing drapery fabric in Chicago could provide us with a middle-class life And it did
When President Clinton honored the bargain, we had the longest peacetime expansion in history, a balanced budget, and the first time in decades we all grew together, with the bottom 20 percent of workers increasing their incomes by the same percentage as the top 5 percent
When President Obama honored the bargain, we pulled back from the brink of Depression, saved the auto industry, provided health care to 16 million working people, and replaced the jobs we lost faster than after a financial crash
But, it‘s not 1941, or 1993, or even 2009 We face new challenges in our economy and our democracy
We‘re still working our way back from a crisis that happened because time-tested values were replaced by false promises
Instead of an economy built by every American, for every American, we were told that if we let those at the top pay lower taxes and bend the rules, their success would trickle down to everyone else
Well, instead of a balanced budget with surpluses that could have eventually paid off our national debt, the Republicans twice cut taxes for the wealthiest, borrowed money from other countries to pay for two wars, and family incomes dropped You know where we ended up
Except it wasn‘t the end
As we have since our founding, Americans made a new beginning
You worked extra shifts, took second jobs, postponed home repairs… you figured out how to make it work And now people are beginning to think about their future again – going to college, starting a business, buying a house, finally being able to put away something for retirement
So we‘re standing again But, we all know we‘re not yet running the way America should
You see corporations making record profits, with CEOs making record pay, but your paychecks have barely budged
While many of you are working multiple jobs to make ends meet, you see the top 25 hedge fund managers making more than all of America‘s kindergarten teachers combined And, often paying a lower tax rate
So, you have to wonder: ―When does my hard work pay off? When does my family get ahead?‖
Prosperity can‘t be just for CEOs and hedge fund managers
Democracy can‘t be just for billionaires and corporations
Prosperity and democracy are part of your basic bargain too
You brought our country back
Now it‘s time — your time to secure the gains and move ahead
America can‘t succeed unless you succeed
That is why I am running for President of the United States
Here, on Roosevelt Island, I believe we have a continuing rendezvous with destiny Each American and the country we cherish
I‘m running to make our economy work for you and for every American
For the successful and the struggling
For the innovators and inventors
For those breaking barriers in technology and discovering cures for diseases
For the factory workers and food servers who stand on their feet all day
For the nurses who work the night shift
For the truckers who drive for hours and the farmers who feed us
For the veterans who served our country
For the small business owners who took a risk
For everyone who‘s ever been knocked down, but refused to be knocked out
I‘m not running for some Americans, but for all Americans
Our country‘s challenges didn‘t begin with the Great Recession and they won‘t end with the recovery
For decades, Americans have been buffeted by powerful currents
Advances in technology and the rise of global trade have created whole new areas of economic activity and opened new markets for our exports, but they have also displaced jobs and undercut wages for millions of Americans