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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHẠM THỊ NHƯ A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH AFTER HER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DEFEAT IN 2016 MA THESIS I[.]
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHẠM THỊ NHƯ A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH AFTER HER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DEFEAT IN 2016 MA THESIS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE HA NOI, 2021 Luan van VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Phạm Thị Như A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH AFTER HER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DEFEAT IN 2016 Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Việt Nga, Ph.D HA NOI, 2021 Luan van DECLARATION BY AUTHOR Except where reference has been made in the text, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person I, Phạm Thị Như, hereby state that this thesis is the result of my own research and the substance of the thesis has not, wholly or in part, been submitted for any degrees to any other universities or institutions Author’s Signature Phạm Thị Như i Luan van ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis is credited to many people’s contributions and support I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all most sincerely, knowing that my thanks are never adequate First of all, Thanks to Assoc Prof Võ Đại Quang introduced the whole new realm of Critical Discourse analysis to me I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to Mr Đặng Nguyên Giang, PhD and Department of Foreign Languages, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Mrs.Nguyễn Thị Việt Nga, PhD, my supervisor, for her helpful and warm encouragement as well as her insightful comments on my work from the beginning to the end of the study In addition, I would like to thank all of the lecturers who gave me interesting lessons, dedication and advice during my study at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences I also offer my special thanks to my beloved pupils and friends whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I must express my gratitude to my family It is their endless love and expectations that have motivated me to complete this thesis I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given me ii Luan van TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION BY AUTHOR………………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………… ii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………… vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES…………………………………… viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 1.1 Rationale…………………………………………………………… 1.2 Aims of the study ………………………………………… 1.3 Research questions…………………………………………………… 1.4 Scope of the study…………………………………………………… 1.5 Significance of the study…………………………………………… 1.6 Methodology………………………………………………………… 1.6 Research approach ………………………………………………… 1.6 Analyticalframework ……………………………………………… 1.6.3 Research Method…………………………………………………… 1.6.4 Research procedure………………………………………………… 1.7 Structure of the study…………………………………….………… Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………… 2.1 Overview Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ……… …………… 2.1.1 History of CDA …………………………………………………… 2.1.2 Definitions of CDA ……………………………………………… 2.2 Three main approaches to CDA …………………………………… 10 2.2.1 The socio-cognitive approach by Teun van Dijk…………………… 10 2.2.2 The discourse - historical approach by Ruth Wodak ……………… 11 2.2.3 The Systemic Functional Grammar approach by Norman Fairclough 13 iii Luan van 2.3 Ideology and power in CDA ………………………………………… 18 2.3.1 Ideology …………………………………………………………… 18 2.3.2 Power ……………………………………………………………… 19 2.4 Review previous studies………………………………………… 20 2.5 Chapter summary…………………………………………………… 23 Chapter 3: POWER AND IDEOLOGIES IN HILLARY CLINTON’S 24 2016 SPEECH ………….………………………………… 3.1 Optimism…………………………………………………………… 25 3.2 Friendliness.………………………………………………………… 27 3.3 Patriotism ………… …….………………………………………… 29 3.4 Inspiration ……………………… ………………………………… 30 3.5 Chapter summary ……………………… ………………………… 32 Chapter 4: REALIZATION OF POWER AND IDEOLOGIES IN 33 HILLARY CLINTON’S 2016 SPEECH……………………………… 4.1 Description…………….…………………….……………………… 33 4.1.1 Description of vocabulary use……………….…………………… 33 4.1.2 Description of grammatical features ……….…………………… 39 4.1.3 Description of macro-structure… … ……….…………………… 47 4.2 Interpretation………….…………………….……………………… 48 4.2.1 Interpretation of vocabulary use……………….…………………… 50 4.2.2 Interpretation of grammatical features ……….…………………… 51 4.3 Explanation………….…………………….………………………… 52 4.3.1 Explanation of vocabulary use……………….…………………… 53 4.3.2 Explanation of grammatical features ……….…………………… 55 4.4 Chapter summary ……………………… ………………………… 56 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION…………….……… 58 5.1 Recapitulation……………………………………………………… 58 5.2 Concluding remarks………………………………………………… 59 iv Luan van 5.3 Implications………………………………………………………… 61 5.4 Limitations and suggestions for further studies……………………… 62 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………… 64 APPENDIX v Luan van ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to point out power and ideologies embedded in Hillary Clinton speech after her presidential election defeat in 2016 in the light of CDA framework suggested by Norman Fairclough (2001) Descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods are collaboratively employed to find out how power and ideologies are realized in terms of vocabulary, grammar and discourse structure The thesis follows three steps of description, interpretation and explanation as well as set of questions suggested by Fairclough (2001), which proves to be appropriate to find out answers to the research questions The analysis reveals optimism, friendliness, patriotism and inspiration in Hillary Clinton’s speech Moreover, her tactful and flexible use of vocabulary, grammatical properties as well as the well-organized structure of her speech have illustrated her implicit power and ideologies, making this speech a successful discourse that can effectively convey what the speaker means to express Hillary Clinton has also succeeded in depicting herself as a brave, strong-willed woman who is not discouraged by failure but always heads forward the brighter future instead The research contributes to the understanding of CDA as an approach in linguistics, enhance the awareness of CDA, of how power and ideology are embedded in language and of the relationship between language and society in general It also makes a certain contribution to English language education, specifically to English learners, English teachers as well as translators vi Luan van LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis U.S: United States CL: Critical Language SFL: Systemic Functional Linguistics MR: Members’ Resources CLS: Critical Language Study SFG: Systemic Functional Grammar vii Luan van LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES AND TABLES Page Figure 1: Analytical framework of the current study Figure 2: Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for analysis of 13 discourse Figure 3: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001, p.119) 14 Figure 4: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001, p.136) 15 Table 1: Words with positive meaning in Hillary’s 2016 speech 34 Table 2: Words with negative meaning in Hillary’s 2016 speech 35 Table 3: Number of active and passive sentences in Hillary Clinton’s 40 2016 speech Table 4: Frequency of pronouns “I” and “We” in Hillary Clinton’s 41 2016 speech Table 5: Modes of sentences in Hillary Clinton’s 2016 speech 43 Table 6: Relational modality in Hillary Clinton’s 2016 speech 44 Table 7: Expressive modality in Hillary Clinton’s 2016 speech 45 Table 8: Conjunctions in Hillary Clinton’s 2016 speech 47 Table 9: Macro-structure of Hillary Clinton’s 2016 speech 48 viii Luan van ...VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Phạm Thị Như A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF HILLARY CLINTON’S SPEECH AFTER HER PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION DEFEAT IN 2016 Field:... after her defeat in the presidential election Chapter examines and Hillary Clinton''s speech after her presidential election defeat in 2016 to show how power and ideologies are linguistically realized,... that is to say, language in use- as a means of addressing social changes” Despite the variety of viewpoints on CDA, all of them share one thing in common: the goal of CDA CDA aims at clarifying