A study on translation of movie titles from english into vietnamese

Part A: INTRODUCTION Rationale There are 196 countries in the world, so it means that we have 196 different languages Among them, English is the most use and becomes the dominant language If in the past, English was widely used in the Western countries as the commercial language, but now English has spread all over the world; even in the Eastern countries like Vietnam, where ever suffered a lot of losses and grief from the invasion of the Western countries, we not hate this language, but also we study English as the second language to integrate It could be seen that English is important in the modern life For this reason, people pay more attention in learning English and the parent always let’s their children study English at the small age English covers many fields of life: economy, military, medicine and business And today, as well as the rapid development of tourism, English is more and more popular and become the key and indispensable requirement for who wants to get a job in this industry English is used not only in the socio-economic, cultural, politic, also in entertainment aspect especially in the movie industry Movies reflect culture, society and variety fields and it seems to be a mirror that show a glance of society There is no doubt that movies are kinds of entertainment, the art forms and also educational lessons for people Through movies, people can “touch” on the emotions that they have never experienced, journey to places they have never been to or simply to communicate indirectly with their idols Movies contain many important messages about life and that’s why this industry has run on for a longtime Most of the major films are foreign films and was translated into Vietnamese However, there are some difficulties in English-Vietnamese translation because of the differences between cultures And this reflects clearly in movie title translation Cultural factors have major impact to translation that draw my attention the most So I have come up with the idea of making a study about the similarities and differences between the source and the target languages in movies title Hopefully, my thesis: “A study on translation of movies title from English to Vietnamese” may be useful for those who love movies and passionate them like me Aims and objectives of the study The study aims at: - Giving a brief overview of movie titles and translation principles of English movies titles - Exploring the rules and techniques of English movie title translation - Investigating difficulties of translating movie titles from English into Vietnamese - Offering some suggested solutions to the problems of translating movie titles from English into Vietnamese Scope of the study Translation is not a new concept but it would require a great amount of time and effort to research As I mentioned earlier, this paper focuses on movies title translation from English into Vietnamese The ultimate goal of the study is to identify major similarities and differences between these two groups of subjects also the techniques of movie title translation are carefully proved Research questions To achieve the objectives, the thesis is going to answer the following questions ● What are the characteristics of movie titles? ● What are the principles and techniques of English movie title translation? ● What difficulties are there in translation of movie titles from English into Vietnamese? Methods of the study To catch all the aims and objectives of the study, the following methods are employed in my studying process: - Researching and collecting materials from related reference books, the Internet, researcher’s experiences - Making some investigations and survey questionnaires for my friend in Faculty of English, HOU - Discussing with my supervisor and friend - Basing on personal experiences Design of the study My graduation paper consists of three main parts: • Part A: Introduction, which indicates the rationale, the aims, the scope, the methods and the design of the study • Part B: Development mentions the main content of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below: › Chapter I: Theoretical background includes the definitions and types of translation › Chapter II: Characteristics, principles and techniques of movie title translation › Chapter III: The findings and discussions • Part C: Conclusion gives a brief summary of the study and suggestion for further study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Language of movie title 1.1.1 Definition of movie A movie is often define as A form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement A sequence of photographs projected onto a screen with sufficient rapidly as to create the illusion of motion and continuity A movie that is made to be shown on television scene, shot- a consecutive series of picture that constitutes a unit of action in a film (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/movie) Films are made up a series of individual images called frames When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision Movies (also referred to as motion pictures) are produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film) 1.1.2 Types of movie 1.1.2.1 Action/Adventure movie Action film is a film genre in which one or more heroes are thrust into a series of challenges that typically include physical feats, extended fight scenes, violence, and frantic chases Action films tend to feature a resourceful character struggling against incredible odds, which include life-threatening situations, a villain, or a pursuit which generally concludes in victory for the hero While action has long been a recurring component in films, the "action film" genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects The genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure film genres, and it may also contain elements of spy fiction and espionage While action films have traditionally been aimed at male audiences, from the early teens to the mid-30s, many action filmmakers from the 1990s, and 2000s added female heroines in response to the times, glorifying the strong female archetype (https://aitambov.wordpress.com/) For example: Deadpool is translated into Vietnamese as Quái nhân 1.1.2.2 Animated movie An animated movie is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) film for the cinema, television or computer screen, featuring some kind of stories or plots (even if it is a very short one) This is distinct from the terms “animation” and “animated movie”, as not all follow the definition Although cartoons can use many different types of animation, they all fall under the traditional animation category (scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/) For example: Alice in wonderland is translated into Vietnamese as Alice lạc vào xứ sở thần kì 1.1.2.3 Classic/Historical movie Historical drama film stories are based upon historical events and famous people Some historical dramas are docudramas, which attempt an accurate portrayal of a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow Other historical dramas are fictionalized tales that are based on one or more actual persons and their deeds (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki) For example: Brave heart is translated into Vietnamese as Trái tim dũng cảm 1.1.2.4 Comedy movie Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (the black comedy being an exception) One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound Comedy, compare to other film genres, puts much more focus on individual stars, with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse, others contain political or social commentary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) For example: Charlie Chaplin is translated into Vietnamese as Vua Sác lô 1.1.2.5 Crime/Mystery movie Mystery films mainly focus with solving a crime or a puzzle The mystery generally revolves around a murder which must then be solved by policemen, private detectives, or amateur sleuths The viewer is presented with a series of likely suspects, some of whom are "red herrings," - persons with motive to commit the crime who didn't actually it - and attempts to solve the puzzle along with the investigator At times the viewer is presented with information not available to the main character The central character usually explores the unsolved crime, unmasks the perpetrator, and puts an end to the effects of the villainy The successful mystery film adheres to one of two story types, known as Open and Closed The Closed (or whodunit) mystery conceals the identity of the perpetrator until late in the story, adding an element of suspense during the apprehension of the suspect, as the audience is never quite sure who it is The Open mystery, in contrast, reveals the identity of the perpetrator at the top of the story, showcasing the "perfect crime" which the audience then watches the protagonist unravel, usually at the very end of the story, akin to the unveiling scenes in the Closed style (www.theinfolist.com/php/) For example: Sherlock Holmes is translated into Vietnamese as Thám Tử Sêlốc-hôm 1.1.2.6 Documentary movie A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record Such films were originally shot on film stock—the only medium available—but now include video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video, made into a TV show or released for screening in cinemas "Documentary" has been described as a "filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception" that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries (abromedia.com/tvradio- /) For example: “Home” is translated into Vietnamese as “Quê Nhà” 1.1.2.7 Dramatic movie A drama film is a film genre that depends mostly on in-depth development of realistic characters dealing with emotional themes Dramatic themes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, racial prejudice religious intolerance, poverty, crime and corruption put the characters in conflict with themselves, others, society and even natural phenomenon The film genre can be contrasted with an action film, which relies on fast paced action and physical conflict but superficial character development, All film genres can include dramatic elements, but typically, films considered drama films focus mainly on the drama of the main issue (en.wikipedia.org/wiki) For example: The Godfather is translated into Vietnamese as Bố Già 1.1.2.8 Fantasy movie Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction films and horror films, although the genres overlap Fantasy films often have an element of magic, myth, wonder, escapism, and the extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki) For example: Stars War is translated into Vietnamese as Chiến Tranh Giữa Các Vì Sao 1.1.2.9 Horror movie Horror is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience's primal fears The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes, and may overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres Horror films often deal with viewers' nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event, or personage into the everyday world Prevalent elements include ghosts, extraterrestrials, vampires, werewolves, demons, gore, torture, vicious animals, evil witches, monsters, zombies, cannibals, psychopaths, and serial killers Movies about the supernatural are not necessarily horrific (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki) For example: Unfriended is translated into Vietnamese as Hủy Kết Bạn 1.1.2.10 Musical movie The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing The songs usually advance the plot or develop the film's characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline, often as elaborate "production numbers" The musical film was a natural development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of lavish background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching In a sense, the viewer becomes the dietetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/) For example: High School Musical is translated into Vietnamese as Hội Diễn Âm Nhạc 1.1.2.11 Romantic movie Romance films (or romance movies) are romantic love stories recorded in visual media for broadcast in theaters and on television that focus on passion, emotion, and the affectionate romantic involvement of the main characters and the journey that their genuinely strong, true and pure romantic love takes them through dating, courtship or marriage Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus Occasionally, romance lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms of discrimination, psychological restraints or family that threaten to break their union of love As in all quite strong, deep, and close romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life, temptations (of infidelity), and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films Romantic films often explore the essential themes of love at first sight, young with older love, unrequited romantic love, obsessive love, sentimental love, spiritual love, forbidden love/romance, platonic love, sexual and passionate love, sacrificial love, explosive and destructive love, and tragic love Romantic films serve as great escapes and fantasies for viewers, especially if the two people finally overcome their difficulties, declare their love, and experience life "happily ever after", implied by a reunion and final kiss In romantic television series, the development of such romantic relationships may play out over many episodes, and different characters may become intertwined in different romantic arcs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki) For example: You who came from star is translated into Vietnamese as Vì đưa anh tới 10 translators also have to come up against difficulties regarding to grammatical structure Those make movie translation a demanding job When translating movie titles from English into Vietnamese, what we often face during movie translation are idioms, slangs, terminologies, puns …as a frequent obstacle, since they seems to be inundated in movie language Most of them are not translatable, for their meanings are metaphorical rather than literal Thus, translators have to find the closest or most appropriate expression in Vietnamese language to deal with Conformably to respondents’ opinions, cultural differences and complicated sentence structures cause them fewer troubles in translation 3.3 Suggested solution In terms of translation methods, literal translation and explication are the most-chosen ones to translate English movie titles into Vietnamese Of which, the technique of explication is the most frequently used by translators, then the literal translation The strategy explication selected by most of translators is often accompanied by “translating it last” or “carefully selecting words” It means explication can only be employed when the translator has watched, translated the whole film and become cognizant of what it is about A right choice of movie title translation is a great importance to the successful release of a movie Translator should pay due attention and should not make light of the title during movie translation process, for title translation is important and challenging It seems to be easy to transmit a few English words into Vietnamese In fact, the words are simple in meaning but their combination in movie title is puzzling For example, how could you deal with “Some like it hot”, “Die hard” or “Die another day?” Such titles often cause headache to movie translators and require so much effort and creativeness in translation so that they are considered “trans-creators” by John Yunker in 44 “Trans-creation” Gaining Momentum 2001 The title can be compared as the movie’s “face” and it should be nice-looking to win people’s good impression Translators then need to be responsible for beautifying it with their “make-up-tools” of words so that it can be presented in the most beautiful and impressive way 45 PART C: CONCLUSIONS Major findings In short, the translation of movie titles includes many complicated factors It depends on the content of films, the psychology of the audience, and some other factors Anyway, it must be a good version if it is concise, striking, attracting and meaningful As we have analyzed above, a good rendering of film titles should obey such principles: Faith fullness, cultural awareness, combination of commercial and aesthetic effects Transliteration, literal translation and explication are the usual methods we use when we translate movie titles The graduation paper has presented basic points relating to English movie title translation Readers have been provided with titles functions and characteristics In general, like newspaper headlines, movie titles are brief and concise with content included, however, what they convey are not only figures and events but also aesthetic and artistic feelings to readers In addition, principles in movie title translation are also given A good translation needs to be faithful, communicable and natural while a good translated movie title has other specific requirements such as: commercial and aesthetic effects Then, five major techniques have been suggested as general guidelines for various relevant subjects, namely: - Keeping the original title - Literal translation - Explication - Adaptation - Providing a new title 46 Advantages and disadvantages of each technique as well as their application has been pointed out in the chapter II Plenty of translated movie titles in Vietnam and other countries are listed and discussed so as to make techniques clearer and more persuasive and help readers draw a comparison between titles translated into Vietnamese and some other languages However, a 49 page research is unable to wrap up all aspects of movie title translation and presented every point in detail The research would be better if the following dimensions were added Firstly, more illustrating samples for each translation technique are needed so that suggested technique would be analyzed more deeply and comprehensively Secondly, the paper would be better if a translated title is accompanied with the translator's name Yet it seems to be unfeasible to look for the name, for it is never found on a movie advertising banner at cinemas I hope to be offered a chance to better my research Implication for English language teaching Movie translation is far from simple, particularly title translation is never an easy work for those who are serious in work In order to produce an intriguing title, it is needed both responsibility and creativeness from translators This research could be of great use to teach English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in Vietnam’s stage and screen colleges That is to help students comprehends the importance of a movie title, the right understanding of a movie, plot, content and its title as well as the best principles and techniques to translate a movie title from English to Vietnamese and vice versus Thanks to it, the students‟ capacity of absorbing artistic values of movie could be enhanced, deepening their love for movie study Hopefully, the number of successful translated titles will be on the rise to satisfy more and more movie fans and Vietnamese movie industry will 47 develop rapidly to create a better chance of studying the translation of Vietnamese movie titles into English Suggestions for further study The study gives an analytical and critical account of translation principles and techniques used in translating movie titles from English into Vietnamese The author hopes that she would go further with her research on other aspects of translation such as: • Translation of movie titles from Vietnamese into English • Translation of song titles from English into Vietnamese • Translation of a certain well- known art work from English into Vietnamese However, there will be inevitable minus of the study due to limited knowledge of this field Any comment and recommendations from teachers and readers who are interested in this field to make the study better are most welcomed 48 REFERENCES English Authur, M 1999 American Experience.TV Show Bao, B T., & Thu, D X 1999 Interpreting and translation course book Nha xuat ban Giao duc David, S 2001 What’s German for G.I.Joe? How film titles treve Eugene, A 2001 Context in translating Language Arts & Disciplines Huong, D H., Anh, V T., Huong, N T 2013 Basics of translation Hanoi: Self print John, Y 2005 Trans-creation Gaining Momentum URL Newmark, P 1982 Approaches to translation Oxford: Pergaman Press Ltd Ninda, E A 1982 The theory and practice of translation New York: Tuta Sub Aegide Pallas Newmark, P 1988 A textbook of translation New York: Prentice-Hall International 10 Toury, G 1978, revised 1995 The Nature and Role of Norms in Translation In 11 Van, H V 2006 Translation: Theory and practice Hanoi: Nha xuat ban giao duc 12.Venuti, L The Translation Studies Reader London: Routledge 13 Zohar, Even.(1978) Translation, Diversity and Power: An Introduction Internet Sources: Dung Vu 2004 talawas.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.imdb.com/ streetdirectory.com www.merriam-webster.com The American Heritage, Dictionary of the English language dictionary online Megastar lộ doanh số thị trường Việt Nam, Saigon News, 2012, retrieved Feb 10th, 2013 from http://www.saigonnews.vn/van-hoa/69567-megastar-he-lo-thong-tin-vedoanh-so-thi-truong-phim-viet.html Basics of translation, Denmark: Aalborg University, retrieved February, 18, 2013 from www.hum.aau.dk/~kim/BoT10/bot5.pdf 2010 T Kha, Những tên rực rỡ, 2012.Retrieved October 10th, 2012 from http://m.go.vn/news/dien-anh/tin-554911/nhung-cai-ten-ruc-ro.htm http://movies.yahoo.com/ Appendix Choose the suitable answer to your preference Put a (X) to the box Question 1: How long have you been learning English? < years From years to 10 years >10 years Question 2: Do you like English movie? Yes Not really No Question 3: How often you watch English movie? time/quarter time/month time/week 3/4time/week Everyday Question 4: Did you ever watch English movie without subtitle? Regular Sometimes Never Question 5: Which movie genres you like to translate best? Action Social drama Science fiction Others Question 6: In your opinion, it is difficult or easy to translate movie language? Very difficult Difficult Quite easy Others (depending on each movie) Question 7: Which obstacles you often face during movie translation? A lot of idioms, Cultural Complicated slangs, sentences terminologies, differences Other obstacles structure etc Question 8: How important is the title to the movie? Not important Very important Other Question 9: Is movie title the most difficult part to translate? Yes No Depending each movie title Question 10: What is/are your approach(es) to movie title translation? Literal translation Explication Translating it last Translating it first Providing a new title Carefully selecting words Your own way Question 11: What is a well-translated movie title? Brief accurate & Impressive, curiosity- Natural Aesthetic All Others Vietnamese arousing Question 12: What you think about translated movies title on TV and cinemas in Hanoi? Well-translated Not good Quite good Others (abstract, unintelligible) Appendix List of movie titles in the research No 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 English titles A beautiful mind A perfect storm Alice in the wonder land Amadeus American beauty As good as it gets Avenging Angelo Batman & Robin Being human Ben Hur Braveheart Bring up baby Captain American Casablanca Changing lanes Charlie Chaplin Chicago Coming home Deadpool Despicable me Die hard Dragon balls Driving Miss Daisy Elizabeth Town Evita Fever pitch Finding Nemo From Paris with love Fury Godfather Head over heels High school musical Home Vietnamese titles Một tâm hồn đẹp Cơn bão kinh hoàng Alice lạc vào xứ sở thần tiên Mozart Vẻ đẹp Mỹ Không thể tốt Trả thù Angelo Batman & Robin Làm người Ben Hur Trái tim dũng cảm Nuôi Đội trưởng Mỹ Casablanca Đổi Vua Sạc lô Chicago Trở nhà Quái nhân Kẻ cắp mặt trăng Tử thủ Bảy viên ngọc rồng Lái x echo bà Daisy Thị trấn Elizabeth Evita Cơn sốt tình yêu Tìm kiếm Nemo Paris rực lửa Cuồng nổ Bố già Bắt tình yêu Trường học âm nhạc Quê nhà 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 I know what you did last summer Independence Day Inside Interview with the Vampire Jaws Jurassic Park Just like heaven Just married Kingkong Kingsman Kramer vs Kramer Leaving Las Vegas Lord of the Rings Manhattan Mission impossible Murder at 1600 Must love dogs Ocean’s eleven Olympus has fallen One flew over the Cuckoo’s nest 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Panic room Raging Bull Rain man Romance in the rain Romeo & Juliet Sahara Salt of the Earth Saving Private Ryan Sherlock Holmes Shrek Sleeping beauty Sleeping with the enemy Silence of the Lambs Singing in the rain Spiderman Starsky & Hutch Stars war Kì nghỉ hè định mệnh Ngày độc lập Thai nhi Phỏng vấn Ma Cà Rồng Hàm cá mập Công viên kỷ Jura Hồn yêu Yêu cưới Kingkong Điệp vụ Kingsman Gà trống nuôi Rời Las Vegas Chúa tể nhẫn Manhattan Nhiệm vụ bất khả thi Án mạng nhà trắng Điều kiện cho tình yêu 11 tên cướp kỉ Nhà trắng thất thủ Bay qua nhà thương điên/ Bay tổ chim cúc cu Căn phòng đáng sợ Bò điên Người mưa Tân dịng sơng ly biệt Romeo & Juliet Sahara-con tàu tử thần Những người lương thiện Giải cứu binh nhì Ryan Thám tử Sê-lốc-hơm Shrek- gã chằn tinh tốt bụng Công chúa ngủ rừng Ngủ với kẻ thù Sự im lặng bầy cừu Hát mưa Người nhện Cớm chìm cớm Chiến tranh 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 The boy The Dark Knight The dating game The Englishman who went up of a hill but come down a mountain The Heirs The Host The killing field The lady-killer The matrix The ring The Terminal The training day Thor Titanic Tom & Jerry Toy story Troy Twilight Unfriended White House down Wimbledon Win a date with Tom Hamilton Working girl You who came from star Zootopia Cậu bé ma Kị sĩ bóng đêm Trị chơi hị hẹn Chuyện tình xứ Wales Những người thừa kế Vật chủ Những cánh đồng chết Kẻ cắp gặp bà già Ma trận Vịng trịn tử thần Khơng Tổ quốc Ngày huấn luyện Thần sấm Titanic Tom & Jerry Câu chuyện đồ chơi Trận chiến thành Troy Chạng vạng Hủy kết bạn Giai cứu Nhà Trắng Mắc lưới tình u Thế u Cơ gái chăm Vì đưa anh tới Phi vụ động trời Table of Contents Part A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims and objectives of the study Scope of the study Research questions Methods of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Language of movie title 1.1.1 Definition of movie 1.1.2 Types of movie 1.1.3 Definition of movie title 12 1.2 Translation 12 1.2.1 Definition of translation 12 1.2.2 Types of translation 13 1.3 The important of movie title translation 16 CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH MOVIE TITLES AND PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF ENGLISH MOVIE TITLE TRANSLATION 18 2.1 Characteristics of movie titles 18 2.1.1 Named after the character of movie 18 2.1.2 Named after the location, environment or the time of the story’s development 19 2.1.3 Named after the development or the motif of the story 19 2.2 Principles of English movie title translation 20 2.2.1 Faithfulness to the original text 20 2.2.2 Combination of commercial and aesthetic effects 21 2.2.3 Consideration of movie genre 23 2.2.4 Cultural awareness 25 2.2.5 “Key-art”_ supporting device 26 2.3 Techniques of movie title translation 26 2.3.1 Keeping the original title 28 2.3.2 Literal translation 28 2.2.3 Explication 31 2.3.4 Adaptation 32 2.3.5 Providing a new title 34 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 37 3.1 The survey 37 3.1.1 Setting 37 3.1.2 Subject 37 3.1.3 Questionnaire 37 3.1.4 Report and analyze 37 3.2 Some difficulties in translation of movie titles from English into Vietnamese 43 3.3 Suggested solution 44 PART C: CONCLUSIONS 46 Major findings 46 Implication for English language teaching 47 Suggestions for further study 48 REFERENCES Appendix Appendix