A study of traffic congestion analysis and monitoring system on internet of vehicles

逢甲大學 資 訊 工 程 學 系 博 士 班 博士論文 車聯網環境中的交通壅塞分析與監控 系統之研究 A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles 指導教授：竇其仁 研 究 生：阮杜賓 中 華 民 國 一 百 零 七 年 六 月 A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to express my greatest and sincere gratitude to my advisor, Prof Chyi-Ren Dow for his motivation, immense knowledge, and patience, accepted as one of his Ph.D students I am truly indebted to all his ideas, time and funding contributions that make my Ph.D experience energizing and productive The passion and enthusiasm he has for the research were inspired and motivational to me, especially during tough periods in the Ph.D pursuit I am also grateful for the excellent advices he has offered as an outstanding professor These advices encourage me in all the time of research and dissertation writing From the bottom of my heart, I am sincerely indebted to him throughout my life time In addition, I would like to thank my dissertation committee: Prof Shiow-Fen Hwang, Prof Tsan-Pin Wang, Prof Lien-Wu Chen, Prof Chun-Hua Chen, Prof MengYen Hsieh, and Prof Yi-Chung Chen, for their insightful encouragement, but also for w the meaningful suggestions which help me to widen my research from various perspectives I am indebted to Dr Jen-Cheng Chiu, Mr Po-Yu Lai, and Mr Kuan-Chieh Wan, who provided me access to research materials and a great opportunity to work in their Vie team as an intern Without their precious support, it would not be possible for this research to be successfully conducted I appreciate my mates at Mobile Computing lab for the inspiring discussions, unconditional supports, and for all the fun we have had in the last four years In particular, my grateful directly goes to Dr Yu-Hong Lee, who enlightens me the first glance of research skills and Ms Yu-Yun Chang (Amber) for providing essential local supports during the years My time at Feng Chia University and abroad was made as an i FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis especially for the continual supports of my Ph.D research It is an honor for me to be A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly enjoyable period due to many friends became a part of my life I am appreciative for my backpacking buddies and memorable trips to various famous places in Taiwan, for time spent with roommates, for Hyde Lu’s hospitality as introducing me many met Last but not least, I owe thanks to my family members for all their encouragements and faith on me For my parents, who raised me up with a selfless love and give me unlimited support for any decision I made For my brothers, who share the understanding and provide timely supports And most of all for my loving, supportive and patient wife and son whose faithful contribution during the final stages of this Ph.D Vie w is so appreciated ii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis interesting things about Taiwan’s culture, and for many other great friends I have ever A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly 摘要 近年來，車聯網已成為了一個興新的研究話題。該技術可以用來幫助現在的 交通運輸系統更加智能化，並解決一些問題，如：交通壅塞。然而，現今在車聯 網環境下的運輸系統在解決交通壅塞問題時，無法滿足準確性、立即性以及相容 術的交通壅塞分析與監控系統，該系統包含了資料收集、建立分段結構、建立車 流模型、本地路段壅塞預測以及起迄路線壅塞預測等部分。這個系統從台中市政 府所提供的公開資料取得即時資訊，每個路段的交通流模型將會被正規化，並使 用基於模糊理論與路段標頭來預測本地路段的交通壅塞狀態。為了加強預測效率， 這個研究也同時呈現了最小化錯誤率的驗證，該驗證基於 Rankine Hugoniot 條 件下。我們開發了一個使用本方法提供給汽車的起迄交通估計服務，並實作了一 個雛形系統去驗證本方法的彈性，實驗結果也在精確度與系統回應時間上驗證了 此方法可以有效率地預測交通壅塞。 關鍵詞: 車輛偵測器, 消息隊列遙測傳輸(MQTT), 交通壅塞, 資料分析, 車流量 Vie w 預測, 模糊理論, 起迄估計 iii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis 性的需求與挑戰。為了解決這個問題，本研究針對車聯網提出一個基於 MQTT 技 A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly Abstract In recent years, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has been an emerging research topic Its techniques can be used to transform current transport systems into intelligent However, existing transport systems not fully consider and resolve accuracy, instantaneity, and compatibility challenges while resolving traffic congestion in an IoV environment To deal with this problem, this study proposes an MQTT-based traffic congestion analysis and monitoring system for the IoV, which includes data collection, segmented structure establishment, traffic-flow modelling, local segment traffic congestion prediction, and origin-destination traffic congestion estimation The proposed system collects real data from open data provided by Taichung City Government Macroscopic model-based traffic-flow factors were formalized for each segment of the segmented structure on the basis of the analysis results obtained using the collected data Fuzzy rules-based local segment traffic congestion prediction was w performed using segment headers to determine the traffic congestion state To enhance prediction efficiency, this study also presents a verification process for minimizing false predictions which is based on the Rankine-Hugoniot condition An origin-destination traffic congestion estimation service for vehicles was developed on the basis of the Vie proposed scheme To verify the feasibility of the proposed system, a prototype was implemented The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively predict traffic congestion in terms of accuracy and system response time Keywords: Vehicle Detector Sensor, MQTT, Traffic Congestion, Data Analysis, Traffic Forecasting, Fuzzy-based Rules, Origin-destination Estimation iv FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis transport systems and resolve problems in transport, including traffic congestion On ly A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles Table of Contents Acknowledgement i Abstract iv Table of Contents v List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Chapter Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Overview of Research 1.3 Thesis Organization w Chapter Related Work 10 2.1 Historical Traffic Data Analysis Strategies 10 2.2 Mobility Structures for Data Sharing and Management in Vehicular Environment 12 Vie 2.3 IoV and Light-weight Protocols 14 2.4 Traffic Congestion Forecasting Methodologies 17 Chapter Segmented Structure Scheme 21 3.1 Segmented Structure Establishment 21 3.1.1 VD Sensors Based Segment Demarcation 22 3.1.2 E-Tag Sensors Based Segment Demarcation 23 v FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis 摘要 iii A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly 3.2 Traffic Data Collection Mechanism 25 3.2.1 MQTT Publish/Subscribe Framework 25 3.2.2 Vehicle Detector and E-tag Based Segment Data Collection 27 Chapter Traffic Modelling and Analysis 31 4.1 Traffic Flow Modelling 31 4.1.1 Data Cleansing 32 4.1.2 VD Based Segment Traffic Modeling 40 4.1.3 E-tag Based Segment Traffic Modeling 41 4.2 Traffic Congestion Observation Map 43 Chapter Traffic Congestion Monitoring Scheme 50 5.1 Local Segment Traffic Congestion Prediction 50 w 5.1.1 Fuzzy-based Traffic Congestion Evaluation 50 5.1.2 Traffic Congestion Condition Verification 52 5.2 Origin-destination Traffic Congestion Estimation 57 Vie Chapter System Prototype and Implementation 62 6.1 System Overview 62 6.2 System Implementation 63 6.3 System Prototype 66 Chapter Experimental Results 69 7.1 Analysis Results of Traffic Congestion Coefficient 69 7.2 Average System Response Time 72 vi FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis 3.2.3 Vehicular Data Collection 29 A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles On ly 7.3 Local Segment Traffic Congestion Prediction Results 75 7.4 Origin-Destination Traffic Congestion Estimation Results 79 Chapter Conclusions 81 8.2 Future Work 83 Vie w References 86 vii FCU e-Theses & Dissertations (2018) This document is used for viewing purpose only Any other purposes of using require the acceptance of National Central Library of Taiwan, author, and author's advisor of this thesis 8.1 Summary 81 On ly A Study of Traffic Congestion Analysis and Monitoring System on Internet of Vehicles References [1] C Abishek, M Kumar, and P Kumar, "City Traffic Congestion Control in Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN), pp 16, Dec 2009 [2] M S Ahmed and A R Cook, "Analysis of Freeway Traffic Time-series Data by Using Box-Jenkins Techniques," Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No 722, pp 1-9, Jan 1979 [3] M R Amudapuram and K R R., "Measuring Urban Traffic Congestion – A Review," International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, Vol 2, No 4, pp 286 – 305, Aug 2012 [4] R Aouami, M Ouzzif, and M Rifi, "A New Architecture for Traffic Congestion Using Smartphone and Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of the w International Conference on Systems of Collaboration (SysCo), pp 1-5, Nov 2016 [5] R Bauza and J Gozalvez, "Traffic Congestion 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