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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS IN WRITING PARAGRAPH BY 9TH GRADERS AT TRI TON SECONDARY SCHOOL IN AN GIANG PROVINCE Submitted by LÂM KIM NGỌC Supervised by TRƯƠNG HỚN HUY, M.A Senior Lecturer HO CHI MINH CITY, April 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of contents i List of tables iv List of charts v Statement of authorship vi Retention and use of the thesis vii Acknowledgements viii Abstract ix Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The rationale for the study 1.2 Aims of the study 3 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Limitations 1.6 Definition of key terms 1.7 Structure of the thesis Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Writing 2.2 Paragraph 2.2.1 Topic sentence 2.2.2 Supporting sentences 2.2.3 Concluding sentence 7 7 8 2.3 Unity 2.4 Coherence i 2.5 Transitional words 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 Definitions of transitional words Kinds of transitional words Importance of transitional words in writing Problems of transitional words in writing 11 11 11 16 18 2.6 Previous studies 23 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 26 3.1 Participants 26 3.2 Data collection 26 3.3 Identification of transitional words 27 3.3.1 Selection of transitional words 3.3.2 Extraction of transitional words 27 28 3.4 Data collection procedure 29 3.5 Analysis of data 30 3.5.1 Quantitative analysis 3.5.2 Qualitative analysis Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 30 30 35 4.1 Kinds of transitional words used by the ninth grade students at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang 35 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 Transitional words of Chronological Order Transitional words of Addition Transitional words of Example Transitional words of Compare and Contrast Transitional words of Cause and Effect Transitional words of Conclusion 35 36 37 38 40 41 4.2 Transitional words frequently used by the ninth grade students 42 4.3 Problems of transitional words were found in the 9th grade students’ writing at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang 44 4.3.1 Spelling mistakes 4.3.2 Punctuation mistakes 4.3.3 Misuse of transitional words 45 48 51 ii Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 62 5.1 Conclusion 62 5.2 Recommendations for the students’ use of transitional words in writing 62 5.3 Recommendations for further research 68 APPENDIX 1: List of transitions by Oshima and Hogue (1998) APPENDIX 2: Activities for the students’ use various transitional words APPENDIX 3: Activities for avoiding transitional words mistakes REFERENCES iii LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Oshima and Hogue (1998)’s framework of transitional words 28 4.1 Transitional words often used by the ninth grade students 43 4.2 Organization and language of an argument 44 4.3 The frequency and percentage of spelling mistakes in the students’ writing 46 4.4 Spelling mistakes made by ninth grade students 47 4.5 Misuse of transitional words by ninth grade students 52 iv LIST OF CHARTS 4.1 Transitional words for Chronological Order used by the ninth grade students 35 4.2 Transitional words for Addition used by the ninth grade students 36 4.3 Transitional words for Examples used by the ninth grade students 37 4.4 Transitional words for Compare and Contrast used by the ninth grade students 38 4.5 Transitional words for Cause and Effect used by ninth grade students 40 4.6 Transitional words for Conclusion used by ninth grade students 41 4.7 Problems of transitional words made by the ninth grade students 45 v C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that the minor thesis entitled “An investigation into the use of transitional words in writing an English paragraph by ninth graders at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang province” and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of TESOL is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis or any part of the same has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution Ho Chi Minh City, March 20th, 2013 LAM KIM NGOC Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vi C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an RETENTION AND USE OF THE THESIS I hereby state that I, Lam Kim Ngoc, being the candidate for the degree of Master of TESOL at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Thesis deposited in the Library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited in the Library should be assessable for purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan or reproduction of thesis Ho Chi Minh City, March 20th, 2013 LAM KIM NGOC Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn vii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr TRUONG HON HUY, who offered me valuable comments and guidance Without his encouragement and assistance, this work would not have been completed Moreover, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my students who were willing to complete the writing tasks and to the teachers at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang for their assistance with the data collection Last but not least, my special thanks go to my family, especially my husband, who bore a great deal of hardships during the execution of the thesis Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn viii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABSTRACT This thesis aims at (1) investigating kinds of transitional words used by the students at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang; (2) exploring problems encountered by the students in the use of transitional words; and (3) suggesting some possible ways to improve the students' use of transitional words in writing The participants of the study were 106 ninth grade students who were taking a beginners’ course in paragraph writing at Tri Ton secondary school in An Giang Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed in this study The data for the study were collected in the first semester of the 2011 – 2012 year The participants were asked to write two argumentative paragraphs The study revealed three problems which the students faced in the use of transitional words: (1) learners did not use a variety of transitional words in their paragraphs; (2) learners mainly made spelling and punctuation mistakes; (3) problems were found in the students’ writing in the use of the five logical connectives ‘however, moreover, also, furthermore, therefore’ The results showed that learners did not use transitional words appropriately and correctly They should therefore be given more opportunities to practice and improve the use of transitional words Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn ix C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX Transitions by Oshima and Hogue (1998) Transitional words of firstly, secondly, thirdly, next, first of all, finally, Chronological Order then Transitional words of moreover, furthermore, and, besides, also, in addition addition Transitional words of as a result, because, consequently, so, so that, Cause and Effect therefore, thus, hence Transitional words of • Transitional words for comparison: similarly, Compare and Contrast likewise • Transitional words for contrast: but, yet, however, in contrast, although, even though, on the other hand, nevertheless, unlike, whereas Transitional words of for example, for instance, such as, especially, in Giving Example fact Transitional words of in conclusion, in summary, thus, as a result, on Conclusion the whole, to conclude, in brief, in short Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 69 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX ACTIVITIES FOR THE STUDENTS’ USE VARIOUS TRANSITIONAL WORDS I At sentence level: Gap – fill Direction: Put the transitions at the right in the sentences at the left In each group, use a transition only once I would like to see you tomorrow, _. for example My sister loves to eat, _ finally When you begin an exercise program, you must be careful not to overdo it My father, _, hurt his back by exercising too hard without warming up first. but She had looked everywhere for a job; _, she was called for an interview to the left Directions: Create on original sentence or pair of sentences using the transitional indicated For example Meanwhile Furthermore However Nevertheless Therefore II At text level: Gap- fill exercises • Controlled activities Choose the transitional words from each list which best fits into the indicated space: Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 70 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Paragraph 1: first of all; on the other hand; furthermore; for example; secondly; consequently; therefore Another difference among the world’s seas and oceans is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. _, the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe is only one fourth as saline as the Red sea in the Middle East There are two reasons for this. _ , in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; _ , the concentration of salt is greater. _ , the surrounding land is dry and; _ , does not contribute much fresh water to dilute the salty sea water In cold climate zones; _ ,water evaporates slowly. _ , the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of fresh water to dilute the saline sea water Paragraph 2: in addition; for example; or; last but not least; consequently; and; on the other hand; on contrast Dr Adams, the old grey- haired history teacher I had last semester, is a perfect example of an absent-minded professor. _ , he entirely forgot to call the roll or tell us which book to buy on the first day of class. _ , on the day of our midterm exam, Dr Adam arrived but had forgotten to make up the test. _ , he could never remember where he put his wire- rimmed bifocals. _ , he would often stop in the middle of his lecture and look all over the desk top for them. _ , a student in the front row always had to remind him that they were in the left- hand pocket of his baggy sweater. _ , I will never forget the brilliant lecture he gave on the Ming Dynasty in China on the day that we were supposed to study the American Civil war Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 71 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Paragraph 3: in conclusion; for example; therefore; first of all; on the other hand; besides; otherwise Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. _ , gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. _ , it is suitable for jewellery, coins, and ornamental purposes Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. _ , a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty- three centuries ago Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits Astronauts wear gold- plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. _ , gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility • Less controlled activity Put the transitional words which best fits into the indicated space Paragraph 4: People use the Internet for many purposes: education, communication, entertainment and commerce. _ , the Internet has limitations It is not only time- consuming and costly but also dangerous because of viruses and bad programs. _ , internet users sometimes have to suffer various risks such as spam or electronic junk mail, and personal information leaking. _ , while enjoying surfing, be alert! Paragraph 5: The Internet may have some disadvantages. _ , the Internet is not available in the countryside or remote areas In those places, there is no electricity This means computer cannot work Even when there is electricity, computer users cannot get access to the Internet when the Internet provider has not provided the Internet service yet. _ , using the Internet can be costly Users may have to Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 72 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an spend a lot of money to buy computers and install modems. _ , they have to pay for the Internet service every month It is also time- consuming because users may spend hours playing games online or surfing the Web. _ , using the Internet may be harmful to users Their personal information may be leaked while they are completing a form on the Web before downloading a program. _ , they have to receive a lot of electronic junk mails every day Viruses are another threat which may stop computers from working properly. _ , due to the above disadvantages, users should be cautious while enjoying surfing the Net III Interactive activities Activity 1: Join the sentences Here are 11 separate sentences See if you can use them in a paragraph by linking them with transitional words and phrases You can choose from the words and phrases provided in the box on the right • The sun was setting At last • It would be completely dark; But During the day • The title rabbit didn’t go out at night; Eventually • Tonight was different; Finally • She had found a nice carrot patch; However • She had spent a long time enjoying the Immediately carrots; So • She noticed it was getting dark; Soon • It was too late to get back to her burrow; Usually • She started looking for a place to shelter for the night; • She found shelter in a hollow next to a log; • She was able to settle down for the night Activity 2: Write your own Now choose five of the transitional words or phrases in the box below and write your own paragraphs Use the transitional words to link your sentences afterwards, also, as well as, at last, at the same time, before, first, for example, immediately, in fact, later, meanwhile, next, not only, once, otherwise, previously, then, therefore, too, usually Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 73 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIX I Activities for avoiding spelling mistakes Word- map Teachers explain about the list of transitional words to the students, and ask students to write the transitions in pairs with net words technique as follows In addition moreover Indicate more information Transition Words BINGO Word Scramble Teachers give students a list of scrambled transitional words, and ask students to write transitional words in true spelling Scrambled Transitional Words Answer Pattern Estpdie _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sueltaasr _ _ _ Ortetamn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Reaofexpml _ _ _ Eacobuefs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Voerhwe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 74 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Hit the word Teach students how to sound out words based on the phonics approach Once they are able to read and identify words through sound, the following activity can be used to reinforce these skills for vocabulary development Write about 10 words on the blackboard for students to give further practice, for example, 10 connectives Divide class into two teams and give them name Draw a line on the floorabout one meter away from and running in parallel to the blackboard Ask one student from each team to stand behind the line Explain and demonstrate the rules of the activity as follows: Listen to the sentence/dialogue and hit a word on the board that corresponds with one in the sentence/dialogue The first students to hit the correct word gains a point for the team Example, write on the board transitional words however, futhermore, in addition, specifically, etc Then say: I like to travel……… , I enjoy places with old cathedrals ESL Scrabble Using volunteers from the class, demonstrate how the the activity will be performed Have each volunteer receive seven Scrabble tiles and play one word on the board Demonstrate how to calculate the score for each word Divide the students into groups of either 4,8,or 12 students Form four teams out of each group Select one student from each group to keep a record of the scores Select another student to be timekeeper Explain the following rules: • Students must use the seven tiles they have to add a word connected to the words already on the board • Students have only one minute to place their word on the board Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 75 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an • Students only score points for words that they can successfully define and use in a sentence II Activities for avoiding punctuation mistakes Combine sentences using suitable punctuations with the given transitional words I have been to many countries For example I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain He often eats strange foods For instance, he once ate cow brains I like to travel Specifically I enjoy places with old cathedrals I love fruit In particular I like bananas, pineapple, and berries My friend hates skiing for several reasons The first reason is that she dislikes being cold Another reason is that she often falls Bill earned an A on his essay but Susan got a B She hates housecleaning On the other hand she doesn't mind cooking Students should attend class Otherwise they may lose their status I am not going out tonight Instead, I will stay home and watch a video 10 Math was hard for me in high school Likewise it is hard in college 11 Houseplants require much care and attention Similarly outdoor plants must be cared for properly 12 Janet passed her exam so she is very happy 13 James is not feeling well Therefore he will not be here today 14 The committee voted against the proposal Thus we must consider another idea 15 I forgot that the cake was in the oven As a consequence it burned 16 Firstly I think that she is studying hard Secondly I believe that she is a bright student Finally I know that she has great potential Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 76 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an In conclusion I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship Put a comma, semicolon, period for each paragraph Paragraph 1: People use the Internet for many purposes: education, communication, entertainment and commerce However the Internet has limitations It is not only time- consuming and costly but also dangerous because of viruses and bad programs Moreover internet users sometimes have to suffer various risks such as spam or electronic junk mail, and personal information leaking Thus while enjoying surfing, be alert! Paragraph 2: The Internet may have some disadvantages Firstly the Internet is not available in the countryside or remote areas In those places, there is no electricity This means computer cannot work Even when there is electricity, computer users cannot get access to the Internet when the Internet provider has not provided the Internet service yet Secondly using the Internet can be costly Users may have to spend a lot of money to buy computers and install modems Then they have to pay for the Internet service every month It is also time- consuming because users may spend hours playing games online or surfing the Web Finally using the Internet may be harmful to users Their personal information may be leaked while they are completing a form on the Web before downloading a program In conclusion due to the above disadvantages, users should be cautious while enjoying surfing the Net Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 77 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES Altunay, D (2009) Use of Connectives in written discourse – A study at an ELT department in Turkey Nadolu University: Turkey Bailey, P E & Dowell, A P (2008) The Practical Writer (9th ed.) 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Nelson Education, Ltd Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 78 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Chen, C W-Y (2006) “The use of conjunctive adverbials in the academic papers of advanced Taiwanese EFL learners” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 11: 113-130 Crewe, W J (1990) The illogic of logical connectives ELT Journal, 44, 316-25 Delahunty, G P & Garvey, J J (1994) Language, Grammar & Communication- A Course for Teachers of English McGraw- Hill International Edition Dofman, D (2009) Dictionary of Common Errors Longman Falahati, R (1998) The relationship between students' iq and their ability to use transitional words and expressions in writing Department of Linguistics University of Victoria, B.C., Canada Ferris, D R (1997) The influence of teacher commentary on student revision TESOL Quarterly, 31, 315-339 Field, M (2009) Improve your punctuation and grammar Oxford Fleming, M & Stevens, D (1998) English Teaching in the Secondary School- A Handbook for Students and Teachers, David Fulton Publishers London Fox, P R ( 1981) Paragraph Development – A guide for Students of English as a second language Prentice – Hall, Inc Garner, B A (2001) Legal Writing in Plain English University of Chicago Press, Chicago Granger, S & Tyson, S (1996) Connector usage in the English essay writing of native and non – native EFL speaker of English World Englishes 15(1) 17 - 27 Halliday, M A K and Hassan, R (1976) Cohesion in English Longman Harbrace, B (1986) Writing College Handbook New York: Harcourt Brace Harmer, J (1991) The practice of English language reading Longman Hart,B (2009) Learning from common mistakes Cambridge Hill, L & Leber, N (1999) Activities for spelling improvement New York Hoey, M P (1983) On the Surface of Discourse London: Allen and Unwin Hogue, A (2000) First steps in academic writing London: Longman James, C (1998) Errors in language learning and Use London: Longman Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 79 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Jisa, H (2000) Increasing cohesion in narratives: A developmental study of maintaining and reintroducing subjects in French Linguistics, (38), 591-620 Johnson, R (1995) Improve your writing skills Manchester: Clifton Press Johnson, R.E (2009) Academic Language! 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McGraw – Hill International Edition Lane, J & Lange, E (1999) Writing Clearly -An Editing Guide Heinle and Heinle Publishers Le, T V (2008) Essential English Grammar – A complete study of Clauses and Important sentence Constructions America Linda, R & Carla, M (2005) Transitions in paragraph London Lindsay, K (2006) Spelling and Sounds Standford Lindemann, E (1995) A Rhetoric for Writing Teachers Oxford University Press Liu, D (2008) “Linking adverbials: an acrossregister corpus study and its implications” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics (13): 491-518 Macht, A (1998) The concept of error analysis America Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 80 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Mahanani, N (2008) An analysis on the transitional words in essays written by the students of english department of the state islamic university of Malang thesis Department of Linguistics University of Victoria, B.C., Canada Matarazzo, J.D (1972) Wechsler So measurement and appraisal ofadult intelligence U.S.A : The Williams & Wilkins Company MCClelland, L D & Marcotte, P H (2003) Writing Matters!- Introduction to Writing and Grammar McGraw- Hill International Edition McCutchen, D., & Perfetti, C (1982) Coherence and connectedness in the development of discourse production International Journal of Corpus Linguistics (2), 113-139 McMillan (1986) English New York: McMillan Publishing Company McMillan (2006) English New York: McMillan Publishing Company Meyer, V (2002) Write 1: Sentences and Paragraph Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Milton, J & Tsang, E S C (1993) A corpus-based study of logical connectors in EFL students’ writing: directions for future research In R Pemberton, & E S C Tsang, (Eds.), Studies in Lexis Hong Kong: The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Language Centre Oshima, A & Hogue, A (1998) Writing Academic English (2nd ed.) 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Longman Obrecht , B (2000) Errors and Mistakes Cambridge Park, A F., Levernier J A., & Hollowell, I M (1986) Structuring Paragraphs – A Guide to Effective Writing St Martin’s Press Phillips, D., Burwood, S., & Helen Dunford, H.(1999) Projects with Young Learners Oxford University Press Peterson, C (1993) Identifying referents and linking sentences cohesively in narration Discourse Processes, (16), 507-524 Qi, D S & LapKin, S (2001) Exploring the role of noticing in a three – stage second language writing task Journal of Second language Writing (10) 277-302 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 81 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Quirk, R., Greenbaun, S., Levich, G., & Svartvik, J (1998) A comprehensive grammar of the English Language Longman Raimes, A (1983) Techniques in Teaching Writing Oxford: Oxford University Press Raimes, A (1998) Exploring through writing: a process approach to ESL composition New York, NY: Cambridge University Press Reid, J M (1994).The Process of Paragraph Writing New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc Richard, J C & Renandya, T (2005) Approaches and Methods in Language teaching Cambridge University Press Robert de Beaugrande and Dressler, W (1981) Introduction to Text Linguistics Longman Singapore Publishers, Pte Ltd Sackler, M (1986) Paragraph Cambridge Sadara, T (2006) Coherence in writing Oxford Salomone,W & Mc Donald S (2011) Inside Writing (7th ed.) Wadsworth Cengage Learning Saraka (1988) From Paragraph to Essay Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Dirjen Perguruan Tinggi Shoemaker, C & Larson, D (1998) Write in the Middle- A Guide to Writing for the ESL Students Thomson Heinle publishers Siahaan, S (2007) The English Paragraph Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu Sugita, Y (2012) Enhancing Students’ Fluency in Writing: Learning to Use Transition Words Journal of Modern Linguistics 2012 Vol.2, No.1, 18-25 Susan, L (2007) English for Academic Purpose: Essay Writing Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi Stephens, R D.(1982) Sequence, a Basic Writing Course New York: Holt, Rinehalt and Winston Publisher Surfaifel, F (2002) An Analysis on Transition Signals Used in Some Articles in Reader’s Digest Malang: UNIGA Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn 82 C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn