AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF METAPHOR CASES IN VIETNAMESE ONLINE NEWS HEADLINES

An article or a newsletter can attract readers or not precisely in its title. It can be said that the title of the article is the face, the eyes, the first element, the door for readers to access the text, which determines the fate of the article. It is the first, concise, most concise communication that helps readers make a decision to read or not to read the full text. No matter how good the content of the article is, but the title is not attr active, readers will easily skim it, even not read it. As a result, newspapers are increasingly interested in making headlines to catch readers attention. A press title can be written in a variety of ways, but in general, it needs to convey the spirit o f the article and pique readers interest. To put it another way, the title of the article not only encourages the reader to continue reading in order to acquire additional information, but it also plays a crucial role in demonstrating the informational co ntent that the article conveys. Rhetoric is an important tool that helps writers communicate their ideas more effectively. This is exactly why rhetorical devices, especially metaphors, are used a lot in newspaper headlines. In newspaper headlines, metaphors help create many different unique effects on readers. However, how to fully understand the message that the writer wants to convey to the reader through the article title containing metaphor is still a big problem for the press as well as the special language researchers’ special interest. For all of the above reasons, we decided to conduct research on the topic “An investigation into the use of metaphor in Vietnamese news headlines”.

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF USINESS ENGLISH FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE 🙞✪🙜 LEXICOLOGY AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF METAPHOR CASES IN VIETNAMESE ONLINE NEWS HEADLINES Instructor: Phạm Thị Hương Giang Class: Lexicology_03 Name of group: Group Names of group members: Trần Thị Ngọc Anh Nguyễn Cẩm Ly Nguyễn Thu Thảo Bùi Thị Trang Nguyễn Huy Quân HA NOI, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Purposes of research 1.3 Research question 1.4 Research method 1.5 Scope of research 1.6 Structure of research CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 News and headline news 2.1.1: Definition of online news and headline news 2.1.2: Features of headline news 2.1.3: Purpose of headlines 2.1.4: The significant of headlines for online newspapers 2.2 Metaphor 2.2.1: Definition 2.2.2: Characteristic features of metaphor 2.2.3: Classification of metaphor 2.2.4: The significant of metaphor in online newspaper headlines 2.2.5: Metaphor versus other ways of meaning transference 2.2.6: Previous studies CHAPTER III: FINDING AND DISCUSSION Finding 1.1 Cases of metaphors are used on Vietnamese online newspapers headlines 1.2 Comparison of the frequency of each metaphor cases 1.3 The effectiveness of the application of metaphors in formulating headlines of Vietnamese online newspapers Discussion 2.1 Summary of the study 2.2 The significant of the study 2.3 Limitations CHAPTER IV: RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENCES 1 2 2 4 6 7 10 11 11 12 14 14 14 35 36 38 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale An article or a newsletter can attract readers or not precisely in its title It can be said that the title of the article is the face, the eyes, the first element, the door for readers to access the text, which determines the "fate" of the article It is the first, concise, most concise communication that helps readers make a decision to read or not to read the full text No matter how good the content of the article is, but the title is not attractive, readers will easily skim it, even not read it As a result, newspapers are increasingly interested in "making headlines" to catch readers' attention A press title can be written in a variety of ways, but in general, it needs to convey the spirit of the article and pique readers' interest To put it another way, the title of the article not only encourages the reader to continue reading in order to acquire additional information, but it also plays a crucial role in demonstrating the informational content that the article conveys Rhetoric is an important tool that helps writers communicate their ideas more effectively This is exactly why rhetorical devices, especially metaphors, are used a lot in newspaper headlines In newspaper headlines, metaphors help create many different unique effects on readers However, how to fully understand the message that the writer wants to convey to the reader through the article title containing metaphor is still a big problem for the press as well as the special language researchers’ special interest For all of the above reasons, we decided to conduct research on the topic “An investigation into the use of metaphor in Vietnamese news headlines” 1.2 Purposes of research Based on the research questions, the study's aim is to respond to three research questions The goal entails identifying instances of metaphors used in headlines of Vietnamese online newspaper articles, comparing the frequency of each metaphor case, and assessing how effectively metaphor cases are utilized in headlines of Vietnamese online newspapers 1.3 Research question In order to fulfill the research aims and objectives, the study is undertaken to answer the following research questions: ● What cases of metaphors are used on headlines of online newspapers articles in Vietnamese? ● Which cases of metaphors are most dominant used on headlines of Vietnamese online newspapers? ● What is the effectiveness of the application of metaphors in formulating headlines of Vietnamese online newspapers? 1.4 Research method The study was carried out using qualitative and quantitative methods, including steps as follows: - Collect and synthesize Vietnamese online press titles - Analyze the use of Metaphor on headlines in the Vietnamese online press - Classification according to the correlation between the above analysis - Provide a specific assessment table - Summarize and draw conclusions 1.5 Scope of research Geographical scope: This study is conducted in Vietnam Time scope: The data and figures are collected from 2008 July to 2023 March Content scope: This study will observe and describe some common metaphors seen in Vietnamese headline news Based on a cognitive perspective, the metaphorical expression will be analyzed from a semantic and lexical perspective The data for this study is derived from headlines gathered from Vietnamese online press Based on survey statistics on headlines in the online newspaper, this article was conducted to clarify the role of metaphors in Vietnamese online article titles for all of the aforementioned reasons 1.6 Structure of research The research comprises of parts: Chapter I: Introduction - illustrates the reasons for choosing the topic and mentions the rationale, the scope, the research questions, the research methods and the structure of the study Chapter II: Theoretical review - deals with the concepts, features of news and headline news as well as the significance of headlines for online newspapers; then points out the definition, characteristics and type of metaphor and the significance of metaphor in online newspaper headlines Chapter III: Finding and discussion - includes data analysis, major findings and discussion Chapter IV: Recommendation - suggests practical recommendations Chapter V: Conclusion - summarizes the findings and results of the study At the end of the paper, the study listed the appendices and references CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 News and headline news 2.1.1: Definition of online news and headline news - Online newspaper: Understanding what constitutes an online newspaper is critical, as it enables readers to broaden their horizons in this area Many definitions of an online newspaper in literature According to Wikipedia, an online newspaper is the online version of a newspaper, either a stand-alone publication or as an online version of a printed periodical As defined by UNESCO, an online newspaper is the newspaper published only on the internet, which is changed frequently according to periodicity or as required An online newspaper is a type of written newspaper built in the form of a website and published on the Internet platform An online newspaper is published by electronic newsrooms, while newspaper readers rely on computers, personal devices such as tablets, mid-high-end mobile phones, etc., with an internet connection An online newspaper, as opposed to a general website or electronic information site, updates news frequently, particularly publishing "instant news" or "breaking news." (Breakingnews) People all over the world can rapidly access news through electronic newspapers, regardless of location or time The growth of the electronic newspaper has altered reading habits and, to some extent, influenced the growth of the conventional paper newspaper The term of this new form of media in English is called "Online newspaper" The popularity and convenience of using the word "Online" has led to the fact that in the world and in the country, this word is attached directly to the newspaper title, for example "News Online", "Tuoi Tre Online" to refer to the online version - Headlines In order to better understand the research topic, one more concept that we need to understand is the knowledge of newspaper headlines As defined by Wikipedia, title or headline is text that indicates the content or nature of the article below it, usually by providing a brief summary of its content As described in Oxford dictionary, the headline of a newspaper is printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page in a newspaper or the homepage on a news website According to Hornby et al (2010), the title (headline, heading) is a short text, printed in large font size at the top of the article to introduce the topic The language of journalism is characterized as the language of information, facts, quantitative (but not qualitative) language The language in the newspaper headline is usually short and concise, but at the same time, it must convey the maximum amount of information within the limited scope of the newspaper The most important and basic function of the headline is to make a difference, to attract the reader's attention A good headline should meet the following criteria: - Create curiosity (unique, strange, attractive), - Provide information (directly or indirectly) about the content and topic of the article, - Promising an answer to a current reader's question/ pressing/ question or a solution to a problem The headline is the bridge between the press and the readers, the face of the article, the first impression that the journalist gives to the readers The success of the paper is partly due to its headline This is a fertile ground for journalists-linguists to unleash their creativity 2.1.2: Features of headline news A newspaper headline is a brief synopsis of an article It is typically displayed in big letters above the newspaper Headings' grammar is frequently non-standard, and they can be difficult to understand The main features of the grammar of headlines are the use of a series of nouns and the use of ellipsis (leaving out words which are not necessary) We frequently omit articles (a/an, the) and verbs (particularly the word to be) Headlines often use the present simple, even when a past incident is mentioned in the report This is done to give the story a sense of urgency and drama Headlines often use the to-infinitive form to refer to future events Headlines should be clear and specific, informing the reader what the story is about while also enticing them to read the article 2.1.3: Purpose of headlines Headlines are becoming more and more important in the 4.0 era They not only pique the reader's interest, but they also function as a resource for search engines Nowadays, readers are just as likely to come across an article by reading a list of search engine results as by scanning a newspaper page A headline's purpose is to introduce the subject you will be writing about, to entice people to read more, to encourage sharing, or to briefly describe something A great headline can also achieve other goals, such as: Help readers scan content and find information that they are looking for Encourage readers to stay and read the newspaper Indicate what type of content it is Make readers curious Summarize the main points of the article Raise reader's awareness Call for action The goal and purpose of the headline will depend a lot on the type of headline you're using 2.1.4: The significant of headlines for online newspapers The headline grabs the reader's attention and is closely related to the topic In modern newspapers, headlines are often written in concise form with many details of the full sentence omitted and almost all include verbs with lexical meanings Thanks to its outstanding advantages compared to printed newspapers and traditional newspapers in general, online newspapers are increasingly interested, favored and accessed by the masses Therefore, journalists are more aware of the importance of headlines for Vietnamese and English online newspapers A headline with attractive form and content will effectively affect the psychology of readers and attract more visits than a headline that is not "invested" in terms of sentences and words It can be said that whether an online newspaper attracts readers or not depends on the way the articles are titled, whether it is in Vietnamese or English In particular, the use of appropriate grammatical structure along with skillful and flexible use of words will create extraordinary and attractive Vietnamese and English online newspaper headlines to readers Metaphor is one of the most frequently used rhetorical devices to enhance the effect of expression and efficiency of spreading 2.2 Metaphor 2.2.1: Definition In the past, metaphor was often considered a rhetorical measure in literature based on the similarities between the literal and figurative meanings of language However, recent studies state that metaphor is not only a way of expressing thoughts in language but also a method to reflect about things and phenomena around us; and so metaphor is used in disciplines other than literature such as science, technology or economics The category of metaphor has been studied by many scientists in a long tradition There have been many definitions of it Each definition represents a view - a research angle to metaphor In the simplest sense, “Metaphor is the transference of names based on the association of similarity In other words, metaphor is a hidden comparison.” The definition of "Metaphor" (according to Greek is metaphora, meaning transformation) as stated by Wikipedia, is a language used to directly compare seemingly unrelated subjects Thus a metaphor consists of a first subject and a second subject A metaphor is a rhetorical transference that describes the first subject as being like the second in some way The first subject is described briefly because of the explicit meaning and implicit meaning of the second subject are used to enhance the description of the first subject Metaphor, in the modern English dictionary of Longman Publishing, is defined as “a way of describing something by comparing it with another having similar characteristics without using the word like or as (like or as)” For instance: "I don't think life is a bed of roses” In this example, the speaker wants to make an implicit comparison between life and the carpet of roses When it comes to the carpet of roses, people will think of what is beautiful and radiant Here the speaker wants to affirm that life is not only always smooth and full of good things like a carpet of roses However, the speaker does not use the word "like" According to Dinh Trong Lac (99 Means and measures of Vietnamese rhetoric 1994), "ẩn dụ định danh thứ hai mang ý nghĩa hình tượng, dựa tương đồng hay giống (có tính chất thực tưởng tượng ra) khách thể (hoặc tượng, hoạt động, tính chất) A định danh với khách thể (hoặc tượng, hoạt động, tính chất) B có tên gọi chuyển sang dùng cho A" Thus, in essence, metaphor is an implicit comparison, naming things and phenomena by the names of things or phenomena that have similarities with it In the aspect of comparison, the word comparison and the A side (the thing or phenomenon being compared) are hidden, only the B side (the thing or phenomenon being compared) is revealed, which is the object used to represent the comparison In summary, metaphor is a phenomenon that has been studied very early, is a rhetorical measure (or method) that has been and is being used very popularly in language in general and literature in particular up to the present time in With its rich and expressive nature, metaphor makes words and expressions more polished, refined, containing many layers of subtle, beautiful and coquettish meanings 2.2.2: Characteristic features of metaphor The transference may be based on similarity in: - Shape: The head of a cabbage The teeth of a saw - Position: The foot of mountain The bottom of my heart - Function: The key to the mystery The head of the class “ Tắt lửa tình, phịng the nguội lạnh" (VNExpress 1/12/2011) familiar to readers, appeared with high frequency, and become one of the meanings of words Thus, it has a reduction in the suggestive quality of sentences 1.1.7 Data analysis of Function on online news headlines No Headlines Metaphor trọn đời gắn bó trồng não quân đội tài chăm bón kiên nhẫn, tận tâm) Trung tâm điều Trung Quốc cải đầu nhân trồng (cần “trồng người” tổ quan explanation giống với nghiệp explanation tạo mỏi người thầy giáo gần English Giáo dục, đào Đôi chân không Vietnamese khiển lãnh đầu não đạo cao nhất cấu tổ chức Education and training is like taking care of plans (needs dedication) The highest control and leadership center in the sống” tăng trưởng Politics organizational structure sống người the “Xương Education patience, Ví với xương Compare -> Topic Cấu to human trúc backbone -> quan trọng hỗ Critical trợ thúc đẩy structures that công nghệ xương sống tăng trưởng, support Economy chất lượng giữ cho tăng growth, dịch vụ trưởng ổn định growth stable, kết nối and keep connect phận khác other parts of the economy 31 kinh tế với Chip điều khiển ô tô so Dùng 'bộ não' sánh với não khủng nhất người giới, ô tô điện não có chức VinFast có xử lí khác biệt? thơng tin điều hành chung ‘Liều thuốc’ quý cho ngành y vấn đề ngành y tế cịn liều thuốc gặp phải ví với liều thuốc, chức cải thiện tình trạng Thụ phấn cho “Se duyên” cho hoa bưởi hoa so sánh với se duyên hình ảnh làm mối, kết duyên cho người Iran, Trung Quốc giúp hàn gắn chip is compared to the human brain as they have the same Technology operating and information processing The solution to problems is with a dose of medicine, with the same function Health of improving the condition Flower pollination is compared to the image of Society matchmaking of people Sử dụng hình Use the image Saudi Arabia cảm ơn control functions Giải pháp cho The hàn gắn ảnh hàn gắn of kim loại metal để welding to miêu tả hành describe the Politics 32 quan hệ động nối liền act of joining lại, làm nguyên together, lành ban making it as it đầu was "lungs" is refer Từ “phổi” dùng "Lá phổi xanh" trái đất mất dần khả tự để ám rừng phổi Amazon chức phục hồi lọc chất độc hại to the Amazon forest due to the same Environ function of -ment filtering harmful substances Hành động níu The Chiến lược níu chân nhân níu chân ABBank Phịng 10 dịch đừng quên “vũ khí” vắc- vũ khí Ùn tắc thông 11 12 người khác rời not let others giao nghiêm Economy leave, go away Phương tiện để Means for tiến hành đấu waging war, tranh, góp phần contributing to giành thắng lợi xin of kéo không để holding on to bỏ, chống act Health victory Cách giải Solution so sánh với compares with trọng, lãnh đạo lối thoát đường thoát the way out of Society TP Huế yêu cầu khỏi tình trạng the tìm lối thoát MU nhận tin vui Cái quan trọng The trước trận cầu then chốt nhất có vai trị important, then chốt định current situation most Sport decisive role Table 1.7: Metaphor based on similarity in function 33 In general, various kinds of news headline topics apply this case of headline The headline topics found above include Society, Economy, Health, Education, Sport, Technology, Politics Technological and Sport topics have one headline using this case of metaphor for one topic, the rest with two names for each This is a quite balanced distribution with no topics predominating 1.2 Comparison of the frequency of each metaphor cases Figure 1.1: The number of each metaphor cases The chart illustrates the frequency of metaphor cases used on headlines in Vietnamese online articles As specified by the mentioned literature review, there are seven different aspects of similarity metaphor based on, including position, character/behavior, size, shape, function, movement, color From the figures, it is clear that Vietnamese online news has taken advantage of all these seven metaphor cases in forming headlines Figure 1.2: The proportion of each metaphor cases 34 To be more specific, Vietnamese online articles tend to use metaphor based on similarity in character/behavior in forming headlines more often than the rest components of the chart with 45 headlines related in the list The components occupying the second and third positions are metaphors based on the similarity in movement and function with 18.9% and 13.7% respectively The fourth position is metaphor based on the similarity in shape which contributes to the formation of 8.4% found headlines The last components, also the least frequently used similarity aspects metaphor based on are position, size, color which helped create 4.2% news headlines for each The numbers of titles applying shape, position, color, size show not too much difference (less than 10 headlines), there are names formed by Position and Color similarities while Size similarity contributed to the formation of titles, and titles were created by metaphor based on shape similarity Moreover, the list of the study contains 120 headlines though, the number of titles using metaphor is much more than that On the other hand, there are a number of titles that may be created by combination of more than one case of metaphor For example, the title "Lá phổi xanh trái đất mất dần khả tự phục hồi" has two metaphor cases: "lá"-shape and "phổi"-function Thus, it is inevitable that the data is duplicated 1.3 The effectiveness of the application of metaphors in formulating headlines of Vietnamese online newspapers The effectiveness of the uses of metaphor cases on online news headlines From the information acquired, it is obvious that Vietnamese online presses use different metaphor approaches to construct the articles' headlines Because of the strategies implied, each approach has a different impact on the product names Some parts of the words are modified to generate the most appropriate names Metaphor based on the similarity in movement Many newspapers utilized metaphor based on the similarity in movement to boost the seriousness level of events in order to impress the readers For example, in headline "Chứng khốn chìm sắc đỏ", the word "chìm"-drown not only describes the the current situation of stock market indexes have moved into the red, but also expresses the depressing atmosphere 35 Metaphor based on the similarity in character/behavior It is one of the most popular methods applied by authors to establish a news headline Majority of character/ behavior metaphors are utilized to illustrate people, intangible objects with unique, specific characteristics For example, the expression “cáo già"-old fox is used for clever, crafty people such as in headlines “Bạn cáo già hay thỏ con…" or "Cuộc đấu trí với tên “cáo già” Another instance “Cuộc chiến gan béo thành phố bang New York”, the word “cuộc chiến”-war and the competition between New York city and state have the common in the competitive tension between the parties involved When considering this is a war, the parties try their best to prepare resources and battle for the ultimate goal of winning By using such metaphors, the news headlines may rapidly grab readers’ attention at the first sight Metaphors based on the similarity in position and size In Vietnamese online news headlines, metaphor based on the similarity in size mainly focuses on the human size which is obviously different from normal size standards such as "gã khổng lồ"-giant; in few other situations, it emphasize the quantity ("biển người") Regarding metaphor based on the similarity in position, it is used commonly in real life such as "cổ chai", "chân bàn", and "chân núi" ect However, such words are considered as dead metaphors and trite metaphors because of their dense frequency of occurrence This leads to reduction in suggestive quality of metaphor Perhaps, due to the majority of words included are dead and faded (trite) metaphors, the impact of metaphor based on similarity in position and size in Vietnamese online news headlines generally seems not to be significant Metaphor based on the similarity in shape and color A considerable number of metaphors related to shape and color are used to describe the concept of color (hue, lightness, and saturation), beauty standards and appearance Therefore, it is understandable that these cases are used widespread in the fashion articles' headlines Taking the headline " mỹ nhân sở hữu đôi mắt bồ câu…" for example, human eyes are compared to "mắt bồ câu"-dove eyes (big and round eyes, so it creates a feeling of very bright and attractive eyes) Using natural species to indicate human appearance with similarity in shape helps readers easily 36 interpret the beauty from the metaphor that the writers intend to establish in their minds without wordy explanation Metaphor based on the similarity in function Metaphor based on the similarity in function is extensively used to highlight the importance of objects such as in headline"‘Liều thuốc’ quý cho ngành y", the word "Liều thuốc"-medicine is used to imply the solution for the current issues of Healthcare industry In conclusion, the headline is often the first element of online news that readers will encounter The title must be impressive, eye-catching to reach targeted viewers Therefore, figure of speech (an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning-Cambridge Dictionary), in particular metaphor, is considered as an useful method to enhance suggestive and sentimental quality of the news headlines Discussion 2.1 Summary of the study The study analyzed the use of seven types of similarity-based metaphors in forming headlines, including position, character/behavior, size, shape, function, movement, and color The study found that character/behavior-based metaphors were the most common type used in headlines, followed by movement and function-based metaphors Shape and color-based metaphors were used the least The study also identified the topics that most frequently used each type of metaphor Finally, the study noted that some of the metaphors used were faded or dead metaphors, which had lost their effectiveness due to overuse The article discusses the effectiveness of using metaphors in Vietnamese online news headlines The authors found that different approaches to using metaphors are employed by Vietnamese online press to construct headlines These approaches include using metaphors based on similarity in movement, character/behavior, position and size, shape and color, and function Metaphors based on similarity in movement are used to boost the seriousness level of events and create a depressing atmosphere, while those 37 based on similarity in character/behavior are popularly used to establish news headlines Metaphors based on similarity in position and size are considered dead and faded, leading to a reduction in their suggestive quality Metaphors based on similarity in shape and color are used to describe concepts of color, beauty standards, and appearance Lastly, metaphors based on similarity in function are used to highlight the importance of objects Overall, using metaphors in headlines is a useful method to enhance their suggestive and sentimental quality, and therefore, to grab readers’ attention 2.2 The significant of the study The importance and significance of this study lie in its exploration of the use of metaphors in Vietnamese online news headlines Headlines are a crucial aspect of news media, as they serve as the gateway for readers to access the main content of an article The use of metaphors in headlines can make them more interesting, attention-grabbing, and memorable for readers This study sheds light on the different types of similaritybased metaphors used in headlines and their effectiveness in communicating information to readers One of the key contributions of this study is its identification of the most commonly used metaphors in Vietnamese online news headlines, which can inform media professionals about the types of metaphors that are most effective in attracting readers Additionally, the study highlights the topics that most frequently use each type of metaphor, which can provide insights into the types of news that are more likely to benefit from the use of metaphors Furthermore, the study's finding that some of the metaphors used are faded or dead metaphors can be useful for media professionals in avoiding cliches and coming up with fresh and creative metaphors The study's results can also be applied in other areas of media and communication, such as advertising, where the use of metaphors can be a powerful tool for conveying messages and creating emotional connections with consumers In conclusion, this study's exploration of the use of metaphors in Vietnamese online news headlines is significant for both the academic community and media professionals Its findings provide valuable insights into the types of metaphors that are 38 effective in headlines and their potential impact on readers Furthermore, its results can be applied to other areas of media and communication, making it a valuable contribution to the field 2.3 Limitations As with most studies, the structure of the current report has several limitations Firstly, the study is handled in a brief period of time, there may be a number of significant limitations, such as the studiers might skip a few of the goods names so the precision of the study findings is not resolved Furthermore, because of the time limit, the team could not research all enterprises in the market so there are only 10 businesses chosen to carry out data collection for the study Secondly, the research concentrated on linguistics and needed many materials and sources Though several related references seem to have been shown for a long time Therefore, it possibly takes more effort and time to find more articles on research writing and the online journals After carrying the researchers, the researchers find some restrictions Hopefully, the difficulties that are discovered in this study will be improved in the further studies 39 CHAPTER IV: RECOMMENDATION It has been shown that most Vietnamese headline newspapers use metaphor However, the majority of headlines in the survey used metaphor successfully, so sometimes they become more attractive to readers There are cases of metaphor: movement, character/behavior, position, function, shape, size, color According to the result of the survey, metaphor based on the similarity in character is used most Applying metaphor in theory to reality is not easy, which requires thorough understanding Additionally, newspaper headlines play an important role in attracting readers from the first lines If the headline is not excellent, the reader can skip the whole article In addition, the newspaper headline also has the task of conveying the message of the article in the most complete and excellent way Hence, the use of metaphor has become a journalist's choice as the metaphorical language is natural and has high symbolic meaning Understanding how to use metaphor plays an important role in work and life Obviously, it is necessary that journalists must be familiar with the construction and use of metaphors in headlines Before using metaphors in newspaper headlines, journalists must clearly understand the theory, as well as the context used to use newspaper headlines most effectively to avoid causing unnecessary misunderstandings for readers The theory and examples of differences between types of metaphor is easily searched on the Internet from a lot of websites There are a variety of sources from the Internet that journalists can consider as reference to understand thoroughly the use of metaphor This study consisted of a rather small sample, only 120 headlines were included in the survey However, many of the findings in the study supplement earlier research Furthermore, the scope of research is quite wide, including the entire newspaper title in general It would be better if the following studies will study about a certain type of newspaper such as trade newspaper, sports newspaper or fashion newspaper This research has given readers the overview about types of metaphor used in Vietnamese headline newspapers It will become a useful source for journalists who want to understand metaphors more clearly Simultaneously, it is a reference for readers who are interested in the broad theories and applications of metaphor 40 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION In summary, the study analyzed the use of seven types of similarity-based metaphors in Vietnamese online news headlines and found that character/behaviorbased metaphors were the most commonly used type, followed by movement and function-based metaphors The study also identified topics that frequently used each type of metaphor and noted the presence of faded or dead metaphors The significance of this study lies in its exploration of the use of metaphors in headlines and its potential impact on readers It provides valuable insights for media professionals and can be applied in other areas of media and communication However, the study has limitations due to its brief timeframe and focus on a limited number of enterprises Nevertheless, this study is a valuable contribution to the field and can inform future research in this area One possible solution to address the limitations of the current study could be to extend the research period to allow for a more comprehensive data collection process This would give the researchers more time to include a larger sample of goods names and a broader range of enterprises in the market, improving the accuracy and generalizability of the findings In addition, the researchers could consider broadening the scope of the study beyond just linguistics to include other relevant factors, such as marketing strategies or consumer behavior This would provide a more holistic understanding of the topic and could lead to more impactful insights To address the challenge of finding relevant sources, the researchers could expand their search beyond traditional academic journals to include online forums, social media platforms, and other non-traditional sources They could also consider collaborating with experts in related fields to gain additional perspectives and insights Ultimately, it is important for researchers to acknowledge and address the limitations of their studies and strive for continuous improvement in future research endeavors 41 APPENDIX List of table No Table Name Page Table 1.1 Metaphor based on similarity in movement 14 Table 1.2 Metaphor based on similarity in character/behavior 18 Table 1.3 Metaphor based on similarity in position 26 Table 1.4 Metaphor based on similarity in size 27 Table 1.5 Metaphor based on similarity in shape 28 Table 1.6 Metaphor based on similarity in color 30 Table 1.7 Metaphor based on similarity in function 31 Figures Figure 1.1: The number of metaphor cases Figure 1.2: The proportion of metaphor cases 42 Links to some Vietnamese online news’ websites used in the study CafeF News: https://cafef.vn/ Cong an News- TP Ho Chi Minh: https://congan.com.vn/ Chinh phu (Government) News: https://chinhphu.vn/ Cong an nhan dan News: https://cand.com.vn/ Dantri News https://dantri.com.vn/ Dang Cong san VN News: https://dangcongsan.vn/ Dau tu (Investment) News: https://www.tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn/ Doanh nghiep&Thuong hieu News: https://doanhnghiepthuonghieu.vn/ Ha Tinh News: https://baohatinh.vn/ Hoa Binh News: https://www.baohoabinh.com.vn/ Mekong ASEAN News: https://mekongasean.vn/ Lao dong News: https://laodong.vn/ Nguoi dua tin News: https://www.nguoiduatin.vn/ Nguoi lao dong News: https://nld.com.vn/ Nhan dan News: https://nhandan.vn/ Phu nu Thu News: https://baophunuthudo.vn/ Quang Ngai News: https://baoquangngai.vn/ Tien Phong: https://tienphong.vn/ Tin tuc News: https://baotintuc.vn/ Thanhnien News: https://thanhnien.vn/ The gioi&Viet Nam News: https://baoquocte.vn/ To quoc News: https://toquoc.vn/ Tuoitre Online: https://tuoitre.vn/ VnEconomy: https://vneconomy.vn VNExpress: https://vnexpress.net/ VNnet: https://vietnamnet.vn/ 43 REFERENCES  Books Hoang Tat Truong (2004) Basic English Lexicology University of Languages and International Studies – Vietnam National University, Hanoi Pham Thi Huong Giang, PhD, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, PhD (2022) English Lexicology Course Guide National Economics University Publisher Lac, L T (1994) 99 Phương tiện Biện pháp tu từ Tiếng Việt Giáo dục Green, J (2013) The Fault in Our Stars Dutton Books Shakespeare, W (2011) Romeo and Juliet HarperPress  Articles Abuczki, A (2009) The Use of Metaphors In Advertising Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/283469/The_Use_of_Metaphors_In_Advertising Huyen, H T T (2012) Đặc điểm tiêu đề văn báo chí https://123docz.net/document/3135915-dac-diem-tieu-de-van-ban-bao-chi.htm Huynh, N T (2010) An investigation into linguistic features of metaphor uses in English and Vietnamese advertisements https://123docz.net/document/3547815-an-investigation-into-linguistic-features-ofmetaphor-uses-in-english-and-vietnamese-advertisements.htm Le, D T T (2018) A study of conceptual metaphors used in English and Vietnamese cosmetic advertisement http://tailieuso.udn.vn/bitstream/TTHL_125/9377/1/LeThiThuyDuong.TT.pdf Le, N T K (2017, January 4) Metaphors used in food and drink advertising slogans in English (with reference to Vietnamese) a study from cognitive perspective https://123docz.net/document/5875624-metaphors-used-in-food-and-drinkadvertising-slogans-in-english-with-reference-to-vietnamese-a-study-from-cognitiveperspective.htm Ngo, N T K (2021, May 22) Khảo sát cách đặt tiêu đề báo mạng điện tử tiếng Việt tiếng Anh https://tailieumienphi.vn/doc/cach-dat-tieu-de-tren-bao-mang-dien-anh-nu7gq.html Nguyen, T D., & Vu, C T S (2013, 3) Về khái niệm ẩn dụ tri nhận, ẩn dụ từ vựng ẩn dụ tu từ Tạp chí Khoa học xã hội Việt Nam 44 Phung, H T (n.d.) Nghiên cứu thành ngữ tiếng việt từ bình diện ngơn ngữ học nhân chủng https://123docz.net/document/2700972-nghien-cuu-thanh-ngu-tieng-viet-tu-binh-dienngon-ngu-hoc-nhan-chung.htm Tran, L V T (2020) Xu hướng phát triển báo mạng điện tử Việt Nam.CTU https://sss.ctu.edu.vn/images/upload/NCKH/van1/48.pdf Woods, R., Fernández, A., & Coen, S (2020) The use of religious metaphors by UK newpapers to describe and denigrate climate change https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0963662510385061?casa_token=dUYga zCTQksAAAAA%3AipOm92VdOaDIKgvzcr1QaaJlxsjWB_ceahw29qOCSWSLyqh GQ955hL2DPHIAB98K7ZLMbV8Aw7xIKQ0&journalCode=pusa  Websites Cambridge Dictionary: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ Wikipedia: https://vi.wikipedia.org/ 45