An investigation into the use of english collocations in writing essays by second year students at a university in hanoi

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** TRẦN THỊ THƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS IN WRITING ESSAYS BY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AT A UNIVERSITY IN HANOI (Nghiên cứu sử dụng kết hợp từ tiếng Anh sinh viên năm thứ hai trường đại học Hà Nội việc viết luận tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English Teaching Methodology Code : 8140231.01 Hanoi – 2020 VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** TRẦN THỊ THƯƠNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS IN WRITING ESSAYS BY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AT A UNIVERSITY IN HANOI (Nghiên cứu sử dụng kết hợp từ tiếng Anh sinh viên năm thứ hai trường đại học Hà Nội việc viết luận tiếng Anh) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field : English Teaching Methodology Code : 8140231.01 Supervisor : Mr Hoang Ngoc Tue, PhD Hanoi – 2020 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Trần Thị Thương, class: QH2016 D2 E3, being a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of M.A thesis deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, October 10th 2020 Signature Trần Thị Thương i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Had it not been for the enthusiastic help from many people, I would not have completed this research Therefore, it must be a serious shortcoming not to mention them here First of all, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Mr Hoang Ngoc Tue, whose devotion strongly encouraged me to pursue my topic of interest Besides, his precious guides and advice helped me to broaden my limited horizons Second, I also would like to extend my profound gratitude to the head of English Department in the university where this research was conducted because of her support in collecting the writing samples for the research Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family for all their enduring love and care They are the psychological motivation for me to strain every nerve to fulfill this research ii ABSTRACT Writing has long been a challenging subject for many EFL learners, especially academic writing which requires students to have an appropriate application of formal language and a wide range of vocabulary It is the interest of the current research to investigate the use of collocations in students‘ academic writings to obtain information about the popular types of collocations they use, the collocational errors, and the sources of errors The design of the study is a qualitative research which employed document analysis as the instrument to collect data 50 essays from students were the samples as The results show that students have a tendency of using Type (Veb-Noun) and Type (Adjective-Noun) collocations more than the other types With regard to the collocational errors, it is noted that Type and Type are also the top types in which students make mistakes Additionally, verbs and adjectives are the main parts that students mostly have problems with On examining the sources of errors, the researcher found five causes including approximation, the ignorance of rule restriction, negative transfer, the use of synonyms, and false concept hypothesized Among these error sources, negative transfer is the most important factor leading to students‘ collocational errors iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF CHART vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the research problem and rationale for the study 1.2 Research aims and research questions 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 The structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of collocations .6 2.2 Characteristics of collocations .7 2.3 Different approaches and classifications of collocations .9 2.3.1 Different approaches 2.3.2 Classifications of collocations 10 2.3.2.1 Degree of fixedness 10 2.3.2.2 Upward and downward collocations 12 2.3.2.3 Grammatical and lexical collocations 12 2.4 The importance of collocations in writing 14 2.5 Sources of collocational errors 15 2.6 Related studies 17 2.6.1 International studies 17 2.6.2 National studies .21 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Research design: qualitative research design .23 iv 3.2 The setting of the study 24 3.3 Population and sampling 24 3.4 Data collection instrument 25 3.5 Data collection method and procedure .25 3.6 Data analysis method and procedure 25 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 4.1 Research question 1: what are the types of lexical collocations usually used by students in writing an essay? .30 4.2 Research question 2: what are the common errors students make in using lexical collocations in writing an essay? 32 4.3 Research question 3: what are the sources of those collocational errors? 36 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 40 5.1 A summary of main findings 40 5.2 Implications for teaching collocations .41 5.3 Limitation of the study and suggestion for further research 42 REFERENCES 44 APPENDIX I v LIST OF TABLES Table Grammatical Collocations (Adopted from Begagic, 2014) 13 Table 2.Lexical Collocations (Adopted from Benson, Benson and Ilson, 1986) 13 Table 3.Sources of Collocational Errors by Liu (1999b) 16 Table 4.Coding strategy 27 Table 5.Method of identifying sources of errors 28 Table 6.Frequency of use in the writing samples 30 Table 7.Lexical collocations used by students 31 Table 8.Correlation between collocational frequency and the number of errors 33 Table 9.Examples of Wrong Noun-Verb collocations 33 Table 10.Examples of Wrong Verb-Noun collocations 34 Table 11.Examples of wrong Adjective-Noun collocations 35 Table 12.Causes of collocational errors 36 Table 13.Collocational errors caused by Negative Transfer 36 Table 14.Collocational errors caused by Approximation 37 Table 15.Collocational errors caused by False concept hypothesized 38 Table 16.Collocational errors caused by the use of synonyms 38 Table 17 Collocational errors caused by the ignorance of rule restrictions 39 LIST OF CHART Chart Common Collocational Errors 32 vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the research problem and rationale for the study It is universally acknowledged that writing has always been a challenge for many Vietnamese students, even for English-majored ones According to the latest statistics on Vietnamese students‘ performance in the Academic IELTS test (International English Language Testing System) in 2019, the average writing score is just 5.6 out of 9.0, the lowest among four skills (Reading: 6.2, Listening: 6.1, Speaking: 5.7) (https://www.ielts.org) It is indicative of an alarming situation when students are facing a variety of obstacles in learning writing skill in general and academic writing in particular Thus, teachers of English are being put under a hard task of training students to achieve proficiency in academic writing Nunan (1989) claimed that writing is a complicated activity since it involves the cognitive ability requiring students to have control over various factors Faddah (2011) added that because writing is a product of mind, it is a mental activity Many researchers have carried out research to examine the factors that affect students‘ writing competence Dar & Khan (2015) and Haider (2012) asserted that these factors include academic background, personal interest, psychological, linguistic and cognitive phenomena Meanwhile, Heaton (1975) provided a set of five main groups of necessary elements to construct a good writing piece, namely language use, mechanical skill, treatment of content, stylistic skill, and judgment skill As can be seen, these five main groups also relate to the factors of academic background, linguistic and cognitive phenomenon mentioned by Dar & Khan (2015) and Haider (2012) Obviously, writing is a multitasking process; therefore, it is extremely challenging for learners of English At university, writing syllabuses for English majors mostly attempt to supply students with academic writing skill The reason for this is that academic writing is essential for them to enter the academic world of research It should be noted that academic writing is different from other kinds of writing such as personal writing or narrative writing in the single factor mentioned previously Therefore, the criteria to mark students‘ academic essay are, of course, different too One of the criteria in marking any sorts of students‘ writing is lexical resources, or in other words vocabulary use To be more specific, a piece of writing is evaluated in terms of vocabulary range, word choice, and collocation Obviously, words are used in specific contexts; therefore, which words to use and when to use the words are of important consideration What is more, words not exist in isolation from other words, they usually co-occur with each other in a group or a chunk In any languages, the vocabulary is comprised of single words and multiword expressions Collocations are among the multi-word expressions (Brashi, 2009) To put it another way, when a native speaker writes or speaks, there is a tendency of using fixed expressions which are unconsciously stored in his mind through the process of language acquisition Collocations are defined as the lexical relationship which is said to be more arbitrary and arise from common usage than from rules (Benson et al., 1986) A learner of a foreign language in general and a learner of English as a foreign language in particular may find it really challenging to become a master of the target language because they can hardly create a collocation by themselves In many cases, language learners are usually influenced by their mother tongues Hence, they may try to invent a collocation by translating word by word from their own language Unfortunately, these inventions are rarely equivalent to the intended meaning they are making effort to describe (Bahns & Eldaw, 1993; Hussein, 1990) It is undeniable that the more EFL/ESL students can utilize collocations in English, the closer they are to the advanced level of the language As can be seen, learning collocations play a vital role in being a successful language learner However, in some cases students must be fully aware of the differences between collocations used in speaking or informal writing and those used in writing academic essays While academic writing requires formal use of language, spoken language and informal writing are colloquial 6-year-old child playing online game on their parent‘s phone This will damage their eye-sight and specially decrease their soft skill in the future if the child this continuously Some people had stayed inside a room for days and only come out for food and water Those addicts spend days playing online games which is related to the internet directly So as the social media network, there is many internet-user sticked to it They just concerntrated on how to have a good picture to upload, how to have splendid profile But the only thing that matter is the real life Internet has somehow made them forget about it We can not deny the conveinent feature of the internet brings upon us But it still has the negative side of it We have to prepare ourselves to avoid it Sum up, the internet does not make the world smaller No.38 Nowadays, with the development of information technology, the increasingly widespread Internet is the means of connecting people The Internet is an indispensable medium for modern life today Before the internet, human-to-person communication was very limited because of distance, cost, and especially time, but since the internet came out, it makes it easier for people to communicate with each other, especially when away The Internet makes it easy to connect w ith family, friends, anywhere in the world through mobile applications and computers connected to the Internet Some popular social networks used for communication such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, According to Hootsuite and We Are Social Statistics, more than billion people are using the Internet and about 3, billion people are using social networking services (2018) Not only is the fastest and most convenient tool for people to communicate and keep in touch, but the Internet is also a tool for people to expand their relationships with friends around the world quickly, connecting people, who have the same hobbies together People can talk to each other, exchange information, experiences, interests on forums, blogs, websites, fan pages, or community groups XXXIX like forums on science, literature, art, or fan pages about food, tourism, ; learn about people and cultures of countries around the world As a result, the gap narrows, people become closer, more friendly and can make friends with more people, especially with foreigners All in all, the internet brings a lot of benefits to people not only in terms of communication but also in many other aspects It has changed people, changed the world to make things closer and easier No 39 How will our life without internet? so tasteless, boring and aloof indeed, in many ways, the internet has brought people together, connected people to another To begin with, the internet enriches our relationship with our peers We always have lots of relationships and we have many choices for our "journey" On every journey, there are some gradually separate themselves The Internet is the fastest and most convenient way for us to connect distant relatives and friends, to know each other's lives Today, instead of writing letters with pen and paper, buying stamps, envelopes, and going to the post office to send them, we just need to compose the content and send the file when the machine is connected to the Internet, not only saving costs, but also ensure information is safe for recipients Moreover, we can also make friends with strangers Although I have never met them but can confide, learn a lot of things from those friends online Interestingly, many people who know each other online, meet each other and become an integral part of each other's lives In short, despite a busy life, we can update our newsletter about friends, relatives, community, and create good relationships with the internet Besides, the Internet has become a means to help convey, exchange information, cooperate, exchange between every individual, organization and country on the planet quickly and extremely conveniently, is a place to share information, photos (individually, collectively or of a certain group of people), news which people are interested in, including newly discovered "news" (traffic accidents, fires) with the speed in seconds It can be said that, through the XL internet, we are more sympathetic to many people's situations The internet conveys many stories, many messages of a person to people we can flutter, love, defend, or hate with people we've never met we agree and sympathize with the weak and unhappy, protecting them from detractors and disdain Also, we hate, condemn, and eliminate evil So how we show our feelings and thoughts to people? Thanks to the internet, we comment on information, express our opinions in articles and articles From there, creating a two-way relationship, readers receive information and give opinions, the writer can understand the views, aspirations, and tastes of readers Can we save a life by internet? The answer is yes We can call for people to donate money to cure a poor patient And donating money is also easy, no need to give directly but can deliver to the need with the internet Or call people to donate blood to patients with anemia, critical blood loss quickly and easily Another reason, not all of us have the ability, conditions, and opportunities to meet idols and interact with the people they love But we can it over the internet, by watching movies, comedy, listening to music and it's also easy to keep track of their schedules Therefore, the Internet helps people all over the world closer, is leverage to promote community strength No.40 According to the New York Times Newspaper, the number of Internet users has reached half of the world's population since 2018 The Internet has become more and more popular and played an essential role in people's life It is believed that the Internet makes it easier for everyone to connect with another Personally, I completely agree with this opinion because the Internet has brought people closer in many ways First and foremost, the Internet enables people to keep in touch with their acquaintances Nowadays, there are various social networking which is constantly used by almost all people around the world such as Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Wechat, and so on Thank to these networkings, people can communicate with their XLI family, relatives, and friends by numerous function which includes voice calls, video calls, sending messages, and so forth Especially, with the connected network, people not have to pay too much money and wait for a long time because all of the connection operations are completed in a snap Obviously, the Internet gives people the best opportunities to get in touch with one another simply In addition, the Internet facilitates people to exchange with each other to share their interest and their opinion People can share their daily life, experiences, skills, knowledge or anything of their concern on the Internet By that way, other people worldwide can see these content as well as follow and share back and forth For instance, when people use Youtube, Blogs, Forums, or groups, they can approach to new lifestyles, traditions, cultures from other countries and leave comments for expressing their thoughts To put another way, the Internet is an ideal tool for people to show their favorite things and their viewpoint On the one hand, some people who claim that the Internet reduces the interaction between people in real life They indicated that people who are addicted to the Internet chatting sometimes forget the need for real-life communication Consequently, they are gradually pushed away from other people It might be true in some cases, but it is not a typical example Moreover, these days, far distance and the lack of time are huge barriers for meeting face-to-face Therefore, communicating via the Internet is the most effective solution to solve this difficult problem Taking these points into consideration, I would say that with the Internet‘s outstanding features, it is the optimal choice to communicate and bring people closer together I believe that it will develop and bring more utilities to the users in the future No 41 Some people say that the Internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together Sure, I totally agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another XLII The Internet enables people to really keep in touch with their families Previously you could contact each other by mail, but it took a lot of time for the recipient to be able to receive and reply to your letter And the internet can it in seconds When you are away from home for business or go to school elsewhere, the internet can make it easier to contact your family You can talk to relatives and friends over the phone, but it costs a lot of money Nowadays, as the internet grows widely, social networking sites are also more and more popular and most popular are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram You can make phone calls to other people at no cost, and you can even make a video call to see other people's faces Everything becomes simpler and easier with the help of the internet The internet also connects people everywhere in the world through groups, fan pages, People who share the same views, interests and they find each other thanks to the internet You can easily make new friends, learn more experiences from acquaintances through that network At the same time, the internet also helps you gain more knowledge, means to find information and search information such as google, wiki, the internet is a small world that helps connect people to the outside world , giving people a lot of benefits With the goodness and benefits that the internet brings The internet really making the world smaller by bringing people together and making it easier for people to communicate No.42 With the advancement of technology and the era of wireless connection ascended, the boundaries that kept the world apart were narrowed everyday People across the globe marveled at it at first, but they soon recovered and started competing to find ways for utilizing the wonders that the Internet provided Yet, not always did they use that advantages for what it was intended, but rather to harms Social media, a network that had rooted in our society due to its great impact on the daily lives, especially the youths It was a convenient and cheap, but not always reliable means to contact our love ones from afar as well as to meet new XLIII acquaintances from different parts of the world Taking advantage of the virtual society, many criminals had committed various heinous acts including identities theft Several reports had shown that each years, a great number of social media users had their information stolen and used, unbeknown to them by others The most common things being stolen were their names, their pictures and some would even had their addresses By using these information, the thieves could build a cover and engage in crimes under the identity of their victims, mostly fraud, but sometimes that could escalate to the point where those thieves assaulted the victims, both physically and mentally with the information they had What even more concerning was that, although being aware of such risks, people still publicly put their personal information online as a way to indulge their needs of popularity In the lights of such matter, another issue arisen relating to social media As mentioned before, the virtual society was widely appealing to the young generations as they considered it as a way, ironically, to keep in touch with the outside world However, this could turn into another opportunity for school violence, a place for students to enact their misconducts, namely cyber bully The children that had suffered from such acts at school would hope that they would find some peace at home as well as from the virtual world, where they can be whomever they wanted to be That had changed when more and more students engaged in social media, using the place to torment their school mates without consequences The victims would then be insulted, humiliated and judged in every mentionable ways There had been incidents where the nuisance had forced the injured party to quit school, and once in a while, there would be fatal casualties, either inflicted on the victims by themselves or by others and vice versa An alternative was to not using social media in the first place, but the wondering young minds could only keep themselves unattached from the rest of their school mates and society for some time, and their curiosity would triumphed eventually On a other hand, it was unlikely to deny the benefits of the Internet, the social media to be more specific, as many great deeds had been achieved due to it XLIV Expatriates could keep in touch with their family back in their home country on a regular basis, something that was considered nearly impossible with the only means of contact was post offices Not only did it operate faster but it had also reduced the costs of sending one letter from half the world way Additionally, social media can become a platform for cultural exchanging among users, to celebrate their heritages, a form to advertising their diversities as well as their similarities Students could also discuss their studies with their foreign counterparts to receive a broader comprehension on the matter There were various ways to good with the help of the a Internet if used correctly Every advancement had its pros and cons, the only matter was whether the positive side could outweigh the negative and how to tackle the current problems At the moment, there were too many flaws and drawbacks for the government to address and the developers to fix The best solution for the existing issues was to devise specific guidelines for users in order to protect them and hopefully in the near future, the Internet would be a safer environment for everyone to participate in No.43 Today, the Internet plays an important part of the world Instead of mailing through pigeons we can send letters by email or text or even video call That's why I agree that the Internet has brought us closer together In the past, people were used to patiently waiting to read some interesting news in the paper in the early morning of a new day, or as soon as possible at a fixed time of a radio or television show Now, we can update our information at any time of the day by going to the Internet and viewing the online newspaper One outstanding feature of this newspaper is its ability to communicate widely Today, the Internet has become a means of communicating, exchanging information, cooperating, exchanging among individuals, organizations and countries across the planet quickly and extremely conveniently, being places of sharing information, images (individually, collectively or of a certain group of people), news and news that people are interested in, including newly discovered "news" (traffic accidents, XLV fires, ) with the speed in seconds Not only that, people can also go to the Internet to listen to music, watch movies, comedy, or meet famous people they admire Therefore, the Internet helps people all over the world closer, is a lever to promote the strength of the community, including the power of young people, contributing to building and developing the knowledge economy In the past, it took 10 days to weeks to send mail by mail from Vietnam to the US, now it only takes a few seconds using Email This is also a great application from the Internet Instead of writing letters with pen and paper, buying stamps, envelopes, and going to the post office to send, now you just need to compose the content and send the file by your email when your phone is connected to the Internet These save costs but also ensure information is safe for recipients Moreover, the Internet has played an important part in the field of education Distance learning systems, online learning, even learning foreign training programs via the Internet are not new in our country today Students can study anytime they have free time and communicate directly with teachers on the Internet, both saving costs and saving time Through the benefits of the Internet, it can be affirmed that the Internet is a great invention, thanks to which it has achieved extraordinary achievements in almost all areas of life, surpassing the level of industrial civilization to entering a new era of development No.44 The Internet, one of the greatest inventions in history has definitely changed the way we live, work and study at which digital communications with high level of usage in area of technology is being improved rapidly I totally agree that with the help of the Internet the world appears smaller than before because Internet makes communication easier On the one hand, the Internet provides a convenient way and a cheap and time saving means for people to communicate with each other Firstly, the appearance of the Internet makes our communication easier Nowadays most people can use communication apps on smart phones, laptops and tablets to get in touch XLVI with family, friends and colleagues For example, Facebook is one of the most popular apps for people to chat and call to others on its social network all over the world Secondly, it‘s really a helpful and much cheap tool All one needs is to make a call by using those apps, and then they can be connected to anyone they want without worrying about how much it costs like telephone Before the advent of the Internet, people used other media of communication such as letters, phone calls etc which cost them a considerable amount of money and time Now, we can use communication apps on smart phones in the fastest and cheapest way to that things On the other hand, there are strong reasons why the Internet has made our world become a small village The first reason is that the Internet brings people who has the same interest to a place at which they can express their ideas, their point of views on social networks, namely forums and chat rooms That is so much meaningful and helpful for lives For instance, when people loves animals, they create a group or a fan-page on some of the media for raising fund and donations to save animals that being homeless or abandoned Their campaign rapidly is supported by everyone who has the same view in the world Although the groups work as a non-governmental community organization, it is still helpful and supportive a lot Another reason is by such convenient forums, groups on the Internet, people can enhance collaboration, bond of relationships and also improve productivity Building a good relationship between workers spread around the globe is not easy By the Internet, they can effortlessly communicate with one another anytime and anywhere It brings them together in easier way, cutting back on the time required and the work is more effectively In conclusion, some people say that the Internet makes people become introverted and less directly contact with each other But, in my opinion, with so many benefits that the Internet brings to, some of the negative views occupy a small part and absolutely be controlled It depends on the way we use and take advantage of its benefits XLVII No.45 There is no doubt that the Internet has been a great influence on people all over the world in the last few years It can be said that the Internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together The internet almost changed the ways people communicate The Internet provides different ways and multiform communications, which transmit promptly and are extremely convenient Before the invention of the internet, people used other media of communication such as letters or phone calls, which cost time Nowadays, almost everyone has a mobile, laptop and devices which are equipped with the internet, which makes us in touch with anyone and connect the social networking applications Not only does the Internet allow people to send and receive messages across countries in the speed of light, but also manage to cut the expensive cost which previously part of communication constraint In the past, people had to pay money to send letters or telegrams Today, we can find free communication apps such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, The Internet has undeniable benefits and it helps people to link with each other freely Nevertheless, the Internet has several negative sides People said that: ―Out of sight, out of mind‖ In face-to-face communication, several elements come into play to foster good communication, including non-verbal cues and tone of voice When someone says something in a boring tone, you'll generally understand that he's upset In some case, a call or a letter can not bring people closer However, video call is created, which people can be in ―face-to-face‖ communication In spite of advantages and disadvantages, I think that the Internet has actually changed the way of communication The Internet is an important part of people in general and people‘s communicate in particular No.46 The Internet is of paramount importance to the sustainable development of the international communication While sSome people argue that the Internet is XLVIII making it easier for people to communicate with one another, I contend that such a development would have many disavantages advantages, despite some disadvantages of the Internet It is often seen that people are becoming negatively impacted dues to the use of the Internet If the people use the Internet for work purposes, business calls may disrupt any real-life conversations they have This is the case for millions of working people who may have overlooked the importance of having smooth and uninterrupted conversations with other people It is possible that they are unaware that their relationships and communications are at risk of eroding when people spend less quality time with each other However, I believe that the benefits of such a development far outweigh the drawbacks The most outstanding benefit is that the Internet enable humans to easily keep in touch with their family, relatives regardless of the far distance and the difference of time zone This can be clearly seen in the case of SnapChat, a messaging application with millions of users monthly Furthermore, as an important means of communication, the Internet helps people to connect with othersconnect others of the same interest An excellent example excellent of this is Facebook, a social network that acts as a virtual platform helping one spread their ideas and hobbies to others whenever and wherever they want In conclusion, I am convinced that the Internet obviously has obviously some enormous advantages in the communication of the human race The aforementioned disadvantages can be lessened if the people use the Internet more properly No.47 The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives Nowadays, more and more people go online for a variety of reasons Some people say that the Internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together and I strongly agree, the Internet helps people communicate even if they are on the other side of the globe First of all, there are people who argue that the benefits of considerably XLIX outweigh its disadvantages The main reason for believing this is that the internet is a powerful method for engaging with other people worldwide One good illustration of this is can social media apps such as like Facebook, Skype and Viber Actually, using these applications is fairly straightforward among the young generation which they tend to use for chatting and video calling As a result, of that they can talk and see their conversers‘ participants faces and expressions Therefore, they feel very close to each other On the other hand, it is also possible to make the opposing case It is often argue that in fact of the internet procedure For example, some data most important and should secured if send to others but some talented hackers are seen these data using their knowledge and access to it throughout the internet This vulnerability is most dangers for some society or country Furthermore the WikiLeaks is a high level hacker society in the world they publish most important data to the nations Hence, sometimes occur more issues among the country or within country As a conclusion, due to the above- mentioned points, I strongly believe no essay answer to this question on balance, however I tend to believe that the internet advantages more useful for buildup relationship among the people in universal No.48 Nowadays, some people say that Internet is making the world smaller by bring people together I totally agree with this point of view Internet help people over the world and the same country to connect together It also makes communicate of people easier So, Internet is making the world smaller Firstly, Internet is easy to connect to a person in a part of world Today, there are many ways to communicate with other people such as E-mail, Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, Many people are using them to chat Internet helps us to have a connection with other or send a message anytime, anywhere we want There are recent surveys show that over 85% of cross-border calls are made using the Internet Before we usually write by hand and send through post office Replacing that way, Internet is great invention to connect people each other L Moreover, Internet also connects people of the same interests If it has not Internet, it will be difficult to find anyone to have the same interests It helps us nearer when we know that there are many people the world have same internet with us We also share knowledge about that things we love For instance, if you love photography, you can join in some forums, website, fanpage, groups, to share your experiences when you took that good photo Or you can get some advices of many other people Conclusion, Internet is the best way to make people together It also the easiest and the most economical way to communicate with one person No.49 It is argued that the Internet has facilitated better connectivity and improved communication among users resulting in a more connected and accessible world The Internet has an immense influence on the people over the last few years Therefore, I believe that the internet has undeniable benefits and it makes easier for people to communicate with each other To begin with, the Internet enable people to easily keep in touch with their family, relatives, notwithstanding the far distance Before the advent of the internet, people used other media of communication such as letters, phone calls which cost them amount and time However, the internet gradually changed the ways people communicate Nowadays, e veryone has a mobile, laptop, tablet and these devices are equipped with the internet that makes them in touch with their peer group using social networking applications such as Facebook, Instagram, Line, Twitter Another aspect the Internet connect people of the same interest People can connect to each other and share their hobbies Thanks to the Internet, people are able to talk to each other through forums, chat groups From there, they can find people who share their interest To sum up, the Internet has brought people closer It allowed people to connect in a very easy and share their interests The Internet makes this world as a global village by removing the barrier of distance LI No.50 In the era of the information technology boom, the mass media is growing, in which the most powerful development is the Internet With the outstanding advantages, the Internet has been playing an important role in social life since its inception, affecting every aspect of every life Some people say that the internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together With reality around myself , I agree with this viewpoint To begin with, The Internet enables people to easily stay in touch with family, friends, and relatives, notwithstanding the far distance Through internet service, people can talk and exchange for hours for free For instance, from my family, each family members live and work at different locations My sister works in Vung Tau, my father works in Ha Dong district, I am studying in Dong Da, my mother and my sister are living in Ninh Binh My family can talk about the lives of family members through Social networking sites, such as facebook, twitter In Social networking sites, there are many diverse means such as facetime, texting with free funny icons, lovely The Internet really brings my family together when everyone can see each other, chat for free and give my family great moments Secondly, The Internet connects people together through their interests, interests, and commonalities through forums, websites, fan pages, groups For example, fan pages of the Club of Pink Hearts at Hanoi Law University have posted volunteer activities such as blood donation and clothing donation Having gathered a lot of members who have done a lot of good for society, As well as bringing people together In contrast, there are some people who think that the internet makes people farther apart when they can't talk face to face without eye contact, which is not effective in communication But we also see that in this day and age people who are always busy with their work, it's hard to meet each other to chat For example, sometimes you and your colleagues at the company meet every day but the work is so stressful and tired working for hours so that you and your colleagues can not LII talk much to each other So it would not be great to be able to go home to rest and then contact colleagues via the internet to talk, talk That can increase your work performance Taking these points into consideration, I feel that actually bringing people closer together can be relatives or people who share a common interest in whether in two different countries or halfway around the world preserving the relationship better system LIII ... informal writing and those used in writing academic essays While academic writing requires formal use of language, spoken language and informal writing are colloquial Having said that, little attention... co-occurrence of words in accordance with syntactic and semantic relations The classifications of collocations into lexical and grammatical groups will be based on, and the lexical collocations are the targeted... collocational meaning and is unnatural for native speakers  Transparency: Transparency is generally deemed to mean whether the elements of the combination and the combination itself have a literal