A contrastive analysis of requests in english and vietnamese = so sánh lời đề nghị trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG ANH A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (SO SÁNH LỜI ĐỀ NGHỊ TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS Field: Linguistics VINH - 2011 VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (SO SÁNH LỜI ĐỀ NGHỊ TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) GRADUATION THESIS Field: Linguistics Supervisor : Nguyễn Thị Kim Anh, MA Student: Nguyễn Thị Hồng Anh Class : K48B2 - English VINH - 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the completion of this work, I have been fortunate to receive invaluable contributions from many people First of all, I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my lecturer, Mrs Nguyen Thi Kim Anh, MA for her absolutely indispensable assistance, excellent suggestions, expert advices and detailed critical comments without those my work would not have been completed I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr Tran Ba Tien, MA and Mrs Nguyen Thi Van Lam, MA who helped me initiate the idea for my research , giving me their enthusiastic encouragement and the benefit of their wisdom as well as his long and varied experiences in doing language research In addition, I am greatly indebted to all my lecturers at Foreign Languages Department, Vinh University for their enthusiasm, unedited useful lectures, interesting ideas, experiences, constant support and encouragement I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Mr Hung for his reading of my draft as well as his invaluable suggestions and comments, my friends at Foreign Language Department, Vinh University, and to my other friends for their various kinds of help, big support and endless encouragement My warmest thanks are due to my loving parents, for their unconditional loves , supports all good condition as possible and their patience Finally , I am all too aware that despite all the meaningful advices and assistant helps, I fell that the study is far from perfect , it is , therefore, my sole responsibility for any inadequacies and shortcomings that the study may be considered to have Vinh, May 2011 Nguyen Thi Hong Anh i ABSTRACT How to give Requests reasonably, politely and effectively with suitable methods is not easy This research aim is to investigate the use of Requests in English and Vietnamese for communicative purposes by letters The similarities and differences of Requests between the two languages are mentioned Their practice in reality will be discovered Moreover, some structures of Requests which are used frequently in the letters are also analyzed with the hope to find out the best ways to give requests in both languages, English and Vietnamese Finally, some suggestions are given so that English learners in Vietnam can use to enhance the effect of using Requests in the letters for their different communicative purposes ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS vi ABBREVIATION vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Justification of the Study Aims of the Study Methods of the Study Scope of the Study Design of the Study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Overview of the Theory 1.2 Sentences 1.2.1 Some Definitions of Sentences 1.2.2 Classification of Sentences 1.3 Requests 1.3.1 Definitions of Requests 1.3.2 Types of Requests 1.3.3 Requests in Letters 12 1.3.4 Rules of Requests in Letters 16 1.4 Summary 16 CHAPTER II THE STUDY 17 2.1 Research Questions 18 2.2 Data collection 18 2.2.1 Objects 18 2.2.2 Data Collection Procedure 18 2.3 Research Procedure 18 iii C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 2.4 Results and Discussion 19 2.4.1 Results 19 19 2.4.2 Discussion 19 CHAPTTER III A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 20 3.1 Forms of Requests in English and Vietnamese 21 3.1.1 Requests in Form of Declarative Sentences 21 3.1.2 Requests in Form of Imperative Sentences 21 3.1.3 Requests in Form of Interrogative Sentences 23 3.2 Request Expressions 27 3.2.1 Directnes 29 3.2.2 Indirectness 29 3.2.3 Politeness Strategy 31 3.3 Words and Structures used for Requests 33 3.3.1 Words used for Requests 35 3.3.2 Structures used for Requests 35 3.4 Factors affecting Requests 39 3.5 Frequency of using Requests in English and Vietnamese 41 3.5.1 Commanding 43 3.5.2 Begging 43 3.5.3 Advising 43 3.5.4 Suggesting 44 3.5.5 Inviting 44 3.5.6 Encouraging 44 3.5.7 Promising 44 3.5.8 Reminding 44 3.5.9 Permitting 45 3.5.10 Informing 45 3.6 Similarities and Differences of Requests in Letters in English and Vietnamese 46 3.6.1 Similarities 46 iv Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 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77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS TABLES Table 1: Examples of Requests in terms of forms and expressions 18 Table 2: The statistic results of the survey of the letters 19 Table 3: The frequency of using Requests in English and Vietnamese 45 CHARTS Chart 1: Requests in form of declarative sentences in English and Vietnamese 23 Chart 2: Requests in form of imperative sentences in English and Vietnamese 26 Chart 3: Requests in form of interrogative sentences in English and Vietnamese 28 Chart 4: Request in form of declarative, imperative and interrogative sentences in English and Vietnamese 29 Chart 5: Direct Requests in English and Vietnamese 31 Chart 6: Indirect Requests in English and Vietnamese 33 vi Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an ABBREVIATION CA : Contrastive Analysis &: and CMND: Chứng minh Nhân dân D & I: Direct and Indirect E.g: Example exchange %: Percent E: English V: Vietnamese Sents: sentences vii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART A: INTRODUCTION Justification of the Study It can be said that the appearance of requests occupies a large frequency in our daily language When we want to give order, or ask someone to something, we use requests instinctively That is why we make requests The answer is also because we all can not exist on our own without any help from other people but we have to be in company and seek help from others in the society That puts more emphasis on the role of requests in learning a language as a mother tongue or as a second language We frequently use requests to get somebody to something, asking them to help or cooperate with us, naturally and instinctively, especially by letters However, different language has different ways to form its requests Especially, when English and Vietnamese not share the same language type, these differences become more obvious Therefore, using requests in letters in English as well as Vietnamese reasonably is considered an important part for the success of communicative goals, because they are the means to express the ideas of the writers as well as to link between writer and receiver about their relationship or wishes As Vietnamese students who have learned English for quite a long time and teachersto-be of English, we find that learning English requests is an easy job to Vietnamese but at the same time causes repeated problems due to their unawareness of and confusion about the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese requests The study about requests will contribute to the improvement of the ways we give requests and raising the effects of using them in communication That will help us achieve some good and effective ways to give requests politely in letters in many different situations and get good results in using languages For the above reasons, this study mentioned “A Contrastive Analysis of Requests in English and Vietnamese” to find out some co-relative request structures, similarities and differences in expressions to make requests in the two languages Furthermore, the study can achieve some ways to give requests effectively and politely That is why we decided to choose this topic which is very useful for Vietnamese learners of English and also for those who care about the ways speakers express requests in English and Vietnamese by different ways to communicate Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an In Vietnamese, the constructions above are not used for requests Instead, people use special terms such as “XIN HÃY” E.g: Nếu có yêu cầu thông tin xin cho biết để cung cấp kịp thời cho Cơng ty Thirdly, in Vietnamese, we can use some performative verbs such as ―XIN”, “KÍNH MONG”, “ĐỀ NGHỊ”, “YÊU CẦU‖, etc to make imperative requests E.g: - Nay xin sửa sai (5B) - Vậy kính đề nghị Cơng An cấp xem xét cho tơi sửa sai CMND (5B) - Kính mong quan chấp nhận (2B) - Yêu cầu Toà án giải vấn đề sau bị đơn, người có nghĩa vụ quyền lợi liên quan (15B) On the contrary, in English, we can not put performative verbs such as “REQUEST”, “HOPE”, etc at the beginning of a sentence to make a request 3.7 Summary In this chapter, we mentioned six main points related to requests They are form of requests, expressions of requests, factors affecting requests, words and structures used in requests, frequency of using requests and some similarities & differences of requests in English and Vietnamese letters Although the two languages are similar in some cases, such as request in form of declarative sentence is used more with direct expression than other forms Moreover, people seem to vary their choice of request forms and words in relation to context and communicative purposes They follow different trends, but they consider having more various forms and words for in using request in English than in Vietnamese In the same situation, people can use many different ways to express request Therefore, there are much more structures used for request in English than in Vietnamese, such as “I’d like to ”, “let me…”, “allow me…’, ’would / could you…?” or “if…., I (you) can (will)…” For requests in Vietnamese, people often use some words as regular in model form of letter like “xin’, ’vui lòng’, ’đ ề nghị ’ or ’kính mong” On the other hand, requests in English and Vietnamese share together some similar points of request with words and structures 49 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation and Implication a Recapitulation Briefly, in this paper, we provided an overview of theoretical background of the research, which focuses on sentences in general and requests in particular Next, basing on the theoretical background, the research on requests in letters in English and Vietnamese was carried out Then, we did the study to collect and select the data We also analyzed and compared the statistics of the two languages to find out the ways people make requests in English and Vietnamese, the frequency, as well as similarities and differences of requests in these two languages After that, we did CA of requests in English and Vietnamese with subsections as forms of request, fequest expressions, fords and structures used in request, affecting factors, politeness strategy and some similarities & differences of request in the two languages b Implication ● For the writers: when writing letters of requests in both languages, the writers should take the following into consideration  The writers should be aware that there are a large number of ways to express request politely, among which the most popular way is the request in form of declarative sentence  They should avoid using less courteous ways or so many imperative sentences without additional words or modifiers because these ways sound impolite and may make a big gap or damage the relationship with the recipient That is one of reasons why the communication may not be successful and we can not achieve communicative goals 50 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an  The writers should use some structures as ―I’d like ”, “let…”, “would/ could you …?‖, etc and familiar words like ―please‖ to raise the politeness and decrease the imposition of requests as the native English writing style  The intention of people when expressing requests in Vietnamese can be deduced from studying the words chosen in different contexts To achieve politeness in requesting, the writers should use the request in form of declarative sentence with the presence of both subject and predicative This way seems to be polite and popular in Vietnamese Moreover, they should also use familiar words as ― xin”, “ đề nghị”, “ kính mong”, “ vui lịng”, “ xin hãy‖, etc in form of declarative and imperative sentences  Besides, the personal pronouns have a quite great influence on requests In Vietnamese, basing on the context and the recipient, the writers can use “tôi”, “chúng tôi” or “gia đình tơi‖ or “em”, etc to be the subject of request And the objects are very various too They may be ―cơ quan”, “cơng ty”, “phịng Lao động- Thương binh & Xã hội”, “Cơng an Tỉnh”, “ phịng nhân sự” or “Toà án”, etc It will be better if they use those words in requests flexibly so that they can benefit what they want more polite  The writers should be aware and careful to select the correct subject, object and combine with suitable situations to make the effective request particularly and obtain communicative goals generally ● For teachers:  The teachers should be supposed to help students acknowledge the form and the functional link between requests and directness and indirectness One sentence can be a command or a request without being in the form of an imperative Also, various functions of requests in addition to commands must be made clear to students, for example, offers, suggestions, commands, advice, directions, prohibitions, warnings, procedures, invitations, threats and wishes, depending on the context  Teachers should draw students’ attention to the aspect of politeness and rudeness of requests so that they will not make mistakes in oral communication as 51 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an well as writing or translation due to transfer Then, students can deal with people appropriately when the situation calls for it, achieving language competence  The task of learning requests can be made more fun and less stressful by using games, role-play A simple game like ―Simon says‖ is typically exploited to practice the form of imperatives For role-play, students can be given some situations in which they have to make a request or an offer Their partners are asked to accept only when the content of the request or the offer is reasonable and the structure of the sentence together with the speaker’s intonation is appropriate for the context Otherwise, they will refuse Thanks to the activity, students practice the forms, meaning and intonation of requests as well as practice how to respond appropriately  Teachers of English must grasp these inter-lingual difficulties, sympathizing with their students so that they can help Vietnamese students make progress in English learning ● For learners:  After speaking activities with games or role- play, students should try to write some letters of request with given situations from the teachers in English as well as in Vietnamese In these letters, they have to use some requests which are reasonable for the given situations This may be good chances for them to practice their writing skills as well as selecting words and structures in English and Vietnamese appropriately to express what they want politely  They should relate English requests used in these situations to Vietnamese ones used in similar situations in real life, discovering the similarities and differences between requests in English and Vietnamese in terms of forms and expressions As a result, combining the better expressions of the both languages may be useful when actually writing an English letter in real life Suggestion for further Studies This study is an attempt to compare requests in English and Vietnamese letters to find out some similar and different points, common words and structures used for request as well as forms and expressions of requests in English and Vietnamese 52 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Within the scope of a graduation thesis, the limitation of time and materials, this paper can not fulfill all the issues related to requests in formal letters For further studies, some following suggestions are recommended that this paper offer an interesting topic for further research and that deep layer of the structures and meaning of requests in contracts or other administrative papers will be explored and discussed thoroughly In conclusion, requests are crucial for communication and interaction in any languages A contrastive analysis in this field concerning Vietnamese and English is important and useful since it has many implications in language teaching and learning, making the acquisition of a second language much comfortable and easy The advantages of using the knowledge of corresponding features of the two languages are found in learning a foreign language and in reinforcing a mother tongue at the same time This paper has explored some very basic points in comparing and contrasting Vietnamese and English requests However, we hope that through this paper, teachers and students of English have some ideas on how necessary and beneficial the awareness of the inter-relation of English and Vietnamese over the matter of requests We would be really grateful to receive remarks, comments, suggestions and advices from teachers, students and other readers to make the thesis better 53 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an REFERENCES A Books Mai Lan Huong (2006) English Grammar Da Nang Blumkalka.S & Olshtain (1992) Requests and Apologies Hanoi National University Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (1973) A University Grammar of English Longman A.J.Thomson& A.V.Martinet (2008) A Practical English Grammar Bach Khoa Dictionary Labor, w (1972) Sociolinguistics Oatterns University of Pennysylvania Press James Carl (1980) Contrastive Analysis London : Longman Cao Xuân Hạo (1991) Tiếng việt: Sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức 1, NXB Khoa học xã hội , Hà Nội Cao Xuân Hạo (2001) Ngữ pháp chức tiếng Việt: Câu tiếng Việt 1, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội Delahunty.G.P.and Garvey.J.J (1994) Language, grammar and communication Mc Graw Hill, Inc, Singapore 10 Diệp Quang Ban (2003) Ngữ pháp Việt Nam – Phần câu NXB Đại học sư phạm, Hà Nội 11 Diệp Quang Ban (2005) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt NXB Giáo dục Hà Nội 12 Downing A and Locke P (1995) A university course in English grammar Phoenix ELT, Prentice Hall International, London 13 Finch G (2000) Linguistic terms and concepts Macmillan Press Ltd, London 14 Huddleston R (1984) Introduction to the grammar of English Cambridge University Press 15 Lê Quang Thiêm (1989) Ngôn ngữ đối chiếu ngôn ngữ NXB Dạy học Giáo dục chuyên nghiệp 16 Palmer,F.R (1994) Grammar, (2nd eds) London: Penguin B Websites viii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/request http://www.onelook.com/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=sentence http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sentence?view=uk http://www.iscribe.org/english/sent.html http://www.bestessays.com/classification_sentences_guide.php http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/mau-don-xin-viec-danh-cho-nguoi-da-co-kinhnghiem.33148.html http://ezinearticles.com/?Types-of-Letters&id=2300109 http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/socioling/politeness.html Vo Thi Bao Chau (2005) Imperative in English and Vietnamese, March 15th 2011, from http://www.khoaanh.net/_upload/CA2009/VoThiBaoChau_4C 10 Nguyen Thi Khoa (2005) Polite Strategies in English and Vietnamese imperatives, March 15th 2011, from http://www.khoaanh.net/4B06NguyenThiKhoa Polite Strategies in English and Vietnamese ix Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an APPENDIXES Some letters of request in English and Vietnamese a Daniel Smith 4540 Main Street, South Brunswick, NC, United States (910) 754-2885 October 25, 2008 Jennifer Lewis 2438 South Stratford Road, Winston Salem, NC, United States (336) 765-9027 Dear Ms Lewis As our discussion in the college last week, I am requesting you to give me information about your recently launched Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) by your company The Sales Executive of your company who had come to my office to collect the monthly premium had told me about the scheme that will be launched in a fortnight Yesterday's newspaper had the advertisement of the scheme but did not give all the details I searched on the internet but I got information in bits and pieces I want all the details about the scheme like initial investment, monthly installments, locking period etc This will help me in taking a final decision for investment Let me understand how the scheme will help me in securing my amount and what profits I will make after 3, or 10years as per your scheme I'll appreciate if you send me the complete brochure regarding the scheme If you can manage to send a Marketing Executive who will explain me the scheme then it will be of great help to me If I like the scheme and find it worth investing then I will give the initial amount right there to your Executive x Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an I'm looking forward for your positive reply You can contact me on my phone number or my personal email address- Daniel_smith@rediffmail.com Yours truly, Daniel Smith b October 11, 2010 Mr John Smith 1528 SE 3rd Avenue Portland, OR 78821-4432 Dear Mr Smith Thank you for your letter of September 15 We are sorry to hear of the problems you have had with your Alta Model D15 digital camera We agree with your high expectations of the Alta Camera line of products, and would like to replace the camera with a new one Please bring your defective camera along with this letter to the Alta Camera store located at 2331 NE Harrison Avenue in Portland They have a replacement camera waiting for you We at Alta Cameras take pride in the quality of our products and guarantee customer satisfaction Please call our toll-free number, (800) 562-5867, if you have any further questions Sincerely John Hines Customer Service xi Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an c Mrs Sara Fisher Manager 18 St James Avenue Bournemouth HB3 4LN 4th October 2004 Our ref: US / HK 1082 Your ref: SP / T Dear Mrs Fisher, We are pleased to acknowledge your order no 202 dated 1st October 2001 Your order is already dealt with We will inform you when the consignment is ready for delivery Please not hesitate to contact us if you require further information We thank you for your custom and again look forward to being of service to you in the future Yours sincerely, M Warrens (Mr) Enc d Mr Ken Davis xii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Hanson's Montessori School 15 Main St Kamloops, BC V2A 7B5 Our ref: #223 Dear Mr Davis: Our records show that you have an outstanding balance dating back to January, 2000 Your January invoice was for $445.00 and we have yet to receive this payment Please find a copy of the invoice enclosed If this amount has already been paid, please disregard this notice Otherwise, please forward us the amount owed in full by March 1st, 20 As our contract indicates, we begin charging 5% interest for any outstanding balances after 30 days Thank you in advance for your cooperation We hope to continue doing business with you in the future Sincerely, Maria McPhee xiii Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an e CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc ĐƠN TRÌNH BÀY LÝ DO XIN SỬA SAI CHỨNG MINH NHÂN DÂN Kính gửi: Cơng An xã ( Phường, thị trấ n ):……………………………… Tên :……………………………………….sinh ngà y:………………………… Nguyên quán: ………………………………………………………………… …… Nơi ĐKHK thườ ng trú: ……………………………………………………………… Đã đ ược cấ p CMND số :…………………… qua đ ố i chiế u CMND với hộ khẩ u giấ y tờ liên quan có sai lệ ch Nay xin đ ược sửa sai: ……………………………………………………………… Từ: ………………………………………………………………………………… Thà nh: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tơi xin trình bà y lý sai CMND sau: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Vậ y kính đ ề nghị Cơng an cấ p xem xét cho đ ược sửa sai CMND Tơi xin cam đ oan nộ i dung trình bà y đ úng thậ t Nế u sai tơi xin chị u hồ n tồ n trách nhiệ m trước pháp luậ t XÁC NHẬN CỦA CÔNG AN ………… Ngà y… tháng… nă m 2011 (xã, phường, thị trấ n nơ i ĐKHK thường trú) NGƢỜI LÀM ĐƠN f CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨ A VIỆT NAM Độ c Lậ p- Tự Do- Hạ nh Phúc ĐƠN XIN VIỆC xiv Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Kính gửi: Ban lãnh đ o Cơng Ty ……………………………………………… Tôi đ ượ c biế t Công Ty đ ang có nhu cầ u tuyể n dụ ng nhân viên vị trí thơng phiên dị ch tiế ng Nhậ t kiêm trợ lý Tổ ng Giám Đố c, qua ng cáo báo ………… đ ă ng ngà y …./… /2011 Đây cơng việ c rấ t phù hợ p vớ i khả nă ng kinh nghiệ m đ ược đ úc rút trình họ c tậ p m việ c củ a từ trước tới Thông qua mẫ u ng cáo, đ ược biế t vị trí q Cơng Ty đ ang tuyể n dụ ng đ ịi hỏ i kỹ nă ng nghe, nói, đ ọ c, viế t tiế ng Nhậ t, tiế ng Anh tố t, sử dụ ng vi tính vă n phòng nh thạ o, cũ ng khả nă ng tự tin giao tiế p.Tôi đ ã tố t nghiệ p trường Đạ i họ c Ngoạ i ngữ Hà Nộ i Khoa Tiế ng Nhậ t, đ ó mơn tiế ng Nhậ t, tiế ng Anh vi tính vă n phịng đ ược trọ ng đ u tư hà ng đ ầ u ngoà i ra, tiế ng Nhậ t tơi cịn có đ iề u kiệ n phát triể n n diệ n mọ i kỹ nă ng thời gian du họ c Trường Đạ i Họ c A, Nhậ t Bả n thời gian m công việ c bán thời gian có sử dụ ng tiế ng Nhậ t Tơi cũ ng hiể u ngoà i yêu cầ u trên, vị trí Cơng Ty đ ang tuyể n dụ ng cịn đ ịi hỏ i người có tinh thầ n đ oà n kế t, hoà đ ng với tậ p thể cũ ng có khả nă ng m việ c mơi trường có áp lực cao Đây khả nă ng mà đ úc kế t đ ượ c qua trình họ c tậ p, m việ c từ trước tới Việ t Nam cũ ng Nhậ t Bả n Vì kỹ nă ng, kinh nghiệ m nêu trên, tin rằ ng đ áp ứng đ ược yêu cầ u củ a Công Ty Tôi cũ ng xin cam đ oan chấ p hà nh nghiêm nh mọ i quy đ ị nh củ a Cơng Ty hồ n nh tố t công việ c đ ược phân công Mọ i liên hệ lị ch phóng vấ n hay thơng tin hồ sơ xin việ c nà y, xin vui lòng liên lạ c số đ iệ n thoạ i 0989532083 Xin chân nh m ơn trân trọ ng kính chà o! 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