Some characteristics of natural forest vegetation in ba vi national park

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL FOREST VEGETATION IN BA VI NATIONAL PARK Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum) Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resource and Environmental Management Student: Nguyen Trung Kien Student ID: 0953011441 Class Course : K55 Natural Resources Management : 2010 - 2014 Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Pham Van Dien Ph.D Hanoi, November 2014 i LIST OF ACRONYMS Notation Meaning PLOT Primary plot SPOT Secondary plot LIST OF FIGURES Figure Name Page The sketch of study site Primary and secondary sample plots Diagram of the relationship among tree species 10 PCA graph on relationship between species 13 Geometric class of tree species 14 Diagram of the relationship between sub-plots 15 : Graph diversity criteria and growth structure of forest 15 NMDS Graph about the relationship between plots 16 9a Scattering chart for Plot 18 9b Scattering chart for Plot 19 9c Scattering charts for both Plot and Plot 20 LIST OF TABLES Table Name Page Important value index Diversity indices of tree species PCA values of tree species at the studied area 12 Some structured and growth factors 17 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Being consented of the Department of Forest resources and Environmental Management, I have carried out a study: “Some characteristic of natural forest vegetation in Ba Vi national park" In the implementing research process, I have received the help of Management Board, forest ranges of Ba Vi National Park, local people, and especially the enthusiastic guidance of Assoc.Prof.Pham Van Dien Ph.D So I would like to express deep gratitude to Assoc.Prof Pham Van Dien Ph.D, and would like also to thank the Board of Director of Ba Vi National Park, forest rangers who have created favorable conditions for me to complete the study Especially forest rangers have instructed us enthusiastically throughout the research We also appreciate the heart of local people who support enthusiastically to help us complete this study Due to time constraints, knowledge and capacity is limited, so this study will not avoid flaws I look forward to the contributions from teachers to more complete the study Sincerely thank you! Hanoi, November, 2014 Nguyen Trung Kien iii SUMMARY Based on collected data on sample plots which are representative for types of forest plant communities, the study clearly described three main characteristics of forest plant communities including (i) important value index; (ii) diversity index of tree species; (iii) relationship within forest vegetation The results of the study showed that number of tree species, which has significance in communities varied from to 11 species Five (5) species including Khao (Phoebe lanceolata); Mo (Manglietia conifer); Doi (Mangletia sp.), Sai dat (Wedelia chinensis) and Rang rang (Ormosia pinnata) have the highest IV% indices of 35.7, 25.4, 26.9, 26.6 and 25.1%, respectively Former studies and research on characteristics of natural forest vegetation that are through the review of important value index of tree species (IV%) and diversity index of tree species (d, D, H’) are major However, there is little research using PCA (principal component analysis) value and NMDS (non-metric multi dimensional scaling) graph to evaluate these characteristics So, this study will be more in-depth studied to evaluate characteristics of natural forest vegetation and it follows the PCA value and NMDS graph with the branching diagram Generally, forest plant communities in the study sites have had a good rehabilitation ability iv I INTRODUCTION Research on characteristics of national forest vegetation takes an important role in forest management Having a through understanding of characteristics of national forest vegetation, we can determine solutions to manage them better, especially for managing special used forests such as Ba Vi National Park Ba Vi national park was established with the aim to protect and to restore biological diversity, intact structure as well as values of natural forest ecosystems There are some surveys and investigations on vegetation which have been carried out since the year of foundation (1991) However, most of the above-mentioned works focused on the name or component of species, the coverage or volume of forests Characteristics of natural forest vegetation in the view of ecology and conservation such as important value and diversity indices, relationship among tree species and its structure characteristics hasn’t captured with much attention This shortcoming leads to the lack of scientific data about characteristics of forest plant vegetation, which can be described in more detail as:  Lack of information and scientific data about the important indicators and the diversity of plant species in the forest plant vegetations in the study site  Lack of intensive and systematic research on the relationship within tree species in forest plant vegetation as well as the quantitative relationship among several factors inventoried hence scientific basis for technical solutions is insufficient In order to contribute to solve this problem, the study was carried out and focused on analyzing four key characteristics as follows: + Important value index; + Diversity index of tree species + Relationship between forest vegetations + Structure parameters of forest vegetation: density, forest canopy, canopy area index, tree diameter and height, basal area and volume Final, we assessed resilience of natural forest plant vegetation in Ba Vi National Park then recommend solutions to meet the new goals and requirements in terms of forest management techniques II STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODS 2.1 Study objectives - To determine some characteristics of natural forest vegetations in the study site - To find out some implications for forest management in the study site 2.2 Study site and scope - Study site: Eco-restored zone of Ba Vi National Park, Ha Noi - Secondary natural forest in Ba Vi Ba Vi National Park has been effected by the north latitude factors, monsoon, they combine together and create humid tropical climate (dry and cold in winter) The annual average temperature is 23.40C, the lowest temperature is 2.70C and highest temperature reach to 420C At 400m height above sea level, average temperature is 20.60C, above 1,000m height asl, the average temperature is about 160C and sometimes in the winter temperature can decrease to 0.20C The annual rainfall is about 2,500mm and is distributed from July to August The air humidity is about 86.1%, at 400m height asl., there is no dry season With those characteristics, it has made the diversity of ecology and it becomes a rich potential resort attracting tourists Ba Vi National Park is higher than Cuc Phuong National Park, so the weather in Ba Vi National Park is cooler than that in Cuc Phuong In the high peaks, it has more diversities about flora and fauna than Cuc Phuong National Park Ba Vi has medium and low mountains It has some some high mountain peaks such as: Vua peak (296m asl.), Tan Vien Cao peak (1,227m asl.), Ngoc Hoa peak (1,131m asl.), Vien Nam peak (1,031m asl.) Ba Vi mountain range consists of two main ridges The first ridge stretches from the East to the West (from Oi stream to Dat bridge then through Vien and Lobster peak) with 9km long, The second ridge stretches from Northwest to Southeast (from Yen Vien Son, through Tan Vien peak to Quit mountain with 11km long then it extend to Vien Nam belonging to Hoa Binh province Ba Vi has many slopes, the average of slope is 250 and with the elevation above 400 the average of slope is 350 Figure The sketch of study site 2.3 Studied methodologies 2.3.1 Sampling  Total number of sample plots: sample plots of 10,000 m2 each, in which: + Plot is located at East : X= 540.227,44; Y= 2.331.022,73 (VN2000) + Plot is located at West : X=536.949,14; Y=2.326.647,89 (VN2000)  The area and shape of sample plots: each sample plot has the area of 10,000 m2 (200 x 50 m)  Structure of sample plots: multi-scale sampling plots  For each sample plot we will arrange as bellow: Figure Primary and secondary sample plots Sample plots were coordinated by GPS and marked for identifying and checking when needed 2.3.2 Data collection On each secondary plot, we determined and measured criteria: tree's names, trunk diameter at the breast high (D1.3, cm), diameter of canopy (DHR, m), total high (H, m), height under branch (HL, m) and tree quality 2.3.3 Data processing - Determining important value index of tree species (IV, %) by using formula (1) (1) In which : - IV%: important value index of tree species - N%: percentage of the number of tree species - G%: percentage of basal area of tree species - Determining diversity index of tree species, include: Formula (2), (3), (4), (5) + Margalef's Diversity index (d) (2) Where: d: diversity indicator Margalef S: total species in the plot N: total individual in the plot + Diversity indicator Shannon - Wiener (H’) (3) With: H’: indicator Shannon - Wiener S: the number of species in the plot (4) N: total individual in the plot ni: the number of individual of i specie + Indicator Simpson (L - Lambada) (5)  Determining structured characteristics: N (stem/Ha); d, D, H (m), HL (m), H’, DCR (m)  The relationship within forest vegetation including: (i) relationship among species; (ii) relationship between forest species; and (iii) relationship between structured and growth factors These relationships were determined by three tools such as dendrogram cluster, graph NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling), graph PCA (principal component analysis) The computing operation was implemented by R software combined with Primer software installed on computer III RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Important value index The species that has ecological significance in the community have an important value index (IV,%) of equal and more than 5% In this study, number of species that meet this criterion ranged from 12 to 15 species Important value indices also have differences among species and change between two forest plant communities Plot 01 has 22 species that have high IV%, in which 12 species have ecological significance and Khao (Phoebe lanceolata) and Mo (Manglietia conifer) have the highest IV% values Plot 02 has 34 species that have high IV%, in which 15 species have an ecological significance and Sai dat (Wedelia chinensis ) and Rang rang (Ormosia pinnata) have highest IV% values Percentage of plots where species appeared in varied from 6.25% to 100% 10 species which have the high important value indices (IV%) are shown in Table REFERENCES Bui Thi Diep (2011), Some silvicultural characteristics of forest plant communities in natural protected and cultural area of Dong Nai, Masters Thesis of Forest Science, Forestry university of Viet Nam Pham Van Dien (2013), Simulation of some characteristics in forest ecology research A presentation on forest Ecology, Colorado State University, USA Thai Van Trung (2001), The tropical forest ecosystems in Vietnam Publisher of Science and Technology, Hanoi Nguyen Hai Tuat, Vu Tien Hinh, Ngo Kim Khoi (2006), Statistical Analysis in Forestry, Agricultural Publishing House , Hanoi A.B Said (1991), The rehabilitation of tropical rainforests ecosystems Restoration of tropical forest ecosystems Proceeding of symposium held on October 7-9, P 110-117 Brummitt R.K (1992), Vascular plant Families and Genera Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Bruce, M., Grace, J.B (2002), Analysis of ecological communities, MJM Press, USA Odum, E.P (1971), Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd ed Press of WB SAUNDERS Company Richard, T.B (1998), Composition, structure and diversity of cove forest stand in the Great Smoky mountains: a patch dynamic perspective, Vegetation science (9),pp.881980 10 Richard, P.W (1952), The tropical rain forest, Cambridge University Press, London 11 Van Steenis J (1956), Basic principles of rain forest Sociology, Study of tropical vegetation prceedings of the Kandy Symposium UNESCO 23 APPENDIX TABLES Table Important value index Percentage Plots Serial Name of species IV of splot (%) containing Family species 1 Khao (Phoebe lanceolata) Lauraceae 3.49 - 35.7 87.5 Mo (Manglietia conifer) Magnoliaceae 6.86 - 25.40 93.75 Chan Chim (Schefflera octophylla) Araliaceae 3.56 - 19.7 75 Sang Nhung(Sterculia lanceolata) Sterculiaceae 1.07 - 16.90 43.75 Che Duoi Luon (Andinandra intalgerrima) Theaceae 1.24 - 15.6 68.75 Sau sau (Liquidambar formosana) Altingiaceae 1.07 - 14.8 87.5 Ba ( Hopea odorata) Dipterocarpaceae 2.53 - 13.9 12.5 De gai(Castanopsis indica) Fagaceae 1.59 - 13.8 25 Hoac Quang(wendlandia paniculata) Rubiaceae 1.02 - 13.7 81.25 10 Lau( psychotria balansae) Rubiaceae 1.11 - 12.5 25 11 Khao Nuoc (Phoebe pallida) Lauraceae 11.99 - 12.21 12.5 12 Ngoa Long (Ficus fulva) Moraceae 1.28 - 11.7 56.25 13 Dung (Symplocos laurina Wall) Symplocaceae 1.28 - 11.5 50 14 Choi Moi (Antidesma ghaesembilla) Phyllanthaceae 0.93 - 10.5 87.5 15 Thau Tau (Aporosa dioica) Euphorbiaceae 1.31 - 9.39 56.25 16 Soi (Castanopsis fissa) Fagaceae 0.96 - 9.28 62.5 17 Dang (Scheflera heptaphylla) Araliaceae 0.96 - 8.49 43.75 18 Gang (Aidia chantonea) Rubiaceae 1.13 - 6.55 43.75 19 Soi Tia (Triadica cochinchinensis) Euphorbiaceae 1.18 - 5.72 18.75 24 20 De Bop (Castanopsis lecomtei) Fagaceae 1.22 - 5.51 25 21 Ba bet (Mallotus canii) Euphorbiaceae 1.07 - 5.50 37.5 22 Ba Dau (Croton tiglium) Euphorbiaceae 1.6 - 5.13 12.5 23 Muong (Cassia sp) Caesalceae 1.71 - 4.84 25 24 Cu Den La Thuon (Croton roxburghii) Euphorbiaceae 4.27 - 4.82 18.75 25 Tram (Canarium spp) Burseraceae 1.1 - 4.74 31.25 26 De (Lithocarpus calathiformis) Fagaceae 1.42 - 4.56 31.25 27 Thanh Nganh (Cratoxyon cochinchinensis) Hypericaceae 1.25 - 4.53 50 28 Vu Bo (Ficus hirta) Moraceae 1.18 - 4.43 37.5 29 Chan (Microdesmis caseariae) Euphorbiaceae 1.17 - 4.21 37.5 30 Re (Neocinamomum delavayi) Lauraceae 1.14 - 3.92 18.75 31 Thung Muc (Wrightia annamensis) Apocynaceae 3.54 6.25 32 Bo De (Styrax tonkinensis) Styracaceae 1.2 - 3.47 18.75 33 Long Mang (Pterospermum diversifolium) Sterculiaceae 1.18 - 3.38 25 34 Huan Bac Bo (Colebrookea oppositifo-lia) Lamiaceae - 3.2 18.75 35 Rang Rang Mit (Ormosia balansae Drake) Fabaceae 2.97 6.25 36 Dau da (Baccaurea sapida) Euphobiaceae 1.49 - 2.89 12.5 37 Tram (Syzygium sp) Myrtac 2.77 - 2.77 12.5 38 Son Ta (Rhus succedanea L) Anacardiaceae 1.05 - 2.75 18.75 39 Canh Kien (Malotus philippensis) Euphorbiaceae 2.66 6.25 40 Dom Long (Bridelia tomentosa) Euphorbiaceae 2.64 6.25 41 Thanh That (Ailanthus triphysa) Simaro 1.1 - 2.6 12.5 42 Soi hong (Lithocarpus henryi) Fagaceae 0.97 - 2.53 18.75 43 Sang (Sterculia lanceolata Cay) Sterculiaceae 1.68 - 2.49 25 44 Đom (Alchornea rugosa) Euphorbiaceae 1.10 - 2.30 12.5 25 45 Dau Da Dat (Baccaurea sapida) Phyllanthaceae 1.19 - 2.19 18,75 46 Ngat long (Ficus fulva Reinw) Moraceae 1.27 - 2.12 18.75 47 Buoi Bung (Glycosmis Citrifolia) Rutaceae 1.18 - 1.93 12.5 48 Me Co Ke (Grewia paniculata) Tiliaceae 1.18 - 1.91 25 49 Che rung (Aidia cochinchinensis) Rubiaceae 1.88 6.25 50 Chạc Khe (Disoxylum binectarife) Meliaceace 1.6 - 1.86 18.75 Apocynaceae 1.85 6.25 Thung Muc Mo (Holarrhena 51 antidysenterica Wall) 52 Lim Xet (Peltophorum dasyrrhachis) Lauraceae 1.75 6.25 53 Loi Thọ (Gmelina arborea Roxb) verbeneace 1.4 - 1.65 12.5 Rubiaceae 1.61 6.25 Tai Nghe Van Nam (Hymenodictyon 54 excelsum Wall) 55 Vo man (Ficus trivia) Moraceae 1.61 6.25 56 Ngai (Ficus hispida) Moraceae 1.57 6.25 57 Vang Trung (Endospermum chinense) Euphorbiaceae 1.55 6.25 58 Vai đom Sapindaceae 1.3 - 1.53 31.25 59 Thoi ba (Alangium chinensis Harms) Alangi 1.15 - 1.52 18.75 60 Boi Loi La Tron (Listea monopetala) Lauraceae 1.51 6.25 61 Cau Huyet (Knema tonkinensis) Myristicaceae 1.44 6.25 62 Hu đay (Trema orientalis) Ulmaceae 1.30 - 1.43 12.5 63 Me 1.41 6.25 64 Mung Quan (Flacourtia indica) 1.40 6.25 65 Thoi loi 1.35 6.25 66 An hach (Cryptocarya annamensis) Lauraceae 1.33 6.25 67 Com Trau (Floribundus) Elaeoceae 1.33 6.25 Flacouceae 26 68 Com (Elaeocarpus silvetris) 69 Long (Sideroxylon sp) 70 Ruoi (Streblus asper) 71 ELaeoceae 1.31 6.25 1.27 - 1.3 18.75 Moraceae 1.3 6.25 Sung (Ficus racemosa) Moraceae 1.3 6.25 72 Ngoa Khi (Ficus fulva) Moraceae 1.29 - 1.29 12.5 73 Boi loi (Litsea glutinosa) Lauraceae 1.28 6.25 74 Kim Suong (Micromelum minutum) Rutaceae 1.27 6.25 75 Long so (Saurauja tristylla) 1.26 6.25 76 Son (Melanorrhoea Laccifera Pierre) Anacardiaceae 1.24 - 1.24 12.5 77 Hoa Thom (Osmanthus matsumura) Oleaceae 1.20 6.25 78 Soi xanh (Lithocarpus pseudosundaicus) Fagaceae 1.08 - 1.18 12.5 1.10 6.25 1.07 6.25 1.04 6.25 Man Dia (Pithecolobium clyperia var 79 acumianata Gagnep) 80 Muoi (Rus chinensis) Anaacarceae 81 Mat Trau (Pithecolobium lucidum benth) 82 La Nen (Macaranga denticulate) Euphorbiaceae 1.02 6.25 83 Đen la (Victex holrungii) Verbeneace 1.0 6.25 84 De Soi (Lithocapus ducampii) Fagaceae 0.94 6.25 Doi (Mangletia sp.) Magnoliaceae 2.82 - 26.90 81.25 Rang Rang (Ormosia pinnata) Fabaceae 2.06 - 26.60 100.0 Sai dat (wedelia chinensis) Asteraceae 2.19 - 25.1 18.75 Soi (Castanopsis fissa Rehd et Wils) Fagaceae 2.03 - 23.3 62.5 Khao (Phoebe lanceolata) Lauraceae 2.71 - 22.70 93.75 Chan (Microdesmis caseariae) Euphorbiaceae 2.19 - 22.60 25.0 Dau Da (Spondias lakonensis) 1.03 - 19.50 87.5 27 Soi Do (Lithocarpus corneus) Fagaceae 1.35 - 17.40 37.5 Phan Ma (Teucrium viscidum Blume) Laminaceae 1.24 - 16.20 75.0 10 Thanh Nganh (Cratoxyon cochinchinensis) 1.23 - 16.00 81.25 Fagaceae 2.65 - 14.30 56.25 12 Khuc Khac (Heterosmilax gaudich-audiana) Smilaceae 0.93 - 11.90 18.75 13 Dung (Symplocos laurina) Symploceae 0.89 - 11.80 75 14 Tram (Canarium spp) Burser 1.15 - 10.70 93.75 15 Co Ke (Microcos paniculata) Tiliaceae 0.89 - 9.56 37.5 16 Vang (Endospermum sp) Euphorbiaceae 1.43 - 9.35 18.75 17 Sp 7.17 - 9.18 12.5 18 De (Lithocarpus calathiformis) Fagaceae 1.02 - 9.10 25.0 19 Cheo (Engelhardtia roburghiana) Juglandaceae 1.85 - 8.07 43.75 20 Sung (Ficus racemosa) Moraceae 5.02 - 7.89 12.5 21 Muong (Cassia sp.) Fabaceae 1.30 - 7.83 31.25 22 Choi Moi (Antidesma ghasembilla) Euphorbiaceae 1.03 - 7.82 81.25 23 Vang Hoi (Clerodendrum inerme) Verbenaceae 1.20 - 7.70 18.75 24 Thanh That (Ailanthus triphysa) Simaro 0.96 - 7.59 75.0 25 Gang (Aidia chantonea) Rubiaceae 1.44 - 7.41 62.5 26 Re (Neocinamomum delavayi) Lauraceae 0.89 - 6.42 50.0 27 Soi (Sapium sebiferum) Euphorbiaceae 1.89 - 6.14 12.5 28 Ngat (Gironniera subequalis) Ulmaceae 2.64 - 6.13 12.5 29 Ràng Rang Mit (Ormosia balansae Drake) Fabaceae 0.97 - 6.02 12.5 30 Tram Chim (Canarium parvum) Burser 1.89 - 5.73 31.25 31 Ba Bet (Mallotus canii) Euphorbiaceae 1.18 - 5.54 31.25 Soi Trang (Pasania hemiphaerica Hicket et 11 Camus) 28 32 Sau sau (Liquidambar formosana) 33 34 Altingiaceae 5.34 6.3 Phay vi 5.15 6.25 Long (Sideroxylon sp) 5.13 6.25 1.05 - 4.88 50.0 4.61 6.25 Man Dỉa (Pithecolobium clyperia var 35 acumianata Gagnep) 36 Trong Dua (Ardisia lindleyana) Myrsin 37 Chan Chim (Schefflera octophylla) Araliaceae 1.19 - 4.53 31.25 38 Canh Kien (Malotus philippensis) Euphorbiaceae 1.58 - 4.38 18.75 Fagaceae 2.06 - 4.78 12.5 40 Che Duoi Luon (Andinandra intalgerrima) Theaceae 1.12 - 4.37 50 41 Cham (Indigofera tinctoria Linn) Fabaceae 4.03 6.25 42 Ba Bet (Mallotus canii) Euphorbiaceae 0.97 - 3.82 56.25 43 Truong (Mischocarpus sundaicus) Sapind 3.01 - 3.77 18.75 44 Mo (Manglietia conifer) Magnoliaceae 3.71 6.25 45 Bo De (Styrax tonkinensis) Styracaceae 1.37 - 3.58 18.75 46 Nanh Chuot (Cryptocarya lenticellata) Lauraceae 1.42 - 3.54 18.75 47 Soi Tia (Sapium discolor) Fagaceae 3.54 6.25 48 Mo (Manglietia conifer) Magnoliaceae 1.33 - 3.02 12.5 49 Hu Trang (Commersonia bartramia) Ulmaceae 2.59 6.25 50 Ngon Trung Bo 2.48 6.25 51 Com (Elaeocarpus silvetris) Elaeoceae 0.94 - 2.45 31.25 52 Ngoa (Ficus sp) Moraceae 1.25 - 2.37 12.5 53 Thung Muc (Wrightia annamensis) Apocynaceae 1.26 - 2.36 25.0 54 Ba soi (Macaranga denticulate) Euphorbiaceae 1.31 - 2.23 18.75 De Bop (Castanopsis lecomtei Hickel et 39 Camus) 29 55 Ke (Livistona tonkinensis) Arecaceae 2.06 6.25 56 Thau Tau (Aporosa dioica) Euphorbiaceae 1.14 - 1.85 12.5 57 Me Rung 1.76 6.25 58 Lim xẹt (Phynllanthus emblica) Fabaceae 1.74 6.25 59 Vu Bo (Ficus hirta) Moraceae 1.74 6.25 60 Ba Gac (Rauvolfia verticillata) Apocynaceae 0.88 - 1.73 12.5 61 Ngu Gia Bi (Canthopanax lasiogyne) Araliaceae 1.71 6.25 62 Hu Rung (Trema angustifolia) Ulmaceae 1.65 6.25 63 Đen La (Victex canescens) verbeneace 1.09 - 1.61 31.25 64 Sp2 1.53 6.25 65 Cho Oi (Platanus Kerrii) Plataneace 1.38 6.25 66 Son Ta (Rhus succedanea L) Anacardiaceae 1.35 6.25 67 Hoac Quang (Endlandia paniculata) Rubiaceae 1.34 6.25 68 Tram (Syzygium sp.) Myrtac 1.33 6.25 69 Son (Melanorrhoea laccifera Pierre) Anacardiaceae 1.31 6.25 Combre 0.94 6.25 Tram Chum Ba (Combretum quadrangu70 lare) 71 Bua (Garcinia oblongifolia) Clussiaceae 0.89 6.25 72 Nang (Alangium ridleyi) Alangi 0.86 6.25 Sapind 0.83 6.25 Truong Duyen Hai (Mischocarpus 73 sundaicus) 30 Table 3: Value of PCA of the species Serial Species PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 11 Cryptocarya annamensis -0.001 0.005 -0.002 -0.004 0.011 12 Mallotus canii -0.005 0.023 0.019 0.037 0.014 13 Croton tiglium L 0.006 0.011 -0.011 0.047 14 Rauvolfia verticillata -0.005 -0.013 0.014 0.006 -0.001 15 Hopea odorata 0.01 0.042 -0.003 -0.041 0.093 16 Macaranga denticulata -0.005 0.012 -0.006 -0.013 -0.021 17 Styrax tonkinensis -0.001 -0.013 -0.016 0.001 0.018 18 Litsea glutinosa 0.005 -0.003 0.005 -0.007 19 Listea monopetala 0.003 -0.002 -0.005 0.004 -0.002 20 Garcinia oblongifolia -0.002 -0.014 0.003 -0.003 0.004 21 Glycosmis citrifolia 0.008 0.005 0.017 -0.012 -0.001 22 Malotus philippensis -0.008 0.029 0.009 -0.023 0.064 23 Disoxylum binectarife -0.022 0.003 -0.003 0.006 0.015 24 Indigofera tinctoria Linn -0.006 -0.005 -0.017 0.002 25 Microdesmis caseariae -0.019 0.102 0.069 0.03 0.142 26 Schefflera octophylla 0.268 -0.098 -0.119 0.258 -0.269 27 Andinandra intalgerrima 0.113 -0.091 -0.296 0.225 -0.212 28 Aidia cochinchinensis 0.01 -0.006 0.01 -0.014 29 Engelhardtia roburghiana -0.044 -0.086 -0.02 -0.081 -0.039 30 Platanus kerrii -0.003 0.001 0.005 0.008 -0.003 31 Antidesma ghasembilla -0.004 0.087 0.043 0.002 0.099 32 Microcos paniculata -0.032 0.001 0.02 0.008 0.023 33 Dalbergia assamica 0.002 0.001 0.003 -0.004 0.004 31 34 Elaeocarpus silvetris -0.011 -0.023 -0.004 -0.003 35 Elaeocarpus griffithii 0.004 0.002 0.006 -0.008 0.007 36 Floribundus -0.001 0.005 -0.002 -0.004 0.011 37 Croton roxburghii 0.004 0.024 -0.02 -0.01 0.086 38 Spondias lakonensis -0.126 0.079 -0.129 -0.342 -0.514 39 Baccaurea sapida 0.002 0.007 -0.008 -0.002 0.022 40 Lithocarpus calathiformis -0.018 -0.103 0.034 -0.002 0.05 41 Castanopsis lecomtei Hickel et Camus 0.012 0.017 0.002 0.036 0.008 42 Castanopsis indica 0.038 0.019 0.07 -0.055 -0.01 43 Lithocapus ducampii 0.005 -0.003 0.005 -0.007 44 Victex canescens -0.012 -0.012 0.024 0.017 -0.003 45 Victex holrungii 0.003 -0.001 -0.005 0.007 -0.006 46 Alchornea rugosa 0 0 47 Bridelia retusa 0.007 -0.006 -0.021 0.023 -0.017 48 Bridelia tomentosa -0.001 0.01 -0.004 -0.007 0.022 49 Maesa subdentata 0.002 0.001 0.003 -0.004 0.004 50 Symplocos laurina -0.015 0.075 0.171 -0.059 -0.17 51 Aidia chantonea -0.042 0.031 0.027 -0.029 0.043 52 Osmanthus matsumura 0.003 -0.002 0.004 -0.005 0.006 53 Wendlandia paniculata 0.058 0.015 0.065 -0.07 0.039 54 Trema orientalis 0.001 0.001 -0.013 0.006 0.006 55 Trema angustifolia -0.003 0.005 0.011 0.016 -0.009 56 Commersonia bartramia -0.005 -0.012 -0.014 -0.02 -0.021 57 Colebrookea oppositifo-lia 0.006 0.002 -0.002 0.002 0.006 32 58 Livistona tonkinensis -0.002 0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.006 59 Phoebe lanceolata 0.076 -0.138 -0.553 0.476 -0.054 60 Phoebe pallida 0.049 0.027 0.146 -0.121 -0.006 61 Heterosmilax gaudich-audiana -0.018 0.002 0.027 -0.007 0.067 62 Micromelum minutum -0.001 0.005 -0.002 -0.004 0.011 63 Macaranga denticulata 0.004 -0.003 0.001 0.004 -0.008 64 Psychotria balansae 0.012 0.034 -0.037 -0.03 0.191 65 Peltophorum dasyrrhachis 0.005 0.002 -0.004 0.013 66 Gmelina arborea Roxb 0.005 -0.002 -0.007 0.007 0.001 67 Sideroxylon sp -0.006 0.019 -0.003 -0.009 0.055 68 Pterospermum diversifolium 0.01 -0.001 -0.014 0.008 0.01 69 Saurauja tristylla 0.003 0.001 0.008 -0.008 0.001 70 Pithecolobium clyperia var acumianata Gagnep -0.026 -0.037 0.029 -0.016 -0.052 71 Pithecolobium lucidum benth 0.004 -0.003 0.001 0.004 -0.008 72 Grewia paniculata 0.006 0.001 0.011 -0.014 0.014 73 Phynllanthus emblica -0.002 0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.006 74 Clerodedrum sinensis -0.002 0.003 -0.003 75 Manglietia conifera 0.842 -0.173 0.318 -0.065 -0.13 76 Cryptocarya sp 0.002 0.001 0.003 -0.004 0.004 77 Flacourtia indica -0.001 0.004 -0.007 0.001 0.014 78 Rus chinensis 0.003 0.001 0.008 -0.008 0.001 79 Cassia sp -0.021 0.006 -0.019 -0.073 -0.015 80 Alangium ridleyi -0.002 -0.014 0.003 -0.003 0.004 81 Cryptocarya lenticellata -0.009 0.006 -0.031 -0.014 -0.018 33 82 Ficus hispida -0.001 0.005 -0.002 -0.004 0.011 83 Gironniera subequalis -0.01 0.02 -0.002 -0.016 -0.012 84 Ficus fulva Reinw -0.001 0.038 -0.018 -0.024 0.087 85 Ficus sp -0.004 0.008 -0.007 -0.003 86 Ficus fulva 0.001 0.003 -0.001 -0.001 0.007 87 Ficus spp 0.013 0.005 -0.031 0.02 0.02 88 Acanthopanax lasiogyne -0.002 0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.006 89 Teucrium viscidum Blume -0.075 0.093 0.053 0.022 -0.033 90 Sarcocephalus orientalis Merr -0.006 0.01 0.001 -0.008 0.001 91 Ormosia pinnata -0.243 -0.613 0.211 -0.057 -0.086 92 Ormosia balansae Drake -0.018 -0.099 0.019 -0.025 0.038 93 Neocinamomum delavayi -0.012 -0.04 -0.011 0.021 0.034 94 Streblus asper -0.001 0.004 -0.007 0.001 0.014 95 Sterculia lanceolata Cay 0.007 0.005 -0.001 -0.01 0.031 96 Sterculia lanceolata 0.031 0.001 0.03 -0.015 -0.009 97 Wedelia chinensis -0.04 0.138 -0.083 -0.271 -0.457 98 Liquidambar formosana 0.053 0.02 -0.017 -0.002 0.077 99 Sapium sebiferum -0.01 -0.004 -0.023 -0.002 0.003 100 Castanopsis fissa Rehd et Wils -0.085 -0.627 -0.026 -0.131 0.038 101 Lithocarpus corneus -0.051 -0.074 -0.072 -0.01 0.02 102 Lithocarpus henryi 0.011 -0.008 -0.011 0.015 -0.02 103 Sapium discolor 0.009 0.005 -0.005 -0.006 -0.008 -0.097 -0.13 -0.065 -0.034 -0.158 0.004 0.001 -0.002 0.001 0.004 104 Pasania hemiphaerica Hicket et Camus 105 Lithocarpus pseudosundaicus 34 106 Melanorrhoea laccifera Pierre -0.001 -0.004 -0.009 -0.011 -0.004 107 Rhus succedanea L 0.014 0.008 0.015 -0.024 -0.043 108 Ficus racemosa -0.015 0.034 -0.003 -0.018 0.088 109 Hymenodictyon excelsum Wall 0.002 0.001 -0.001 0.002 110 Cratoxyon cochinchinensis -0.062 0.123 0.028 0.075 -0.295 111 Ailanthus triphysa -0.049 -0.037 -0.025 -0.041 0.04 112 Aporosa dioica 0.063 0.012 -0.025 0.022 0.001 113 Alangium chinensis Harms 0.007 -0.004 -0.003 0.002 0.007 114 Wrightia annamensis -0.011 0.026 0.006 0.01 0.013 115 Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall 0.003 -0.002 0.004 -0.005 0.006 116 Canarium spp -0.087 -0.097 0.096 0.084 -0.049 117 Syzygium sp 0.012 -0.007 -0.017 -0.012 118 Canarium parvum -0.026 0.024 -0.052 -0.085 -0.12 119 Combretum quadrangu-lare -0.002 -0.014 0.003 -0.003 0.004 120 Ardisia lindleyana -0.003 0.002 -0.015 0.001 0.006 121 Mischocarpus sundaicus -0.002 -0.014 0.003 -0.003 0.004 122 Clerodendrum inerme -0.024 -0.031 0.037 0.013 -0.057 123 Endospermum chinense 0.002 0.001 -0.001 0.002 124 Ficus trivia -0.001 0.004 -0.007 0.001 0.014 125 Ficus hirta 0.012 0.01 -0.008 -0.002 0.033 35 SOME IMAGES IN THE FIELD TRIP 36 TABLE CONTENT LIST OF ACRONYMS ii LIST OF FIGURES .ii LIST OF TABLES ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii SUMMARY iv I INTRODUCTION II STUDY OBJECTIVES AND METHODS 2.1 Study objectives 2.2 Study site and scope 2.3 Studied methodologies 2.3.1 Sampling 2.3.2 Data collection 2.3.3 Data processing III RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Important value index 3.2 Diversity indices of tree species 3.3 Relationship in forest vegetation 10 3.3.1 Relationship among tree species 10 3.3.2 Relationship between forest species 14 3.3.3 Relationship between some factors in forest 17 3.4 Implication of the study 20 IV CONCLUSIONS 22 REFERENCES 23 APPENDIX TABLES 24 Table Important value index 24 Table 3: Value of PCA of the species 30 SOME IMAGES IN THE FIELD TRIP 35 37