Indigenous knowledge of muong and dao ethnic minority groups in ba vi national park, vietnam

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF MUONG AND DAO ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS IN BA VI NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM BY Dr HOANG VAN SAM HA NOI, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Rufford Small Grants program for financial support to carry out this research project We are very grateful to the Biodiversity centre of the Vietnam Forestry University for equipments and staff to carry out this project We would like to thank Mr Nguyen Van Huy (Vietnam Forestry University) for helping us to identify many species In addition we thank many staff members and local inhabitants in Ba Vi National Park for their support of our activities, especially Mr Nguyen Van Tam, Mr Nguyen Huu Duc, Mrs Nguyen Thi Lan We also would like to thank Mr Phan Van Dung and Miss Nguyen Thi Duyen and other young lectures and students at the Vietnam Forestry University for their assistance in the field INTRODUCTION Man is known to have utilized plants as a source of medicinal drugs for thousands of years Medicinal plants are potential sources of new drugs and hold a great value for developing pharmaceutical products, phytomedicines, and dietary supplements (King et al 1999; Hoang et al 2008) About 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional medicine, especially in remote areas in developing countries, medicinal plants may form the only available source of health care (Van Andel 2000; Hoang et al 2008) Knowledge of medicinal plants, as once embedded in numerous indigenous cultures, is rapidly disappearing Year by year, the total sum of human knowledge about the species, distribution, ecology, management, and extraction of medicinal plants is declining: the continuation of a process of loss of local cultural diversity that has been underway for centuries (Hamilton 2003, Hoang et al 2008) Although in many communities medicinal plants are the only available source for medical treatment, local indi-genous remedies are less used now than before In many tropical regions indigenous knowledge is at risk of extinction just as is biodiversity itself (Slikkerveer 1999, Van Andel 2000, Hoang et al 2008) Vietnam is a rich country of biodiversity, which has the high potential of medicinal plants According to scientists, Vietnam has about 4000 plant species are used as medicinal sources (Tap 2007) This source is not only diverse in number of species but also diverse in the treatment capability However, until now, people knowledge of these species is limited, there are many more medicinal plant species in nature that people not know or just a small part of it applicability (Dien 2007) Ba Vi National park, one of the 30 National Park in Vietnam was established in 1992 (the National park belong to Ha Tay province before 2009, and now it belongs to Hanoi when Hanoi expended area) The health care situation in the research area of Ba Vi National Park is generally much less favourable Because most people living in and around the park is still poor To study indigenous knowledge of Muong and Dao ethnic minority groups in Ba Vi National Park, this study deals with the variety of medicinal plant species and their uses recorded during months survey of traditional medicinal plants in that area The main research questions with regards to the use of medicinal plants were: - Which plant species are being used for which disease? - Which medicinal plant species are being commercialized in the research area? - What are different between traditional knowledge of Muong and Dao ethnic minority groups in Ba Vi National Park on using medicinal plants - What is the present role of medicinal plants in the health care system of the indigenous communities? We hope that the documentation of this medicinal plant knowledge contributes to the conservation of both cultural diversity and plant biodiversity in Vietnam in general and Ba Vi National Park in particular METHODOLOGY Household surveys and interviews were carried out in 100 randomly selected households The standard interviews contained specific questions on age, gender, and ethnic background of the gatherers and main users of plant products Additionally we organized the trips with indigenous experts, e.g., traditional doctors, village elders and other local people who knew about medicinal plants to determine which plant species are harvested and for what purpose in the forests These trips were also used to collect voucher specimens for further identification of the harvested plants We also did market inventories in local markets to determine the price of the medicinal plant products that are for sale All plants that were considered by local people to have medicinal properties were collected and identified These plants not only included wild species but also cultivated plants and wild plants that had been taken from the forest and planted in gardens The specimen was deposited at the Biodiversity centre of the Vietnam Forestry University The importance of medicinal plant species was identified using standard Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques (Ngai 2001) where local people were asked to rank a list of regularly used local medicinal plants STUDY AREA Ba Vi National Park was established in 1992 A core zone area about 3000 ha, and buffer zone of approximately 15,000 Flora of the Park has about 800 plant species, belong to 427 genera and 98 families Out of them 13 local endemics species, 10 species listed in the Vietnamese Red Data Book for rare and endangered plants There is a population of some 46,000 people, belonging to Kinh, Muong and Dao groups living in the Park Of them, Kinh (Viet) is the major group, Dao and Muong are ethnic minority groups and they constitute the major users of Medicinal plants in the Park and depend on harvesting of natural resources This study focuses on traditional medicinal plants are defined and used by two this ethnic groups Picture 1: Students at study medicinal plant specimens at the Biodiversity centre, Vietnam Forestry University RESULTS Diversity of medicinal plants A total of 257 medicinal plant species were used by Dao and Muong local people in Ba Vi National Park belonging to 204 genera and 81 families These species were involved in 313 different treatments Of them, Dao ethnic group used 144 species, Muong ethnic group used 30 species and 83 species were used by both ethnic minority groups For most species only one recipe was mentioned; some have multiple medicinal applications A complete list of species and their local medicinal uses is given in Appendix Most of the medicinal plant species in Ba Vi National Park are angiosperms, only species belong to the gymnosperms and species are ferns Diversity of taxa is shown in Table Table Diversity of taxa Taxa Number of medicinal species Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms 254 Total 257 Among the 81 families, the top 10 families with the highest number of medicinal species in the area are listed in Table The total of the top 10 families with 98 species and 38.1 % of total plant species were used by Dao and Muong in the research area Euphorbiaceae is the highest family with 17 plant species was used by Muong and Dao While 12 families with species, 19 families with species and 27 families has only species were used as medicinal plant Table The 10 families with the highest numbers of medicinal species Name of Family Number of genera Number of species Euphorbiaceae 13 17 Rubiaceae 10 15 Asteraceae 10 13 Moraceae 10 Menispermaceae 10 Fabaceae 7 Verbenaceae Rutaceae Caesalpiniaceae Apocynaceae 6 Among the 257 species of medicinal plants were used by Dao and Muong ethnic groups in Ba Vi National Park 74% of the species were collected from the wild Eleven percent of the species were both taken from the forest, and also grown in the home gardens and agricultural field Fifteen percent of the species were cultivated in home gardens This practice helps to develop the medicinal plant resources, and also makes them more widely available, especially when derived from rare and endangered species Percentage of wild and cultivated medicinal plants species were used by Dao and Muong people in Ba Vi National Park is shown in Fig Fig Percentage of wild and cultivated medicinal plants species were used by Dao and Muong people in Ba Vi National Park Diversity of life forms of medicinal plants The most important life form of medicinal plants used by Dao and Muong in Ba Vi National Park is herbs with 29 percents They usually grow on the poor forest, along forest edges, foot paths and roads, in agriculture fields and planted in home garden They are mainly Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Araceae, and Zingiberaceae Next in order of importance are timber trees with 27 percents, mainly belonging to Moraceae, Caelsapiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Sapindaceae Shrubs groups is 24 percents and mainly belong to Malvaceae and Rubiaceae The smallest groups are formed by lianas with 20 percents and mainly belong to Cucurbitaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Menispermaceae Shrubs growing in the forest or along streams mainly are Myrtaceae and Solanaceae The diversity of of the life forms of medicinal plants used by Dao and Muong in Ba Vi National Park is shown in Fig Fig Percentage of life forms of medicinal plants species used by Dao and Muong in Ba Vi National Park Diversity of plant parts used Different plant parts are used to treat different diseases: Some medicinal plant species have only one component that can be used, while for other species several components or the whole plant can be used for diseases treatment In Ba Vi Nationa Park, Dao and Muong used 15 species with the whole plant for diseases treatment, while the other species only one, two, three or four components can be used to treat diseases Leaves are most commonly used with 56,4 percents of total species Roots and rhizomes are the second important part with 37,4 percents Stems are also common used by Dao and Muong The smallest part is bulb with only medicinal plant species were used for diseases treatment The diversity of parts used is indicated in Table REFERENCES Ban, N.T (ed.) 2007 Red data book of Vietnam Vol Science and Techniques Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Chi, V.V 1996 The dictionary of medicinal plants of Vietnam Medical Publishing House, Hanoi Cunningham, A.B 2001 Applied Ethnobotany: People and Conservation manual Earthscan, London De Padua, L.S., N Bunyapraphatsara, & R.H.M.J Lemmens (eds.) 1999 Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 12 (1) Medicinal and poisonous plants Backhuys Publishers, Leiden Ho, P.H 2000 An illustrated Flora of Vietnam Youth Publisher, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Hoang, S.V., P Baas, & 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L’Indochine forestière BEI, Hanoi Ngai, N.B 2001 Methodology of rural appraisal Vietnam Forestry University, Vietnam (in Vietnamese) PROSEA 1989-2003 Plant Resources of South-East Asia Handbooks No 1-19 (multiple editors and authors) Pudoc, Wageningen (No 1-6) & Backhuys, Raunkiaer, C 1934 Life forms of plants and statistical plant geography Clarendon Press, Oxford Slikkerveer, L.J 1999 Ethnoscience, ‘TEK’ and its application to conservation In: D.A Posey (ed.), Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity: 169 - 180 UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya Tai, N.M (ed.) 1995 National Parks and nature reserve areas in Vietnam Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Thin, N.N 1997 Manual for biodiversity research Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese) Thu, N.B 2002 System of nature reserve areas in Vietnam - Status and Demand that needs to be changed Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 7: 627 - 628 Tran, T.A & S Ziegler 2001 Utilization of medicinal plants in Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam Medicinal Plant Conservation 7: - Van Andel, T.R 2000 Non-timber forest products in the north-west district of Guyana Tropenbos-Guyana series Wageningen Van Reede tot Drakenstein, H.A 1688-1692 Hortus Malabaricus vol I-XII Amsterdam Van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H & N Bunyapraphatsara 2001 PROSEA, Vol 12, Medi-cinal and poisonous plants Backhuys Publishers, Leiden APPENDIX MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES USED BY DAO AND MUONG ETHNIC GROUPS IN BA VI NATIONAL PARK Life-form Wild/Cultivated: W: Wood S: Shrub H: Herb L: Liana *Medicinal plant species are commercialized in Ba Vi National Park Name Scientific name Polypodiophyta Dicksoniaceae Cibotium barometz (L.) J Sm.* Polypodiaceae Drynaria fortunei (Mett.) J Sm * Pinophyta Gnetaceae Gnetum montanum Markgraf W: Wild C: Cultivated Life form Ethnic group Họ Lông cu li Lông cu li S W Họ Dương xĩ Cốt toái bổ Dao, Muong H Dao W Họ Gắm Gắm L Dao W Common name Wild/ Part Cultivat utilized ed Muong Root Medicinal application Haemostatic Stem, root Tonic Fruit Leaves Detoxificatio n Snakebite Ngành Ngọc Lan Lớp Ngọc Lan Họ Ơ rơ Bạch hạc S Dao W Strobilanthes cystolithiger Lind Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L Chuỳ hoa H Dao W Họ Dền Đơn đỏ H W Amaranthus spinosus L Dền cơm H Celosia cristata L Mào gà H Dao, Muong Dao, Muong Dao C Diarrhea Annonaceae Họ Na Annona squamosa L Na Desmos cochinchinensis Lour Hoa giẻ Whole plant W L Dao Dao C W Leaves Stem Sores Constipation Cánh hoa L Dao W Dền W Dao, Muong W Leaves, Stomach ache bark Root Malaria Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Acanthaceae Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Fissistigma villosum Ast & Merr Xylopia vielana Pierre C Leaves, Herpes, stem itches, wounds Leaves Bone fractures Leaves, Snakebite, root cold Root Fever, cold Dao Bark, leaves Irregular menses Detoxificatio n, tonic Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb * Họ Hoa tán Rau má H W Whole plant Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris L Họ Trúc đào Sữa Dao, Muong W Dao W,C Bark Plumeria rubra L Đại W Dao C Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill Strophanthus caudatus (Burm F.) Kurz Catharanthus roseus (L) G.Don Ba gạc S W Sừng Châu L Dao, Muong Dao Dừa cạn H Dao W Whole plant Root, stem Leaves W Leaves W Muong Aralia touranensis Ha Mức trung Họ Ngũ bì Ngũ gia bì gai Đơn châu chấu Cuồng Polyscias fruticosa Harms * Đinh lăng H Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Chân chim W Wrightia annamensis Eberh & Dub Araliacea Acanthopanax aculeatus Seem* Aralia armata Seem S Dao L Dao W Dao, Muong Dao Muong Dao, Muong Dao L W Root Rau mơ L Cryptolepis buchanani Roem et Schult Streptocaulon griffithii Hook.f * Steptocaulon juventas Merr.* Dây cua Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) Merr.* Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L.* Rheumatism Root W Leaves Root Leaves, root Leaves, bark Leaves Rheumatism Diabetes Tonic, Indigestion Itches Indigestion C W Sore throat Tonic C Root L Dao, Muong Dao W Leaves Hà thủ ô L Dao W Root Tonic Hà thủ ô L W Root Tonic Hoa lý L C Flower Tonic, cold Họ Cúc Ngải cứu Dao, Muong Dao, Muong H Dao, Muong Dao C Leaves Head ache Dao Dao Dao W Stem, leaves leaves Stem Stem Risk of miscarriage Flu Stomach ache Detoxificatio n Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.* Đại bi Blumea lacrea (Brm.f.) DC High blood pressure High blood pressure Irregular menses Dysentery W Muong Asclepiadaceae Gymnema inodorum Decne Irregular menses Leaves, Diarrhea flower Leaves Sores, itches Cải dai H H W Allergies Eclipta ฀excavate L Nhọ nồi H Elephantopus scaber L Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC Cúc thiên Rau má rau muống Cỏ lào Mần tưới W Root H H Dao, Muong Dao Dao W W Eupatorium odoratum L Eupatorium staechadosmum Hance Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers.* Rau khuc H H Muong Dao W W Root Leaves, root Leaves Stem H Muong W Leaves Gynura crepidioides Benth Rau tàu bay H Dao W Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel Laufuca indica L Cúc Tam Thất Bồ công anh H Dao W H W, C Xanthium strumarium L Ké đầu ngựa H Dao, Muong Dao Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent Bombacaceae Họ Đinh Núc Nác Họ Bông Gạo Gạo W Dao W W Dao W,C Bombax ceiba Merr W Muong Wounds Dysentery Dysentery Diarrhea Indigestion High blood pressure Leaves, Snakebite, stem Haemostatic Leaves, Infection , root Haemostatic Stem, Stomach ache leaves Stem, Dysentery leaves Bark Allergies Leaves, Bone bark fractures Bark Dysentery Boraginaceae Argusia argentea (L.f.) H.Heine Heliotropium indicum L Họ Vòi voi Bạc biển S Muong W Leaves Vòi voi S Dao W Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia digyna Rottler Caesalpinia sappan L.* Họ Vang Móc mèo Vang Leaves, Oedema bark S W Dao Dao W W Cassia occidentalis L Senna tora L Muồng Thảo minh Bồ kết W S Dao Muong W W W W,C Me Họ Bún thiêu Bún thiêu W Muong, Dao Dao Stem Leaves, root Seed Flower, Seed Fruit W,C Fruit Tonic High blood pressure Lost voice, Tooth ache Indigestion W Dao W Màn Họ Kim ngân Kim ngân H Muong W Stem, leaves Leaves Head ache, rheumatism Head ache L Dao W Leaves Dysentery Cơm cháy W Dao W Vút W Muong W Leaves, Leprosy stem Leaves, Oedema stem Gleditsia australis Hemsl Tamarindus indica L.* Capparaceae Cleome viscosa L Crateva nurvala Buch - Ham Caprifoliaceae Lonicera macrantha (Don D.) Spreng Sambucus hookeri Rehder Viburnum lutescens Blume Snakebite Fever , Tonic Diarrhea Caricaceae Carica papaya L Họ Đu đủ Đu đủ W Muong C Dao Root, leaves Fruit Coughs Stomach ache Detoxificatio n Clusiaceae Garcinia oblongifolia Champ Ex Benth Combretaceae Quisqualis indica L Họ Bứa Bứa W Dao W Bark Họ Bàng Dây giun W W Leaves Stem Itches Tooth ache Connaraceae Cnestis palala Merr Convolvulaceae Họ Khế Dây khế Họ Rau muống Bạc thau Dao Muong L Dao W Leaves Wounds L Dao W Menorrhagia Bìm bịp L W Họ Thuốc bỏng Thuốc bỏng Dao, Muong Stem, leaves, root Leaves H Dao W,C Stem, leaves Leaves Detoxificatio n Burns Argyreia acuta Lour.* Merremia boisiana (Gagnep.) V Ooststr Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers Muong, Dao Indigestion Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duch Ex Lam Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogr Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr Tetracera asiatica (Lour.) Hoogl Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus bonii Lecomte Họ Bầu bí Bí đỏ L Muong C Fruit Đại hái L Dao W Leaves Wound Gấc L C Seed Mumps, Dưa núi L Dao, Muong Dao W Họ Sổ Chặc chìu Chặc chìu Leaves, Fever stem L L Dao Dao W W Họ Nhót Nhót Root Rheumatism Leaves, Enteritis stem S C Stem Dysentery Elaeagnus tonkinensis Serv Euphorbiaceae Nhót bắc Họ Thầu dầu Thẩu tấu S Dao, Muong Dao W Root Stomach ache W W Dao Dao W W Root Fruit W Muong W Tooth ache Diarrhoea, dysentery Fever W Dao W Aporosa mycrocalyx Hassk Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd Lai Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng Chịi mịi tía Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn Chịi mòi Muong Head ache Stem, bark Leaves, Coughs, bark rheumatism Bark Head ache Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.* Bischofia javanica Blume* Dâu da đất Nhội W W Breynia fleuryi Beille Euphorbia antiquorum L Bồ cu vẽ Xương rồng S H Euphorbia hirta L.* Cỏ sữa H Dao Dao Dao, Muong Dao H Dao W Euphorbia thymifolia Burm Glochidion velutinum Wight Cỏ sữa nhỏ Bọt ếch S Muong W Homonoia riparia Lour Rù rì S Dao Dao W Jatropha curcas L Dầu mè W Muong W Dao Muong W,C W Leaves Bark, leaves W W,C Root Stem W Whole plant Whole plant Leaves, stem Root Root Dysentery Whole plant Leaves Stem, bark Sores Coughs, flu, Dao Indigestion Burns Tonic Snake bite Tooth ache Dysentery Stomach ache Tooth ache Flu, detoxification Leaves, Head ache stem Stem Kidney failure Leaves, liver root Leaves Tooth ache Mallotus barbatus (Wall.) Muell – Arg Phyllanthus ฀xcavate฀es Poir Phyllanthus urinaria L Bùm bụp S Dao W Phèn đen S Dao W Chó đẻ S Dao W Ricinus communis L Thầu dầu S Muong Dao C Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L.* Họ Đậu Cam thảo S Dao W Bowringia callicarpa Champ Ex Benth Desmodium caudatum (Murray) DC Erythrina fusca Lour Dây bánh nem Thóc lép S Muong Dao W Whole plant Stem Leaves H Dao W Root Oedema Vông đồng W Muong, Dao Dao Dao Dao, Muong Dao, Muong W,C Bark, stem Bark Stem Tuber Hemorrhage W,C Seed, flower High blood pressure, tonic W Dao W Root Tonic H Muong W Whole plant Colitis W Dao W Root, Rheumatism Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC Mắc mèo Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Sắn dây Benth Sophora japonica L f.* Hoa hoè Icacinaceae Gomphandra tonkinensis Gagnep Gonocaryum subrostratum Pierre Illiciaceae Illicium griffithii Hook.f et L L W W C Họ thụ đào Béo trắng Quỳnh lam Họ hồi Hồi núi Snakebite Tonic Tonic Rheumatism Tooth ache Tonic Tonic Thoms* Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit Họ Hoa mơi Tía tơ dại H Dao W Leonurus sibiricus L Ích mẫu H Dao W,C Ocimum basilicum L Hung chó H Muong Dao C H Muong W,C W Dao W Bark Indigestion W C Bark Indigestion W Hương nhu tía Lauraceae Họ Long nảo Cinnamomum iners Reinw Ex Re hương Blume Cinnamomum cassia Blume* Quế Ocimum tenuiflorum L stem Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.* Màng tang W Dao, Muong Dao Dao Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B Rob Leeaceae Leea rubra Blume Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr Bời lời nhớt W Dao W Họ Gối hạc Gối hạc Gối hạc đen S S Dao Dao W W Muong Root, leaves High blood pressure, tonic Leaves, Tonic stem Leaves Hemorrhage Leaves Kidney failure Leaves Head ache Bark Stomach ache Leaves, Back pain, stem nervous debility Bark, Dysentery root Root Stem, root Root Stomach ache Malaria Tooth ache Loranthaceae Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Họ Tầm gửi Tầm gửi S Dao W Arthritis Họ Bông Cối xay Whole plant S Dao W Flu Hibiscus rosa – sinensis L Dâm bụt S Dao W,C Sida acuta Burm.f Ké S Dao W Sida rhombifolia L.* Ké hoa vàng S W Urena lobata L Ké hoa đào S Dao, Muong Dao Melastomataceae Medinilla assamica (Clarke) C.Chen Họ Mua Mua leo Leaves, fruit Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Root, stem Root, stem L Dao W Melastoma normale D Don Mua S Dao W Melastoma sanguineum Sims Mua bà S W Meliaceae Khaya senegalensis A Juss Họ Xoan Xà cừ Dao, Muong W Dao W W Sores Malaria Malaria Malaria Leaves, Back pain stem, root Leaves, Wound stem Sore throat Leaves Leaves, Itches Melia azedarach L Xoan Menispermaceae Họ Tiết dê Cocculus trilobus Dây xanh Coscinium usitatum Cissampelos pareira L.* Lá vàng Tiết dê Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr * Fibraurea recisa Pierre* root, bark Leaves, Diarrhea root W Dao C L Dao W Root H W Root L Dao, Muong Dao W Rheumatism Vằng đắng L Dao W Hoàng đằng L Dao Muong W Leaves, stem, root Root, stem Stem Stem Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr.* Pycnarrhena poilanei (Gagnep.) Forman* Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers* Stephania longa Lour.* Stephania rotunda Lour.* Lõi tiền L Dao W Phi đằng L Dao W Cam thảo L Dao W Lõi tiền Củ bình vơi L L Dao Muong W W Mimosaceae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit Mimosa pudica L Moraceae Artocarpus tonkinensis A Chev Ex Gagnep.* Broussonetia papyrifera L Họ Trinh nữ Bằm Bằm L Dao W Itches Keo dậu W Muong W,C Bark, leaves Seed Cây xấu hổ Họ Dâu tằm Chay L Dao W Root Anodyne W Dao W,C Bark Tooth ache Dướng W Dao W Ficus auriculata Lour Vả W W Ficus heterophylla L.f Vú bò S Dao, Muong Dao Ficus hispida L.f Ngái S Dao Dao W Ficus racemosa L Sung W Muong W,C Ficus rumphii Blume Bồ đề W W W,C W,C Ficus vasculosa Wall ex Miq Da W Dao Muong Dao Morus alba L Streblus asper Lour W W Muong Muong, Dâu Duối W W Detoxificatio n Diarrhea Dysentery, flu Wounds Rheumatism, tonic Leaves, Snakebite stem Leaves, Eye sores root Stem, Diarrhea root Root Stomach ache Tuber Stomach ache, cold Hookworm Leaves, Haemostatic root Bark Diarrhea Root, stem Latex Bark, leaves Leaves, bark Icterus Itches Diarrhea Stomach ache, dysentery Fruit Helminthiasis Latex Itches Leaves, Cancer root Fruit Tonic Leaves Flu, wound Dao Myrsinaceae Ardisia silvestris Pit.* Họ Đơn nem Lá khôi H Dao W Embelia ribes Burm.f Chua ngút L Dao W Maesa balansae Mez Đơn nem núi S Maesa sinensis DC A Đơn nem S Myrtaceae Baeckea frutescens L Eucalyptus exserta F.Muell Họ Sim Thanh hao Bạnh đàn S W Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Psidium guajava L Bạnh đàn trắng Ổi Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Sim Hassk Họ hoa phấn Nyctaginaceae Boerhaaceia repens* Sâm nam Oleaceae Họ Hoa nhài Jasminum scandens Vahl Lài leo Dao, Muong Dao Dao Muong, Dao W W Stomach ache Infection Colds, flu, head ache Colds, flu W,C C Leaves Leaves C Leaves W Muong Dao, Muong Dao, Muong Muong C Leaves S Dao W Stem, root H Dao W Root L Dao W W Jasminum subtriplinerve DC A Vằng L Dao W Onagraceae Họ Rau dừa nước Rau Dừa nước Rau mương H Dao W H Muong W Họ Chua me Chua me đất H Dao Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L Họ Lạc tiên Lạc tiên L Piperaceae Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Họ Tiêu Càng cua Piper betle L Piper lolot C.DC.* Trầu không Lá lốt Ludwidgia adscendens (L.) Hara Ludwidgia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L Fruit, leaves Leaves, fruit Leaves, bark Leaves Leaves Leaves, stem Hookworm Snakebite Hiccups Hookworm Oedema Diarrhea, dysentery Diarrhea Liver Root, Back pain stem, leaves Leaves, Itches, tonic root, stem Whole plan Whole plan Flu, Colitis W Stem, leaves, root Malaria Dao W Root, leaves, stem Heart tonic, anodyne H Muong W L H Muong Dao Dao C C Leaves, stem Stem Leaves Leaves Malaria, head ache Stomach ache Wounds Tooth ache, tonic Indigestion Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica L* Họ Mã đề Mã đề H Dao W,C Dao, Muong Leaves, stem Leaves, stem Kidney failure Flu Polygonaceae Polygonum chinensis L Họ Rau răm Mía giị H Dao W Polygonum multiflorum Thunb * Polygonum odoratum Lour Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L Hà thủ ô H Muong Muong W Leaves, Dysentery stem Leaves Snakebite Root Tonic Rau răm Họ Rau sam Rau sam H Dao C Leaves Malaria H W Stem, leaves Tonic Punicaceae Punica granatum L Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Họ Lựu Lựu Họ Táo Táo nhà Muong, Dao W C Leaves Dysentery W Dao Dao Dao C Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill Táo dại W Muong Muong W Rosaceae Họ Hoa Hồng Dâu núi Leaves, Rheumatism root Leaves Stomach ache Leaves, Menorrhagia bark H Dao W Persica vulgaris Mill Đào S Dao W,C Rosa chinensis Jacq Hoa hồng S Muong C Rubus cochichinnensis Tratt Ngấy S Dao W Rubiaceae Aidia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr Họ Cà Phê Đuôi lươn W Dao W W Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Aidia oxydrala Orake Jam Đuôi lươn W Muong Dao Canthium horridum Blume Găng gai S Dao W Hedyotis capitellata Wall Ex G.Don Morinda officinalis Haw.* Dạ cẩm S W Ba Kích L Muong, Dao Muong, Dao Dao Ixora diversifolia Wall Lasianthus annamicus Pit Morinda citrifolia L.* Mussaenda cambodiana Pierre ex Pit Mẫu đơn Găng Mặt quỉ Bướm bạc S W S L Dao Muong Dao Muong W W W W W Leaves, root, stem Flower, stem Flower, stem Leaves, fruit Stomach ache Leaves, stem Leaves Leaves, stem Root Malaria Irregular menses Hemorrhage Indigestion, oedema Snakebite Malaria Dyspnoea, wounds Leaves, Bone stem fractures Root, Aphrodisiacs stem Root, High blood bark pressure Leaves Wounds Leaves Oedema Root Aphrodisiacs Leaves, Arthritis root Paederia foetida L Mơ L Psychotria montana Blume Lấu núi Psychotria reevesii Wall Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poit C Leaves S Muong, Dao Dao W Leaves Lấu đỏ Lấu S S Muong Dao W W Psychotria silvestris Pit Lấu rừng S Dao W Randia spinosa (Thunb.) Poir Găng trâu W W Rutaceae Clausena ฀xcavate Burm.f Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr Họ Cam Hồng bì dại Ba gạc Dao, Muong Bone fracturess, rheumatism Leaves Tooth ache Leaves, Kidney root failure Leaves, Colds root, stem Fruit Wounds W S Muong Muong W W Leaves Leaves Glycosmis pentaphylla Spreng Cơm rượu S Dao W Muong Murraya glabrata Guillaumin Micromelum hirsutum Oliv Zanthoxylum nitidum (Lamk.) DC Zanthoxylum avicenae (Lamk) DC Sapindaceae Allophylus macrodontus Merr Allophylus viridis Radlk Crossonephelis philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh Saxifragaceae Dichroa febrifuga Lour Nguyệt quế Mắt trâu Xuyên tiêu W W W Xẻn Họ Bồ Hòn Ngoại mộc Ngoại mộc xanh Chua khét Họ Thường Sơn Thường Sơn Họ Thanh Thất Eurycoma longifolia W Jack* Bách bệnh Diarrhea Stomach ache Measles, Itches Leaves, Colds root Bark, Stomach ache root Leaves Infection Leaves Itches Leaves, Itches bark Root, Aphasia leaves W W W W Dao Dao Dao, Muong Dao W Dao W Bark Malaria W Dao W Bark Arthritis W Dao W Leaves, bark Dysentery S Dao W Leaves, stem, root Tonic S Muong, Dao W Leaves, Diarrhea bark, root Leaves Infection Root, fruit Leaves, root Root Root W Simaroubaceae Dao Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L Họ Cà Ớt S Dao C Daruta metel L Cà độc dược S Dao W Solanum procumbens Lour Cà leo L Dao Muong Malaria Tooth ache Rheumatism Tooth ache, S Muong W Root snakebite Tooth ache S Dao W Leaves Snakebite W W Họ Bồ đề Bồ đề Dao, Muong Leaves, Snakebite bark W Dao W Leaves Họ Du Hu đay W Dao W Hu Đay W W Urticaceae Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich Debregaesia squamata King Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn Verbenaceae Clerodendrum paniculatum L Họ Gai Gai Dao, Muong Leaves, Burns, bark wounds Leaves, Diarrhea bark S C Root Gai rừng Bọ mắn Họ Tếch Mò trắng S S Muong, Dao Dao Dao W W Root Leaves W Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet* Xích đồng nam S Dao, Muong Dao, Muong Clerodendrum fragrans Vent.* Ngọc nữ S Muong, Dao W Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl Verbena officinalis L Cây đuôi chuột Cỏ roi ngựa H Cà dại Họ Chôm Thầu kén đực Sảng nhung Styracaceae Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib Ulmaceae Trema angustifolia (Planch.) Blume Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Solanum torvum Sw Sterculiaceae Helicteres angustifolia L Sterculia lanceolata Cav Vitex quinata (Lour.) Williams Đẻn F.N Vitex trifolia L Đẻn S Risk of miscarriage Styptic Infection Muong, Dao Dao W W Dao, Muong W Leaves, Haemostatic root Root Metritis, Irregular menses Root Irregular menses, Haemostatic, Root Rheumatism Whole Arthritis, plant Cold Leaves, Dysentery root Fruit, Indigestion leaves Leaves Arthritis H W Muong Dao W W W Vitaceae Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep.* Cissus modeccoides Planch Họ Nho Nho rừng L Dao C Leaves Chìa vơi L W Tetrastigma strumarium Gagnep Dây quai bị L Muong, Dao Dao Root, stem Leaves W Muong Leaves Cordyline terminalis Kunth* Lớp Hành Họ Huyết dụ Huyết dụ H Dao W,C Alliaceae Allium fistulosum L.* Họ Hành Hành H Muong, C Liliopsida Agavaceae Pneumonia Root, leaves Bone fractures Arthritis Bone fractures Arthritis Haemostatic Leaves, Cold Dao stem, bulb Leaves, Cold seed Bulb Dysentery, coughs, flu Allium odorum L.* Hẹ H Dao C Allium sativum L.* Tỏi H C Araceae Acorus gramineus Aiton et Soland* Aglaonema modestum Schott * Họ Ráy Thạnh xương bồ Vạn niên Khoai nưa Dao, Muong H W H Muong, Dao Muong W,C H Dao W,C Leaves, stem Leaves, tuber Leaves H Dao W,C Tuber Bone fractures Detoxificatio n Tonic, coughs H Dao W Whole plant Food poisoning W Muong C Diarrhea W Dao W Root, fruit Root H Dao, Muong Dao W,C Root Tuberculosis Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicol Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott* Pothos repens (Lour.) Druce Thiên niên kiện Chân rết Arecaceae Areca catechu L.* Họ Cau dừa Cau Caryota mitis Lour Asparagaceae Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr Đùng đình Họ Tóc Tiên Tóc tiên Commelinaceae Commelina communis L Họ Thài Lài Thài lài H W,C Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L Kyllinga monocephala Rottb Họ Cói Cỏ gấu Cỏ bạc đầu Muong, Dao H H Dao Dao, Muong Dao W W Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea glabra Roxb Dioscorea pyrsimilis Prain & Burkill Iridaceae Họ Củ mài Củ từ Củ mài Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Gagnep.* Orchidaceae Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl* Corymborchis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Parkinson* Pandanus tonkinensis Mart ex Stone* Stomach ache Stomach ache Leaves Snakebite Stem, leaves Dysentery Tuber Diarrhea Stem, Flu, fever leaves Leaves, Skin diseases stem L L Dao Muong Dao W,C W Tuber Tuber Dysentery Fever Họ Sâm Đại Hành Sâm đại hành H Dao W Bulb Họ Phong Lan Kim Tuyến Tonic, Indigestion H W Lan H Muong, Dao Dao Họ Dứa Dứa dại S Dao W Leaves Dứa S Dao W Fruit, Root W Whole Tonic plant Leaves, Tonic stem Hemorrhage, Sunburn, Sunburn, Oedema Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC Họ Hương Hương H Muong W Root Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin Họ Cỏ Cỏ may H Dao W Stomach ache Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.* Eleusinine indica (L.) Gaertn Sả H Dao C Cỏ Mần trầu H Muong Dao W Leaves, root, stem Whole plant Leaves Root Smilacaceae Họ Cầm Cang Kim cang bạc Leaves, root, stem Root, stem Root, stem Indigestion Phormiaceae Smilax corbularia Kunth Bone fractures Flu Urinating problems Dao L Muong, Dao W Smilax elegantissima Gagnep Kim cang L Dao W Smilax glabra Wall * Thổ phục linh L Dao W H H Dao Dao, Muong W C Zingiberaceae Họ Gừng Amomum villosum Lour.* Sa nhân Curcuma domestica Valeton * Nghệ Wounds, infection Zingiber officinale Blume* Gừng H Dao C Curcuma zedoaria Berg.* Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt * Nghệ đen Riềng H H Dao Dao C W,C Splenitis Arthritis, Bone fractures Seed Stomach ache Rhizome Sore throat, Tonic, Stomach ache Rhizome Tonic, Indigestion, flu Rhizome Stomach ache Rhizome Stomach ache, flu, cold ... to Kinh, Muong and Dao groups living in the Park Of them, Kinh (Viet) is the major group, Dao and Muong are ethnic minority groups and they constitute the major users of Medicinal plants in the... traditional knowledge of Muong and Dao ethnic minority groups in Ba Vi National Park on using medicinal plants - What is the present role of medicinal plants in the health care system of the indigenous. .. collecting and trading medicinal plants Most tradition doctor in Ba Vi National Park is Dao ethnic group Table 7: Number of taxa used by Muong and Dao Taxa Number of taxa used by Ethnic group Dao Dao,