Environmental Justice and Environmentalism The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement edited by RONALD SANDLER AND PHAEDRA C PEZZULLO Environmental Justice and Environmentalism Urban and Industrial Environments Series editor: Robert Gottlieb, Henry R Luce Professor of Urban and Environmental Policy, Occidental College For a complete list of books published in this series, please see the back of the book Environmental Justice and Environmentalism The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement edited by Ronald Sandler and Phaedra C Pezzullo The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2007 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use For information, please email special_sales@mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 This book was set in sabon by SPi and was printed and bound in the United States of America Printed on recycled paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental justice and environmentalism : the social justice challenge to the environmental movement / edited by Ronald Sandler and Phaedra C Pezzullo p cm.—(Urban and industrial environments) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-262-19552-2 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-262-19552-6 (alk paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-262-69340-0 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-262-69340-2 (pbk : alk paper) Environmental justice Environmentalism I Sandler, Ronald D II Pezzullo, Phaedra C GE220.E578 2007 363.7—dc22 2006046648 10 This book is dedicated to all those who are struggling, whatever their self-identification, to realize a more environmentally sustainable and socially just world Contents Acknowledgments Contributors xi ix Introduction: Revisiting the Environmental Justice Challenge to Environmentalism Phaedra C Pezzullo and Ronald Sandler I Conceptual Issues 25 A Wilderness Environmentalism Manifesto: Contesting the Infinite Self-Absorption of Humans 27 Kevin DeLuca Does Environmentalism Promote Injustice for the Poor? Peter Wenz Justice: The Heart of Environmentalism Dale Jamieson II United States Environments Becoming an Environmental Justice Activist 105 Kim Allen, Vinci Daro, and Dorothy C Holland A More “Productive” Environmental Justice Politics: Movement Alliances in Massachusetts for Clean Production and Regional Equity 135 Daniel Faber The Silences and Possibilities of Asbestos Activism: Stories from Libby and Beyond 165 Steve Schwarze 57 85 103 viii Contents Moving toward Sustainability: Integrating Social Practice and Material Process 189 M Nils Peterson, Markus J Peterson, and Tarla Rai Peterson III International Environments 223 Golden Tropes and Democratic Betrayals: Prospects for the Environment and Environmental Justice in Neoliberal “Free Trade” Agreements 225 J Robert Cox Indigenous Peoples and Biocolonialism: Defining the “Science of Environmental Justice” in the Century of the Gene 251 Giovanna Di Chiro 10 Globalizing Environmental Justice J Timmons Roberts 285 Conclusion: Working Together and Working Apart Phaedra C Pezzullo and Ronald Sandler 309 Appendix A: Principles of Environmental Justice 321 Appendix B: Sierra Club Guidelines of Environmental Justice Grassroots Organizing 325 Appendix C: Principles of Working Together 327 Index 333 Acknowledgments We would not have met each other if Robbie Cox and Kirstin Replogle had not actively persuaded us to try to find a way to work within the environmental movement to help achieve environmental justice This volume was born out of our volunteer experiences, both inspiring and frustrating, by their sides We hope this volume helps illuminate the limitations and possibilities of such attempts In addition to the contributors, we would like to thank Clay Morgan at The MIT Press and series editor Robert Gottlieb for their support of this project We also thank the anonymous MIT Press reviewers for their many helpful comments and suggestions We thank John Basl, William Currie, and Benjamin Miller for their research assistance and help in preparing the manuscript Ron is fortunate to work with such enthusiastic and capable undergraduates Above all we thank our families, including our partners Ted Striphas and Emily Mann, for their support C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 340 Index Environmental movement (cont.) justice, as perspective joiner and motivator, 86, 88, 89–93, 98 movement alliances in Massachusetts, 135–137, 140–159 postmodern/philosophical challenge to, 27–28, 37–40 responses to “injustice towards poor” claims, 64–79 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 12, 88–89, 111, 113, 135–136, 255–256, 276, 303n24 environmental justice mandates of, 20n17, 28–29, 289 and Executive Order 12898, 12, 21n18, 88–89, 135–136, 141, 289–290 justice policy implementation problems, 12, 21n18, 91, 136, 165–166, 174, 180–181, 289–290 and Libby, MT, asbestos contamination trail, 165–166, 169, 172, 174, 179–181 and National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, 12, 135–136, 141 and Office of Environmental Justice, 88, 111, 136 Environmental quality, as constitutional right, 89 Environmental racism, 4, 28, 30, 111, 126, 261, 298 dimensions of, 109, 117–118, 289 origin of term, 109, 285 as reflection of larger society, 312 Environmental Rights Action, 294 Environmental triggers, 256 Environmental Working Group, 179 Episcopal Divinity School, 152 Etzioni, Amitai, 58 Eugenics, 251, 258, 260 European Union (EU), 61 Evans, Bob, 192, 194, 195 Evernden, Neil, 37 Executive Office of Environmental Affairs (EOEA), MA, 141–143, 150, 156 Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations), 12, 28–29, 88–89, 112, 289–290 bureaucratic outcomes of, 12, 28–29, 88–89, 141 and George W Bush administration, 12, 21n18, 136 implementation problems, 21n18, 136, 289–290 mandates of, 20n17, 28–29, 289 Faber, Daniel, 287, 297 Faith communities, 152–153, 158 Faith in Action: The Greater Boston Interfaith Environmental Justice Project, 151–152, 153 Falk, Richard, 229 Faramelli, Norman, 59 FASE See Foundation for Advancement in Science and Education Fauntroy, Walter, 88 Fayetteville, NC, 112, 125 Ferris, Deeohn, 10, 11, 132n6 “Figured worlds,” 16, 116, 117, 130, 311 defined, 105–106 of environmental justice, 105–112, 127–129 First Environment Restoration Initiative, 276 Fischer, Michael, 310, 315 responses to justice challenges, 6, 32–33 on Sierra Club mission, constituency, 6, 32–33, 37 Fleeson, L., 243, 244 Food and Drug Administration, 256 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Foreman, Dave, 47, 48–49 on primacy of wilderness, 41, 47 Fortress Conservation (Brockington), 63 Foster, S., 108 Foucault, Michel, 38 Foundation for Advancement in Science and Education (FASE), 298–299 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), 90 Frankfurt School, analysis of “domination of nature,” 41, 43 Franklin, MA, 154 Freeport McMoRan, 291 Free trade, 60–61, 73–75, 225–235, 242–245 as area of movement congruence/ alliance, 73–75, 226–227, 233–235, 242–245 and case of Metalclad, Inc., and Mexico, 231–233, 242–243 and claims of environmental quality-economy “link,” 225–226, 235–238 economic globalization “narratives,” 227–231 and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, 235–242 justice/environmental perspectives on, 60–61, 73–75, 231–235, 242–245 Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), 17 Free trade agreements See Free Trade Agreement of the Americas; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; General Agreement on Trade in Services; North American Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Area of the Americas, 245 See also Free Trade Agreement of the Americas Free Trade Bridge, 211 341 “Free-trade zones,” 268 Friedman, Thomas on free trade and globalization, 73, 75, 227, 229–230 on “golden straightjacket” rules, results, 230, 243 Friends of the Earth, 19n4, 293, 303n24, 317 Fukuyama, Francis, 229 Funafuti, 293 Galeotti, Marzio, 244–245 Gallagher, K., 226, 238, 246n7 Galster, Steve, 44, 46 Garrison, George, 105, 119–122, 129–130 on “environmentalist” label, 119–120 on race and perspective differences, 121–122 Gauntlett, Suwanna, 44 Gelbspan, Ross, 66 General Accounting Office (GAO), US, 20n11, 88, 113 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 47, 246n3 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 17, 245 Genetic engineering/modification, 60, 72–73, 273, 274 Genetics research and initiatives See also Convention on Biological Diversity; Environmental Genome Project; Human Genome Diversity Project; Indigenous peoples; National Human Genome Research Institute; National Center for Toxicogenomics; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institutes of Health activist responses to, 252–253, 257–267 as area for enrolling diverse knowledges, 251–252, 275–276 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 342 Index Genetics research and initiatives (cont.) Conference on Human Genetics, Environment, and Communities of Color, 255–259 declared goals of/rationales for, 17–18, 252, 253–254, 256–257, 258, 272, 277n3 and ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications) program, 260–261 ethical, legal, and social concerns about, 258–263, 265–267, 270–274 Human Genetics and Environmental Justice Conference, 255, 257–259, 263–264, 276 and Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB), 264–267, 268, 270 protection of Indigenous sovereignty and sustainability, 263–270 resistance to biocolonialist aspects of, 259–263 voicing Indigenous experiences and perspectives on, 270–275 “Genomania,” 268 Gibbs, Lois, 8, 28, 34, 132n5 on human-focused environmentalism, 29–30 Gills, B K., 227, 228–229 Gilpin, Robert, 227, 246n2 Glacken, Clarence, 37 Glen Canyon Dam, 86 Global Asbestos Congress, 183 Global Environmental Monitoring System, 236 “Global perspective” environmentalism, 86–87 Global warming See also Climate change as area of movement congruence/alliance, 65–68, 293–294, 299, 313 as global justice issue, 90–91, 293–294, 299 justice/environmental perspectives on, 58–59, 65–68, 293–294 role of government subsidies, 65–68 Global Warming in an Unequal World (Agarwal and Narain), 90 “Golden straightjacket,” 230, 243, 245 Gore, Al, 12, 111 Gottlieb, Robert, 182, 317, 319n4 Government subsidies, 65–68, 69–71 Grace, J Peter, 174 Greater Boston Environmental Justice Network (GBEJN), 142, 161n19 Green Belt Movement, 315 See also Maathai, Wangari Green Buddhism, 36 Greenhouse Gangsters vs Climate Justice (Bruno et al.), 294 Greenhouse gas emissions, 67, 90–92, 303n24, 303–304n26 Greenpeace, 28, 294, 303n24, 319n5 alliance building, 290–291, 292, 293, 302n17 asbestos tracking, 183 critique of, 35–36 early environmental justice advocacy, 13, 19–20n5 Greenpeace India, 183 Green Revolution, 72 Greensill, Angeline Ngahina, 273 Griswold, Daniel, 237 Grossman, G M., 235–237, 239, 243, 246n7, 246n9 on environmental quality-economy “link,” 225–226, 235–236, 239, 246n7 Group of Ten, 3–4, 8–9, 12, 19n4, 310 “challenge” letters to, 3–4, 30–31, 114 challenges from environmental justice movement, 3–12, 30–32 Guadalcazar, Mexico, 226, 231–233, 237, 243–245 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index La Guerra del Aqua, 234, 245 Guha, R., 291 Gulf Coast Tenant Leadership Development Project, Gulf Coast Tenants Organization, Gwich’in Steering Committee, 294 Haraway, Donna, 37, 214 Harbaugh, W., 236, 238–239, 241 Hardin, Garrett, 59, 64, 68, 190 Hariman, R., 226, 231 Harry, Debra, 252, 254, 259, 260, 262–270, 274, 279n28 on biocolonialism, 251, 260, 262–263, 268 and IPCB, 264–267, 268, 269, 270 Leech and the Earthworm, The, 254, 270–271, 274 Harvard Civil Rights Project, 154 energy policy study, 67 “Healthy cleaning products,” 149, 161n26 Heiman, Michael, 145–146, 252 Hidalgo County Water Control and Improvement District, 203–204 High-yield (crop) varieties (HYVs), 72 Hill, Julia Butterfly, 40, 41, 42–43, 52n48 on human-nature relations, 42–43 Hobbes, Thomas, 94 Horkheimer, Max, 41 Human Development Report, UN, 75 Human Genome Diversity Project, critiques of, 270, 277n3 project history and rationale, 17–18, 253, 277n3 Humanism defined, 50n16 and “silencing” of wilderness, 32–37 Humanist environmentalism, 39–40, 43, 49 343 Idea of Wilderness, The (Oelschlaeger), 38 IMF See International Monetary Fund “Impoverished dependence” of export-driven Third World economies, 73–74 Independent Maori Institute for Environment and Health, 265 India, 34, 63, 72, 77, 90, 292 child exploitation in, 69, 74 and climate justice movement, 296 Indigenous Environmental Network, 294 Indigenous peoples, 9, 63, 77, 251–276 biocolonialism and selfdetermination issues, 254, 259–263, 267–269, 273 (see also Biocolonialism) and genetics research and initiatives, 252–259 (see also Genetics research and initiatives) protecting Indigenous sovereignty and sustainability, 264–268 (see also Harry, Debra; Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism) voicing Indigenous experiences and perspectives, 270–275 (see also Leech and the Earthworm) Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB), 264–267, 268, 270 See also Harry, Debra Indigenous Research Protection Act (IRPA), 265–266 Indonesia, 44, 190, 234, 244, 291 Informed consent, 8, 258, 260, 261, 265 Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford, 272 Intellectual property rights, and commodification of life, 260, 263 Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice (IWG), 28–29 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 344 Index International Ban Asbestos Secretariat (IBAS), 183 International Court of Justice, 293 International Criminal Court, 292, 293 International Labor Organization, 179 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 47, 228, 238 justice/environmental impacts of, 234 IUE-CWA (International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine, and Furniture WorkersCommunications Workers of America), 146 Jackson, Moana, 262 Jackson, William Henry, 38 James, Sarah, 294 Japan, 73–74, 76, 238 Je Atawha ote Ao: Independent Maori Institute for Environment and Health, 265 “Jobs-versus-environment” debate, 9, 27, 31, 34, 35, 41, 42, 153 and asbestos mining, 171, 175–176 claims of job loss, 62–63 critique of anthropocentrism in, 31, 34–36, 45 example/solution of WildAid, 45–46 on need to address issue, 153, 175 responses to job loss claims, 76–77 and “soft energy path” jobs creation, 66 John Deere Company, 206 Justice See also Corrective justice; Distributive justice; Environmental justice; Productive environmental justice; Transformative environmental justice concepts of, 57–58, 89–90 as heart of environmentalism, 86, 88, 93, 97–98, 314 as perspective joiner and motivator, 86, 88, 89–93, 98 Just Sustainability Paradigm, 216 Kanehe, Le’a Malia, 260 Kay, Jane Holtz, 65 Kazakhstan, and asbestos consumption, 183 Kesler, Grant, 232 Ketelsen, Lee, 146 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 112 Kiribati, 92 Klee, Ann, 48 Knights, Pete, 44 Korten, David, 73–74 Krueger, A B., 235–237, 239, 243, 246n7, 246n9 on environmental quality-economy “link,” 225–226, 235–236, 239, 246n7 Kuletz, V., 269, 270 Kuznets, Simon, 235 Kuznets curve, 235–237, 238, 240 See also Environmental Kuznets curve Kymlicka, Will, 58 Kyoto Protocol/treaty, 12, 36, 295, 296, 299 Kyrgysztan, and asbestos consumption, 183 Labor movement, 8–9, 108 and alliances in Massachusetts, 146–147, 149, 157, 158 and “free trade” policies, 234, 235, 245 LaDou, Joseph, 182–183 LaFrance, Brenda, 259, 276 Lao-Tse, 93 Lave, J., 116 Lawrence, MA, 139, 154 Leaf blowers, 35 Lee, Charles, 113 Leech and the Earthworm, The (Harry et al.), 254, 270–275 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Leopold, Aldo, 36, 87, 189 on human-nature relations, 33, 41 Leukemia, 139 Levinson, A., 236, 238–239, 241 Lewis, John, 111 Lexus and the Olive Tree, The (Friedman), 229 Libby, MT, asbestos contamination trail, 165–183 See also Asbestos; Asbestos activism; W R Grace Company; Zonolite Corporation economic and political influences in, 166, 174, 175–176 EPA involvement, 165–166, 169, 172, 174, 177, 180–181 local contamination pathways, 165, 168–169, 172–174, 177 local public health effects, 165–166, 168–169, 172–174, 176 national/global contamination pathways and effects, 166–167, 174, 180–181, 183 role of silences and deceptions, 166–167, 168–169, 170–175 story beyond Libby, 179–183 story of Libby, 165–166, 168–170 Liberation ecology, 291 Lifeboat ethics, 59, 68, 190 Limits to Growth, The (Meadows et al.), 86 Livelihood ecology, 291 Lomborg, Bjorn, 60 Los Angeles, 9–10, 29, 35, 227 Love Canal, NY, 28, 86, 91, 132n5, 232 Lovins, Armory, 66 Lowell, MA, 139, 154 Lower Rio Grande Valley, 210 Luna, 42 Lynn, MA, 154 Lyon, Oren, 274 Maathai, Wangari, 6, 48, 315 Mahathir bin Mohamed, 238 Maldives, 92 345 Malek-Wiley, Darryl, 20n10 Malthus, Robert, 59, 68 Manley, Michael, 296 Mansfield, MA, 154 Maquiladoras, 205–206, 211, 216, 234, 243–244 Marsh, Dwayne, 157 Martinez-Alier, Joan, 291, 304n26 Martz, Judy, 177 Marx, Karl, 40 Massachusetts, 135–159 See also Massachusetts—legislative acts/ initiatives alliance efforts for environmental justice legislation and enforcement, 140–144 (see also Alternatives for Community and Environment; Environmental League of Massachusetts; Greater Boston Environmental Justice Network) alliance efforts for social/environmental justice and “smart growth,” 153–157 (see also Action for Regional Equity) alliance efforts for toxics prevention, reduction, and substitution, 145–153 (see also Alliance for a Healthy Tomorrow; Alternatives for Community and Environment; Environmental League of Massachusetts; Faith in Action) brownfields, 137, 141, 143–144 Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), 139, 150 Department of Public Health (DPH), 149, 151, 161n26 economic segregation in, 137–138, 154–155 environmental injustices in, 137–140 Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (MEJAC), 141 Environmental Preferable Purchasing Program, 151 Executive Office of Environmental Affairs (EOEA), 141, 150, 156 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 346 Index Massachusetts (cont.) “healthy cleaning products,” 149, 162n26 redlining (race-based mortgage/ lending policies) in, 137–138, 154–155 Toxics Use Reduction Institute, 150–151 toxic waste sites and siting in, 138–140, 160n15 Massachusetts Breast Cancer Coalition, 146 Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health, 146 Massachusetts Council of Churches, 152–153 Massachusetts Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (MEJAC), 141 Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA), 143–144 Massachusetts Family Economic SelfSufficiency Standard, 155 Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth, 156 Massachusetts—legislative acts/initiatives Act for a Healthy Massachusetts: Safer Alternatives to Toxic Chemicals, 148, 157 Act Relating to Mercury Reduction and Education, 149 Act to Prevent Use of the Most Dangerous Pesticides, 149 Act to Promote Environmental Justice in the Commonwealth, 143, 157 Act to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and the Use of Non-Toxic Pest Management, 149 Act to Reduce Asthma and Other Health Threats from Cleaning Products, 149 Environmental Policy Act (MEPA), 143–144 Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA), 139, 150 Matamoros, Mexico, 206, 210, 211, 216, 227 McAllen, TX, 197 McCumber, David, 166, 178 McMullan, Robert, 231 Mehta, Monica, 43 Mendes, Chico, 290, 300 Mercury, 149–150 Metalclad Corp v Mexico, 233, 242–243 Metro Boston Equity Initiative, 154 Migué, Jean-Luc, 243 Military expenditures, as form of subsidy, 65–66, 67 Military Highway, 197, 200–201, 208 Military Highway Water Supply Corporation, 208 Mining, social and environmental impacts of, 234 Minnesota, 85 Mjoes, Ole Danbolt, 48 Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania, 63, 77 Monokote, 166 Moody, Roger, 234 Moran, Thomas, 38 “Movement fusion,” 17, 289 Moyers, B., 232–233 Muir, John, 38, 40–41, 49, 95 Myanmar (Burma), 44, 74 NAFTA See North American Free Trade Agreement Narain, Sunita, 90 Nash, Roderick, 38 National Audubon Society, 19n4, 118, 124, 317 National Center for Toxicogenomics, 256–257 National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC), 10, 12, 28–29, 111, 135–136 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index National Environmental Justice Grassroots Organizing Program, Sierra Club, 114, 310 National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 256, 260–261, 277n7 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 255, 256–258 genetics research initiatives, 256–258, 276, 277n7 research critiques/concerns, 258, 261, 268, 276 and toxicogenomics, 256–257, 258, 276 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 256, 265, 276, 279n27 See also National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and ELSI program, 260–261 genetics research initiatives, 254, 256–257 National Low Income Housing Coalition, 155 National Wildlife Federation, 19n4, 21n20, 50n17, 85, 317 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 6, 19n4, 317 See also Adams, John H Nature Conservancy, 299, 300 Neural tube birth defect, 214, 215–216 New Bedford, MA, 139 New Bern, NC, 126 New England Clean Water Action, 146 New Principles of Political Economy (Simonde de Sismondi), 225 New York Committee on Occupational Health and Safety, 181 New York Environmental Law and Justice Project, 181 NIEHS See National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Nierenberg, Danielle, 68 347 Nigeria, 234, 290, 292, 294 Nonanthropocentric environmentalism, 58–59, 60, 61, 63, 75 NORCO, LA, 291, 315 Nordhaus, Ted, 178 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 12, 17, 47, 241–245 justice/environmental impacts of, 17, 233, 241–244, 245, 246n5 protections to investments, 233, 242–243, 245 North Carolina, 88, 91, 105–131, 285, 311 North Carolina Environmental Justice Network (NCEJN), 110, 117 North Carolina Student Rural Health Coalition, 116–117 North Dorchester, MA, 138 Northeast Environmental Justice Network (NEEJN), 110 Northern spotted owl, and logging jobs controversy, 36, 62, 67, 76 Norton, Gale, 48 Nozick, Robert, 57 Nuu-chah-nulth people, 272 Occidental Petroleum, 291 Oelschlaeger, Max, 38 Office of Environmental Health, Boston, 138 Office of Environmental Justice, EPA, 88, 111, 136 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 166 Ogoni, Ogoniland, 290, 292 Oilwatch, 300 Olden, Kenneth, 256, 257 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 33 O M Scott & Sons, 174 Order of Things, The (Foucault), 38 Our Common Future (Bruntland, ed.), 191 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 348 Index Overpopulation, 45, 59, 68–69 as area of movement congruence/ alliance, 68–69 efforts to combat, 59, 68–69 Pacific Lumber, 42 Panayotou, T., 240, 244 Panos Institute, Participatory justice, 91–92, 99n13 Patent Office, US, and commodification of life forms, 263 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 88, 109, 118 Peacock, Andrea, 176 Peña, D., 114, 121 Pentecost Island, 271 People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, First National (Summit I), 3, 4–7, 13, 30, 109–110, 115, 118, 315 alliance dialog and efforts, 5–7, 135, 309–311 challenges to traditional environmental movement, 7–12 and exclusionary discussion process, 115 and Principles of Environmental Justice, 5, 30, 91, 109, 115, 118, 288, 298 (see also Appendix A) redefining agenda and language, 5–7, 9–10, 109–110, 118–119 People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, Second National (Summit II), 12, 136, 160n3, 268 and exclusionary discussion process, 114–115 and Principles of Working Together, 263, 310 (see also Appendix C) Philippine Associated Smelting and Refining Corporation (PASAR), 73–74 Philippines, 73–74, 233–234, 244 Phoenix Fund, 46 “Place-based” environmentalism, 86–87 Plymouth, MA, 154 PolicyLink, 157 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 259, 278n11 Pongsak Techadhammo, 36 Population control practices, and ideology, 34 Postmodernism, and critique of “wilderness” concept, 27, 37–40, 47, 51n34 Prachopchan, Sampong, 46 Prakash, Swati, 255, 258, 261 Precautionary Principle, 145, 146, 147, 148, 158, 182 Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle, 148 Principe, 92 Principles of Environmental Justice, 5, 109–110, 259, 267, 295, 311 See also Appendix A; People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, First National and identity building, 115–116, 118–119 as movement-defining document, 5, 109–110, 288, 295 self-determination emphasis in, 91, 253, 261 Privatization of water, 234 “Productive environmental justice,” 136, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153 Property rights, 57, 260, 262–263 intellectual, and commodification of life, 260, 263 Public goods protection, and costbenefit analysis, 61–62, 75–76 Public transportation, 65–66, 138, 156, 314 Pugh, Max, 270 Pulido, L., 114, 121, 123 Randolph, MA, 154, 155 Ratcliffe, Conrad, 110, 116–117, 121–122 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index on race and perspective differences, 121–122 on value of local networks, 110, 117 Rawls, John, 57 Ray, Janisse, 49 Reagan administration, Ronald, 6, 19n4, 174 Redefining Progress, 295 Red River Service Corporation, 208 Reinfelds, Mahinekura, 272 Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Natural Resources, 71 Revere, MA, 154, 155 Reynosa, Mexico, 206, 211, 216 Ridout, Sheldon, 35 Ring, Ray, 178 Ringo, Jerome, 21n20 Rio de Janeiro, 112, 191, 274–275, 291, 298 Rising Tide Coalition for Climate Justice, 295 Risk assessment, 147, 158, 274, 276 Riverkeepers, 126 Rolston, Holmes, III, 63, 64 Romney, Mitt, 150 Roodman, David, 70 Rubbertappers Union, 300 Ruffins, Paul, 32 Rushkoff, D., 227 Russia, 46, 74, 183 Sachs, Aaron, 74 Sagoff, Mark, 76 Sanchez Unzueta, Horatio, 232 Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 200 Sao Tome, 92 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 290 Savin, Jackie, 125 Schellenberger, Michael, 178 Schneider, Andrew, 166, 170, 177, 178, 185n11 Schwab, Jim, 8, 11–12 349 Scott, Robert, 170 Setterberg, Fred, 11 Shames, Germaine, 74 Shavelson, Lonny, 11 Shell Oil Company, 290–291, 292, 315 “S.H.I.T vs H.E.L.P.,” as perspective difference, 121–122, 311 Shiva, Vandana, 71, 72 Sierra Club, 6, 8, 10, 13, 19n4, 20n10, 41, 317 alliance and justice efforts, 6, 13, 114, 130, 181–182, 303n24, 310 challenges to/about, 3–4, 8, 10, 126 critique of revised mission/policies, 28, 32–34, 35–36, 37, 45, 46 National Environmental Justice Grassroots Organizing Program, 114, 130 Silent Gardener, 35 Silent Spring (Carson), Silver, Marc, 270 Simonde de Sismondi, 225, 245 Singer, Peter, 60 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 256 Snyder, G., 27 “Soft energy path,” and jobs, 66–67 South Africa, 112, 292 Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice, 110, 294 Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice, 30–31, 294 Southwest Organizing Project, 3–4 “Spirit Cave Man,” 279n28 Sprawl See Suburban sprawl Squire, L., 238 Stafford, CA, 42–43 Stern, D L., 235, 240–241 Stiglitz, J E., 228, 235, 238 Subaltern environmentalism, 291 Substitution principle, 147, 148, 150–151, 158, 182 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 350 Index Suburban sprawl, 30, 65, 137, 156, 158, 162n39 Superfund site study, 289 Supreme Court, US, 136 “Susceptibility gene” theory, 256, 276 Sustainable development (sustainability), 1, 17, 189–193, 267–268, 296 as area of movement congruence/alliance, 189–191, 216 “borderland development” study on environmental justice and, 190, 195–216 (see also Cameron and Hidalgo counties, TX; Environmental justice and sustainability survey) definitions of and perspectives on, 191–193 and Indigenous peoples’ land use, 77 WildAid articulation of, 45–46 Sutherland, Peter, 228, 246n3 Suzuki, David, 267 Swift, Jane, 141 Sze, Julie, 255, 258, 261 Tanzania, 63, 77 Tao Te Ching (Lao-Tse), 93 Taunton, MA, 154 Taylor, Dorceta, 10–11 Tellico Dam (Tennessee Valley Authority), 62, 76 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 62 Terena, Marcos, 274–275 Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 203 Texas Secretary of State, 197 Thailand, 36, 44, 48, 74, 183 Thoreau, Henry David, 40 Tickner, Joel, 146–147 Töpfer, Klaus, 297–298 Tossavainen, Antti, 183 Toxicogenomics, 256–257, 278n10 Toxics Action Center, 142, 146 Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA), Massachusetts, 139, 150 Toxics Use Reduction Institute, 150–151 Toxic waste sites/siting, 88, 91, 113, 135, 138–140, 193, 234, 289 case of Metalclad, Inc., and Mexico, 231–233, 243 in Massachusetts, 138–140, 160n15 and realization of environmental racism, 20n11, 88, 109, 113, 289 Superfund site study, 289 “Transformative environmental justice,” 136–137 Tree-sitting, 42–43 Trent, Steve, 44 Trudell, John, 275–276 Tucker, C., Turaga Nation, 271 Turner, Jack, 95 Tuvalu, 92, 293 Union Carbide, 292 United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 5, 20n11, 88, 113 See also Chavis, Benjamin F., Jr role in exposing environmental racism/injustice, 20n11, 88, 113 United Nations (U.N.), 48, 112, 298 Commission on Human Rights, 292, 293 Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 191, 274–275 Convention on Biological Diversity, 253, 262, 266–268 critique of, on “progress” concept, 273 Human Development Report, 75 Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 266, 267 United States (U.S.) Commission on Civil Rights, 21n18 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Index Department of Transportation, 203 General Accounting Office (GAO), 20n11, 88, 113 Geological Survey (USGS), 180 Patent Office, 263 Public Health Service, 260 Supreme Court, 136 Uruguay Round, 228, 246n3 See also World Trade Organization U’Wa people, 291 Vanuatu, 271 Vermiculite, 165–166, 169, 173–174, 180–181, 183, 184n1 Vijayaraghavan, M., 235 Wake, Benjamin, 172–173 Walzer, Michael, 194 Ward, Richard, 272 Warren County Concerned Citizens Against PCBs, 118 Warren County, NC, 110, 124–127, 129, 285 and exposure of environmental racism/injustice, 20n11, 88, 109, 285 protests as pivotal event, 28, 88, 124 role in redefining environmentalism/ agenda, 118, 124–127 Watkins, Carleton, 38 Wenger, E., 116 We Speak for Ourselves (Alston), 10 “Westchester St.” antilandfill activism, 112, 125 Western Mineral Products, 180 West Harlem Environmental Action (WE ACT), 255 Whakapapa (geneology), concept of, 254, 258–259, 273, 276 Whitman, Christine, 166, 181 Whitman, Walt, 97 WildAid, 40 41–42, 43–46 goals of, 45 putting wilderness first, 44–46 351 Wilderness See also Environment as area of movement congruence/ alliance, 76–77 degradation of, through “cultural” practices, 31, 34–36, 44–45 importance/preservation of, 33, 35, 39–46, 48–49, 76–77, 94–98 and “jobs-versus-environment” mindset, 27, 31, 34–35, 41–42 perspectives on, as sublime/pristine, 38, 39, 94–95, 97–98, 171, 172 postmodern critique of, 27–28, 37–40 shift away from, by justice/environmental movements, 27, 29–37 silencing of, through human selfcenteredness, 32–37 as trope in political appeals, 28, 37, 48 Wilderness and the American Mind (Nash), 38 Wilderness environmentalism See also Environmentalism; Environmental movement charges against, from environmental justice movement, 27–28, 30–32 example of Julia Butterfly Hill, 42–43 example of WildAid, 43–46 rationales for, 40–42, 47, 48–49, 77, 94–98 retreat from, by environmental movement, 32–37, 46 Wilderness Society, 19n4, 317 Wildlands Project, 47 Williams, Raymond, 28, 37 Wilson, D., 236, 238–239, 241 Wilson, E O., 44, 86 Wilson, Lawrence, 105, 125–127, 129 on injustice awareness and race, 126–127 on justice for earth and people, 125–127 Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle, 148 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an 352 Index Wolke, Howie, 48–49 Women, empowerment of, 68–69 World Bank, 60, 227, 238–239 critiques of, 228, 234, 238–239, 245, 294 and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, 235, 236–237, 238–239, 241 justice/environmental impacts of, 234, 245, 294 World Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development), 191, 192 World Development Report 1992 (World Bank), 237 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 191 World Trade Center, and asbestos hazard from wreckage, 16, 166, 180–181, 183 World Trade Organization (WTO), 47, 60–61, 112, 225, 227–228, 246n3 critiques of, 75, 227–228, 234–235, 245 as free trade arbiter, 60–61, 246n3 Worldwatch Institute, 35, 68, 70, 74 World Wildlife Federation, 115 World Wildlife Fund, 46, 299, 300 W R Grace Company, and Libby, MT, asbestos contamination trail, 165–183 bankruptcy declaration, 169–170 corporate deception and silence, 165–167, 168–169, 172–174 disputes with EPA, 169 economic and political influence, 174, 175–176 local contamination and effects, 165–166, 168–169, 172–174, 176, 177 national/global contamination pathways, 166–167, 174, 180–181, 183 Wright, Beverly A., Yandle, B., 235 Yosemite National Park, 33, 38 Young, Iris Marion, 91 Zoellick, Robert, 225–226, 235 Zonolite (attic insulation), 165–166, 180 Zonolite Corporation, and Libby, MT, asbestos contamination trail, 165–183 See also W R Grace Company corporate deception and silence, 165, 168, 172–173 economic and political influence, 175–176 local contamination and effects, 165, 168–169, 172–173 national/global contamination pathways, 166–167, 180 Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Urban and Industrial Environments Series editor: Robert Gottlieb, Henry R Luce Professor of Urban and Environmental Policy, Occidental College Maureen Smith, The U.S Paper Industry and Sustainable Production: An Argument for Restructuring Keith Pezzoli, Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of Mexico City Sarah Hammond Creighton, Greening the Ivory Tower: Improving the Environmental Track Record of Universities, Colleges, and Other Institutions Jan Mazurek, Making Microchips: Policy, Globalization, and Economic Restructuring in the Semiconductor Industry William A Shutkin, The Land That Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century Richard Hofrichter, ed., Reclaiming the Environmental Debate: The Politics of Health in a Toxic Culture Robert Gottlieb, Environmentalism Unbound: Exploring New Pathways for Change Kenneth Geiser, Materials Matter: Toward a Sustainable Materials Policy Thomas D Beamish, Silent Spill: The Organization of an Industrial Crisis Matthew Gandy, Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City David Naguib Pellow, Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago Julian Agyeman, Robert D Bullard, and Bob Evans, eds., Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World Barbara L Allen, Uneasy Alchemy: Citizens and Experts in Louisiana’s Chemical Corridor Disputes Dara O’Rourke, Community-Driven Regulation: Balancing Development and the Environment in Vietnam Brian K Obach, Labor and the Environmental Movement: The Quest for Common Ground Peggy F Barlett and Geoffrey W Chase, eds., Sustainability on Campus: Stories and Strategies for Change Steve Lerner, Diamond: A Struggle for Environmental Justice in Louisiana’s Chemical Corridor Jason Corburn, Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice Peggy F Barlett, ed., Urban Place: Reconnecting with the Natural World David Naguib Pellow and Robert J Brulle, eds., Power, Justice, and the Environment: A Critical Appraisal of the Environmental Justice Movement Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn C.33.44.55.54.78.65.5.43.22.2.4 22.Tai lieu Luan 66.55.77.99 van Luan an.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.33.44.55.54.78.655.43.22.2.4.55.22 Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an.Tai lieu Luan van Luan an Do an Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhd 77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.77.99.44.45.67.22.55.77.C.37.99.44.45.67.22.55.77t@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn.Stt.010.Mssv.BKD002ac.email.ninhddtt@edu.gmail.com.vn.bkc19134.hmu.edu.vn