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S¸ng kiÕn kinh nghiÖm Graph writing Writer : Nguyen Duc Chinh School year : I. Prteface Most Vietnamese students find writing graph difficult , especially the students who use the old text book , because they are not taught how to write . As a result , only the best students who attend the contests can write , but sometimes , not very sound . This year, the 10th students who use the new textbook , are being taught how to write . The number of lessons for teaching writing ,according to the cirriculum , is not enough. So to help students , and the teachers have some more knowledge , I take some material from the Net , and hope that it wil bring you some profit . II. Content 1. How to Write a graph . In general , you can organize your writing in four or 3 or 4 paragraphs . If you write in 3 paragraphs , you should put the paragraph 2 and 3 into one paragraph ( It is considered the body of the graph ) , but people often organize their interpretation in 4 paragraphs . When divided into 4 paragraphs , your writing will be clear and easy to follow . 1. Paragraph 1 • Identify if the "picture" is a bar graph, line graph, pie chart, table or chart. (This is done in the opening sentence.) • Copy out the main part of the question. • "Tell" about the graphs. (What does it show?) 2. Paragraph 2 • What are the comparisons? (Things that are the same.) OR • What are the causes? • You can simply copy out percentages (%) if shown. 3. Paragraph 3 • What are the contrasts? (Things that are different.) OR • What are the effects? • You can simply copy out percentages if shown. 4. Paragraph 4 • What is your opinion about the causes/effects (comparisons/contrasts) after analysing (looking at and thinking about) the data (information)? • Write a conclusion. 2. The structures are used to write a graph . The bar graph line graph pie graph state(s) show(s) tell(s) suggest(s) that the results of The figures numbers There was a (adjective + noun) small slight slow steady sharp sudden rapid increase decrease rise fall The numbers (verb and adverb) increased decreased doubled tripled rose fell steeply suddenly rapidly slowly steadily normally gradually increased decreased remained the same fluctuated The numbers increased by 10% from 10% to 20% This is caused by due to an increase in a decrease A is bigger than more expensive than cheaper than much smaller than slightly larger than B The main difference between A and B is In conclusion To conclude In summary To sum up As a result 3. Some kinds of graphs There are many kinds of graphs such as : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table In general the layout is the same . The language there is usually passive and comparative . a/ Example of the bar chart Bar Chart: Juice Exporters The chart shows the major exporters of fruit juice in 2002. This type of graph, called a stacked column in Excel, is not usually recommended, but in this case it is fairly clear. Try to answer the questions below. NFC juice is orange juice which is NOT made from concentrate. The juice is packed specially and no water is added. It is usually better quality and more expensive. FCOJ is orange juice that has been made into a concentrate. Usually most cheap orange juice has the water removed in the country where the oranges are grown. This leaves a concentrate, which is frozen and exported to another country, where the water is added back. The quality is not as good as NFC juice. Questions: 1. Which country is the biggest exporter of apple juice? 2. Which country is the biggest exporter of orange juice? 3. What is Poland's main juice export? 4. What TWO juices does Argentina export? 5. What was the total value of all orange juice exported in 2002? 6. What is the second most important juice exported worldwide? 7. Which TWO countries produce more than three-quarters of the world's orange juice? 8. The bulk of the world's grapefruit juice comes from which country? 9. Is the European Union (EU) a significant producer of grapefruit juice? 10. How much is China's apple juice production worth in US Dollars, approximately? $_______? Sample answer . Bar Chart: Juice Exporters: Suggested Answer The bar chart shows the value of international exports of four juices - orange, apple, grape and grapefruit – in 2002. Overall, orange juice, whether in concentrate or non-concentrate form, is the most important juice traded globally. Orange juice is a very valuable commodity. Exports of concentrated orange juice and non concentrated juice totaled approximately $1600 million. This amount is almost twice the value of all other juices together. Three quarters of this juice is produced in Brazil, which is the biggest producer, and the US. The second biggest exported juice is apple. This is produced in China, Poland, the European Union, and other countries. Apple juice sales constituted $600 million dollars a year, with the biggest producer, China, accounting for about one-third of this. The remaining juices in the chart are grapefruit, which is produced mainly in the USA, and grape juice, which is exported by the US, the European Union and Argentina, among other countries. The sales of these juices are worth $100 million and $200 million respectively. In conclusion, it is clear that orange juice is by far the most valuable export, but other kinds of juices represent significant income for exporters. b/ Example of the line chart New Zealand Wool Price Gapfill exercise Enter your answers in the gaps. When you have entered all the answers, click on the "Check" button. a peak of fluctuated leveled off rising rose by sharp increase was In 1980, the price of New Zealand's wool [Clue?] $1.98 per kilo. It then [Clue?] 20 cents in 1981 before falling back to $1.37 in 1986. There was a [Clue?] over the next two years, with the price of wool reaching [Clue?] $5.13 in 1988. From 1989 to 1993 the price [Clue?] between a high of $3.20 and a low of $2.75, before [Clue?] to $4.60 in 1995. After falling again to $3.60 in 1998, the price [Clue?] at $3.55 in 2000. Age of Marriage The graph shows changes in the average age of marriage for men and women in the US in the last century. Describe the graph in two paragraphs (one for men, one for women) using simple vocabulary (rose by/rose to, climbed, increased, went up. fell slightly, dropped, decreased). c/ Example of the pie chart Single Pie Chart Paragraph 1 Describe what sort of chart it is and what it is about. Paragraph 2 Describe the sections of the graph starting with the biggest and working your way down. Paragraph 3 A short conclusion giving an overall view of what the chart is about. See the model answer of ‘How Americans Spend their Money' Two Pie Charts If you have 2 pie charts they will be giving similar information so you can compare the two. This type of writing is similar to a compare and contrast essay. Paragraph 1 Explain that they are pie charts and say what they are describing. This is the same as line graphs except there are 2. Paragraph 2 Compare the data between the two charts. Start with the biggest sectors and work your way down. Paragraph 3 Conclusion. Mention the important similarities and differences. Look at the example for ‘Electrical Energy Production’ Means of Communication Write 150 words describing the information in the graph below. Suggested answer: The two pie charts illustrate preferred modes of communication for six forms of media in a survey undertaken in two HD 2 classes, one male and the other female, at ADWC in February 2005. A brief description follows. First, the telephone emerges as the most popular mode for males with a proportion of 27%. It ranks almost as high, at 22% with females, but is tied in their case with text messaging. Text messaging also ranks high with men, who allot it 1% more. E- mail and instant messenger are close thirds and fourths in popularity, scoring 17% and 16% respectively for men, 21% and 18% for their counterparts. Last, male students give the fax only 10%, and letters even less, 7%; females reverse the same percentages.