Tài liệu sưu tầm Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - GRAMMAR

Tài liệu sưu tầm Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - GRAMMAR

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

There are two groups:

1 Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year, annually, twice a day, three times a week,…

- Positions: They usually go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

2 Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never,

seldom, rarely, hardly ever (= almost never),

occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always.

- Positions: - They come after verb “BE”

- They go before all ordinary verbs

- They go after the first auxiliary

verb

3 Some indefinite frequency adverbs can go at

the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Frequently, Generally, Occasionally = Once in a while, Often, Sometimes, Usually.

4 Inversion of subject and verb after initial

negative adverbs: Never, Not only, So

Market conditions have never been as

favorable as they are now

Never have market conditions been as

favorable as they are now.

The professionals not only demanded new

training facilities, they also proposed a revision of

membership fees.

Not only did the professionals demand new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees.

The winner was so exhausted that he collapsed

soon after finishing the race.

So exhausted was the winner that he collapsed

soon after finishing the race.

CONJUNCTIONS There are three types of conjunctions:

1 Coordinating Conjunctions : For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)

- To introduce adverb clauses :

 Adverb clauses of time: After, As soon as, As, Before, When, While, Until, By the time, since

 Adverb clauses of place: Where, Wherever

 Adverb clauses of reason: Because, Since, As

 Adverb clauses of condition: If, Unless, Provided that = Providing that = If , So/As long as = Only if

 Adverb clauses of concession:

Although, Even though, Though, Despite the fact that.

 Adverb clauses of direct opposition: While, Whereas

 Adverb clauses of cause and effect:

So …… that, Such ……… that

 Adverb clauses of purpose: So that,

In order that,

 Adverb clauses of manner, Distance, and Frequency: As if, As though, As + adverb+ As

3 Correlative Conjunctions: Both ……… and, Neither …… nor, Either ……… Or, Not only ……… but also…

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH

COORDINATORS

Independent clause, FANBOYS + Independent clause

for (reason)

and (addition) nor (negative) but (contrast)

or (choice) yet (contrast)

so (result)

For Women live longer than men, for they

take better care of their health.

And Women follow more healthful diets, and

they go to doctors more often.

Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do,

nor do they drink as much alcohol.

But Men may exercise harder, but they may

not exercise as regularly as women do.

Or Both men and women should limit the

amount of fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease.

Yet Women used to be known as the

“weaker sex”, yet in some ways, they are stronger than men.

So Men are less cautious than women, so

more men die in accidents.

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIVE

ADVERBS INDEPENDENT CLAUSE; CONJUNCTIVE

ADVERBS, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.

however, they provide housing referral services., or ; otherwise, Students must take

final exams;

otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete.

schools provide separate English classes for each group.

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS

A compound sentence can also be formed with a

NOUN CLAUSES

That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known.

What he said was not true.

I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer science ( or not).

What the thieves did with all the money remains a mystery.

REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause

controls the tense of the verb in the noun clause If the introductory clause verb is in simple present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is in whatever tense expresses the meaning that the introductory clause intends.

However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, the verb in the dependent clause is usually

in a past form.

The prime ministers agree that global warming is a

serious problem.

They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving

this serious problem.

Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely

responsible.

The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a

serious problem.

They hoped that all nations would be responsible for

solving this serious problem.

She is the girl who sits next to me in class.

The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly.

Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and space has been translated into dozens of languages The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where you can find just about anything you might want to

People who don’t get enough sleep may become tempered and irritable.

short-The cold weather which(that) swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop.

The students whose names were called raised their hands.

The village where my father was born is still very

Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes

through a tube called the esophagus

Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to

captivity better than those that are captured in the wild.

Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild.

One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, which is a fine powder that is made by grinding wheat or other grains.

One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, a fine powder made by grinding wheat or other grains.

GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – ACTIVE VOICE

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause

Sentences with Participial Phrase Simple

Present

Many students who study at this university are from foreign country.

Many students studying at this university are from foreign country.

Present

Continuous

Students who are taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator.

Students taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator Simple Past The team members, who

looked happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.

The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans Past

Continuous

The crowd, which was cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium.

The crowd, cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium.

Future Everyone who will take the

TOEFL next month must register.

pre-Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must pre-register

GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE VOICE

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause

Sentences with Participial Phrase Simple

surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution.

The prisoner, surrounded by guards, walked calmly

to his execution.

CONTINUOUS FORM PARTICIPLES

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause

Sentences with Participial Phrase Present

Continuous

A law that is currently being debated concerns abortion rights.

A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights.

Past

Continuous

The signs that were being posted around campus support abortion rights.

The signs being posted around campus support abortion rights.

Future A movie that will be shown

tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group.

A movie being shown tomorrow was made

by an anti-abortion group.

PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES

Verb Tense Sentence with Relative

Clause

Sentence with participial phrase

Present

Perfect

The secrets of the universe, which have fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed.

The secrets of the universe, having fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed.

Past Perfect The film, which had been

shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large TV audience.

The film, having been shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large TV audience.

3

Subject+Verb+Object+WHO +Subj+Verb WHOM

ADVERB CLAUSES ( Sequence of Tenses)

Present Simple Tense for Future Actions

Simple Futute (Will+Verb) + Time Words + Present Simple

As soon as After

Before Until The moment When

While + Present continuous

I’ll be there as soon as I find the key

Next week when there is a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher

When the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor

I’ll wait right here until she comes

I’ll talk to the boss the moment he comes in

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple

We have been friends since we were at elementary school

Future Perfect (Continuous)+by the time+ Present Simple

They got married in December 1999 By the end of this year, they will have been married for ten years

He promises her that he will come back and marry her in five years’ time, but she’s afraid that by the time he comes back, she will have been married and will have had …………children

Past Simple and Past Continuous

° WHEN+ Past Simple, Past Continuous

° Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple

(Interrupted Action)

° WHILE + Past Continuous, Past Simple

° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Simple

(Two (or three) simultaneous actions)

When I got to the airport, Lisa was waiting for me in the

baggage claim area

Yesterday David was crossing a street when a truck turned the

corner very fast and almost hit him

Last Sunday while sandy was cleaning out the attic, she found

her grandmother’s wedding dress

When Richard stopped his car suddenly, the groceries fell out of

the bag they were in and spilled all over the floor of the car.Past Simple and Past Perfect

° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Perfect

(By the time) ° BEFORE + Past Simple, Past Perfect (or Past Simple)

° AFTER + Past Perfect (or Simple Past), Past Simple ° Past Perfect + UNTIL + Past Simple

By the time Jason arrived to help, they had already finished moving everything

When she was born, the South of Vietnam had been totally

liberated

Last Sunday my parents allowed me to go out with my friends after I had already done my homework

Before he won the jackpot, he had lived a dog’s life

He didn’t realize that he had lost his wallet until he got home

Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards

MANNER, DISTANCE, and FREQUENCY CLAUSES

Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the subject (manner)

Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can.(distance)

She jogs on the beach as often as she can (frequency)

The students completed the experiment as quickly as they could.(manner)

REASON CLAUSES

Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than NorthAmerican because they are more used to conserving energy.Since many Europeans live, work, and shop in the same locale, they are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and

streetcars to get around

As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if

a European owns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileagemodel that uses diesel fuel

RESULT CLAUSES

So + adjective/ adverb + thatSuch a/an + noun phrase + that

So much/many + noun phrase + that

So little/few + noun phrase + that

New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones

The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are

looking for ways to cut costs

The library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I needed

There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t studythere.

There were so many students waiting in line to register for

classes that I decided to come back later

CONCESSION (UNEXPECTED RESULT) CLAUSES

Although/ Though/ Even though I studied all night, I failed the test

I failed the test although/though/even though I studied all night.CONTRAST (DIRECT OPPOSITION) CLAUSES

San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan

is extremely hot

While San Juan is extremely hot during the summer, San

Francisco is very cool

CAUSATIVE VERBS GET & HAVE

Active:

GET somebody TO DO somethingHAVE somebody DO something

Don got some kids in the neighborhood to clean out his garage

I had the plumber repair the leak

Passive:

GET something DONEHAVE something DONE

Don got his garage cleaned out

I had the leak repaired

MAKE & LET

MAKE somebody DO something (=force sb to do sth)

(= cause sth to happen)LET somebody DO something (= allow sb to do sth)

The doctor made the patient stay in bed

Peeling onions always makes me cry

When I was younger, my parents never let me go out in theevenings

ORDER & WANT

ORDER something DONEWANT something/somebody DONE

Before the prime minister arrived, the police ordered the area cleared.

Mr Watson wants the report rewritten soon

Our company always wants its customers satisfied

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type Verb Tense in

“If Clause” “Result Clause”Verb Tense in Examples

present Will + Verb(Can/May/

Might)

If you come before the meeting, we’ll have time to talk

2 Simple Past

“BE” » → WERE

Would + Verb(Could/Might) If my windows were

larger, I would get more light

3 Past perfect Would Have

+Past Participle(Could/Might)

If I had known you were sick, I would have come to visit you

Some Important Notes

°Mixed Time in Conditional Sentences (Type 2 & 3)

TRUE: I did not eat anything several hours ago, so I am hungry now.

CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten something several hours ago, I wouldn’t be hungry now

TRUE: He is not a good student He did not study for the test yesterday

CONDITIONAL: If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday

°Inversion of subject and verb in “If Clause”

Type 1: If the weather should get worse, we’ll have to camp somewhere else

Should the weather get worse, we’ll have to ……

Type 2: If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that

Were I in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that.

Type 3: I would have visited you sooner if someone had told me you were in the hospital

I would have visited you sooner had someone told me

you were in the hospital

Mixed Time: If we had invested in the telecommunications industry, we would be rich by now

Had we invested in the telecommunications industry,

we would be rich by now

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”

USE “THE”

1 When the object or group of objects is unique

The sun, the earth, the sky, the moon…., the stars

The earth revolves around the sun

2 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time

I met a man and a woman The man is short, and the

woman is tall

3 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or

a clause

The girl in a blue dress,

The man with beard and moustache

The man whose wallet was stolen is reporting to the police now

4 Before superlatives and First, Second, Third… last

5 The+ adjective represents a class of persons

The rich, the poor, the sick…the disabled

2 Before: HOME, CHURCH, HOSPITAL, SCHOOL,

PRISON, WORK, SEA, TOWN, BED

3 However, when those places are visited or used for other reasons, “THE” is used

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures

I’m going to the hospital to visit a friend who is ill

He went to the church to repair the electrical wiring